Mathematics

Language and
Symbols
“The laws of nature
are written in the
language of
mathematics.”

- Galileo Galilei
Importance of Language
 To understand the expressed ideas
 To communicate ideas to others

Characteristics of the Mathematics Language

 Precise (able to make very fine distinctions or
definitions)
 Concise (able to say things briefly)
 Powerful (able to express complex thoughts with
relative ease)
English Language to Mathematics Language
 Noun to mathematical expressions
Example: x + 5; sin x; log x
 Sentence to mathematical sentence
Example: 2x + y = 6

The Grammar of Mathematics

 Structural rules governing the use of symbols
representing mathematical objects
Difficulties
 The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or
membership in a set
 Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal,
ratio)
 Mathematical objects may be represented in many
ways such as sets and functions.
 The words “and” and “or” mean differently in
mathematics from its English use.
Describe the error in each of the
following.
•1⊂N
,

• (1, 2) ∈ 𝑓 where 𝑓 is a function

or

• 𝑥 > 2 or 𝑥 < 1 is equivalent to 2 < 𝑥 < 1

• Given the function 𝑥 + 10, find the value of
𝑓 4
• ‫ 𝑥 𝑒(׬‬+ 𝑥)
Translate each sentence using mathematical Note:
symbols ...,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ሥ
= “and”
1. 0 is an integer. 0 ∈ 𝑍 ሧ = “or”
2. 𝑥 is multiple of 5. x = 5𝑘, 𝑘 ∈Z
3. 𝑥 belongs to both sets A and B. x ∈ A ∩ 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ A ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
4. The values of x range from -2 to 5. −2 < 𝑥 < 5
5. The square of the sum of x and y is not more than 20.
x + 𝑦 2 ≤ 20
2
6. The square of a number is nonnegative. 𝑥 ≥0

7. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 31. 15 + 16 = 31

Logic

 Allowsus to determine the validity of

arguments in and out of mathematics
 Illustrates
the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics
Statement or Proposition
 Must express a complete thought.
A declarative sentence or statement that is either
true or false but not both.

Determine whether proposition or not

1. All multiples of 5 are odd numbers.
2. x is a real number.
3. Sketch the graph of 𝑓.
Conjunction 𝑃∧𝑄 P and Q True if and only if P and Q
are both true
Disjunction 𝑃 ∨𝑄 P or Q True if and only if P is true
or Q is true or both are
true
Implication 𝑃→𝑄 P implies Q True under all
If P then Q circumstances except
Q if P when P is true and Q is
P only if Q false.
Bi-conditional 𝑃 𝑄 P if and only if Q True if and only if P and Q
are both true or both false
P Q 𝑃∧𝑄

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
P Q 𝑃∨𝑄

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
P Q 𝑃⟶𝑄

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T
P Q 𝑃 𝑄

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T
 P Q 𝑃∧𝑄
P: Today is raining. (True) T T T
T F F
Q: The ground is wet. (True) F T F
F F F

 Today is raining and the ground is wet.

 True
 P Q 𝑃∧𝑄
P: Today is raining. (True) T T T
T F F
Q: The ground is wet. (False) F T F
F F F

 Today is raining and the ground is wet.

 False
 P Q 𝑃∧𝑄
P: Today is raining. (False) T T T
T F F
Q: The ground is wet. (True) F T F
F F F

 Today is raining and the ground is wet.

 False
 P Q 𝑃∧𝑄
P: Today is raining. (False) T T T
T F F
Q: The ground is wet. (False) F T F
F F F

 Today is raining and the ground is wet.

 False
 P Q 𝑃∨𝑄
P: Today is raining. (True) T T T
Q: The ground is wet. (False) T F T
F T T
F F F

 Today is raining or the ground is wet.

 True
 P Q 𝑃∨𝑄
P: Today is raining. (False) T T T
Q: The ground is wet. (True) T F T
F T T
F F F

 Today is raining or the ground is wet.

 True
 P Q 𝑃∨𝑄
P: Today is raining. (False) T T T
Q: The ground is wet. (False) T F T
F T T
F F F

 Today is raining or the ground is wet.

 False
 P Q 𝑃∨𝑄
P: Today is raining. (True) T T T
Q: The ground is wet. (True) T F T
F T T
F F F

 Today is raining or the ground is wet.

 True
 P Q 𝑃⟶𝑄
P: Today is raining. (True) T T T

Q: The ground is wet. (False) T F F

F T T
F F T

 If
today is raining then the ground is
wet.

 False
 P Q 𝑃⟶𝑄
P: Today is raining. (False) T T T

Q: The ground is wet. (False) T F F

F T T
F F T

 If
today is raining then the ground is
wet.

 True
 P Q 𝑃⟶𝑄
P: Today is raining. (False) T T T

Q: The ground is wet. (True) T F F

F T T
F F T

 If
today is raining then the ground is
wet.

 True
 P Q 𝑃⟶𝑄
P: Today is raining. (True) T T T

Q: The ground is wet. (True) T F F

F T T
F F T

 If
today is raining then the ground is
wet.

 True
 True True P Q 𝑃 𝑄
T T T
 Today is raining if and only if the ground is wet. T F F
➢ True F T F
F F T
True False
 Today is raining if and only if the ground is wet.
➢ False
False True
 Today is raining if and only if the ground is wet.
➢ False
False False
 Today is raining if and only if the ground is wet.
➢ True
 Quantification
 Universal Quantification
▪ “For all” or “For every”
▪ Symbol: ∀
▪ Example: "for every object x in the universe, x > 1", which is
expressed as " ∀x, x > 1”

 Existential Quantification
▪ “There exists” or “For some”
▪ Symbol: ∃
▪ Example: “there exists an object x in the universe, x > 1", which is
expressed as "∃x, x > 1"
Express the following in symbolic form.
1. All Students are smart. ∀x (Sx)
2. There exists a student. ∃x
3. There exists a smart student. ∃x (Sx)
4. Every student loves some student.
∀x ∃x (Lx)
References:

http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S2/Subsets6.htm

https://www.probabilitycourse.com/chapter1/1_2_2_set_operations.php

https://brainly.ph/question/1670468