CS 101
Computer Programming and
Utilization
Puru
with
CS101 TAs and CSE Staff
Course webpage: https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~cs101/
Lecture 4: Conditional Execution and Loops
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
recap
• turtleSim, repeat, forward, left, right, penUp, penDown
• char, int, float, double, bool
• indentation, variable naming, comments
• operators, operator precedence
• variables, assignment, re-assignment, expressions
• repeat, nested repeat
• input, output from screen
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surprise ungraded quiz
1. int n=12345678, d0, d1, d2;
d0 = n % 10;
d1 = (n / 10) % 10;
d2 = d1 % 3;
cout << d0 << “ “ << d1 << “ “ << d2;
2. char c = ‘a’; // ASCII value of a is 98
cout << c << “ “ << ‘c’;
cout << ‘c’ + 1 << “ “ << c+1;
3. Write a program to convert a character from
lower case to upper case. i.e., a to A.
Get input from screen in lowercase.
All ASCII mappings are sequential.
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 3
surprise ungraded quiz
1. int n=12345678, d0, d1, d2;
d0 = n % 10;
d1 = (n / 10) % 10;
d2 = d1 % 3;
cout << d0 << “ “ << d1 << “ “ << d2;
2. char c = ‘a’; // ASCII value of a is 98
cout << c << “ “ << ‘c’;
cout << ‘c’ + 1 << “ “ << c+1;
3.
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 4
shadowing and scope
main_program{
int x=5;
cout << x << endl; // prints 5
repeat (3) {
cout << x << endl; // prints 5
int x = 10;
x *= 2;
cout << x << endl; // prints ____
}
cout << x << endl; // prints ____
}
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conditional execution and loops
• basic if statement
• if-else statement
• general if statement form
• basic while loop
• switch statement
• general while loop, do-while loop and for loop
• computing logical expressions
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discount calculator
• write a program to read total cost of items in shopping cart and
compute discount, using following rules
• If total ≤ 1000, then discount = 0
• If total is between 1000 and 2000 then discount = 10% of total
• If income is between 2000 and 5000, then discount = 20% of
total
• If income > 5000, then discount = 500 + 30% of total
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an even simpler problem
• using the rules given earlier, read in the total print a message
indicating whether any discount will be offered
• what is required?
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an even simpler problem
• using the rules given earlier, read in the total print a message
indicating whether any discount will be offered
• what is required?
• not a single sequential execution of a program
• only some parts of program/actions on certain inputs/conditions
• conditional execution
• the if, if-else statements
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basic if statement
• Form:
if (condition) consequent
• condition: boolean expression
• boolean : variable/expression that evaluates to true or false
• consequent: C++ statement, statements, e.g. assignment
• If condition evaluates to true, then the consequent is executed
• If condition evaluates to false, then consequent is ignored
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
conditions
if (condition) consequent
• Simple condition: exp1 relop exp2
• relop : relational operator
< <= == > >= !=
• less than, less than or equal, equal, greater than, greater than or
equal, not equal
• condition is true if exp1 relates to exp2 as per the specified
relational operator
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
flowchart
• pictorial representation of a program
• statements put inside boxes
• If box C will possibly be executed after box B, then put an arrow
from B to C
• specially convenient for showing conditional execution, because
there can be more than one next statements
• diamond shaped boxes are used for condition checks
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
flowchart of the if statement
Previous Statement
True
Condition
Consequent
False
Next Statement
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 13
discount calculator
• write a program to read total cost of items in shopping cart and
compute discount, using following rules
• If total less than 1000, then discount = 0
• If total is between 1000 and 2000 then discount = 10% of total
• If income is between 2000 and 5000, then discount = 20% of
total
• If income >= 5000, then discount = 500 + 30% of total
• using the rules given earlier, read in the total print a message
indicating whether any discount will be offered
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examples for conditions
#include <simplecpp>
main_program {
int a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4;
if(a < b) cout << “a is less than b” ;
if(a > b) cout << “a is greater than b” ;
if (b) cout << “b is b”;
if ((b+c) < d) cout << “d is not big enough”;
}
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the discount program
main_program {
double total, discount;
cin >> total;
if (total < 1000)
cout << No discount << endl;
if (total >= 1000)
cout << Discount coming your way!”<< endl;
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the discount program
main_program {
double total, discount;
cin >> total;
if (total <= 1000)
cout << No discount << endl;
if (total > 1000)
cout << Discount coming your way!”<< endl;
}
• // Always checks both conditions
• // If the first condition is true,
• // then you know second must be false,
• // and vice versa. Cannot be avoided
• // using just the basic if statement
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the slightly improved discount program
main_program {
double total, discount;
cin >> total;
if (total < 1000)
cout << No discount << endl;
else
cout << Discount coming your way!”<< endl;
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
flowchart of the if-else statement
if (condition) consequent else alternate
Previous statement
True False
Condition
Consequent Alternate
Next statement
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
Most General Form of the IF-ELSE Statement
if (condition_1) consequent_1
else if (condition_2) consequent_2
…
else if (condition_n) consequent_n
else alternate
• Evaluate conditions in order
• Some condition true: execute the corresponding consequent.
Do not evaluate subsequent conditions
• All conditions false: execute alternate
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
flowchart of the general if-else statement
Previous Statement
True False
Condition 1
Consequent 1 True False
Condition 2
Consequent 2 True False
Condition 3
Consequent 3 Alternate
Next Statement
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the discount program
main_program {
double total, discount;
cin >> total; // get input
if (total < 1000) discount = 0;
else if (total < 2000)
discount = 0.1 * total;
else if (total < 5000)
discount = 0.2 * total;
else discount = 500 + 0.3 * total;
cout << “Total discount = “ << discount << endl;
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the discount + points program
• along with discount,
• points to calculated
– if total less than 1000, points = 10
– if total between 1000 to 2000 , points = 20
– if total between 2000 to 5000 , points = 30
– if total greater than equal to 5000 , points = 50
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the discount + points program
main_program {
double total, discount;
int points;
cin >> total; // get input
if (total <= 1000) discount = 0; points= 10;
else if (total <= 2000)
discount = 0.1 * total; points = 20;
else if (total <= 5000)
discount = 0.2 * total; points = 30;
else discount = 500 + 0.3 * total; points = 50;
cout << “Total discount = “ << discount << endl;
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the discount + points program
double total, discount;
int points;
cin >> total; // get input
if (total <= 1000) {
discount = 0;
points= 10;
}
else if (total <= 2000) {
discount = 0.1 * total;
points = 20;
}
else if (total <= 5000) {
discount = 0.2 * total;
points = 30;
}
else { discount = 500 + 0.3 * total; points = 50; }
cout << “Total discount = “ << discount << endl;
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
another example (homework)
• rules
– for each cricket match
• Win gets 3 points
• Loss no points
• Draw one point
• Update number of wins, losses and draws of a team for each
match
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combining conditions
condition1 && condition2 : true only if both true
Boolean AND
condition1 || condition2 : true only if at least one is true
Boolean OR
!condition : true if only if condition is false
Boolean negation
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
examples for combined conditions
if ((total < 1000) || (nitems == 1)) discount = 10;
if ((discount > 500) && (nitems == 1)) discount = 50;
write without combined conditions …
bool flag = (2>3);
if (!flag) cout << “ 2 is really less than 3 \n”;
if (!flag || flag) cout << “why flag? \n”;
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homework
1. Based on user input, draw a circle or a square or a rectangle
2. Determine if a number is prime
– program should take as input a number
– expect number to be an integer > 1
– Output: Number is prime if it is,
or number is not prime if it is not
– Hints:
• prime numbers are only divisible by 1 and the number itself
• program will need a loop and conditional execution
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need of a more general loop
Read marks of students from the keyboard and print the average
• number of students not given explicitly
• if a negative number is entered as marks, then it is a signal that all
marks have been entered
• Examples
− Input: 98 96 -1, Output: 97
− Input: 90 80 70 60 -1, Output: 75
•
The repeat statement repeats a fixed number of times. Not useful
• We need a more general statement
• while, do while, or for
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the while statement
1. Evaluate the condition
If true, execute body. body can be a
single statement or a block, in which
while (condition) case all the statements in the block
body will be executed
2. Go back and execute from step 1
3. If false, execution of while statement
next_statement ends and control goes to the next
statement
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the while statement
• The condition must eventually
become false, otherwise the
program will never halt.
Not halting can be tricky!
while (condition) Infinite loop.
body
• If the condition is true originally,
then the value of some variable
used in condition must change in
the execution of body, so that
eventually condition becomes
false
• Each execution of the body =
iteration
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the while statement flowchart
Previous statement in the program
False
Condition
True
Body
Next statement in the Program
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
a program that does not halt
// infinite loop!
main_program{
int x=10;
while(x > 0){
cout << “Iterating” << endl;
}
}
// Will endlessly keep printing
// Not a good program
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
a program that halts
main_program{
int x=3;
while(x > 0){
cout << “Iterating” << endl;
x--; // Same as x = x – 1;
}
}
// Will print “Iterating.” 3 times
// Good program (if that is what
// you want)!
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
while vs. repeat
repeat can be
expressed using while?
while can be
expressed as repeat?
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while vs. repeat
while can be
expressed as repeat?
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the break statement
• the break keyword is a statement by itself
• break the loop!
• when it is encountered in execution, the
execution of the innermost while statement
which contains it is terminated, and the execution
continues from the next statement following the
while statement
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the continue statement
• the continue keyword is a statement by itself
• (skip rest of loop) continue the loop from start!
• when it is encountered in execution, the
execution of the innermost while statement
which contains it is skipped, and the execution
continues from start of the loop
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example for break/continue
main_program{
float nextmark, sum = 0;
while (true){
cin >> nextmark;
if(nextmark > 100)
continue;
if(nextmark < 0)
break;
sum = sum + nextmark;
}
cout << sum << endl;
}
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