Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
E1
Ch 2 Regulation of body
temperature
2.1 Importance of regulation of body temperature (Book E1, p. 46)
Keeping body temperature stable is essential for survival because metabolic reactions in the
body are catalysed by (1) _______________ which only work efficiently within a narrow
range of temperatures. A stable body temperature helps keep enzyme activities and hence
(2) _______________ _______________ steady.
To keep a stable body temperature, the amount of heat gain and heat loss must be
(3) _______________.
We gain heat mainly from metabolism taking place inside our body, in particular from
(4) _______________ in the liver and skeletal muscles.
Other ways of heat gain or heat loss:
Way of heat gain or heat loss Example
I Conduction (傳導) A The body loses heat when sweat evaporates from
the skin and water evaporates from the lungs.
II Convection (對流) B The body loses heat by the upward flow of warm
air and the downward flow of cold air.
III Evaporation (蒸發) C The body gains heat from the sun, and loses heat
to nearby cooler objects not in contact.
IV Radiation (輻射) D The body loses heat when the skin touches a cold
object, and gains heat when the skin touches a hot
object.
I: (5) ___________ II: (6) ___________ III: (7) ___________ IV: (8) ___________
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
2.2 The human skin (Book E1, p. 48)
The (1) _______________ is the main site at which heat exchange between the body and the
environment occurs.
The skin consists of two main layers: the outer, thin (2) _______________ (表皮) and the inner,
thick (3) _______________ (真皮).
sensory receptors hair
(5) ______________
touch receptor ______________ ( 皮脂腺 )
thermoreceptor
pain receptor (6) ______________
pressure receptor ______________ ( 豎毛肌 )
epidermis
(7) ______________
______________ ( 毛囊 )
dermis superficial capillary
(8) ______________
______________ ( 汗管 )
(4) ______________ (9) ______________
______________ ( 皮下脂肪 ) ______________ ( 汗腺 )
blood vessel
Structure of skin
1 Epidermis
Layer Description
Outermost layer Consists of dead cells, which are constantly shed and replaced
Tough and waterproof, hence
reduces (10) _______________ loss from the body
protects the body from (11) _______________ _______________
prevents the entry of (12) _______________
Middle layer Consists of living cells
The cytoplasm of these cells is gradually replaced by
(13) _______________ (角蛋白). These cells finally die and become the
outermost layer
Innermost layer Consists of living cells. These cells:
carry out (14) _______________ cell division to produce new cells
contain (15) _______________ (黑素) which absorbs ultraviolet light
from the sun, preventing it from harming the body
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
produce vitamin (16) _______ when exposed to sunlight
2 Dermis
Structure Description
Sensory receptors Detect stimuli (e.g. temperature change)
(e.g. thermoreceptors)
Hair follicles Produce hairs
Hair and erector The hair is pulled upright when the erector muscle
muscles (17) _______________ (contracts / relaxes), and lies flat when the
muscle (18) _______________ (contracts / relaxes)
Sebaceous glands Secrete (19) _______________ (皮脂) which
keeps the skin and hairs supple and waterproof
is an (20) _______________ to suppress the growth of
harmful microorganisms
Sweat glands Secrete (21) _______________ to help regulate body temperature
and to remove urea and other metabolic wastes
Blood vessels Supply oxygen and nutrients to cells
Help regulate body temperature
3 Subcutaneous fat
Acts as an insulating layer to reduce heat loss
Acts as an energy reserve
Practical 2.1 Identifying features of the mammalian skin that are related to temperature regulation
(Book E1, p. 163)
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
2.3 Mechanism of body temperature regulation (Book E1, p. 53)
A Control centre of body temperature (Book E1, p. 53)
The (1) _______________ _______________ (體温調節中樞) in the (2) _______________ of the
brain is the control centre of body temperature. It has two parts: the (3) _______________
_______________ centre (產熱中樞) and the (4) _______________ _______________ centre (散熱
中樞). These two centres work through a negative feedback mechanism to regulate body
temperature:
negative feedback normal body temperature negative feedback
(set point = 37 ºC)
blood or skin temperature blood or skin temperature
becomes lower than normal thermoregulatory centre becomes higher than normal
sti
e
(detected by thermoreceptors) in hypothalamus (detected by thermoreceptors)
at
m
ul
ula
im
te
st
responses of effectors to: heat gain heat loss responses of effectors to:
initiate initiate
reduce heat loss, and centre centre increase heat loss, and
increase heat gain reduce heat gain
Negative feedback of the control of body temperature
The (5) _______________ (温度感受器) in the hypothalamus detect the temperature of the
(6) _______________ passing through it (i.e. internal temperature) while those in the skin
detect the temperature of the (7) _______________ (i.e. external temperature).
When the thermoreceptors detect a fall in body temperature, they send nerve impulses to the
heat (8) _______________ (gain / loss) centre. The heat gain centre is stimulated and then
sends nerve impulses to various effectors to produce responses that reduce heat
(9) _______________ (gain / loss) and increase heat (10) _______________ (gain / loss) until
normal body temperature is restored.
When the thermoreceptors detect a rise in body temperature, they send nerve impulses to the
heat (11) _______________ (gain / loss) centre. The heat loss centre is stimulated and then
sends nerve impulses to various effectors to produce responses that increase heat
(12) _______________ (gain / loss) and reduce heat (13) _______________ (gain / loss) until
normal body temperature is restored.
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
B Regulation of body temperature by skin (Book E1, p. 54)
Response of the skin to reduce heat loss Response of the skin to increase heat loss
under cold conditions under hot conditions
Sweating (14) _______________ Sweating (20) _______________
(increases / decreases), reducing heat loss (increases / decreases). The evaporation of
by evaporation of sweat. more sweat absorbs more heat from the
body surface.
Arterioles (15) _______________ Arterioles (21) _______________
(i.e. vasoconstriction 血管收缩). (i.e. vasodilation 血管舒張).
(16) _______________ (More / Less) (22) _______________ (More / Less)
blood flows to the capillaries near the blood flows to the capillaries near the
skin surface. Less heat is lost by skin surface. More heat is lost by
conduction, convection and radiation. conduction, convection and radiation.
Erector muscles (17) _______________ Erector muscles (23) _______________
to pull hairs upright so that a and hairs lie flat. Only a
(18) _______________ (thinner / thicker) (24) _______________ (thin / thick) layer
layer of still air is trapped for better of still air is trapped between hairs. Heat
insulation of heat (not very effective in insulation is reduced.
humans).
The layer of subcutaneous fat becomes The layer of subcutaneous fat becomes
(19) _______________ (thinner / thicker) (25) _______________ (thinner / thicker)
(long-term response). (long-term response).
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
C Regulation of body temperature involving skeletal muscles (Book E1, p. 59)
When thermoreceptors in the body detect a fall in body temperature, the hypothalamus sends
nerve impulses to the (26) _______________ _______________ to cause them to contract
rapidly and repeatedly. This contraction of muscles is called (27) _______________ (顫抖), and
is involuntary and uncoordinated.
During shivering, the rate of (28) _______________ in muscle cells is increased in order to
release more energy for muscle contraction. This generates more (29) _______________ to
keep the body warm.
D Regulation of body temperature by hormones (Book E1, p. 60)
Body temperature is also regulated by hormones. (30) _______________ (甲狀腺素), which is
secreted by the (31) _______________ _______________ (甲狀腺), is an example.
Under cold conditions, the thyroid gland secretes (32) _______________ (less / more)
thyroxine. It (33) _______________ (increases / decreases) the metabolic rate of body cells
so that more heat is generated to keep the body warm. A persistent increased thyroxine
secretion is a (34) _______________ (short-term / long-term) response to a cold environment.
E Regulation of body temperature by behavioural means (Book E1, p. 61)
Examples of regulating body temperature by behavioural means which are voluntary (i.e.
under conscious control of the cerebrum):
Under cold conditions Under hot conditions
Wear more clothes Wear fewer clothes
To reduce heat loss by To increase heat loss by conduction,
(35) _____________ and convection convection and evaporation of sweat
Take in hot food or drinks Take in cold food or drinks
To gain heat by conduction To lose heat by (37) _____________
Curl up the body Fan the body
To reduce heat loss by To increase heat loss by convection
(36) _______________ and evaporation of sweat
Stay indoors Stay in shady places
To reduce heat loss by convection To reduce heat gain by
and evaporation of sweat under (38) _______________
windy condition
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
2.4 Heat- and cold-related illnesses (Book E1, p. 64)
(1) _______________
_______________ (熱衰竭) and (3) _______________ (體温過低)
(2) _______________ (中暑)
Condition Exposure to high temperatures for Exposure to low temperatures for
of a long time a long time
occurrence Situation becomes worse if the
environment is humid and windless
Body Heat exhaustion: rises above 37 °C Falls below 35 °C
temperature Heatstroke: rises to 41 °C or above
Symptom Heat exhaustion: dizziness, Sleepy, confused, irregular
headache, nausea and shortness of heartbeat; heart problems and death
breath may result
Heatstroke: becoming unconscious;
death may result
Prevention Wear light-coloured, loose clothing Put on adequate clothing
Drink plenty of water to prevent Take in hot food and drinks that are
dehydration high in calories
Choose an indoor venue with good Keep the home environment warm
ventilation Don’t stay in cold or windy
Stop activities immediately if environments for long
feeling unwell Don’t drink alcoholic drinks
Don’t do vigorous exercise and
prolonged activities
Don’t drink alcoholic drinks and
caffeinated beverages
Identifying the effect of environmental factors on body heat gain/loss (Book E1, p. 67)
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Lesson worksheet Book E1, Ch 2
Answers
E1 Ch 2 Regulation of body temperature
2.1
1 enzymes 2 metabolic rate 3 balanced 4 respiration
5 D 6 B 7 A 8 C
2.2
1 skin 2 epidermis 3 dermis 4 subcutaneous fat
5 sebaceous gland 6 erector muscle 7 hair follicle 8 sweat duct
9 sweat gland 10 water 11 mechanical injury 12 pathogens
13 keratin 14 mitotic 15 melanin 16 D
17 contracts 18 relaxes 19 sebum 20 antiseptic
21 sweat
2.3
1 thermoregulatory centre 2 hypothalamus 3 heat gain
4 heat loss 5 thermoreceptors 6 blood 7 skin
8 gain 9 loss 10 gain 11 loss
12 loss 13 gain 14 decreases 15 constrict
16 Less 17 contract 18 thicker 19 thicker
20 increases 21 dilate 22 More 23 relax
24 thin 25 thinner 26 skeletal muscles 27 shivering
28 respiration 29 heat 30 Thyroxine 31 thyroid gland
32 more 33 increases 34 long-term 35 conduction
36 convection 37 conduction 38 radiation
2.4
1 Heat exhaustion 2 heatstroke 3 Hypothermia
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