Template Created by Carlo Excels

Lumen Ex Machina 4 100x100

Test General Information This template is free! Video tutorial link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpO31yImCNo

Class Grade 10 Science

Teacher Nelson P. Mongpong
Test Name Science 10 First Periodical Test
Test Date Month: September Day: 24 Year: 2024

Guide on Item Types:

Multiple Choice dichotomous, close-ended, input letters as data
Short Answer dichotomous, open-ended, input scores as data
Essay non-dichotomous, open-ended, input scores as data
Other non-dichotomous, open-ended, input scores as data

Notes on Item Type Descriptions:

Dichotomous Items that have only two possibilities -- correct or wrong
Non-Dichotomous Items that have varying degrees/levels of correctness
Close-Ended Items that require students to pick from finite choices
Open-Ended Items that have an infinite number of possible student answers
 Item Types Points Per Item
Minimum Maximum
Item Type From To From To
Points Points
Multiple Choice 1 40 0 1 1 40
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Lumen Ex Machina 4 100x100
Test Raw Data Input MC
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STUDENT NAMES C C C C C A B C A B B C C D D C C A B D D B B B B B A C B C B B B B B B B B A B (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank)
1 Anquilan, Franklin A A C A D D A C A A C D A A D D C C B C D B B B B B D A A A C B B D B D C B A B
2 Billate, Chester B. C C C D D B D B C B D C D D C D C A B D A B A B B B B D A C B B B D B C A A B
3 Gultian, Aldred L. C D C C D A B C A B B C C D A D C A B A D B B B B B A C A C B B B B B B B B A B
4 Naparan, Clarence A C C C A D B B C A C A A C A B C B D B D B C A C B B B B B A C A C A B C B A D
5 Julaton, Joshua B. A B B D D C D D B A D A B C A B C A C C D B A B B B C A D C A A B C B C D A A B
6 Maniquiz, John Michael D. C C C A A D B D D C D C D A D D C B B C D B D A B B B C A C C B B B D C B B A B
7 Mongpong, John Carlo P. A B C C D C C D A A D A C A B D C C B D D B B B B A B A A C B B B D D C A B C B
8 Opanes, Arjie A. D A C B D C C A A A D A D A B B C D B C C B B D B B B C A C A B B B D D B B A B
9 Pacheco, Denmark A. A D A C D D B C A C D A C A A D C A B C D B A D B B A C A C B B B D A A A C A B
10 Septo, Vincent C A C C A C A A B B A C C A A D C C B C A B A B B B B B A B D A B D C D C A B B
11 Acot-Acot, Venhince J. A C C A A D D D C A D C C A A B C A A B D C C A B B B B A C A B B B B D C A A B
12 Acotin, Sheila Mae T. A D D D A D B A A D A A C A B D C C B A D D B A A B C A C A A A B C C A C B B A
13 Baloja, Maureen Jane V. C B C C D A B C A B B C C D A D C A B D D B B B B B A C A C B B B B B C B B A B
14 Bantasan, Angela A. C D C D D B B D A D D C D B B D C B B C D B B C B B A D B B D B B D D A C C B B
15 Baragenio, Rhea Mae L. A B C D A A B D A B B A D B B D C C D C D B D B D B B A B C D B B B C D A B C B
16 Caber, Armina O. A B C C D C C A A C D C C A D B C B B C D B B B B B B C A C A B B D D B B B A B
17 Canales, Emma O. A C C A C B B C D D D D D D A D C A C C A B B B B B B D A C C B B D D B D A C A
18 Dimakiling, Ryza D. C B C C D D D B A B B C C A D A C A B D D B B B B B A C A B B B B D B B B A D B
19 Genioso, Lyra Mae M. D B C C C C D D C A B A A B A B C B B C D B B D B B A C A D A B B D D A B D A B
20 Jordan, Jan Ann Glibs P. A C C C D A B B A B C C C D A D C A B A D B B B B B A C B B B B B B A B D B A B
21 Lagrimas, Diana Daisy E. B A C C B C B C A A D C D A C D C A B C D C B B B B A B A C A B B D D A A D A B
22 Leano, Anna Mae M. C D C C D C B C C A C A C A B D C A B C D B B A B B A C A C A B B D D D C B A B
23 Maghari, Shiela Mae G. A B C C A D B B D A D A C A A D C A B C B B D B A B C D B C C A D B D A B A C B
24 Masloc, Margie T. A B B C A D B A A D A A C B B B C A B D D B A B D B B D B B C B D D B D C B D B
25 Ramos, Ma. Anna Mae C. A B C C D A B C A C B C C A A B C A B C D B C C B B C B A C C B A D B A B A A B
26 Tomnob, Rica Jeanne D. D B C C D A C C A C A A C D A C C A B A A B B B B A B C A C B C B D B D B A A D
27 Acotin, Limar A B C C A A B A A A A B B A B D C A C C D B B B D B A A A C B B A D A A C B C D
28 Amolo, John Lee C B C D D A D C B C A C C A D B C D D A D B B B A B B B A A D B B D B B B B A B
29 Balintucas, Gian Carlo A B C C D B A C A B D B C A A A C B B C D B A B B B A A C D B B C A A B A C B D
30 Baloja, Jhon Carlo D C C C B B D C A A B C C D B D C A B D D B B B B B B C C C A D B D C D A C B B
31 Baragenio, Franz C D C D B D B C C D A C C B A D C C B B D B A B B B B D C C D B B D B B A C A B
32 Bayagusa, Elmor C D C A C C B D B A D D B A A D C B B A D B B D B B B C A C B B B B D A B C B B
33 Caber, Adrian A C C C D A D D A C D A C A B D C D B C D B B C B B A C A C A B B D D A C B C B
34 Carig, Richard A B B C D D A B A A A B D A B C A D C A C B D A D C B B C D A B A C A C B B A B
35 Delos Reyes, Jogen B B A C D A D D B A B A D A A A B A A A A B A A B A A C B A C A C B A C B A C A
36 Gepiga, Jehu A B D D D C B B A C A C D A A D C A C C D B B B B B A A A C B B B D D A D A A B
37 Julaton, Jay-J D C C C D A B B A B A C C A B D C A B C D B A A B B B C A C B B A B D B B A B
38 Loberiano, John Rey A C C B A C B D A A D C A A B D B C B C D B C A B B B C A C C C B D A A C B C C
39 Salem, John Matthew A C C C D C B D A A D A B A A B C C B B A B B A A A A B C B A C C A D B A D B B
40 Saludario, Dionesio C D C C D C C C A B B C C D A D C A C C D B B B B B C D A C B B B B B B B A A B
41 Torculas, Kaoro Ikeya B C C C D C D C B A B C C D A D C D B D A B B B B B A C B C B B B B A B A B A B
42 Basilan, Marilyn C D C C D C C B D A B C C D A B C A B C D B A B B B A D A C A B B D B D A B A B
43 Burca, Stephanie D C C C D A D D B A B C C B A D C A B C D B B B D B A C A C A B B B D B B B A B
44 Caber, Arianna C B C B D A B C C A B B B C A B A A D B C B A D B A B C C A A B B D A D A C B C
45 Cardinas, Michelle B C C B A B B C C A C C B B A C C A A D D B D C C B B D A C A B B D D B B B A B
46 Herbon, Janelle Mae D B C C D C B C C B D C C B A D C A B D A B B B B B A B A B A B B B B B B A C B
47 Julaton, Trixia D B C C D A B C C C D B C D A A C B A A C B A B B B A D B A B B A B B B C C A C
48 Jumaday, Alessandra C B C C D B B B A B A C D D A D C A B B D B B B B B A C B C B B B D B B A B A B
49 Madamba, Jewelle Ann A B C C D C D D B B B C B A B D C B B C D B B A B B B C A B A B B D D A B B D D
50 Meregildo, Arabella B B C A D B B B A B C C C B A B C A B C B B A B B B B C A C B B B B A B A B B B
51 Orquin, Jasmen D C C C D A B D A A C C D B B B C B C D A B B A B B A C A B D D B D C C A B A B
52 Parido, Jeryll A B C A D C B B A C B B D A A B C A B C A B B B B B B C A B B A B D C A B A D B
53 Pentason, Melanie C C C C A C B D A A C C C B A D A B B B D B B B B D B D C C A B B B B D C B A B
54 Rubido, Princess Mae C A D C A B B A D A A C D A A D C D A C C C A B A B B D D A C B C D B A B B A B
55 Tomnob, Almira A B C C D D B A C D C C C B B B C C B C D B B A B B B C B C B D B D B C C B C B
56 Torculas, Cherry-Ann A B C C D C B A C D B A C A A B C B B C D B B B B B A B A C B B B D D D B B A B
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 Template Created by Carlo Excels
Lumen Ex Machina 4 100x100
Test Remediation Summary This template is free! Video tutorial link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpO31yImCNo
General Information Reliability Measurements Multiple Choice Distracter Analysis
Students on Record 56 All Items 0.7728 Reliable Okay Items 19 47.50%
KR-20
Students Who Took the Test 56 Dichotomous Items 0.7728 Reliable Items with Defects 15 37.50%
Items on the Test 40 All Items 0.6949 Reliable Items with Rejects 6 15.00%
KR-21
Points on the Test 40 Dichotomous Items 0.6949 Reliable Items with Defects or Rejects 21 52.50%
Test Specifics All Items 0.7682 Reliable Items with Defects and Rejects 0 0.00%
Cronbach's Alpha
Dichotomous Items 40 Non-Dichotomous Items High Group N 15 Low Group N 15
Non-Dichotomous Items 0 Item Analysis Rank Student Score Rank Student Score
Multiple Choice 40 1 Gultian, Aldred L. 34 56 Carig, Richard 9
Average Difficulty 0.5000 Average
Item Short Answer 0 2 Baloja, Maureen Jane V. 34 55 Acotin, Sheila Mae T. 10
Types Essay 0 Easy Items 7 17.50% 3 Jordan, Jan Ann Glibs P. 30 54 Delos Reyes, Jogen 11
Other 0 Item Difficulty Average Items 28 70.00% 4 Jumaday, Alessandra 29 53 Caber, Arianna 12
Central Tendency of Scores Hard Items 5 12.50% 5 Dimakiling, Ryza D. 28 52 Salem, John Matthew 12
Range 9 - 34 6 Saludario, Dionesio 28 51 Julaton, Joshua B. 12
Average Discrimination 0.3300 Average
Mean 19.71429 7 Torculas, Kaoro Ikeya 28 50 Naparan, Clarence 12
Median 20 Discriminating Items 11 27.50% 8 Burca, Stephanie 26 49 Rubido, Princess Mae 13
Item
Mode 17 Average Items 25 62.50% 9 Julaton, Jay-J 25 48 Loberiano, John Rey 14
Discrimination
Variance 31.01 Not Discriminating Items 4 10.00% 10 Herbon, Janelle Mae 24 47 Septo, Vincent 14
Standard Deviation 5.57 Items to Accept 10 25.00% 11 Caber, Armina O. 23 46 Maghari, Shiela Mae G. 15
Item Items that May Need Revision 19 47.50% 12 Baloja, Jhon Carlo 23 45 Acot-Acot, Venhince J. 16
Recommendation Items that Need Revision 8 20.00% 13 Basilan, Marilyn 23 44 Parido, Jeryll 17
Items to be Discarded 3 7.50% 14 Leano, Anna Mae M. 22 43 Madamba, Jewelle Ann 17
15 Ramos, Ma. Anna Mae C. 22 42 Balintucas, Gian Carlo 17
 Template Created by Carlo Excels
Lumen Ex Machina 4 100x100
Item Difficulty and Discrimination This template is free! Video tutorial link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpO31yImCNo

Item Recommendation Adjustm

Difficulty Threshold Adjustments
Difficulty
EASY if value is greater than: 0.75
HARD if value is less than: 0.25 Easy
Otherwise, the item is AVERAGE
You are currently using the default values.
Average
Discrimination Threshold Adjustments

DISCRIMINATING if value is greater than: 0.4

NOT DISCRIMINATING if value is less than: 0.0001 Hard
Otherwise, the item is AVERAGE
You are currently using the default values. You are currently using the default

0.5000
Average Difficulty Average
Average Discrimination
Item # Item Type
Difficulty Value Item Difficulty Discrimination Index

1 MC 0.3333 Average 0.2667

2 MC 0.3000 Average 0.0667
3 MC 0.8333 Easy 0.3333
4 MC 0.8000 Easy 0.4000
5 MC 0.0000 Hard 0.0000
6 MC 0.2667 Average 0.2667
7 MC 0.5333 Average 0.0000
8 MC 0.3333 Average 0.4000
9 MC 0.5333 Average 0.2667
10 MC 0.3667 Average 0.3333
11 MC 0.4333 Average 0.3333
12 MC 0.6333 Average 0.6000
13 MC 0.6333 Average 0.6000
14 MC 0.2667 Average 0.5333
15 MC 0.0667 Hard 0.1333
16 MC 0.0333 Hard -0.0667
17 MC 0.8667 Easy 0.2667
18 MC 0.6333 Average 0.4667
19 MC 0.7333 Average 0.4000
20 MC 0.1667 Hard 0.3333
21 MC 0.6667 Average 0.4000
22 MC 0.9000 Easy 0.2000
23 MC 0.5333 Average 0.5333
24 MC 0.6000 Average 0.4000
25 MC 0.7667 Easy 0.3333
26 MC 0.8667 Easy 0.2667
27 MC 0.4333 Average 0.4667
28 MC 0.5333 Average 0.4000
29 MC 0.2000 Hard 0.0000
30 MC 0.5333 Average 0.5333
31 MC 0.3333 Average 0.4000
32 MC 0.6667 Average 0.5333
33 MC 0.7000 Average 0.3333
34 MC 0.3667 Average 0.3333
35 MC 0.3667 Average 0.3333
36 MC 0.4333 Average 0.4667
37 MC 0.4667 Average 0.1333
38 MC 0.5333 Average 0.2667
39 MC 0.5667 Average 0.4667
40 MC 0.7667 Easy 0.4667
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plate Created by Carlo Excels
plate is free! Video tutorial link below:
ww.youtube.com/watch?v=GpO31yImCNo

Item Recommendation Adjustments

Discrimination Recommendation
Not Discriminating Discard
Average Needs Revision
Discriminating Needs Revision
Not Discriminating Needs Revision
Average May Need Revision
Discriminating Accept
Not Discriminating Discard
Average May Need Revision
Discriminating Accept
You are currently using the default values.

0.3300
Average
Recommendation
Item Discrimination

Average May Need Revision

Average May Need Revision
Average Needs Revision
Average Needs Revision
Not Discriminating Discard
Average May Need Revision
Not Discriminating Needs Revision
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Discriminating Accept
Discriminating Accept
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Not Discriminating Discard
Average Needs Revision
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Average Needs Revision
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Average Needs Revision
Average Needs Revision
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Not Discriminating Discard
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Discriminating Accept
Average May Need Revision
Average May Need Revision
Discriminating Accept
Discriminating Needs Revision
 Template Created by Carlo Excels
Lumen Ex Machina 4 100x100
Multiple Choice Distracter Analysis This template is free! Video tutorial link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpO31yImCNo

Default Display Choices: A-D

Display Item A B
Item # Item Type Defects? Rejects?
Choice Answer Value Meaning Value Meaning
1 Default MC C YES --- -0.5333 OK 0.0000 OK
2 Default MC C YES --- -0.1333 OK -0.1333 OK
3 Default MC C --- --- -0.0667 OK -0.1333 OK
4 Default MC C --- --- -0.1333 OK -0.1333 OK
5 Default MC C YES --- -0.4667 OK 0.0667 DEFECT
6 Default MC A --- --- --- --- 0.0000 OK
7 Default MC B YES --- -0.2000 OK --- ---
8 Default MC C YES --- -0.1333 OK 0.0667 DEFECT
9 Default MC A --- --- --- --- -0.1333 OK
10 Default MC B YES --- -0.3333 OK --- ---
11 Default MC B YES --- -0.1333 OK --- ---
12 Default MC C --- YES -0.3333 OK -0.2667 OK
13 Default MC C --- --- -0.1333 OK -0.2667 OK
14 Default MC D YES --- -0.4667 OK 0.1333 DEFECT
15 Default MC D --- YES -0.0667 OK -0.0667 OK
16 Default MC C YES --- -0.0667 OK -0.2000 OK
17 Default MC C --- YES -0.1333 OK -0.1333 OK
18 Default MC A --- --- --- --- -0.1333 OK
19 Default MC B --- --- -0.2000 OK --- ---
20 Default MC D --- --- -0.0667 OK -0.2000 OK
21 Default MC D --- --- -0.1333 OK -0.0667 OK
22 Default MC B --- YES 0.0000 REJECT --- ---
23 Default MC B --- --- -0.2667 OK --- ---
24 Default MC B YES --- -0.4000 OK --- ---
25 Default MC B --- --- -0.2667 OK --- ---
26 Default MC B --- YES -0.2000 OK --- ---
27 Default MC A --- YES --- --- -0.4000 OK
28 Default MC C --- --- -0.2000 OK -0.2000 OK
29 Default MC B YES --- 0.4000 DEFECT --- ---
30 Default MC C --- --- -0.2667 OK -0.1333 OK
31 Default MC B --- --- -0.1333 OK --- ---
32 Default MC B YES --- -0.4000 OK --- ---
33 Default MC B --- --- 0.0000 OK --- ---
34 Default MC B YES --- -0.1333 OK --- ---
35 Default MC B YES --- -0.2667 OK --- ---
36 Default MC B --- --- -0.3333 OK --- ---
37 Default MC B YES --- 0.0667 DEFECT --- ---
38 Default MC B --- --- -0.1333 OK --- ---
39 Default MC A --- --- --- --- -0.2667 OK
40 Default MC B --- --- -0.1333 OK --- ---
41 Default
42 Default
43 Default
44 Default
45 Default
46 Default
47 Default
48 Default
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50 Default
51 Default
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 C D
Value Meaning Value Meaning
--- --- 0.2667 DEFECT
--- --- 0.2000 DEFECT
--- --- -0.1333 OK
--- --- -0.1333 OK
--- --- 0.4000 DEFECT
0.0000 OK -0.2667 OK
0.2000 DEFECT 0.0000 OK
--- --- -0.3333 OK
-0.0667 OK -0.0667 OK
0.0667 DEFECT -0.0667 OK
0.0667 DEFECT -0.2667 OK
--- --- 0.0000 REJECT
--- --- -0.2000 OK
-0.2000 OK --- ---
0.0000 REJECT --- ---
--- --- 0.3333 DEFECT
--- --- 0.0000 REJECT
-0.2667 OK -0.0667 OK
-0.0667 OK -0.1333 OK
-0.0667 OK --- ---
-0.2000 OK --- ---
-0.1333 OK -0.0667 OK
-0.1333 OK -0.1333 OK
0.0667 DEFECT -0.0667 OK
-0.0667 OK 0.0000 OK
-0.0667 OK 0.0000 REJECT
-0.0667 OK 0.0000 REJECT
--- --- 0.0000 OK
-0.2667 OK -0.1333 OK
--- --- -0.1333 OK
-0.2000 OK -0.0667 OK
-0.2000 OK 0.0667 DEFECT
-0.2667 OK -0.0667 OK
-0.2667 OK 0.0667 DEFECT
-0.1333 OK 0.0667 DEFECT
-0.1333 OK 0.0000 OK
-0.2667 OK 0.0000 OK
-0.0667 OK -0.0667 OK
-0.1333 OK -0.0667 OK
-0.1333 OK -0.2000 OK
 Class: Grade 10 Science LEM4_100x100
Teacher: Nelson P. Mongpong Test Takers 56
Test Name: Science 10 First Periodical Test Total Items 40
Test Date: September 24, 2024 Total Points 40

Central Tendency of Scores Test Reliability Measurements Average Difficulty Index

Range 9 - 34 Kuder-Richardson's Formula 20 0.7728 Reliable 0.5000 Average
Mean 19.7142857 Kuder-Richardson's Formula 21 0.6949 Reliable Average Discrimination Index
Standard Deviation 5.57 Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha 0.7682 Reliable 0.3300 Average

Item Difficulty Analysis

17 25
Easy Items
22 26
Count 7 3
Percent 17.50% 4 40
1 9 13 21 33 37
Average Items
2 6 10 14 18 30 34 38
Count 28 7 11 19 23 27 31 35 39
Percent 70.00% 8 12 24 28 32 36
5 29
Hard Items

Count 5 15
Percent 12.50% 16 20

Item Discrimination Analysis

13
Discriminating Items
14 18 30
Count 11 23 27 39
Percent 27.50% 12 32 36 40
Items with Average 1 9 17 21 25 33 37
Discrimination 2 6 10 22 26 34 38
Count 25 3 11 15 19 31 35
Percent 62.50% 4 8 20 24 28
 Item Discrimination Analysis (continued)
Items that are 5 29
Not Discriminating
Count 4 7
Percent 10.00% 16

Item Recommendation Summary

13
Acceptable Items
14 18 30
Count 10 23 27 39
Percent 25.00% 12 32 36
Items that May 1 9 21 33 37
Need Revision 2 6 10 34 38
Count 19 11 15 19 31 35
Percent 47.50% 8 20 24 28
17 25
Items that Need Revision
22 26
Count 8 3 7
Percent 20.00% 4 40
Items that must 5 29
be Discarded
Count 3
Percent 7.50% 16

Multiple Choice Distracter Analysis

Items with 9 13 21 25 33
Okay distracters 6 18 30 38
Count 19 3 19 23 31 39
Percent 47.50% 4 20 28 36 40
Items with either Rejected 1 5 17 29 37
or Defective distracters 2 10 14 22 26 34
Count 21 7 11 15 27 35
Percent 52.50% 8 12 16 24 32
 BANKABLE ITEMS: Items with an "ACCEPT" recommendation and "OKAY" distracters
13
Count 6
18 30
23 39
Percent 15.00%
36

CHANGE DISTRACTERS: Items with an "ACCEPT" recommendation and "REJECT" or "DISCARD" distracters

Count 4
14
27
Percent 10.00%
12 32

ITEMS THAT MAY NEED REVISION: Items with any "REVISION" recommendation
1 9 17 21 25 33 37
Count 27
2 6 10 22 26 34 38
3 7 11 15 19 31 35
Percent 67.50%
4 8 20 24 28 40

DISCARDABLE ITEMS: Items with a "DISCARD" recommendation

5 29
Count 3

Percent 7.50%
16
TEST RELIABILITY

The Reliability of a test can be defined as the ability of a test to measure

something consistently. A test is a measuring tool that can measure something, and that
something depends on how the test was designed. Is it measuring students' knowledge
on a topic? Is it measuring students' ability to spell? Is it measuring students' ability to
follow instructions? Whatever the test is measuring, it must be able to do it consistently.

But what does a measuring tool look like when it's reliable? Imagine that we
are to measure the volume of an amount of water using a clear glass jar that has lines of
measurement on its side, such as a graduated cylinder or a measuring cup. Now, measure
that same volume of water using a balloon that has lines of measurement on its side. The
glass jar will not change its shape when water is poured into it, so its lines will not change,
but the balloon will expand once water is poured into it, and once the balloon expands, the
gaps between the lines of measurement will change as well. With that, we can say that the
glass jar is a more consistent tool than the balloon when it comes to measuring water
volume, and therefore, the glass jar is a more reliable measuring tool.

Tests, because they are also measuring tools, must also be able to measure things
consistently. The following are ways of testing a test's reliability:

Kuder-Richarson Formula 20 The KR-20, by Kuder and Richardson (1937), is a reliability

measurement that can be used to measure the reliability of
a test with dichotomous (only one correct answer) questions
where the proportion of correct answers vary widely. Between
KR-20 and KR-21, KR-20 is more difficult to manually calculate
but is widely considered as the more accurate of the two.

Kuder-Richarson Formula 21 The KR-21, by Kuder and Richardson (1937), is a reliability

measurement that can be used to measure the reliability of
a test with dichotomous (only one correct answer) questions
where the proportion of correct answers do not vary widely.
Between KR-20 and KR-21, KR-21 is easier to manually calculate
but is widely considered as the less accurate of the two.

Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha The Coefficient Alpha, developed by Cronbach (1951), is a

reliability measurement that can be used to measure the
reliability of a test with non-dichotomous (varying degrees of
correctness) questions.

A standardized test must have KR-20, KR-21 and Cronbach's Alpha results of at least 0.9
for it to be considered acceptably reliable (Raagas, Absin, 2004). A teacher-prepared test must
have KR-20, KR-21 and Cronbach's Alpha results of at least 0.6 for it to be considered acceptably
reliable (Diederich, 1973). A test that has KR-20, KR-21 and Cronbach's Alpha results of less than
0.5 is considered as an unreliable test (Kane, 1986).
ITEM ANALYSIS

Item Analysis is a blanket term used to describe varied steps to analyze the items of a
test. It generally starts by separating the results of a "high group" and a "low group". The High
Group are the takers of a test who scored high, and presumably, have studied for the test and
have exhibited the mastery of its competencies. The Low Group are the takers of a test who
scored low, and presumably, have exhibited low mastery of its competencies.

DIFFICULTY INDEX

The Difficulty Index is a number between 0 and 1, and it expresses how easy or how
hard test items are. It is calculated by averaging the number of High Group and Low Group
students who have answered an item correctly. The higher the Difficulty Index is, the easier the
test item is.

Above 0.75 - Easy Item

0.75 to 0.25 - item with Average Difficulty
Below 0.25 - Difficult Item
* (Raagas, Absin, 2004), These thresholds may be changed in the LEM based on user preferences.

DISCRIMINATION INDEX

Each test item must be discriminating, meaning that the each item must have the
ability to discriminate between those who know the lesson and those who do not know the
lesson. In essence, a person who studies for an exam must be able to get the exam's items
correctly, and a person who does not study enough for the exam must not be able to get the
exam's items correctly.

Think of it this way: An exam was to be about computers, and it was to be taken by
a computer engineer who studied for the exam and a child who knows nothing about computers.
If Item # 1 was correctly answered by the engineer and incorrectly answered by the child, that
situation would be considered normal and predictable. However, if Item # 2 was correctly
answered by the child and incorrectly answered by the engineer, wouldn't that situation be
strange? If knowledge on computers is required to answer Item # 2, how did the child answer it
while the engineer didn't? Maybe the child merely guessed it? In these situations, Item # 1 is an
example of a discriminating item, while Item # 2 is an item that cannot discriminate.

The Discrimination Index is a number between -1 and 1, and measures an item's ability
to discriminate, and is calculated by subtracting the number of students in the High Group who
got the item correctly to the number of students in the Low Group who got the item correctly,
divided by the total number of students in both groups.

Above 0.40 - Discriminating Item

0.40 to 0.0001 - Average Discrimination
0 or Below - Not Discriminating
* (Endrina, 2007), These thresholds may be changed in the LEM based on user preferences.
MULTIPLE CHOICE DISTRACTER ANALYSIS

In a multiple choice question, the distracters must be alternatives that look correct to
somebody who did not study for the test, and must not fool somebody who studied for the test.
If the distracter is something that is answered by someone who supposedly studied for a test,
and is not answered by someone who supposedly did not study for a test, then something is
definitely wrong with either the distracter or the question as a whole. Think of it as the
Discrimination Index of each and every distracter of a test, except it is interpreted in reverse.

The distracter's Index of Effectiveness is a number between -1 and 1, and is calculated

by subtracting the number of students in the High Group who chose the distracter to the number
of students in the Low Group who chose the distracter, divided by the total number of students in
both groups.

Below 0 - good distracter

0, tie between high group and low group - may need to be revised
0, not chosen by anybody - needs to revised, since it doesn't distract anyone
Above 0 - bad distracter or bad item, needs to be revised
* (Endrina, 2007)

MATCHING TYPE DISTRACTER ANALYSIS

A matching type set of questions is like a number of multiple choice questions where
the choices merely repeat themselves over and over again. In a matching type set of questions,
a choice is the correct answer to one of the questions on the set, and is a distracter to the rest
of the questions on the set. Knowing this, the same process to analyze multiple choice questions
can be used to analyze a matching type set of questions.

ITEM RECOMMENDATION AND BANKING

For a test item to be considered good and bankable, it must be either average of hard
in difficulty, it must be discriminating, and if it is a multiple choice question, all of its distracters
must be good.

However, what needs to be revised and what needs to be discarded is a gray area,
and might vary according to teacher preferences or school standards.

* The Item Recommendations in the LEM are merely suggestions, and can be changed according
to user preferences.

Primary Source:
Ester L. Raagas and Saturnina B. Absin, Introduction to Measurement and Evaluation, Concepts
and Applications. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines: Iwag Printing and Publications, 2004.