TPCT’s

College of Engineering, Osmanabad

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Laboratory Manual

Soft Computing

For

Final Year Students

Manual Prepared by

Mr.R.A.Sarwade

Author COE, Osmanabad

 TPCT’s
College of Engineering
Solapur Road, Osmanabad
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

1) Vision of the Department:

To achieve and evolve as a center of academic excellence and research center in the field of
Computer Science and Engineering. To develop computer engineers with necessary analytical
ability and human values who can creatively design, implement a wide spectrum of computer
systems for welfare of the society.

2) Mission of the Department:

The department strives to continuously engage in providing the students with in-depth
understanding of fundamentals and practical training related to professional skills and their
applications through effective Teaching- Learning Process and state of the art laboratories
pertaining to CSE and inter disciplinary areas. Preparing students in developing research,
design, entrepreneurial skills and employability capabilities.
 College of Engineering

Technical Document

This technical document is a series of Laboratory manuals of Computer Science & Engineering
Department and is a certified document of College of Engineering, Osmanabad. The care has
been taken to make the document error-free. But still if any error is found. Kindly bring it to the
notice of subject teacher and HOD.

Recommended by,

HOD

Approved by,

Principal

Copies:

1. Departmental Library
2. Laboratory
3. HOD
4. Principal
 FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for Final year Engineering students for
the subject – “ Soft Computing”.

As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind regarding
the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself will greatly
relieve them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the
students once they are conceptually clear

H.O.D.

CSE Dept.
 LABORATORY MANUAL CONTENTS

This manual is intended for the final year students of Computer Science and Engineering in the
subject of Soft Computing. This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related to the
subject on the MATLAB/Scilab platform covering various aspects of the subject to enhance
understanding.

Students' are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in
the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of
theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Mr. R.A.Sarwade.
SUBJECT INDEX:-

1.Do’s & Don’ts in Laboratory.

2. Lab Exercises

1.Write a Program to implement MP Model

2. Generate ANDNOT function using McCulloch-Pitts neural net.
3. Generate XOR function using McCulloch-Pitts neural net
4. Write a program for solving linearly separable problem using Perceptron Model
5. Perceptron net for an AND function with bipolar inputs and targets.
6. Write a program to store a pattern (1 1 1 0). Test the network using Discrete Hopfield
Net by giving the input with mistakes in First and Second position
7. Program for Pattern storage of 10 digits with Discrete Hopfield Network
8. To perform Union,Intersection and Complement operations.
9. To implement De-Morgan’s Law.
10. To implement FIS Editor.

3.Quiz
4.Conduction of viva voce examination
5.Evaluation & marking scheme
1.Do’s and Don’ts in the laboratory

1. Make entry in the Log Book as soon as you enter the Laboratory.
2. All the students should sit according to their roll numbers starting from their left
to right.
3. All the students are supposed to enter the terminal number in the log book.
4. Do not change the terminal on which you are working.
5. All the students are expected to get at least the algorithm of the program/concept
to be implemented.
6. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers::

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done
during the next lab session. The immediate arrangements for printouts related to
submission on the day of practical assignments.

2. Students should be taught for taking the printouts under the observation of lab
teacher
 Pre-lab (Introduction to MATLAB)

Questions:

1] What do you mean by MATLAB?

2] Describe all MATLAB windows in detail.(command window, Graphics window , Editor
window, Workspace, command history, current directory)
3] Describe all basic MATLAB command with example
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Title: Write a program to implement MP Model.

Objectives:
• To implement AND logic gate
• To implement OR logic gate

Instructions:
1. Study MP Model
2. Study logic gates: AND,OR,NOT,Exclusive-OR
3. Write a program to implement AND gate without using neural network toolbox.
4. Write a program to implement OR gate without using neural network toolbox.

Program to implement AND gate:

%AND function using McCulloch-Pitts neuron

clear;
clc;
% Getting weights and threshold value
disp('Enter the weights');
w1=input('Weight w1=');
w2=input('Weight w2=');
disp('Enter threshold value');
theta=input('theta=');
y=[0 0 0 0];
x1=[1 1 0 0];
x2=[1 0 1 0];
z=[1 0 0 0];
con=1;
while con
zin = x1*w1+x2*w2;
for i=1:4
if zin(i)>=theta
y(i)=1;
else y(i)=0;
end
end
disp('Output of net=');
disp(y);
if y==z
con=0;
 else
disp('Net is not learning Enter another set of weights and threshold value');
w1=input('Weight w1=');
w2=input('Weight w2=');
theta=input('theta=');
end
end
disp('McCulloch Pitts Net for ANDNOT function');
disp('Weights of neuron');
disp(w1);
disp(w2);
disp('Threshold value=');
disp(theta);

Output :-

Enter the weights

Weight w1=1
Weight w2=1
Enter threshold value
theta=2
Output of net= 1 0 0 0
McCulloch Pitts Net for AND function
Weights of neuron
1
1
Threshold value=
2
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Title: Generate ANDNOT function using McCulloch-Pitts neural net by MATLAB

Program.

Objectives:
• To implement ANDNOT logic gate

Instructions:
1.Study MP Model
2.Study logic gates: AND,OR,NOT,Exclusive-OR
3.Write a program to implement ANDNOT gate without using neural network toolbox.

Program to implement ANDNOT gate:

%ANDNOT function using McCulloch-Pitts neuron
clear;
clc;
% Getting weights and threshold value
disp('Enter the weights');
w1=input('Weight w1=');
w2=input('Weight w2=');
disp('Enter threshold value');
theta=input('theta=');
y=[0 0 0 0];
x1=[0 0 1 1];
x2=[0 1 0 1];
z=[0 0 1 0];
con=1;
while con
zin = x1*w1+x2*w2;
for i=1:4
if zin(i)>=theta
y(i)=1;
else y(i)=0;
end
end
disp('Output of net=');
disp(y);
if y==z
con=0;
else
disp('Net is not learning Enter another set of weights and threshold value');
w1=input('Weight w1=');
w2=input('Weight w2=');
thete=input('theta=');
end
end
disp('McCulloch Pitts Net for ANDNOT function');
disp('Weights of neuron');
disp(w1);
disp(w2);
disp('Threshold value=');
disp(theta);

Output :-

Enter the weights

Weight w1=1
Weight w2=1
Enter threshold value
theta=1
Output of net= 0 1 1 1
Net is not learning Enter another set of weights and threshold value
Weight w1=1
Weight w2=-1
theta=1
Output of net=0 0 1 0
McCulloch Pitts Net for ANDNOT function
Weights of neuron
1
-1
Threshold value=
1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Title: Generate XOR function using McCulloch-Pitts neural net by MATLAB program.

Objectives:
• To implement XOR logic gate

Instructions:
1.Study MP Model
2.Study logic gates: AND,OR,NOT,Exclusive-OR
3.Write a program to implement XOR gate without using neural network toolbox.

Program to implement XOR gate:

% XOR function using McCulloch-Pitts neuron

clear;
clc;
% Getting weights and threshold value
disp('Enter the weights');
w11=input('Weight w11=');
w12=input('Weight w12=');
w21=input('Weight w21=');
w22=input('Weight w22=');
v1=input('Weight v1=');
v2=input('Weight v2=');
disp('Enter threshold value');
theta=input('theta=');
x1=[0 0 1 1];
x2=[0 1 0 1];
z=[0 1 1 0];
con=1;
while con
zin1 = x1*w11+x2*w21;
zin2 = x1*w21+x2*w22;
for i=1:4
if zin1(i)>=theta
y1(i)=1;
else y1(i)=0;
end
if zin2(i)>=theta
y2(i)=1;
else y2(i)=0;
end
end
yin=y1*v1+y2*v2;
for i=1:4
if yin(i)>=theta;
y(i)=1;
else
y(i)=0;
end
end
disp('Output of net=');
disp(y);
if y==z
con=0;
else
disp('Net is not learning Enter another set of weights and threshold value');
w11=input('Weight w11=');
w12=input('Weight w12=');
w21=input('Weight w21=');
w22=input('Weight w22=');
v1=input('Weight v1=');
v2=input('Weight v2=');
theta=input('theta=');
end
end
disp('McCulloch Pitts Net for XOR function');
disp('Weights of neuron Z1');
disp(w11);
disp(w21);
disp('Weights of neuron Z2');
disp(w12);
disp(w22);
disp('Weights of neuron Y');
disp(v1);
disp(v2);
disp('Threshold value=');
disp(theta);
Output :-

Enter the weights

Weight w11=1
Weight w12=-1
Weight w21=-1
Weight w22=1
Weight v1=1
Weight v2=1
Enter threshold value
theta=1
Output of net= 0 1 1 0
McCulloch Pitts Net for XOR function
Weights of neuron z1
1
-1
Weights of neuron z2
-1
1
Weights of neuron y
1
1
Threshold value= 1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Title: Write a program for solving linearly separable problem using Perceptron Model.

Objectives:
 To implement AND function using Perceptron

Instructions:
5. Study Perceptron Model
6. Write a program to implement AND function
7. Draw the diagram of AND using Perceptron used below

Program to implement AND function:

%Perceptron for AND funtion

clear;
clc;
x=[1 1 -1 -1;1 -1 1 -1];
t=[1 -1 -1 -1];
w=[0 0];
b=0;
alpha=input('Enter Learning rate=');
theta=input('Enter Threshold value=');
con=1;
epoch=0;
while con
con=0;
for i=1:4
yin=b+x(1,i)*w(1)+x(2,i)*w(2);
if yin>theta
y=1;
end
if yin <=theta & yin>=-theta
y=0;
end
if yin<-theta
y=-1;
end
if y-t(i)
con=1;
for j=1:2
 w(j)=w(j)+alpha*t(i)*x(j,i);
end
b=b+alpha*t(i);
end
end
epoch=epoch+1;
end
disp('Perceptron for AND function');
disp(' Final Weight matrix');
disp(w);
disp('Final Bias');
disp(b);

Output
Enter Learning rate=1
Enter Threshold value=0.5
Perceptron for AND function
Final Weight matrix
1 1
Final Bias
-1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Title: Perceptron net for an AND function with bipolar inputs and targets.
Objectives:
 To implement AND function using Perceptron

Instructions:
8. Study Perceptron Model
9. Write a program to implement AND function
10. Draw the diagram of AND using Perceptron used below

Program to implement AND function:

% Perceptron for AND Function

clear;
clc;
x=[1 1 -1 -1;1 -1 1 -1];
t=[1 -1 -1 -1];
w=[0 0];
b=0;
alpha=input('Enter Learning rate=');
theta=input('Enter Threshold Value=');
con=1;
epoch=0;
while con
con=0;
for i=1:4
yin=b+x(1,i)*w(1)+x(2,i)*w(2);
if yin>theta
y=1;
end
if yin<=theta & yin>=-theta
y=0;
end
if yin<-theta
y=-1;
end
if y-t(i)
con=1;
for j=1:2
w(j)=w(j)+alpha*t(i)*x(j,i);
end
b=b+alpha*t(i);
end
end
epoch=epoch+1;
end

disp('Perceptron for AND Function');

disp('Final Weight Matrix');
disp(w);
disp('Final Bias');
disp(b);

Output :-

Enter Learning rate=1

Enter Threshold Value=0.5
Perceptron for AND Function
Final Weight Matrix
11
Final Bias
-1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Title: Write a program to store a pattern (1 1 1 0). Test the network using Discrete
Hopfield Net by giving the input with mistakes in First and Second position.

Objectives:
 To understand the concept of Pattern storage
 To implement Discrete Hopfield Net

Training Algorithm:
 Describe about Pattern Storage networks
 Write theory for Hopfield Net.

MATLAB Source Code:

%Discrete hopfield net

clc;
clear;
x=[1 1 1 0];
tx=[0 0 1 0];
w=(2*x'-1)*(2*x-1);
for i=1:4
w(i,i)=0;
end
con=1;
y=[0 0 1 0];
while con
up=[4 2 1 3];
for i=1:4
yin(up(i))=tx(up(i))+y*w(1:4,up(i));
if yin(up(i))>0
y(up(i))=1;
end
end
if y==x
disp('convergence has been obtained');
disp('the converged output');
disp(y);
con=0;
end
end

Output:

%convergence has been obtained

%the converged output
% 1 1 1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Title: Program for Pattern storage of 10 digits with Discrete Hopfield Network

Objectives:

 To study pattern storage function using Discrete Hopfield Network using build in
function of MATLAB
 To test the network for noisy inputs

Theory: Write theory of Discrete Hopfield Network. Draw the diagram of the network too.
Algorithm:
Write the training and the testing algorithm used in the program below.

Source Code:
%Program for Pattern storage of 10 digits - 0-9- using Discrete Hopfield
%Network. Testing the network using a noisy input pattern.
close all
clc
clear
load ('D:\MSJ\pat.mat')
figure(1)
pat2=pat;
pat2(pat2>=0)=255;
pat2(pat2<0)=0;
pat2=reshape(pat2, [10 100/10*size(pat,2)]);
image(pat2)
iterations=10;
character=5;
net=newhop(pat);
d2=pat(:,character);
r=rand(size(d2));
figure(2)
digit(d2)
title(sprintf('Original digit %i',character))
%A bit is 'flipped' with probalility (1-lim)
lim=.7;
d2(r>lim)=-d2(r>lim);
figure(3)
digit(d2)
title(sprintf('Digit %i with noise added',character))
[Y, Pf, Af] = sim(net, {1 iterations}, [ ], {d2});
Y=cell2mat(Y);
figure(4)
digit(Y)
title('All iterations of Hopfield Network')
axis equal
%------End of Program------------
%-----Function------------
function [ ] = digit(pat)
%load pat
% change color
pat2=pat;
pat2(pat2>=0)=255;
pat2(pat2<0)=0;
%pat2(pat2==-1)=255;
pat2=reshape(pat2, [10 100/10*size(pat,2)]);
image(pat2)
end
%--Input Data----------
% File pat.mat
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1 –1
1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
–1 1 1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
–1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 –1
–1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 –1
–1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1
–1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1
–1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1
1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 Experiment No. 8
____________________________________________________________
Title: Program for To perform Union,Intersection and Complement operations.

Objectives:
 To understand the concept of Pattern Fuzzy Sets.
 To implement Union,Intersection and Complement operations.

Theory: Write theory of Fuzzy Sets. Draw the diagram of the network.

Program:-Write a program in MATLAB to perform Union,Intersection and

Complement operations.

%Enter Data
u=input('Enter First Matrix');
v=input('Enter Second Matrix');
%To Perform Operations
w=max(u,v);
p=min(u,v);
q1=1-u;
q2=1-v;
%Display Output
display('Union Of Two Matrices');
display(w);
display('Intersection Of Two Matrices');
display(p);
display('Complement Of First Matrix');
display(q1);
display('Complement Of Second Matrix');
display(q2);

Output:-
Enter First Matrix [0.3 0.4]
Enter Second Matrix [0.1 0.7]
Union Of Two Matrices
w =0.3000 0.7000
Intersection Of Two Matrices
p = 0.1000 0.4000
Complement Of First Matrix
q1 =0.7000 0.6000
Complement Of Second Matrix
q2 =0.9000 0.3000
 Experiment No. 9
____________________________________________________________
Title: Write a program in MATLAB to implement De-Morgan’s Law.

Objectives:
 To understand the concept of De-Morgan’s Law.
 To implement De-Morgan’s Law.

Theory: Write theory of De-Morgan’s Law.

Program:-Write a program in MATLAB to De-Morgan’s Law

De-Morgan’s Law c(i(u,v)) = max(c(u),c(v))

c(u(u,v)) = min(c(u),c(v))
%Enter Data
u=input('Enter First Matrix');
v=input('Enter Second Matrix');
%To Perform Operations
w=max(u,v);
p=min(u,v);
q1=1-u;
q2=1-v;
x1=1-w;
x2=min(q1,q2);
y1=1-p;
y2=max(q1,q2);
%Display Output
display('Union Of Two Matrices');
display(w);
display('Intersection Of Two Matrices');
display(p);
display('Complement Of First Matrix');
display(q1);
display('Complement Of Second Matrix');
display(q2);
display('De-Morgans Law');
display('LHS');
display(x1);
display('RHS');
display(x2);
display('LHS1');
display(y1);
display('RHS1');
display(y2);
Output:-
Enter First Matrix [0.3 0.4]
Enter Second Matrix [0.2 0.5]
Union Of Two Matrices
w =0.3000 0.5000
Intersection Of Two Matrices
p =0.2000 0.4000
Complement Of First Matrix
q1 =0.7000 0.6000
Complement Of Second Matrix
q2 =0.8000 0.5000
De-Morgans Law
LHS
x1 = 0.7000 0.5000
RHS
x2 = 0.7000 0.5000
LHS1
y1 =0.8000 0.6000
RHS1
y2 = 0.8000 0.6000
 Experiment No. 10

Title: Program for To implement FIS Editor.

Objectives:
 To understand the concept of De-Morgan’s Law

Theory:-
FIS stands for Fuzzy Inference System.In FIS fuzzy rules are used for approximate reasoning.It
is the logical framework that allows us to design reasoning systems based on fuzzy set theory.
To illustrate these concepts we use example of Water Tank:-
FIS editor consists of following units:-
i) Input
ii) Inference System
iii) Output
The Water Level is considered as the Input variable and Valve status is taken as Output
Variable.
 The Input-Output Variable’s Membership functions should be plotted along with their ranges:-

The following screen appearance is obtained by clicking on the FIS Rule system indicator:-
Rules are added by selecting variable’s values and clicking on add rule menu each time a new
rule is added.
The fuzzy Rules defined for water tank are:-
IF level is ok,THEN there is no change in valve.
IF level is low,THEN valve is open in fast mode.
IF level is high,THEN valve is closed in fast mode.
The result is displayed as plots of input-output membership functions :-
Water Level(ok,low,high)
Valve Status(no change,open fast,closed fast)
The output in accordance with the input and rules provided by user is shown as(view-rule
viewer):-
Output
3. Quiz on the Subject.

1:
Core of soft Computing is
A. Fuzzy Computing, Neural Computing, Genetic Algorithms
B. Fuzzy Networks and Artificial Intelligence
C. Artificial Intelligence and Neural Science
D. Neural Science and Genetic Science
Answer
Option: A

2:
Who initiated the idea of Soft Computing
A. Charles Darwin
B. Lofti A Zadeh
C. Rechenberg
D. Mc_Culloch
Answer
Option: B

3:
Fuzzy Computing
A. mimics human behaviour
B. doesnt deal with 2 valued logic
C. deals with information which is vague, imprecise, uncertain, ambiguous, inexact, or
probabilistic
D. All of the above
Answer
Option: D
4:
Neural Computing
A. mimics human brain
B. information processing paradigm
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of the above
Answer
Option: C
5:
Genetic Algorithm are a part of
A. Evolutionary Computing
B. inspired by Darwin's theory about evolution - "survival of the fittest"
C. are adaptive heuristic search algorithm based on the evolutionary ideas of natural
selection and genetics
D. All of the above
Answer
 Option: D

6:
What are the 2 types of learning
A. Improvised and unimprovised
B. supervised and unsupervised
C. Layered and unlayered
D. None of the above
Answer
Option: B
7:
Supervised Learning is
A. learning with the help of examples
B. learning without teacher
C. learning with the help of teacher
D. learning with computers as supervisor
Answer
Option: C
8:
Unsupervised learning is
A. learning without computers
B. problem based learning
C. learning from environment
D. learning from teachers
Answer
Option: C

9:
Conventional Artificial Intelligence is different from soft computing in the sense
A. Conventional Artificial Intelligence deal with prdicate logic where as soft computing
deal with fuzzy logic
B. Conventional Artificial Intelligence methods are limited by symbols where as soft
computing is based on empirical data
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of the above
Answer
Option: C

10:
In supervised learning
A. classes are not predefined
B. classes are predefined
C. classes are not required
D. classification is not done
Answer
Option: B
4.Conduction of VIVA-VOCE Examinations:
Teacher should conduct oral exams of the students with full preparation. Normally the objective
questions with guess are to be avoided. To make it meaningful, the questions should be such that
depth of the student in the subject is tested. Oral Exams are to be conducted in co-cordial
situation. Teachers taking oral exams should not have ill thoughts about each other & courtesies
should be offered to each other in case of opinion, which should be critically suppressed in front
of the students.

5.Evaluation and marking system:

Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is essential and in the process impartial
nature of the evaluator is required in the exam system. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher
to see that right students who really put their effort & intelligence are correctly awarded.
The marking pattern should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity and teacher
should see that students are faced with just circumstance.