The resistance experienced by metal to metal parts in a machine , due to the moving or sliding surface , which retards their movement is known as friction .
LUBRICANTS :-
A substance which is introdued between two relatively moving surface to reduce friction and wear is called lubricant .
LUBRICATION :-
The process of reducing frictional resistance between moving surface by the application of lubricants is called lubrication .
FRICTION HEAT :-
Due to friction large amount of energy is released in the form of heat which reduces the effeciency of machine .
FUNCTION OF LUBRICANT :-
It reduces frictonal resistance.
It increases the efficiecy of machine. It increases the smooth motion of the moving parts . It protects the metal from corrosion It reduce maistenance and ruinng cost. It act as a cleansing agent to keep out dirt it act as a coolent . It reduces the surface deformation ,wear and tear.
MECHANISM OF LUBRICANTS :-
There are three types of mechanisn :-
1) hydrodynamic lubrication or thick film or fluid film lubrication.
2) Boundary lubrication or thin film lubrication
3) Extreme pressure lubrication
(RTR) :- Extreme pressure lubrication is the best method ......
BOUNDARY LUBRICATION :-
The thin layer lubricant is also known as bounday lubrication.
It is applied between two moving surface , which avoid direct metal to metal contact this load is carried by the layer of absorved lubricant.
In boundary lubrication the distance between two moving parts is very small .
In these lubrication machine speed is low
in these lubrication pressure is high viscosty at the oil is very low
TYPES OF LUBRICANTS USED:-
Graphite or MOS2 lubricant is used..
SOME TYPES OF OIL IS USED:-
ex:- mineral oil, vegitable oil etc.
FOR BOUNDAY LUBRICATION LUBRICANT SHOULD HAVE :-
long hydrcarbon chain with lateral force of attraction between chains.
Polar groups to promote absorption.
active function group to get bind with metal surface.
High viscosity index
FLUID FILM LUBRICATION :-
This is also known as thick film or hydrodyanamic lubrication .
In this lubrication thick film is applied between two moving surface.
Thickness of lubricant film is around 1000 Å.
Lubricant film fills the irreguleration of the surface.
There is no direct contact between surfaces thus , reduces wear and tear
weilding junction formation rarely occurs.
Fiction cofficent is μ=0.001 to 0.003.
hydrocarbon oil as lubricants is used
LUBRICANT SHOULD HAVE :-
long chain polymers to maintain viscosity.
Antioxident to prevent it from oxidation under operating condition .
Organometallic reagents used to keep carbon particles in suspention.
EXTREME PRESUURE LUBRICATION :-
It is done by incarborating extreme pressure addatives in mineral oil at high temperature attained due to the very high speed of moving surface under high pressure
Chlorinated esters , Sulfurized oil and tricresyl phosphate additive are used these additives react with metallic surface at high temp to form metallic chloride in the form of films . These films can hold very high load at very high temperature and pressure .
THESE LUBRICANTS IS USED IN :-
automotive engines gear box wire drawing of titanium cutting fluids of tough metals etc..
Comparison between all three mechanism :-
CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANT :- lubricant can be classified on the basis of their physical state:- 1) liquid lubricants or lubricating oil . 2) semi solid lubricants or grease 3) solid lubricants
LUBRICATING OIL :- these oil is used to reduce friction between two moving or sliding metallic surface . Which extend the life of machines . It is the refined oil It is also used for cooling , cleaning ,rust prevention etc..
A good lubricating oil must have following characteristics:-
low Vapour pressure low freezing point heat stability high oxidation resistance non ferrous corrosive properties
THEY CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO FOLLOWING CLASSES
vegetable oil :- These oil are obtained from plants and used for lubricate scientific equipment watches etc.. ex :- olive oil , palm oil , caster oil etc.. animal oil :- animal oils are obtained from animal and used to lubricate swing machine , gums , and other light machinery etc ex:- neat food , whale oil ,lard oil , etc..
minerals oil :- these oil are obtained from the residual mass left during the petroleum distillation and are obtained by the further distillation of residue under certain condition they are used in lubricating cutting oil , textiles machine , commercial engine etc . Blended Oil :- Minerals oil are mixed with animals or vegetable oil to reduce pour point , improve viscosity , resist oxidation and reduce corrosion these mixture of oil is known as Blended oil . SYNTHETIC OIL :- these are the chemically prepared compound and very effective in various condition there are following types 1) Polyethers :- pollyethers have very good lubricating properties it can with stand high temperature they are used as a lubricant in steelroling mills seramic kiln vaccum pump etc . 2) Diester :- they also have good lubricating properties they are stable at high temperature they are used to lubericating in jet engine . 3) Silicons :- they have remarkable resistance to heat and cold and used for hydrolic fluids to lubricate furnished doors and electroplating equipments . They are used in highly corrosive condition 4) fluorocarbons :- there are resistant to heat and chemical attack they are used in oxygen generating equipment as they do not corroded with oxygen or with H2O2 in rocket motors and in atomic energy plans . _______________________________________________________________________ 2) semi - Solid lubricants or grease :- Grease ease :- co thickened lubricant that provides lubrication in situation where liquid oil cannot be used effectively. Important types of greases can be classified as follows:- (I) Cup greases :- They are emulsions of petroleum lubricating oils with water containing or Stereate as Stablizer. They Calcium oliate are used for general purpose ar a temperawre below 80°C. . (ii) Soda-base Grease:- These are prepared by mixing sodium Soaps with petroleum oils are suitable for use near heat in differential gears. (iii) Lithium Soap Greases :- They are prepared by mixing lithium Soaps with petroleum oils & are suitable for we at low temperature. (iv) Axle greases :- These are prepared from Slaked lime s resin oil with addition of petroleum oil after sometime grease Seperates out. These grease is water resistant & employed as axle grease. Uses of greases :- Used in Rail axle boxes. Used In gears & bearing. In Sealing of bearings against entry of dirt, dust moisture ek. used in machine preparing Papers, textile, edible, articles ek. used for mobality.
3) Solid Lubricant Solid lubricants are materials that reduses friction b/w Surface in motion without the meed for a fluid medium like oil on grease these substances can be in the form of powders, filmy on coating. An ideal solid lubricant should have :- 1) low shear strength. 2) good thermal conductivity. 3) chemical inertness. 4) stablity at the operating condition.
the commonly used solid lubricant are no follows
1) graphite 2) molybdenum disulphide 3) talc 4) mica 5) french chalk 5) boron nitride etc.
molybdenum disulphide & graphite are the most widely used solid lubricants as both are having laminar layer lattice structure
______________________________________________________________________________ PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANT OIL :- Some important properties of lubricants oils are :- viscosity viscosity index flash and fire point cloud and pour point aniline point acid number saponification number steam emulsification number _______________________________________________________________________________
What is viscosity :- viscosity is technically defined as the fluid friction of lubricating oil . It is the property of a fluid that determine its resistance to flow . 1) honey has more viscosity 2) kerosine has less viscosity 3) with the rise in temperature viscosity decreases. 4) The dynamic viscosity of water at 50 degrees . _________________________________________________________________________ What is viscosity index :- the rate at which of an oil changes with temperature is measured by (VI) . VI = L-μ *100 L-H L :- viscosity at 100℉ low viscosity standard oil i.e gulf oil . μ :- viscosity at 100℉ of the oil under test . H :- viscosity at 100℉ of the high viscosity standard oil i.e pencil venion oil . ______________________________________________________________________ Flash and fire point :- flash point :- the temperature to which oil must be heated to sufficient flammable vapour to flash when it comes in contact with flame . Fire point :- the higher temperature at which the oil vapour continue to burn when it ignited . Factors affecting the flash and fire point of an oil :- moisture :- lubricating oil which are contain moisture forms steam on heating hence, raise the flash point . Low molecular weight constituents :- they try to decrease the flash pt . Experimental factors :- frequently of application of test flame , rate of heating , rate of strirring size of test flame etc .. all effect the flash and fire pt of the lubricating oil .
WORKING OF PLENSKY APPRATUS :-
Firstly oil cup is filled by the oil then heat slow and constant rate with continuous stirring now a small taste flame is directed into the cup at regular interval and simultaneously interuption of stirring the temperature , at which distinct flash appears inside the cup is recorded as a flash point . When the oil is ignite and continue to burn at least 5 sec the temp reading is recorded as the fire point of the oil .
SAPONIFICATION NUMBER :- It is the number of milligram of KOH needed to saponify one gram of oil reaction . Procedure :- Take a clean and dry 100 m conical flask using 2ml pipette now transfer 1.5 ml of oil sample in this conical flask add 15 ml of 0.5 N ethanolic KOH into the flask. Now mixed well. Place the funnel at the neck of conical flask and place it in the boiling water bath half an hour till all the oil globules disappear and yellow cake is found by potassium salts of fatty acid after half an hour take out the conical flask and cool it at room temperature . Add 20 ml of distilled water in the flask shake till a clear solution is formed now add 1 to 2 drop of phenolphthalein as an indicator titrate with .5 NH4CL till the color change from red to colorless note the titre value . Also run a blank titration without using oil under similar condition and titre value. SIGNIFICANCE:- The saponification value (SV) of an oil or fat is a measure of its quality and is important for many reasons, including: Identifying fats and oils: The SV can help identify the type of fat or oil. Determining purity: The SV can help determine how pure a fat or oil is. Calculating molecular weight: The SV is a measure of the average molecular weight of the fatty acids in the fat or oil. A higher SV means a lower molecular weight. Calculating the number of acids: The SV can help calculate the number of acids in the fat or oil. Calculating the amount of base: The SV can help calculate how much base is needed. Calculating chain length: The SV can help calculate the chain length of the fatty acids. Predicting soap formation: A high SV indicates a high percentage of fatty acids, which can lead to soap formation during transesterificatio. LUBRICATING OIL- Sponificatin test is useful for indentifying animal or vegetables oils and for determining the amout of oils in compounded lubricants.
Gear oil- Sponification number is useful for indicating the percentage of the compounding agent in gear oil, if the fat or organic acid is used in ths preparation is known. In general, no relationship beetween sponfication number and corrosion has estalished Acid number or nutralization no. :-
Acid number, also known as neutralization number of acidity, is measure of amount of acid or base present in the oil.
Signification :- To quantify the amount of acid present in a sample, and to check properties of thermoset resins.
ANILINE POINT :-
The minimum temperature at which the equal volumes of aniline (C6NH2) and lubricating oil is miscible . Significance of aniline point :-
An anilline point of the oil gives an indication of the possible tendency of detrioration of an oil when it comes in contact with packing , rubber sealings etc ..
Aromatic hydrocarbon have a tendency to dissolve natural rubber and certain types of synthetic rubber .
A higher aniline points means a higher percentage peraffinic hydrocarbans and lower percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons
A good lubricant should have high aniline point .
CLOUD AND POUR POINT :-
Cloud Point:-
The temperature at which the cloud become heazy cloudy.
Pour point :-
the temperature at which liquid stops to flow
SIGNIFICANCE :-
Cloud point and pour point are Important for understanding the low-temperature performance of fuels and lubricants .
STEAM EMULSION Number :-
it is the property of the oil to get intimately mixed with water and form mixture called emulsion .
Certain oils form emulsion with water easily
emulsion have tendency to collect dirt , grease , greate and foreign matter etc....
the tiem in sec required for 2 constituents of an emulsion to seperate from it is known as steam emsulsion number .
