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NPS Scholarship Theses

2004-03

Full-duplex underwater networking using CDMA

Bektas, Kurtulus
Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School

https://hdl.handle.net/10945/1704

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 NAVAL
POSTGRADUATE
SCHOOL
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA

THESIS

FULL-DUPLEX UNDERWATER NETWORKING

USING CDMA

by

Kurtulus BEKTAS

March 2004

Thesis Advisor: Geoffrey Xie

Second Reader: John Gibson

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

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March 2004 Master’s Thesis
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Full-Duplex Underwater Networking Using CDMA 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

6. AUTHOR(S) Kurtulus BEKTAS

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING
Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT
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11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official
policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
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13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)

Establishing a full-duplex underwater network, researching and applying a CDMA protocol to this
network, providing a recommendation for a full-duplex underwater network and providing recommendations for
using CDMA to increase the efficiency of this network are the general scope of this thesis.

A connection that allows traffic in both directions simultaneously underwater is the example of full-
duplex communication. Compared to a half duplex configuration, the full duplex network underwater may provide
a better networking environment. Currently, most Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs) still utilize half-duplex
network communication. CDMA is the third kind of channel partitioning protocol. Most of the wireless
communication devices utilize different kinds of CDMA protocol as a reliable and faster communication. The
research conducted in establishing a full-duplex UAN using CDMA may provide reliable and faster
communication compared to half-duplex.

14. SUBJECT TERMS Full-Duplex, Half-Duplex, CDMA, Spread Spectrum, Acoustic Modem, 15. NUMBER OF
Underwater Acoustic Networks, Temperature, Salinity, Pressure, Noise, Multipath. PAGES 173

16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT
REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT
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Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18

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 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

FULL DUPLEX UNDERWATER NETWORKING USING CDMA

Kurtulus BEKTAS
Lieutenant Junior Grade, Turkish Navy
B.S., Turkish Naval Academy, 1997

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

March 2004

Author: Kurtulus BEKTAS

Approved by: Geoffrey Xie

Thesis Advisor

John Gibson
Second Reader

Peter Denning
Chairman, Department of Computer Science

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 ABSTRACT
Establishing a full-duplex underwater network, researching and applying a
CDMA protocol to this network, providing a recommendation for a full-duplex
underwater network and providing recommendations for using CDMA to increase the
efficiency of this network are the general scope of this thesis.
A connection that allows traffic in both directions simultaneously underwater is
the example of full-duplex communication. Compared to a half duplex configuration, the
full duplex network underwater may provide a better networking environment. Currently,
most Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs) still utilize half-duplex network
communication. CDMA is the third kind of channel partitioning protocol. Most of the
wireless communication devices utilize different kinds of CDMA protocol as a reliable
and faster communication. The research conducted in establishing a full-duplex UAN
using CDMA may provide reliable and faster communication compared to half-duplex.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
A. MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES..........................................................2
B. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS..........................................................................3
C. ORGANIZATIONS .........................................................................................3
II BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................5
A. ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION.................................................................5
1. Multipath Fading .................................................................................6
a. Time Spreading .........................................................................6
b. Doppler Spreading ....................................................................9
c. Doubly Spread Channels ........................................................10
2. Band-Limitation.................................................................................10
3. Non-Gaussian Challenge ...................................................................12
B. SPREAD SPECTRUM ..................................................................................16
1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ...................................................17
2. Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum ............................................17
3. Time-Hopping Spread Spectrum......................................................18
C. ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION AND SPREAD SPECTRUM ............19
D. PRIOR NPS WORK ON FULL-DUPLEX ACOUSTIC CHANNEL ......20
III. ESTABLISHMENT OF A FULL-DUPLEX UNDERWATER NETWORK ......21
A. UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HARDWARE............22
1. Transducer..........................................................................................22
2. RBS-1 Modem ....................................................................................22
3. Modem Charger .................................................................................24
4. Connection Cables .............................................................................25
a. Data Exchange Cable .............................................................26
b. Underwater Cable and COM Connector................................27
c. Sonar Transducer Cable and Sonar Connector ....................28
B. UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SOFTWARE .............29
1. DiveTerm ............................................................................................29
2. HyperTerminal...................................................................................30
3. AModem..............................................................................................30
4. DT Test................................................................................................32
C. ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OPERATIONS..................33
1. Message Encoding..............................................................................33
2. Message Decoding ..............................................................................37
3. Multichannel and Single-Channel Operation .................................38
4. Analog Data Specifications................................................................40
5. Synchronization Ping Consideration................................................40
6. AModem System Problems ...............................................................41
D. FULL-DUPLEX COMMUNICATION BASICS........................................42
1. Comparison of Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex .................................42
2. Design Solution for Full-Duplex Communication...........................44
IV. CDMA IMPLEMENTATION..................................................................................47
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 A. CDMA .............................................................................................................47
1. Basic CDMA Principle ......................................................................47
2. Frequency Hopping-Code Division Multiple Access ......................50
3. Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access.............................52
4. Time-Hopping Code Division Multiple Access................................54
5. The Comparison of the CDMA Techniques ....................................55
B. SPREADING SEQUENCE ...........................................................................58
1. Walsh Codes .......................................................................................59
C. AMODEM CDMA MODIFICATION.........................................................60
1. AModem Frequency-Division Modification ....................................60
2. AModem DS-CDMA Modification...................................................62
a. Frequency Division and DS-CDMA.......................................63
3. AModem TH-CDMA Modification ..................................................65
a. Frequency Division and TH-CDMA ......................................67
4. AModem FH-CDMA Modification ..................................................68
a. Frequency Division and FH-CDMA......................................70
5. AModem Hybrid (DS-TH)-CDMA Modification ...........................71
a. Frequency Division and DS-TH-CDMA................................73
D. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................74
V. TEST RESULTS ........................................................................................................75
A. AMODEM FREQUENCY-DIVISION MODIFICATION TEST.............76
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................76
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................78
B. AMODEM DS-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST .......................................79
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................79
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................81
C. AMODEM DS-CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION
MODIFICATION TEST ...............................................................................82
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................82
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................84
D. AMODEM TH-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST ......................................85
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................85
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................87
E. AMODEM TH-CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION
MODIFICATION TEST ...............................................................................89
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................89
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................90
F. AMODEM FH-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST.......................................92
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................92
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................93
G. AMODEM FH-CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION
MODIFICATION TEST ...............................................................................95
1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................95
2. Lake Test.............................................................................................97
H. AMODEM HYBRID (DS-TH)-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST ............98
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 1. Bucket Test .........................................................................................98
2. Lake Test...........................................................................................100
I. AMODEM HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA WITH FREQUENCY
DIVISION MODIFICATION TEST .........................................................101
1. Bucket Test .......................................................................................101
2. Lake Test...........................................................................................103
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................105
A. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................105
B. RECOMMENDATION...............................................................................106
APPENDIX A: CAPTURED TEXT FILE OF THE BUCKET TEST RESULTS
FROM THE HYPER-TERMINAL APPLICATION ..........................................107
APPENDIX B: CAPTURED TEXT FILE OF THE LAKE TEST RESULTS FROM
THE HYPER-TERMINAL APPLICATION........................................................129
LIST OF REFERENCES ....................................................................................................151
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST .......................................................................................153

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Some of the Major Processes Affecting Fading in the Underwater Acoustic
Communication Channels [From Ref. 6].......................................................... 6
Figure 2. An example of sound propagation in a shallow water where (a) is the sound
speed profile and (b) is a ray diagram representing two sound rays propagation
from the source [From Ref. 7] .......................................................................... 7
Figure 3. An Example of a Multipath-Intensity Profile [From Ref. 8] ............................ 7
Figure 4. Attenuation Coefficient for Acoustic Energy in Seawater [From Ref. 13] .... 11
Figure 5. Deep-water Ambient Noise Spectrum Level, with Light Shipping and
Nominal Sea Surface Wind Speed of 10 m/s (Sea State 4) [From Ref. 2] ..... 14
Figure 6. Frequency and Range Dependence of the Underwater Communications
Channel for the Combined Effects of Noise Level (NL) and Transmission
Loss (TL) [From Ref. 2] ................................................................................. 15
Figure 7. Spread-Spectrum System Block Diagram [From Ref. 15] ............................. 17
Figure 8. FHSS Basic Idea [From Ref.15] ..................................................................... 18
Figure 9. AModem Application Snapshot...................................................................... 21
Figure 10. Transducer....................................................................................................... 22
Figure 11. RBS-1 Modem ................................................................................................ 23
Figure 12. Example of Data Exchange............................................................................. 24
Figure 13. Modem Charger .............................................................................................. 25
Figure 14. Computer, Charger and Modem Connection Cable........................................ 25
Figure 15. Serial-to-USB Connection Cable.................................................................... 26
Figure 16. Data Exchange Cable...................................................................................... 26
Figure 17. Underwater Cable ........................................................................................... 27
Figure 18. COM Connector Pin Out ................................................................................ 27
Figure 19. Sonar Transducer Cable.................................................................................. 28
Figure 20. Sonar Connector Pin Assignment ................................................................... 28
Figure 21. DiveTerm Software......................................................................................... 29
Figure 22. Six-Ping Word ................................................................................................ 32
Figure 23. DT Test Screen ............................................................................................... 33
Figure 24. Data-Travel Schema........................................................................................ 34
Figure 25. Graphic Representation of a Message............................................................. 35
Figure 26. Message Decoding Example........................................................................... 38
Figure 27. Analog Data Specification .............................................................................. 40
Figure 28. Message Delay due to protocol [From Ref. 3]................................................ 43
Figure 29. Full-Duplex Design......................................................................................... 44
Figure 30. FH-CDMA Transmitter and Receiver System Architecture. [From Ref. 15]. 51
Figure 31. An Example of Fast-Frequency Hopping CDMA with MFSK Modulation
[From Ref. 15] ................................................................................................ 52
Figure 32. An Example of Slow-Frequency Hopping CDMA with MFSK Modulation
[From Ref. 15] ................................................................................................ 52
Figure 33. DS-CDMA Transmitter System Architecture [From Ref. 15]........................ 53
Figure 34. DS-CDMA Receiver System Architecture [From Ref. 15] ............................ 53
Figure 35. Generation of BPSK Modulated DS-CDMA Signal [From Ref. 15] ............. 54

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Figure 36. TH-CDMA Block Diagram ............................................................................ 55
Figure 37. Time-Frequency Plot of a TH-CDMA System............................................... 55
Figure 38. Full-Duplex Communication with Frequency Division in a Bucket .............. 61
Figure 39. DS-CDMA Modification Design and Parameters in a Bucket ....................... 63
Figure 40. Frequency Division DS-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket ............ 64
Figure 41. Frequency Division TH-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket ............ 67
Figure 42. Frequency Division TH-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket ............ 68
Figure 43. FH-CDMA Modification Design and Parameters in a Bucket ....................... 70
Figure 44. Frequency Division FH-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket ............ 71
Figure 45. Hybrid-CDMA Modification Design and Parameters in a Bucket................. 72
Figure 46. Frequency Division Hybrid-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket ...... 74
Figure 47. Lake Test Layout ............................................................................................ 75

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Bandwidth Comparison for a 5 kbits/sec Data Stream ................................... 16
Table 2. HyperTerminal Configuration Parameters...................................................... 30
Table 3. AModem Compiler Parameters ...................................................................... 31
Table 4. Transmission Speed Parameters ..................................................................... 36
Table 5. Multichannel Transmitter Frequency Sequence ............................................. 38
Table 6. Multichannel Receiver Frequency Sequence.................................................. 39
Table 7. Single Channel Transmitter Frequency Sequence .......................................... 39
Table 8. Single-Channel Receiver Frequency Sequence .............................................. 40
Table 9. CDMA Example[From Ref. 15] ..................................................................... 50
Table 10. Data Exchange Speeds.................................................................................... 65
Table 11. Test Data Sequences ....................................................................................... 76

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 LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation 1. Squared Delay Spread .................................................................................. 8
Equation 2. BCOH Defined as the Frequency Interval....................................................... 8
Equation 3. Doppler Spread due to Wind-driven Weather Effects at the Sea Surface.... 9
Equation 4. Attenuation Coefficient .............................................................................. 12
Equation 5. Transmission Loss...................................................................................... 12
Equation 6. Turbulence Noise ....................................................................................... 13
Equation 7. Shipping Noise ........................................................................................... 13
Equation 8. Surface Waves ............................................................................................ 13
Equation 9. Thermal Noise ............................................................................................ 13
Equation 10. Message Total Transmit Time.................................................................... 36
Equation 11. Nibble Transmit Speed............................................................................... 36
Equation 12. Baud Speed................................................................................................. 36
Equation 13. Cross Correlation of Orthogonal Series ..................................................... 59

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank to my supportive mother Urkus Bektas and father Munup
Bektas.
I am also thankful to have a wonderful girlfriend Traci Ketchum who supported
me with love and patience throughout this thesis.
Finally I would like to thank Professor Geoffrey Xie, John Gibson and Chief
Engineer of Desert Star, Andy Goldstein for their support.
Everything was for croissant and star.

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 I. INTRODUCTION

The history of underwater acoustics, networking and wireless technology has

taken many different forms over the years. During the 20th century, information
gathering, processing, and distribution became the dominating technology. [1] As we
move into the 21st century, networking and wireless technologies are emerging as the
dominate technologies.

The primary focus of this thesis is testing the feasibility of a full-duplex

Underwater Acoustic Network (UAN) using four Desert Star modems and developing a
new protocol based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) using the Desert Star
modem application.

Many factors have slowed the development of UANs. The most important reason
is the challenge of achieving a reliable high-capacity wireless network. The underwater
environment dramatically effects signal propagation. The propagation speed of acoustic
signals is several magnitudes slower than that of airborne radio signals. The water
temperature, salinity, and pressure dictates how fast sound will travel, therefore making
high speed data transfer rates difficult to achieve. [2] Moreover, absorption, scattering,
refraction and distance between nodes are a larger concern in underwater networking
because of the data loss and errors associated with each of these anomalies.

All existing acoustic modems operate in a half-duplex mode. Half-duplex

communication exacerbates the negative effects of propagation delay on data transfer
latency by requiring the exchange of several control packets to establish media access.
Establishing full duplex connections between each pair of nodes assures access to the
media without the exchange of access requests prior to each traffic exchange session.
Therefore, using full-duplex connection should reduce the negative effect of large
propagation delays on channel use [3]. In fact, full-duplex communication has been
successfully implemented under a similar context. Satellite communication is one
example of air-based full-duplex implementation. In satellite communication, the uplink
and the downlink channels use different frequencies to realize full-duplex communication

1
in order to mitigate the large propagation delays caused by the long propagation
distances.

An NPS graduate student has recently evaluated the feasibility of configuring full-
duplex channels on commercial acoustic modems [4]. The results are not encouraging,
which indicates that the existing acoustic modem software is not amiable to full-duplex
communication. This thesis takes the next step and investigates possible ways of
enhancing the acoustic modem software to support full-duplex communication.

A. MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

The implementation of full-duplex communication must be built upon a multiple
access technique. Multiple access is a mechanism whereby many subscribers or local
stations can share the same communication medium at the same time or nearly so, despite
the fact that their individual transmission may originate from widely different locations
[5]. There are four basic classes of multiple access techniques: Frequency-Division
Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA).

FDMA assigns non-overlapping frequency ranges to different signals or users on

medium. By doing this, each signal can be transmitted simultaneously as long as the
frequencies are different. Synchronous TDMA assigns time slots to a user on a given
medium. It then accepts input from each slot in a round-robin fashion based on the time
allotted to each slot. This protocol allows the devices to send data in a never ending
pattern. But, because the protocol is constantly switching between slots, even if there is
no data, there is a lot of bandwidth waste. Because of this waste, bandwidth
asynchronous TDMA (A-TDMA) was developed to improve synchronous TDMA. A-
TDMA only transmits data from an active workstation; therefore, no space is wasted on
the multiplexed stream. The input data is then sent to a statistical multiplexer, which
creates a frame containing the data to be transmitted. This process allows a higher use of
the network by ensuring that each channel is loaded to its peak capacity. While A-TDMA
would be the easiest protocol to implement, it will not be used because of the difficulties
in synchronizing nodes because of propagation delays. With CDMA, an advanced coding

2
technique allows multiple devices to transmit on the same frequency at the same time. In
SDMA, resource allocation is achieved by exploiting the spatial separation of the
individual users. In particular, multibeam antennas are used to separate radio signals by
pointing them along different directions.

B. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS
With the drive to implement network centric warfare in all environments, efficient
and reliable underwater acoustic communication is important to the military. The
research conducted in establishing a full-duplex UAN using FDMA or CDMA will
significantly contribute to understanding underwater networking and advance the Naval
Postgraduate School to the forefront of Underwater Acoustic Network technology. This
research encompasses the benefits of full-duplex underwater networking and full-duplex
underwater networking using CDMA. These solutions will increase the efficiency and
reliability of underwater data transfer, and in turn they could be used for further research
or as a stepping stone toward improved monitoring of oceanographic anomalies and
littoral waters, as well as command and control of littoral forces. It is proven that CDMA
is very effective in radio frequency (RF) wireless networks. Therefore, it is widely used
in the air for wireless communication. If the same robust performance can be achieved in
the underwater acoustic channel, then the future design and development of underwater
networks can integrate many of the techniques that have proven so successful in RF
wireless networks.

C. ORGANIZATIONS
This thesis is organized with the following chapters:

• Chapter II discusses the background of acoustic communication and spread

spectrum technology. NPS full-duplex effort will also be discussed in this
chapter.

• Chapter III discusses the understanding the system hardware, software and the
operation of the modems. Full-duplex UAN system design will also be
discussed in this chapter
3
• Chapter IV discusses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques and
the Desert Star code modifications regarding these techniques. Spreading
Sequence with Walsh Code will also be discussed in this chapter.

• Chapter V discusses the CDMA modifications, tests procedures and results,

and the conclusions of these tests.

• Chapter VI provides conclusions and recommendations for future Naval

Postgraduate School efforts.

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 II BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses Acoustic Communication Basics and Spread Spectrum.

Prior NPS work on full-duplex acoustic communication is also discussed.

There are some challenges for underwater acoustic communication. However

Spread Spectrum CDMA techniques have better solutions and they provide several users
to communicate independently by using the same higher bandwidth.

A. ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION
Underwater communications use acoustic pressure waves to propagate signals
through the water, unlike radio frequency (RF) communications, which use
electromagnetic waves. The characteristics of the underwater acoustic channel and some
of the difficulties it imposes on communications signals will be discussed in this section.

Three major challenges are inherent with underwater acoustic signals. The first
challenge is multipath fading that occurs as a result of destructive interference.
Reflections off the sea bottom and the sea surface, as well as scattering from non
homogeneities in the water column, result in multiple receipts of the same signal at the
receiver. These multiple arrivals superimpose on each other and deform the signal in
amplitude and phase. Similarly, the motion of the source, the receiver and the medium
itself result in Doppler shifts and Doppler spreading, which further distort the signal.
Figure 1 illustrates some of these time-varying processes. The second challenge is
bandwidth limitation. High frequencies are strongly attenuated in the ocean, which result
in relatively small transmission bandwidths and relatively low data rates compared to
those achievable in RF communications. The last challenge is the ocean noise that is non-
Gaussian and results from many systems including biologics, weather, surface wave
action, shipping, and industrial noise near the coastline. The following sections explain
these challenges in detail.

5
Figure 1. Some of the Major Processes Affecting Fading in the Underwater Acoustic
Communication Channels [From Ref. 6]

1. Multipath Fading
The time spreading of the signal and the time-variant nature of the channel are
causes of multipath fading in digital communication channels.

a. Time Spreading
Time spreading is the distortion of the signal period by extending the time
over which the signal element arrives, causing inter-symbol interference unless a larger
guard space is included between symbols, thus reducing the symbol rate. When multiple
versions of the transmitted signal arrive at the receiver, time spreading occurs. Time
spreading is also referred to as time dispersion or multipath propagation. In the
underwater acoustic channel these multipath arrivals result from reflections off the sea
surface and sea bottom, refraction and scattering within the ocean volume. The reflection
and refraction pattern of the sound waves is directly related to the geometry of the
channel and the sound velocity profile. Figure 2 shows one example of sound-wave
propagation in the underwater channel, where z is the water depth, c is the sound speed in
water and r is the range.

6
 0 c 0 r

z (a) z (b)
Figure 2. An example of sound propagation in a shallow water where (a) is the sound speed
profile and (b) is a ray diagram representing two sound rays propagation from the
source [From Ref. 7]

The random amplitude and phase of the multiple arrivals cause fluctuations in the
received signal strength. One way of characterizing the effect of multipath in a channel is
the channel impulse response, h(τ), as a function of the excess delay, τ, for a transmitted
impulse. However, in communication channels, it is more common to refer to the
multipath intensity profile (MIP), which is a measure of the average received power, S(τ).
The excess delay is the time delay that occurs after the first arrival of the signal. Figure 3
shows an example of an MIP.

Figure 3. An Example of a Multipath-Intensity Profile [From Ref. 8]

The maximum excess delay, Tm, is the period of time during which the
MIP is essentially non-zero. In the frequency domain, the time-spread signal can be
7
classified by its coherence bandwidth, BCOH. The BCOH is a statistical measure of the
bandwidth over which the channel passes all frequency components with equal gain and
equal phase. This also means that the frequency components are well correlated and that
the channel’s frequency-transfer function is essentially flat. Tm and BCOH are related by
BCOH ≈ 1/Tm. However, this is not the best way to classify a channel because the S(τ) may
vary significantly for channels with the same Tm. Therefore, a more useful parameter is
the root-means-squared delay spread, στ, given by:

2
στ = τ 2 − τ .
Equation 1. Squared Delay Spread

where τ is the mean excess delay [9]. If BCOH is then defined as the frequency interval
over which the channel’s complex frequency transfer function has a correlation of at least
0.9, then BCOH becomes [9]:

1
BCOH ≈ .
50σ τ
Equation 2. BCOH Defined as the Frequency Interval

A time-dispersive channel can be classified as frequency selective or

frequency non-selective. In a frequency selective channel, the signal bandwidth, Ws, is
larger than the coherence bandwidth (BCOH < Ws) and, therefore, significant distortion
occurs since the spectral components of the signal are affected differently. In the time
domain, this means that the symbol duration, Ts, is much smaller than the maximum
excess delay (Ts<<Tm). Thus, successive data pulses will interfere with each other. This is
called channel-induced inter-symbol interference (ISI).

In a frequency non-selective channel, the transmitted signal’s bandwidth,

Ws, is smaller than BCOH, (i.e., BCOH >Ws). Therefore, the channel affects all spectral
components of the signal equally. In the time domain, this means that all the symbol
8
multipath components arrive within the symbol duration, Tm<Ts. Consequently, there is
no channel induced ISI. In a shallow water underwater communication channel, Tm can
vary greatly but values on the order of ten milliseconds are not untypical [10].

b. Doppler Spreading
The coherence bandwidth and delay spread characterize the time
dispersive properties of the channel but do not address its time-varying nature. If there
was no motion in both the transmitter and receiver, and the channel was stationary, the
channel would appear time invariant. The time variance is a result of the motion within
the channel, specifically movement of the source, the receiver, or the channel itself. In the
water channel, the motion of the water, either due to currents, tides, or other influences,
results in movement of the channel. The variance, then, results in propagation paths that
are different from moment to moment; therefore, the channel-impulse response varies
over time.

The parameters used to describe the channel’s time-varying nature are its
Doppler spread and coherence time. Doppler spread, BD, is a measure of the spectral
broadening of the signal caused by the channel’s rate of change and is the range of
frequencies over which the Doppler spectrum is essentially non-zero. The coherence
time, TCOH, of the channel is a statistical measure of the time duration during which the
channel impulse response is essentially time-invariant. The mathematical relation
between the Doppler spread and coherence time is described as TCOH ≈1/BD. Source
receiver motion and sea surface roughness are the dominant mechanisms resulting in
Doppler spread [11]. If source and receiver are fixed, then the Doppler spread due to
wind driven weather effects at the sea surface can be expressed as:

 4π f 0 cosθ 0 
BD = 2 f w 1 +  hw .
 c 
Equation 3. Doppler Spread due to Wind-driven Weather Effects at the Sea Surface

9
where fw is the wave frequency given by fw= 2/w, w being the wind speed in m/s, f0 is the
carrier frequency, θ0 is the angle of incidence and hw is the wave height of the surface
waves given by hw=0.005w3/2 [11]. Again, BD can vary greatly, but without a moving
source or receiver and in relatively low sea states, Doppler spreads of less than 10 Hz are
not untypical.

The two types of Doppler spread channel are fast-fading channel and
slow-fading channel. In a fast-fading channel, the channel’s characteristics (i.e., impulse
response) change faster than the symbol duration, TCOH<Ts. In a slow-fading channel, the
symbol duration is less than the coherence time TCOH>Ts; therefore, the channel is
essentially time invariant over the duration of the symbol. A slow-fading channel is more
desirable from a detection perspective, so symbol rates can be increased to meet this
requirement, as long as there is a way to compensate for the channel-induced ISI that may
result.

c. Doubly Spread Channels

The shallow water communications channel that undergoes both time and
Doppler spread is called a doubly spread channel. The product, BDTM, is called the spread
factor. If BDTM<1, then the channel is said to be under spread and if BDTM>1 it is called
overspread. In under spread channels, the channel impulse response can be determined
reliably and used to aid the receiver in demodulating the signal. In an overspread channel,
this is not possible and high data error rates occur. A spread of less than 10-3 is needed in
the underwater acoustic channel for coherent or differentially coherent detection [12].

2. Band-Limitation

The transmission loss (i.e., large-scale fading) severely restricts the bandwidth of
the underwater acoustic communication channel. The two main factors affecting
transmission loss are attenuation and spreading [2].

Attenuation is the absorption and scattering of the sound wave while it

propagates. Absorption is a more significant challenge than the other two and involves

10
conversion of the acoustic energy into heat. Scattering occurs from the ocean bottom, the
inhomogeneous volume of the ocean, and the surface of the sea. Scattering increases the
attenuation of the signal due to poor directionality. However in practice, distinguishing
between the two effects is impossible. Therefore, they are usually combined into one
term. Figure 4 shows the strong dependence of attenuation on frequency. The dependence
is divided into four regions.

Transmission loss due to spreading is proportional to 1/R for cylindrical spreading

and 1/R2 for spherical spreading, where R is the range between the source and receiver.
Spreading is a geometric effect caused when the intensity of the sound field weakens
while the field expands over a larger volume. In shallow water channels, spreading
behavior is usually between cylindrical and spherical, and is here assumed to be 1/R3/2.

Figure 4. Attenuation Coefficient for Acoustic Energy in Seawater [From Ref. 13]
11
 The effects of Region I are not well understood. The two regions, Regions II and
III are dominated by the chemical relaxation of two constituents in seawater. The
viscosity of the seawater dominates Region IV.

A mathematical expression for the attenuation coefficient is available as follows:

0.11 f 2 44 f 2
α ≈ 3.3 ×10−3 + + + 3.0 × 10−4 f 2 .
1+ f 2
4,100 + f 2

Equation 4. Attenuation Coefficient

where α is in dB/km [13] and f is the frequency in kHz and the four terms are sequentially
associated with the four regions in Figure 4. With both spreading and absorption, the
overall transmission loss (TL) expression is given by:

TL = 15log R + α R ×10−3 .
Equation 5. Transmission Loss

where TL is in decibels referenced to 1 micro-Pascal (dB re 1µPa) and R is in km [2].

Decibels are used to compare values of like quantities, usually power and intensity, on a
numerical scale. For example, an intensity ratio of 100 translates to a level difference of
20 decibels. To be meaningful, a decibel needs a referenced point. For example, in water
we use a standard reference sound pressure of 1 micro-Pascal, and in air we use a higher
standard of reference of 20 micro-Pascals.

3. Non-Gaussian Challenge

In the underwater communication channel, noise is non-Gaussian. Noise levels

vary greatly over time and geographic location, and different sources dominate in
different bands. Therefore, developing good statistical representations of the noise is

12
difficult. Experimental observations [2] show that at the lower frequencies (below 10 Hz)
ambient noise is dominated by ocean turbulence. Noise between 50 Hz and 500 Hz is
dominated by distant shipping and depends on the geographic location. At higher
frequencies, 500 Hz to 50 kHz, the roughness of the sea surface dominates the noise
spectrum. Sea surface roughness is directly related to the wind speeds at the sea surface
and is therefore weather dependent. The Desert Star modems work between 33 kHz and
41 kHz. Therefore, the noise from the sea surface is the greatest challenge for these
modems. Lastly, at high frequencies above 50 kHz, the thermal noise, due to the motion
of the molecules of the sea itself, is the dominant source of ambient noise. The ambient
noise levels from different sources in the deep sea may be expressed as:

NL1 = 17 − 30 log f .
Equation 6. Turbulence Noise

NL2 = 40 + 20( D − 0.5) + 26 log f − 60 log( f + 0.03) .

Equation 7. Shipping Noise

NL3 = 50 + 7.5w1/ 2 + 20 log f − 40 log( f + 0.4) .

Equation 8. Surface Waves

NL4 = −15 + 20 log f .

Equation 9. Thermal Noise

where NL values are in dB re 1 µPa, f is the frequency in Hz, D is the shipping density on
a scale from 0 (very light) to 1 (heavy) and w is the wind speed in m/s [14]. Using the
above expressions, Figure 5 shows one example of the cumulative effects of these
sources over a broad frequency range, for a nominal wind speed of 10 m/s (20 knots) and
light shipping (D=0.5). In the frequency band of interest, 33 to 41 kHz, the dominant
noise source is wind-induced sea surface roughness.
13
Figure 5. Deep-water Ambient Noise Spectrum Level, with Light Shipping and Nominal
Sea Surface Wind Speed of 10 m/s (Sea State 4) [From Ref. 2]

When NL and TL effects are combined, the overall range and frequency
dependence of the channel becomes apparent as illustrated in Figure 6.

14
Figure 6. Frequency and Range Dependence of the Underwater Communications Channel
for the Combined Effects of Noise Level (NL) and Transmission Loss (TL) [From
Ref. 2]

From Figure 6, it can be concluded that the experimental RBS-1 modem’s 33 to

41 kHz band is consistent with its range requirements of 1 km. However, when compared
to the radio frequency communications channel, these are extremely small bandwidths.
For example, the IEEE 802.11b standard for wireless networks uses DSSS and operates
in the 2.4 GHz band at a data rate of between 2 and 11 megabits per second (Mbps).

Additionally there are sources of noise from biological and coastal industry in the
shallow water channel. The overall noise varies significantly between the seasons, the
times of day, geographic locations, shipping density, and weather and exhibits a large
dynamic range. All this leads to a very noisy channel, which has characteristics that are
quite difficult to represent statistically.

In this section we have seen that the underwater acoustic channel imposes
significant difficulties on communication signals. The channel is severely bandwidth
15
limited, ocean noise is non-Gaussian, and severe multipath fading occurs due to both time
and Doppler spreading of the transmitted signal.

B. SPREAD SPECTRUM
Spread spectrum is a modulation technique that produces a spectrum for the
transmitted signal much wider than the usual bandwidth needed to send a particular
information stream. Usual bandwidth here roughly refers to the order of minimum
bandwidth needed to convey a stream of information (e.g. bits) over a relatively benign
channel (e.g. an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) corrupted channel with a high
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)). See Table 1 for an example.

Narrowband Spread spectrum

Transmitted Signal Bandwidth 5 kHz 1 MHz

Table 1. Bandwidth Comparison for a 5 kbits/sec Data Stream

Spread Spectrum is an important communication technique because it has better

multipath resolution and is difficult to intercept. Spread Spectrum provides time and
range, and several users can independently use the same higher bandwidth with very little
interference, which is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The most
investigated application of the spread spectrum is CDMA.

There are three types of spread spectrum: Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

(FHSS) is the first implemented type of Spread Spectrum. Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS) is the more recent type of Spread Spectrum, and finally the Time
Hopping Spread Spectrum (THSS).

The hybrid Spread Spectrum systems include all systems that employ a
combination of two or more of the above-mentioned spread-spectrum modulation
techniques. Thus, the four possible hybrid systems are DS/FH, DS/TH, FH/TH, and
DS/FH/TH.

16
 A Spread Spectrum system block diagram is shown in Figure 7. Binary input data
is applied to the channel encoder by the transmitter. The output of the channel encoder is
an analog signal with a relatively narrow bandwidth around some center frequency. This
analog signal is the input of the modulator. The analog signal is modulated according to a
sequence of binary data generated by the pseudo-noise generator. After this modulation
the new analog signal is transmitted through the channel. The receiver receives the analog
signal and demodulates with the same sequence of binary data used by the transmitter. In
other words the receiver’s pseudo-noise generator generates the binary code sequence
just like the binary code of the transmitter. The demodulated analog output signal is then
applied to the channel decoder. The channel decoder produces the binary output data
received from the transmitter.

Input data Channel De- Channel Output data

Modulator Channel
Encoder Modulator Decoder

Spreading Spreading
Code Code
Pseudonoise Pseudonoise
Generator Generator

Figure 7. Spread-Spectrum System Block Diagram [From Ref. 15]

1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

One non-trivial way of spreading the spectrum of the transmitted signal is to
modulate the data signal by a high rate pseudo-random sequence of phase-modulated
pulses before mixing the signal up to the carrier frequency for transmission. This
spreading method is called Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). A common
modulation technique for DSSS is Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).

The digital information can be combined with the spreading code bit stream by
using an XOR operation. There are other combination operations used with DSSS. The
details of DS-CDMA will be discussed in detail in Chapter IV.

2. Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

Another common method to spread the transmission spectrum of a data signal is
to (pseudo) randomly hop the data signal over different carrier frequencies. This
17
spreading method is called Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). FHSS is the
early implementation of the spread spectrum. The hopping sequence is the key for the
transmitter and receiver. Only the transmitter and receiver know the random series of
frequencies used to transmit the data. A common modulation technique for FHSS is
Multi-Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK). The details of FH-CDMA will also be discussed
in detail in Chapter IV.

Figure 8 shows the basic idea of the FHSS. During the specific time interval a
random frequency is used to generate the analog signal. As in Figure 8, first f5 is used to
k
transmit the data and then f8 is used, and so on. Typically, there are 2 carrier frequencies
k
for 2 channels. The height of each gray box represents the bandwidth of the input signal.
The transmitter works on a specific carrier frequency at a specific time interval. This
fixed interval times is 300-ms for the IEEE 802.11. During that specific time interval and
that randomly chosen frequency, some number of data signals is transmitted by the
transmitter. If the receiver uses the same random frequency hopping with the same time
interval, it can obtain the transmitted data.

Frequency

f8
f7
f6
f5
f4
f3
f2
f1
Time
Figure 8. FHSS Basic Idea [From Ref.15]

3. Time-Hopping Spread Spectrum

In the Time-Hopping Spread Spectrum protocols, the information-bearing signal
is not transmitted continuously. Instead, the signal is transmitted in short bursts and the

18
times of the bursts are decided by the code signal. Time Hopping is similar to Pulse
Modulation, with the PN sequence generator keying the code sequence to the transmitter.

The time axis is divided into frames and each frame is divided into M time slots.
During each frame, the user will transmit in one of the M time slots. In which of the M
time slots data is transmitted depends on the code signal assigned to the user. Since a user
transmits all of its data in one, instead of M time slots, the frequency it needs for its
transmission has increased by a factor M. Because of its vulnerability to interference,
time hopping should be combined with Frequency Hopping or Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum. The details of TH-CDMA will be discussed in Chapter IV.

C. ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION AND SPREAD SPECTRUM

The developments of Underwater Acoustic Networks (UAN) have been enabled
by the recent improvement of acoustic modem technology. A full-duplex underwater
communication effort is one part of UAN research. From the multi-user communications
point of view, underwater Spread Spectrum offers better performance to establish full-
duplex communication than is available with either TDMA or FDMA.

The three types of Spread Spectrum allow multiple users to communicate

simultaneously in time over the same frequency band. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS) offers improved performance on multipath channels and simplicity, while
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) offers just simplicity of implementation
[16] for acoustic communication.

The receiver uses the information of the Spread Spectrum spreading code to
detect the received signal that is hidden in noise or jammed by interference from other
users of the network. The data to be transmitted are multiplied by a pseudo-random noise
(PN) sequence, generally produced by linear feedback shift registers (e.g. Walsh Code,
Hadamard Code, Gold Sequences), which is the common way for the SS-CDMA to
perform this operation. The resulting signal modulates the carrier. The transmitted wave
then must be demodulated by the receiver.

The primary focus of this research is to determine the implementation and

performance of using Direct Sequence, Time Hopping, Frequency Hopping and Hybrid
19
Spread Spectrum Code CDMA as the modulation scheme to achieve full-duplex data
communication with four Desert Star RBS-1 acoustic modems.

D. PRIOR NPS WORK ON FULL-DUPLEX ACOUSTIC CHANNEL

The Advanced Networking research group at the Computer Science department of
the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has completed considerable work evaluating the
AModem software system delivered with Desert Star RBS-1 acoustic modems. This work
has centered around full-duplex communication using these modems.

In order to use the modems in a full-duplex configuration, the original software

was modified slightly in early 2003 by Chaiporn Dechjaroen, a research assistant at the
Naval Postgraduate School, to allow the user to determine what transmit and receive
frequencies were to be used. These software modifications were designed to take
advantage of the built-in transducer frequencies and give the user the flexibility to
operate the modem in different frequency ranges.

Another project was conducted in 2003 by an NPS graduate, William R. Tate, for
his MS thesis. [4] He evaluated the feasibility of a full-duplex UAN using four RBS-1
modems and experimented with a new Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)
protocol to use FDMA type channels efficiently.

Although previous efforts did not succeed in demonstrating underwater full-

duplex acoustic communications, the lessons learned benefited this thesis research.

20
 III. ESTABLISHMENT OF A FULL-DUPLEX UNDERWATER
NETWORK

This chapter discusses the underwater acoustic system hardware and software
developed and implemented by Desert Star Systems and explains the basics of full-
duplex communication. Then a new hardware system configuration solution for full-
duplex communication is described.

A full duplex UAN was established using four Desert Star remote base station one
(RBS-1) acoustic modems. The RBS-1 has a 33 kHz to 41 kHz omni-directional sonar
transducer, with a range of 100 to 1000 meters (determined by sea conditions), and a bit
rate of 15 to 150 bits per second. [17] The modems use acoustic modem software
(AModem), developed by Desert Star, that allows the user to vary the transmit speed,
transmit power, transmit pulse length, receive speed, receiver gain, receiver detection
threshold, receiver filter number, and the checksum status. Figure 9 shows a screen
capture of the AModem application launched from HyperTerminal.

Figure 9. AModem Application Snapshot

21
A. UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HARDWARE
Underwater acoustic communication system hardware consists of four basic
components. These components are computer, modem, transducer, and special types of
cables. A modem battery charger is also available to extend the modem battery life. This
section discusses the characteristics of each of these components.

1. Transducer
The transducer is the antenna of the RBS-1 modem. It must be mounted so that it
is not shadowed by any obstacle. The direct path between the transducers on both ends of
the acoustic data link must be free of obstructions. The modem transducers, one of which
is shown in Figure 10, are active in the frequency range 33 to 41 kHz. These omni-
directional transducers are rated at greater than 169 dB (referenced to one micro Pascal
per watt at one meter) in terms of sound pressure level. A sonar transducer cable connects
the transducer to the RBS-1 modem.

Figure 10. Transducer

For the best performance, the transducer should be upright, with the cable
pointing down and the mounting ring pointing up. The communication range will be
reduced if the transducer is dragged into a horizontal or near horizontal position.

2. RBS-1 Modem
The RBS-1 is actually a remote baseline station that is a rugged instrument
designed for use with the AquaMap long baseline survey system developed by Desert

22
Star. But for our full-duplex communication purpose, the RBS-1 modem is recoded for
use with the AModem system. The RBS-1 modem has a battery life of approximately
130 hours per charge. One end cap is occupied by a sonar connector, while the other end
cap is occupied by a multi-function serial communications connector, a power switch,
and a status LED. The instruments are rated for use at depths up to 1,000 meters. A deep
ocean version of the RBS-2, the RBS-2D, is rated for a depth of 7,000 meters and
operates at a lower frequency range. Figure 11 shows the RBS-1 modem.

Figure 11. RBS-1 Modem

The heart of the RBS-1 modem is a 68HC11E1FN microprocessor. The AModem

code is actually used to program this microprocessor.

The RBS-1 acoustic modem has two operations:

• Any data received via the serial data interface is transmitted to the water
channel via the transducer

• Any data received via the transducer is transmitted to the host computer via
the serial-data interface.

Figure 12 shows the data exchange between the modem, the computer, and the
transducer.

23
 Serial Data Sonar Data Transmission
Transmission

RBS-1 Acoustic Modem Transducer

Computer
(HyperTerminal and AModem Application)

Figure 12. Example of Data Exchange

Thus, the modem has two missions. The first one is obtaining data from the user
by way of the serial data interface and then reformatting and sending the data via the
transducer. The second one is obtaining data from the transducer and then reformatting
and sending the data to the user via the serial-data interface.

3. Modem Charger
The modem charger is designed by Desert Star. There is a power cable on one end
of this charger and another cable on the other end that is compatible with the underwater
cable. The RBS-1 modem Status LED indicates the current state of the charge operation.
Figure 13 shows a modem charger. In order to charge the batteries in the modems, Desert
Star’s SmartDive application must be downloaded and selected, instead of the AModem
software, via the DiveTerm application. After the SmartDive application is accessed and
the modems are plugged into the chargers, the batteries are recharged in approximately
four hours. If a charging problem still exists, the Set Clock option of the DiveTerm must
be clicked.

24
 Figure 13. Modem Charger

The cable shown in Figure 14 provides the connection between the modem and
both the charger and the computer at the same time.

Figure 14. Computer, Charger and Modem Connection Cable

4. Connection Cables
There are three different types of cable with their connector-compatible ends to
connect the computer, the RBS-1 modem and the transducer. From the computer to the
RBS-1 modem, the Data Exchange cable and the Underwater Cable are used. From the
modem to the transducer a Sonar Transducer cable is used. These cables are explained in
the following subsections.

The Data Exchange Cable has a female RS-232 connector (DB-9) attached to
interface with the host computer. If a male DB-9 serial port is not available on the

25
computer, a serial to USB connection cable can be used to connect the Data Exchange
Cable and the computer via the USB port of the computer. Using a USB connection
allows one computer to control multiple modems, either through a USB hub or several
USB connectors attached to the computer. Figure 15 shows the serial-to-USB connection
cable.

Figure 15. Serial-to-USB Connection Cable

a. Data Exchange Cable

Figure 16 shows the data exchange cable, which is used to connect the
computer and underwater cable. This cable carries the serial transmission data. One end
of this cable is compatible for the underwater cable and the other end is compatible for
the serial communications (COM) port of the computer, as described above.

Figure 16. Data Exchange Cable

26
 b. Underwater Cable and COM Connector
Figure 17 shows the underwater cable, which is used to connect the data
exchange cable and the modem. The underwater cable is also used to charge the modems.
This cable carries the serial transmission data. One end of this cable is compatible for the
data exchange cable and the other end is compatible for the modem COM connector.

Figure 17. Underwater Cable

This five-pin waterproof COM connector is located at one end of the

modem. The pin out of the connector is shown in Figure 18. It is a McArtney type
BHMC5F, which mates to a model ILMC5M cable connector.

1: Ground

1 2: Receive Data (RXD)

2 5

3 4 3: Transmit Data (TXD)

4: Charger Input

5: Not Assigned
Figure 18. COM Connector Pin Out

27
 c. Sonar Transducer Cable and Sonar Connector
Figure 19 shows the sonar transducer cable, which is used to connect the
transducer and the RBS-1 modem. This cable carries the sonar transmission data. The
sonar transducer cable has a compatible end for the transducer. The other end of this
cable is compatible with the SONAR connector.

Figure 19. Sonar Transducer Cable

The connection between the sonar transducer cable and the modem is
established by way of the sonar connector. This three-pin waterproof connector is located
at the modem. It is a McArtney type BHMC3F, which mates to a model ILMC3M cable
connector. The pin out of the connector is shown in Figure 20.

1
1: Ground

2 3 2: External Sonar TX/RX

3: External Battery (+9V to +12V)

Figure 20. Sonar Connector Pin Assignment

28
B. UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The basic application used in this system is AModem, which is implemented by
Desert Star. The other applications used in this system are DiveTerm, HyperTerminal,
and DT Test. The following subsections discuss these applications.

1. DiveTerm
After compiling the AModem code, the Archimedes C Compiler creates the
executable “amv112.dc” file for the 68HC11E1FN microprocessor. Downloading the
“amv11.dc” file to the RBS-1 modem is accomplished through a utility program called
“DiveTerm,” which is run on a PC. The DiveTerm application is implemented by Desert
Star. With a serial-cable connection, DiveTerm presents a “Memory Map” PC screen of
the RBS-1 modem’s current programmable ROM contents and allows the user to erase,
download, run or select one of the applications. This software is for a host PC used to
mange or control the modem and is not for modem implementation. Figure 21 shows a
DiveTerm software screenshot, which shows the modem PROM contains only the
AModem application while the remainder of it memory is not used.

Figure 21. DiveTerm Software

29
 2. HyperTerminal
To access the modem parameters and operate the acoustic modem, the user must
access the AModem software using Hilgraeve’s HyperTerminal or HyperTerminal
Private Edition. For this research, HyperTerminal Private Edition is used. The user will
choose an appropriate port for HyperTerminal and configure the HyperTerminal
connection according to the parameters shown in Table 2. The RBS-1 modem must be
turned on after running the HyperTerminal application.

Bits per second 1200

Data Bits 8
Parity None
Stop Bits 1
Flow control Xon/Xoff

Table 2. HyperTerminal Configuration Parameters

3. AModem
AModem is a simple modem application for the RBS-1 module implemented by
Desert Star. A station that is running AModem will behave similar to a telephone modem,
except that the transmission medium is water. Data received through the serial port is
coded and transmitted via the transducer through the water. The transducer data received
by AModem is decoded and transmitted via the module’s serial port. Unlike a full duplex
telephone modem, AModem is half duplex. This means that only one party can transmit
data at any given time. It is up to the user’s software to ensure that only one party is
transmitting. If a “data collision” does occur, no party will receive valid data. Also unlike
telephone modems, AModem is not restricted to two-party communication, thus a given
receiver will detect data from multiple transmitters and a given transmitter may be
received by multiple receivers similar to wireless amateur radio operations.

AModem code is written in the “C” programming language and linked with
68HC11 microcontroller specific libraries. An Archimedes “C” Compiler is used to

30
compile this code with the parameters shown in Table 3. The output of the compiler is an
“amv112.dc” file, which is the actual hexadecimal executable machine code that must be
downloaded to the RBS-1 modem. The Archimedes “C” compiler is no longer widely
available.

c-6811 –mb –z –P –e -l amodem.lst -p50 -xDFT -q amodem.c

c-6811 –mb -z –P –e –RCODE1 -l ss.lst -p50 -xDFT -q ss.c

c-6811 –mb –z –P –e -RCODE2 -l sl1.lst -p50 -xDFT -q sl1.c

c-6811 –mb –z –P –e -RCODE3 -l sl2.lst -p50 -xDFT -q sl2.c

c-6811 –mb -z –P –e –RCODE4 -l ip.lst -p50 -xDFT -q ip.c

c-6811 –mb -z –P –e -RICODE -l ih.lst -p50 -xDFT -q ih.c

Rem a6801 dtasm

A6801 jdtos

A6801 jdt20_s

xlink amodem ss sl1 sl2 ip ih jdtos -xmse -o amv112.dcu -l am.ref -p50 -f lbnk.xcl

xlink amodem ss sl1 sl2 ip ih jdt20_s -xmse -o amlcv112.dcu -l amlc.ref -p50 -f lbnk.xcl

smush amv112.dc amv112.dcu 1.00 amlcv112.dcu 1.10,1.11,2.00,2.10,2.11,2.20,2.40,2.50

Table 3. AModem Compiler Parameters

There are two types of data format implemented by the code, depending on the
transmission link serviced. The Serial Data Transmission link uses the Serial Data Format
and the Sonar Data Transmission link uses the Acoustic Data Format.

The Serial Data Format is for the serial-data interface. This interface works
between the user and the acoustic modem. More specifically, it works between the
HyperTerminal application and the acoustic modem. Serial Data Interface operates at
1,200 baud, 8 data bits, no parity bit, 1 stop bit. The 1,200 baud speed is fast enough to
keep up with the fastest sonar transmission, yet slow enough to be supported by just
about any device.

31
 The Acoustic Data Format is for the acoustic data interface. This interface works
between the modem and transducer. The modem transmits and receives acoustic data
words consisting of one synchronization ping, four data pings and one checksum ping.
Each data ping is position-coded and represents four bits of information, for a total of 16
bits (two characters). The checksum is used by the receiver to verify the integrity of each
word. The modem’s ability to communicate 20 bits worth of information with just six
pings makes it a very energy efficient. Figure 22 shows these six pings. The acoustic
modem receives and transmits 8-bit data words via the serial data interface. During
transmission, the modem will pack two 8-bit serial data words in each data ping. No data
is transmitted until at least two bytes have been received via the serial data interface.
Each received data word is unpacked into 8-bit words, which are transmitted via the
serial data interface. If the modem detects a bad checksum on an incoming acoustic data
word, it will transmit “##” via the serial data link. This bad data indicator is a useful
guide for adjusting the modem sensitivity and speed.

Synchronization Data1 Data2 Checksum

(4 bits) (4 bits) (4 bits) (4 bits) (4 bits)

Figure 22. Six-Ping Word

Desert Star AModem code is designed for half-duplex communication. Data is

either transmitted or received at any one time. Data cannot be received and transmitted
via the acoustic link at the same time. By default, the modem is in the receive mode. It
switches automatically to transmit mode as soon as at least two data bytes are in its serial
data buffer. The modem will remain in transmit mode until less than two bytes remain in
its serial input data buffer.

4. DT Test
DT Test is a test code for the RBS-1 modem implemented by Desert Star.
Transducers may be caused to ping continuously. This signal is normally clearly visible
using another transducer. The DT Test can also be used to measure the ambient noise
32
level. Figure 23 shows the DT Test screenshot and the options that can be tested. During
this research the DT Test application is used to measure the appropriate threshold level of
the modems that can be varied according to the environment.

Figure 23. DT Test Screen

C. ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OPERATIONS

This section discusses the general architecture of the Desert Star AModem
application.

1. Message Encoding
A two-character message sent using the AModem system is encoded as a single
data packet with 20 bits of information. Of these 20 bits, eight are data0 (first character),
eight are data1 (second character) and four are checksum. Figure 24 shows the data-travel
schema.

33
 Message (Two characters) Message (Two characters)

Data Packet Data Packet

Bits Bits

Signal Signal

Water

Figure 24. Data-Travel Schema

The AModem data encoding scheme is based on time, not frequency. This
comment should be considered for correct CDMA implementation since most of the
CDMA applications are based on frequency operations. The pings (signals) obtain their
meaning according to the time that they occur referenced to a synchronization ping.

Figure 25 is a graphic representation of a message. The first ping, at 34 kHz,

serves as a synchronization ping and establishes the time frame reference. The remaining
five pings, which carry four bits of information each, are “pulse position coded.” Pulse
position coding was chosen for the AModem system because it is a very energy efficient
way of coding —20 bits can be sent in just six pulses. This means that there is a specific
window of fixed size (time) in which each ping must occur. Each window is further
divided into 16 subwindows. Exactly when and where the ping falls into a subwindow
determines its meaning. This is the binary equivalent of 0000 to 1111, 0000 being the
first subwindow, 0001 being the second, and so on. The net result is that five four-bit
binary values are established at the receiver. The purpose of the recovery period is to
provide a sufficient time the signal to die down.

34
Synchronization Ping

Data 0 Ping (first 4-bit)

Data 0 Ping (second 4-bit)

Data 1 Ping (first 4-bit)

Data 1 Ping (second 4-bit)

Checksum (4-bits)

Recovery Periods (100ms)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

Ping Window 1 Ping Window 2 Ping Window 3 Ping Window 4 Ping Window 5

Each ping window is divided into 16 ping subwindows

Ping Subwindow

Figure 25. Graphic Representation of a Message

35
 The Figure 25 is the exact implementation of the Speed 0 option. The other speed
options and their equivalent subwindow time, recovery time, message total transmit time,
nibbles transmit speed and baud speed of the system is depicted in Table 4.

Message Nibble
Speed Subwindow Recovery Total Transmit Baud Speed
Option Time (ms) Time (ms) Transmit Speed (baud)
Time (ms) (nibble/sec)
0 10 100 1410 3.6 14.2
1 4 40 564 8.9 35.7
2 2 20 282 17.9 71.4
3 1 10 141 35.7 142.8
4 10 600 4410 1.13 4.5
5 4 250 1824 2.7 10.9
6 4 40 564 8.9 35.7

Table 4. Transmission Speed Parameters

Message total transmit time, nibbles transmit speed and baud speed are calculated
according to the equations below.

MessageTotalTransmitTime = SubwindowTime(ms ) +
5 × (16 × SubwindowTime(ms )) + .
6 × Re cov eryTime(ms )
Equation 10. Message Total Transmit Time

5nibble × 1000
NibbleTransmitTime(nibble / sec) = .
MessageTotalTransmitTime(ms)
Equation 11. Nibble Transmit Speed

20bit ×1000
BaudSpeed (baud ) = .
MessageTotalTransmitTime(ms)
Equation 12. Baud Speed

Therefore the key variables for data transmission are Subwindow Time and
Recovery time. Subwindow time and Recovery time are defined as constants in the sl1.c
36
file of the AModem software system. The subwindow times are defined in that file as
10,000, 4,000, 2,000, 1,000, 10,000, 4,000, 4,000 , in microseconds. The recovery time,
in microseconds, are 100,000, 40,000, 20,000, 10,000, 600,000, 250,000, 40,000.

2. Message Decoding
A six pulse message received using the AModem system is decoded as a single-
data packet with 20 bits of information. When the receiver receives the first
synchronization ping, it starts a timer. According to the occurrence time of the other
pings in the ping-window, the data obtains its meaning.

For example, if the receiver speed option is set to 1, then each ping subwindow
time is 4 ms and the recovery time is 40 ms. The receiver receives the first
synchronization ping at 33898 Hz. and then starts its timer. Let’s say the receiver receives
the second signal 60 ms after the first ping. According to the timing system of the speed
option 1, this ping occurs in the fifth subwindow of the first ping-window. Therefore, the
meaning of first four bits of the first data byte is 0100. Let’s say the receiver receives the
third signal 180 ms after the first ping. This ping occurs in the ninth subwindow of the
second ping-window. Thus, the meaning of the second four bits of the first data byte is
1000. If the fourth ping signal arrives 292 ms after the first ping, it occurs in the eleventh
subwindow of the ping window 3. Thus, the meaning of the first four bits of the second
data byte is 1010. Let’s say the receiver receives the fifth signal 412 ms after the first
ping. This ping occurs in the fifteenth subwindow of the ping window 4, corresponding to
a value of 1110 for the last four bits of the second byte. Finally, let’s say the receiver
receives the sixth signal 516 ms after the first ping. This ping occurs in the eleventh
subwindow of the ping window 5, meaning a checksum value of 1010. This example is
shown in Figure 26. Thus, the received value is 48AE (hex).

37
 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560

Figure 26. Message Decoding Example

3. Multichannel and Single-Channel Operation

Desert Star Amodem software uses Multichannel operation if the speed options
are 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In a multichannel transmit operation, the transmitter transmits an analog signal

frequency at 33,898 Hz for the synchronization ping and then transmits another analog
signal at 36,364 Hz for the first four-bit ping, changes the frequency for the next ping,
and so on. The transmitter frequency sequence loop for each ping is shown in Table 5.

Ping 1 Ping 2 Ping 3 Ping 4 Ping 5 Ping 6

33898 Hz 36364 Hz 38462 Hz 40816 Hz 36364 Hz 38462 Hz

Table 5. Multichannel Transmitter Frequency Sequence

The transmitter frequencies are defined as constants in the sl1.c file:

Constant “0” is used for 33,898 Hz.

Constant “1” is used for 36,364 Hz.

Constant “2” is used for 38,462 Hz.

Constant “3” is used for 40,816 Hz.

38
 In a multichannel receive operation, the first ping is received at 28898 ± 5000Hz
and the second ping is received at 31,364 ± 5,000Hz and so on. The receiver modem uses
super heterodyning process that is the received signal is modulated with a predetermined
analog signal 5KHz lower in frequency. The result is a 5KHz signal which is evaluated
for the presence of the ping pulse.

The receiver frequency sequence loop for each ping is shown in Table 6.

Ping 1 Ping 2 Ping 3 Ping 4 Ping 5 Ping 6

28898± 5000Hz 31364 ± 5000Hz 33462 ± 5000Hz 35816 ± 5000Hz 31364 ± 5000Hz 33462± 5000Hz

Table 6. Multichannel Receiver Frequency Sequence

The receiver frequency sequence is defined as a constant in the sl1.c file.

Constant “-5” is used for 28,898 Hz.

Constant “-4” is used for 31,364 Hz.

Constant “-3” is used for 33,462 Hz.

Constant “-2” is used for 35,816 Hz.

Single-Channel operation is used with the speed options 4, 5 and 6.

In a single-channel transmit operation; every ping of the message is transmitted at

33,898 Hz. See Table 7.

Ping 1 Ping 2 Ping 3 Ping 4 Ping 5 Ping 6

33898 Hz 33898 Hz 33898 Hz 33898 Hz 33898 Hz 33898 Hz

Table 7. Single Channel Transmitter Frequency Sequence

In a single-channel receive operation, every ping of the message is received at

28,898 ± 5,000Hz. See Table 8.

39
 Ping 1 Ping 2 Ping 3 Ping 4 Ping 5 Ping 6
28898± 5000Hz 28898± 5000Hz 28898± 5000Hz 28898± 5000Hz 28898± 5000Hz 28898± 5000Hz

Table 8. Single-Channel Receiver Frequency Sequence

4. Analog Data Specifications

For every ping, the modem transmits an analog signal at a specified frequency. If
the transmitter uses speed option 1 and the time occurrence of the pings are like the
example given above in the Message Decoding subsection, then the analog signal occurs
as in Figure 27 shown below.

f = 33898 Hz f = 36364 Hz f = 38562 Hz f = 40816 Hz f = 36364 Hz f = 38462 Hz

Time ms

0 60 180 292 412 516

4 ms 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms

Figure 27. Analog Data Specification

These analog signals occur for 4 ms by a default setting of the Power Length
option

5. Synchronization Ping Consideration

The synchronization ping is used only to indicate the beginning of the 20 bit
message. AModem uses an analog signal at 33898 Hz. as synchronization for both the
multichannel and single-channel operation. This is not an actual synchronization like that
used in several other protocols, like Ethernet. Every message has its own synchronization
ping. After transmitting a message, the next message again starts with the
synchronization ping and is followed by 4 data pings and 1 checksum ping.
40
 6. AModem System Problems
When communication is unsuccessful, one of three situations may happen: either
the ping does not get through at all, or it gets through but is in the wrong subwindow, or
there is a noise pulse generated by some external source that was mistakenly recognized
as a ping.

From an acoustic point of view, a ping may reach its destination by traveling any
of many paths. This may cause variations in the arrival time, causing the ping to be heard
more than once. Additionally, the environment may foster the development of echoes,
again causing the ping to be heard repeatedly. To deal with these problems, only the first
ping arriving at the receiver is considered valid. Then, to allow multiple pings and echoes
on the same frequency to die down, each window is followed by a “recovery period”
during which the transmitter is quite.

In an effort to improve reliability further, different frequencies are used. The

Desert Star’s AModem software synchronization ping is always at 33,898 Hz, but the
second ping will be at a substantially higher frequency. In all, four frequencies are used
and the sequence bounces back and forth between high and low to maximize frequency
separation. By using set recovery times and different frequencies, the likelihood that any
one transmitted ping will be interpreted correctly is greatly enhanced.

Whether or not the ping is received is a function only of its strength in relation to
the threshold level set for the receiver. Lowering the threshold level, which is one of the
parameters in the code, also makes the system more susceptible to ambient noise.
Additionally, lowering the threshold increases the amount of time that must be allowed
for echoes to die down. The output power of the transmitter directly affects the signal
strength at the receiver. The maximum output power of the transducers, as commonly set
up in the AModem system, is 186 dB reference one micro Pascal at one meter.

The final cause of trouble, a noise pulse generated by some external source,
causes the binary value to be reduced because it precedes the true pulse.

41
D. FULL-DUPLEX COMMUNICATION BASICS
Currently, most UANs still use half-duplex communications with a contention
avoidance protocol. The use of a full-duplex network may greatly enhance the overall
efficiency of the UAN. The purpose of this section is to show the advantages of a full-
duplex underwater network. It will also detail the hardware setup of underwater acoustic
modems in a full-duplex configuration.

A full-duplex UAN uses a data transmission mode that allows data to be

transmitted in both directions at the same time. This type of network is analogous to a
two-lane road where traffic can go in opposite directions at the same time. The data being
transferred will be split between the network channels and must fully load the channels to
ensure that the use of the network does not decrease. In order to ensure that the channels
can carry concurrent data streams, the UAN will have to use a time division multiple
access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or a code division multiple
access (CDMA) scheme.

1. Comparison of Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex

Compared to a half-duplex configuration, the full-duplex network may provide a
better networking environment. Half-duplex connections compound the effects of the
propagation delay on data transfer latency by requiring the exchange of several control
packets to establish media access. The establishment of full-duplex connections between
each pair of nodes provides a means of assured access to the media without exchanging
access requests prior to each traffic exchange session. [3] Using a simple half-duplex
network with three nodes, A, B and C, a message transmission will be initiated when
node A sends a ready-to-send message (RTS) to node B. When node B receives the RTS,
it will then send a clear-to-send message (CTS). After node A receives the CTS, it will
start sending its data. The same operation happens between node B and C. Therefore, the
total propagation delay will be three times greater than the propagation delay between
node A and B (d1) plus node B and C (d2). Figure 28(a) is a visual diagram of this
protocol. With a half-duplex configuration, when a node is transmitting, it uses the entire
bandwidth of the channel. When using a full-duplex network, the bandwidth is split and
communication channels are assigned to receive and to transmit data. Each node has at
42
least one channel for transmitting and one channel for receiving data. With dedicated
channels there will be no collisions and the overhead associated with the half-duplex
contention based protocol is eliminated. Without using any type of multiplexing, these
dedicated channels will reduce the efficiency of the data transfer because the bandwidth
has been split. However, by using TDMA, FDMA, or CDMA, this problem may be
minimized and the full-duplex network will be able to use the entire bandwidth just like a
half-duplex network. As can be seen from the Figure 28(b), full-duplex protocol delay
will be equal to the delay between node A and B (d1) plus the delay between node B and
C (d2)

Node A Node B Node C

RTS RTS

CTS CTS

Data Data
Delay ≥ 3(d1 + d2), where d1 and d2 are the
propagation delays between Nodes A and B, and
Nodes B and C. [half-duplex protocol]
(a)

Node A Node B Node C

Data Data

Delay = (d1 + d2) [full-duplex protocol]

(b)
Figure 28. Message Delay due to protocol [From Ref. 3]

A full-duplex network will provide a smaller total data transfer time as long as the
transmission of the data is constant between the two configurations. In fact, the speed is
doubled because of the reduced propagation time. But, even if the transmission rate is
lower, the full-duplex configuration will still have a more responsive data delivery. In
43
both guided media and traditional wireless settings, the propagation time is normally
negligible and is often ignored. “However, propagation delays in water are significant
and play a dominant role in the speed that the data is transferred. Using this information,
a full-duplex UAN was configured for testing [3].”

2. Design Solution for Full-Duplex Communication

Full-duplex communication is established with four RBS-1 modems. Each
computer is assigned two of the RBS-1 modems: one is for transmission purposes and the
other is used for receiving purposes. Figure 29 demonstrates the full-duplex design of the
system in a bucket. Modem-1 is the transmitter, and Modem-2 is the receiver for one
computer. Modem-3 is the transmitter, and Modem-4 is the receiver for another
computer.

Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 RBS-1
Modem-1 Modem-2

Bucket
full of
water

Receiver Transmitter
RBS-1 RBS-1
Modem-4 Modem-3

Figure 29. Full-Duplex Design

44
 The software downloaded to each modem will be explained in Chapter IV. The
figure above illustrates one of the possible design solutions. The key principle of this
solution demonstrates that a given transmitter is sending its data, and that only the
corresponding receiver is receiving it. For example, during the scenario when Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-1 is sending data, only Receiver RBS-1 Modem-4 must receive this data.
The other receiver, RBS-1 Modem-2, must not receive the Transmitter RBS-1 Modem-
1’s data. Another key point is while both transmitter RBS-1 Modem-1 and RBS-1
Modem-3 are transmitting their data simultaneously, corresponding receivers must
receive their data without any error.

45
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46
 IV. CDMA IMPLEMENTATION

A. CDMA
CDMA is a multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum. Different users
can use the channel simultaneously by assigning different spreading code sequences to
them. Therefore there is no physical separation in time or in frequency between signals
from different users. The physical channel is divided into many logical channels by the
spreading codes.

The three common types of CDMA are Direct-Sequence (DS) CDMA, Frequency
Hopping (FH) CDMA and Time Hopping (TH) CDMA. Details of DS-CDMA, FH-
CDMA, TH-CDMA and the basic CDMA principles will be discussed in the next
sections. The hybrid CDMA systems include all CDMA systems that combine two or
more of the mentioned spread-spectrum modulation techniques. Therefore the four
possible hybrid systems are DS/FH, DS/TH, FH/TH, and DS/FH/TH.

1. Basic CDMA Principle

The CDMA basic principle is explained with an example. Bit data rate D is the
rate of the data signal. Each bit is broken into k chips according to a fixed pattern that is
specific to each user, called the “user’s code.” The new channel has a chip data rate of
kD chips per second. Let’s assume k = 6 . It is simplest to characterize a code as a
sequence of 1s and -1s. There are three user’s code for user A, B, and C, each of which is
communicating with the same base station receiver, R. Thus, the code for user A is
c A =< 1, −1, −1,1, −1,1 > . Similarly, user B has code cB =< 1,1, −1, −1,1,1 > , and user C has

cC =< 1,1, −1,1,1, −1 > .

Let’s assume user A wants to communicate with the base station R. The base
station is assumed to know A’s code. For simplicity, we assume that communication is
already synchronized so that the base station knows when to look for codes. If A wants to
send a 1-bit, A transmits its code as a chip pattern < 1, −1, −1,1, −1,1 > . If a 0 bit is to be
sent, A transmits the complement (1s and -1s reversed) of its code, < −1,1,1, −1,1, −1 > . At

47
the base station, the receiver decodes the chip patterns. In our simple version, if the
receiver R receives a chip pattern d =< d1, d 2, d 3, d 4, d 5, d 6 > , and the receiver is
seeking to communicate with a user u so that it has at hand u ’s code,
< c1, c 2, c3, c 4, c5, c6 > , the receiver performs electronically the following decoding
function.

Su (d ) = d1× c1 + d 2 × c 2 + d 3 × c3 + d 4 × c 4 + d 5 × c5 + d 6 × c6 .

The subscript u on S simply indicates that u is the user that the decoding
function is for. Suppose the user u is A. If A sends a 1-bit, then d is < 1, −1, −1,1, −1,1 >
and the computation using S A becomes

S A (1, −1, −1,1, −1,1) = 1× 1 + (−1) × (−1) + (−1) × (−1) +

1×1 + (−1) × (−1) + 1×1 = 6 .

If A sends a 0-bit, which corresponds to d =< −1,1,1, −1,1, −1 > , we get

S A (−1,1,1, −1,1, −1) = (−1) × 1 + 1× (−1) + 1× (−1) +

(−1) ×1 + 1× (−1) + (−1) × 1 = −6 .

It is always the case that −6 ≤ S A (d ) ≤ 6 no matter what sequence of -1s and 1s

that d is, and that the only d ’s resulting in the extreme values of 6 and -6 are A’s code
and its complement, respectively. So if S A produces a +6 we say that we have received a

1 bit from A; if S A produces a -6 we say that we have received a 0-bit from user A;
otherwise, we assume that someone else is sending information or there is an error. For
example if user B sends a 1-bit and we try to receive it with S A , d becomes

< 1,1, −1, −1,1,1 > .

48
 S A (1, −1, −1,1, −1,1) = 1× 1 + 1× (−1) + (−1) × (−1) +

(−1) × 1 + 1× (−1) + 1× 1 = 0 .

Thus, the unwanted signal (from B) does not show up at all. You can easily verify
that if B had sent a 0 bit, the decoder would produce a value of 0 for S A again. This

means that if the decoder is linear and if A and B transmit signals s A and sB ,

respectively, at the same time, then S A ( s A + sB ) = S A ( s A ) + S A ( sB ) = S A ( s A ) since the

decoder ignores B when it using A’s code. The codes of A and B that have the property,
S A (cB ) = S B (c A ) = 0 , are called orthogonal. Such codes are very nice to have but there are
only a few of them with respect to the total combinations of 1’s and -1’s for the chip
length. More common is the case when S X (cY ) is small in absolute value when X ≠ Y .
Then it is easy to distinguish between the two cases when X = Y and when X ≠ Y . In
our example S A (cC ) = SC (c A ) = 0 but S B (cC ) = SC (cB ) = 2 . In the latter case, the C signal

would make a small contribution to decode a signal instead of 0. Using the decoder, Su ,

the receiver can sort out a transmission from u even when there may be other users
broadcasting in the small cell. Table 9 summarizes the example from the preceding
discussion.

User A 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
User B 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
User C 1 1 -1 1 1 -1

(a) User’s Code

Transmit (data bit = 1) 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

Receiver Codeword 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
Multiplication 1 1 1 1 1 1 =6

Transmit (data bit = 0) -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

Receiver Codeword 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
Multiplication -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 = -6

(b) Transmission from A

49
 Transmit (data bit = 1) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
Receiver Codeword 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
Multiplication 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 =0

(c) Transmission from B, receiver attempts to recover A’s transmission

Transmit (data bit = 1) 1 1 -1 1 1 -1

Receiver Codeword 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
Multiplication 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 =2

(d) Transmission from C, receiver attempts to recover B’s transmission

B (data bit = 1) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
C (data bit = 1) 1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Combined Signal 2 2 -2 0 2 0
Receiver Codeword 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
Multiplication 2 2 2 0 2 0 =8

(e) Transmission from B and C, receiver attempts to recover B’s transmission

Table 9. CDMA Example[From Ref. 15]

In practice, the CDMA receiver can filter out the contribution from unwanted
users, or they appear as low-level noise. However, if there are too many other users
competing for the channel, or if the signal power of one competing signal is too high,
perhaps because the competing user is much closer to the receiver (the “near/far”
problem), the system may break down.

2. Frequency Hopping-Code Division Multiple Access

FH-CDMA is based on a narrowband Frequency Division Multiplexing system in
which an individual user’s transmission is spread out over a number of channels over
time (the channel choice is varied in a pseudorandom method). The transmitter and
receiver system architecture of FH-CDMA is shown in Figure 30.

50
 Data Data
Baseband Up Down Data
Modulator Converter Converter Demodulator

Synchr.
Tracking

Code Frequency Frequency Code

Generator Synthesizer Synthesizer Generator

Figure 30. FH-CDMA Transmitter and Receiver System Architecture. [From Ref. 15]

The data signal is baseband-modulated on a carrier frequency. Several modulation

techniques can be used for this, but it does not really matter which one is used for the
application of frequency hopping. Usually frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation is
used for digital signals and FM modulation for analog signals. Using a fast-frequency
synthesizer controlled by the code signal, the carrier frequency is converted up to the
transmission frequency.

The receiver process is the inverse of a transmitter. Using a locally generated code
sequence, the received signal is converted down to the baseband-modulated carrier. The
data are recovered after (baseband) demodulation. The synchronization/tracking circuit
ensures that the hopping of the locally generated carrier synchronizes to the hopping
pattern of the received carrier so the signal can be correctly despread.

If the number of hops is (much) greater than the data rate, it is called fast-
frequency-hopping (F-FH) CDMA protocol. Figure 31 shows an MFSK fast frequency
hopping example. The MFSK signal is translated to a new frequency every Tc seconds
by modulating the MFSK signal with the FHSS carrier signal. For the data rate, R, the
duration of a bit is T = 1/ R and the duration of the signal element is Ts . In this case, the
carrier frequency changes a number of times during the transmission of a bit, so that one
bit is transmitted in different frequencies and therefore Tc < Ts . If the number of hops is
much smaller than the data rate, it is called slow frequency-hopping (S-FH) CDMA
protocol. In this case, multiple bits are transmitted at the same frequency and, therefore,
Tc ≥ Ts . Figure 32 shows an example of MFSK slow-frequency hopping.

51
Figure 31. An Example of Fast-Frequency Hopping CDMA with MFSK Modulation [From
Ref. 15]

Figure 32. An Example of Slow-Frequency Hopping CDMA with MFSK Modulation [From
Ref. 15]

3. Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access

DS-CDMA spreads the narrowband user signal over the full spectrum by
multiplying it by a very wide bandwidth signal (W). This is done by taking every bit in
the user stream and replacing it with a pseudonoise (PN) code (a longer bit sequence
called the “chip rate”). The codes are orthogonal or near orthogonal. The definitions of
the term orthogonal and near orthogonal will be discussed in the Spreading Sequence
52
subsection. The transmitter and receiver system architecture of DS-CDMA with coherent
BPSK is shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34.

Data Data Wideband

Modulator Code
Modulatio

Carrier Code
Generator Generator

Figure 33. DS-CDMA Transmitter System Architecture [From Ref. 15]

Dode Data Data

Demodulator Demodulator

Synchr. Code Code

Tracking Generator Generator

Figure 34. DS-CDMA Receiver System Architecture [From Ref. 15]

The DS-CDMA signal resulting from the transmitter is shown in Figure 35. In this
figure, ten code signals per information signal are transmitted (the code chip rate is 10
times the information chip rate), so the processing gain is equal to 10. In practice, the
processing gain is much larger (in the order of 102 to 103).

53
 Figure 35. Generation of BPSK Modulated DS-CDMA Signal [From Ref. 15]

After transmission of the signal, the receiver uses coherent demodulation to

despread the spread-spectrum signal using a locally generated code sequence. To achieve
the despreading operation, the receiver must not only know the code sequence used to
spread the signal, but must also synchronize the locally generated code sequence with the
received signal. This synchronization must be accomplished at the beginning of the
reception and maintained until the whole signal is received. The synchronization/tracking
block performs this operation. After despreading, a data-modulated signal results, and
after demodulation the original data are recovered.

4. Time-Hopping Code Division Multiple Access

Time Hopping is like pulse modulation, with the transmitter being keyed by the
code sequence. Only the designated transmitter and receiver know the series of code used
to transmit and receive the data. In the TH-CDMA protocols, the data signal is
transmitted in rapid bursts at time intervals determined by the code assigned to the user.
Since it is vulnerable to interference, time hopping should be combined with direct
sequence or frequency hopping.

The time axis is divided into frames and each frame is divided into M equal-
duration time slots. During each frame, each user will transmit in one of the M time slots
as determined by the code signal assigned to the user. Since a user transmits all of its data
54
in one, instead of M time slots, the frequency the user needs is increased by a factor M. A
block diagram of a TH-CDMA system is given in Figure 36.

Buffer Buffer
Slow In Fast In
Data Data Data Data
Fast Out Modulator Demodulator Slow Out

Code Carrier Carrier Code

Generator Generator Generator Generator

Figure 36. TH-CDMA Block Diagram

Figure 37 shows the time-frequency plot of a TH-CDMA system with 16 time

slots in each frame. During the first frame, the transmitter that is assigned the code
sequence 0101 transmits its data. Likewise, during the second fame, the transmitter that is
assigned 0110 code sequence transmits its data and finally during the third frame the
transmitter that is assigned a 0000 code sequence transmits its data. These code
sequences are orthogonal to each other, as discussed in the Spreading Sequence section of
this chapter.

frequency
M=16

one frame time slot

time
Figure 37. Time-Frequency Plot of a TH-CDMA System

5. The Comparison of the CDMA Techniques

FH-CDMA protocols have a number of specific properties that we can divide into
advantages and disadvantages behavior.

55
The advantages are

• With FH-CDMA, synchronization is much easier than with DS-CDMA.

Synchronization has to be within a fraction of the hop time. Since spectral
spreading is not obtained by using a very high hopping frequency, but by
using a large hop-set, the hop time will be much longer than the chip time of a
DS-CDMA system. Therefore, an FH-CDMA system allows a larger
synchronization error.

• Since we can make the frequency synthesizer easily skip over certain parts of
the spectrum, the different frequency bands that an FH signal can occupy do
not have to be contiguous. Combined with the easier synchronization, this
allows much higher spread-spectrum bandwidths.

• The probability of multiple users transmitting in the same frequency band at

the same time is small because FH-CDMA is an avoidance spread-spectrum
system. The longer the PN sequence the smaller the probability of transmitting
in the same frequency band at the same time. If a user far from the base
station transmits, it is received by the base station even if users close to the
base station are transmitting, since those users are probably transmitting on
other frequencies. Therefore, the near-far performance is much better than that
of DS.

• Because of the larger possible bandwidth that a FH system can employ, it

offers a higher possible reduction of narrowband interference than a DS
system.

The disadvantages are

• It is necessary to have a very sophisticated frequency synthesizer.

• When changing frequency bands lead to an increase in the frequency band

occupied, an abrupt change of the signal occurs. To avoid this, the signal has
to be turned off and on when changing frequency.

• Because of the problems in maintaining phase relationship during hopping,

coherent demodulation is difficult.
56
 The DS-CDMA protocols have a number of specific properties that we can divide
into advantages and disadvantages.

The advantages are

• The generation of the coded signal is easy. It is done by simple multiplication.

• The frequency synthesizer (carrier generator) is simple, since only one carrier
frequency must be generated.

• Coherent demodulation of the spread-spectrum signal is possible.

• No synchronization among the users is necessary.

The disadvantages are

• Synchronization must take place within a fraction of the chip time. It is not
easy to acquire and to maintain the synchronization of the locally generated
code signal and the received signal.

• The locally generated code sequence and the received code sequence must be
synchronized within a fraction of the chip time for correct reception. This
combined with the non-availability of large contiguous frequency bands
practically limits the spread bandwidth to 10 to 20 MHz.

• The power received from users close to the base station is much higher than
that received from users further away. Since a user continuously transmits
over the whole bandwidth, a user close to the base will constantly create a lot
of interference for users far from the base station, making their reception
impossible. This near-far effect is solved by applying a power control
algorithm so that the base station receives all the users with the same average
power. However, this control proves to be quite difficult.

The TH-CDMA protocols have a number of specific properties that we can also
divide into advantages and disadvantages.

The advantages are

• Implementation is simpler than that of FH-CDMA protocols.

57
 • It is a very useful method when the transmitter is average-power limited but
not peak-power limited since the data are transmitted is short bursts at high
power.

• As with the FH-CDMA protocols, the near-far problem is much less of a

problem since TH-CDMA is an avoidance system, so most of the time a
terminal far from the base station transmits alone, and is not hindered by
transmissions from stations close by.

The disadvantages are

• It takes a long time before the code is synchronized, and the time is short in
which the receiver must perform the synchronization.

• As discussed before, after each ping, recovery time is required. If multiple

transmissions occur and there is not enough time for recovery, a lot of data
bits are lost, so a good error-correcting code and data interleaving are
necessary.

B. SPREADING SEQUENCE
There are two spreading sequence categories: PN sequence and orthogonal codes.
PN sequence is widely used in FH-CDMA systems. DS-CDMA systems usually use
orthogonal codes. This section will discuss the orthogonal codes used in this thesis.

For a CDMA application, each user uses one sequence in the set as a spreading
orthogonal code. There are different ways of determining orthogonal codes. The well-
known ones are Walsh Code [15], Variable-Length Orthogonal Codes, and Hadamard
Code.

A pair of codes is said to be orthogonal if the cross correlation is zero.

For two m-bit codes: x1 , x2 , x3 ,.......xm and y1 , y2 , y3 ,....... ym :

58
 m
Rxy (0) = ∑ xi . yi = 0 .
i =1

Equation 13. Cross Correlation of Orthogonal Series

For example: x = 0, 0,1,1 and y = 0,1,1, 0 . The 0’s are -1, and 1 stays as is. Then:

x = −1 − 111

y = −111 − 1

Rxy (0) = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0 .

The product of two m-bit codes may not be zero for every pair of signals even
when the average over many pairs of such signals is zero. Such random signals are said to
be near-orthogonal to emphasize that their products are zero in the mean but not
identically zero for all signal pairs [18].

1. Walsh Codes
Walsh codes are the most common orthogonal codes used in CDMA applications.
They are used for this thesis. In 1923, J.L. Walsh introduced a complete set of orthogonal
codes. To generate a Walsh code the following two steps must be followed:

• Represent a N x N matrix as four quadrants (start off with 2x2)

• Make the first, second and third quadrants identical and invert the fourth

b b 1 1 0 0 Code 0

b b’ 1 0 0 1 Code 1

2 Codes = 1 1 and 1 0 2 Codes = 0 0 and 01

b b b b 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

b b’ b b’ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

b b b’ b’ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

b b’ b’ b 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
59
 The Walsh matrix has the property that every row is orthogonal to every other
row and to the logical NOT of every other row.

Orthogonal spreading codes such as the Walsh sequence can only be used if all of
the users in the same CDMA channel are synchronized to the accuracy of a small fraction
of one chip. Because the cross correlation between different shifts of Walsh sequence is
not zero, if tight synchronization is not provided, PN sequences are needed.

C. AMODEM CDMA MODIFICATION

This section addresses the four different types of CDMA modification that were
made to the AModem application to support this thesis. These modifications are for
implementing DS-CDMA, TH-CDMA, FH-CDMA and Hybrid (DS-TH) CDMA.
Frequency Division Modification is not a CDMA implementation, but this highly
efficient modification can be combined with the four CDMA modifications for better
full-duplex communication.

1. AModem Frequency-Division Modification

The original AModem code is based on frequency hopping signaling. To solve the
multipath fading problem, the AModem transmitter transmits its data using different
frequencies, as mentioned above. The transmitter sends six pings using four different
frequencies:

• The frequency loop hops from “channel 0” to “channel 1” for

synchronization ping (ping 1) and ping 2,

• From “channel 1” to “channel 2” for ping 2 and ping 3,

• From “channel 2” to “channel 3” for ping 3 and ping 4,

• From “channel 3” to “channel 1” for ping 4 and ping 5,

• From “channel 1” to “cannel 2” for ping 5 and ping 6.

The need for frequency division modification is apparent after initial full-duplex
experiments with the modems. According to these experiments, the two clearly

60
 distinguished transmitter channels are “channel 1,” which operates at 36364 Hz and
“channel 3,” which operates at 40816 Hz. The corresponding receive frequencies are
31364±5000 Hz and 35816±5000 Hz. The “channel 0” and “channel 2” signals are not
distinguishable from all the other signal frequencies that the RBS-1 modems.

The Desert Star AModem code sets the channel loop as mentioned earlier. The
modification for frequency division is simply changing the channel assignment line to a
specific distinguishable frequency, other than a frequency loop. Two of the modems are
modified to send and to receive only with the “channel 1” frequency and the other two
are modified to send and to receive only with the “channel 3” frequency. Therefore, the
transmitter sends the whole six pings with the “channel 1” frequency or “channel 3”
frequency. Figure 38 shows the full duplex communication with the frequency division
and proper threshold and speed parameters in a bucket. The only modified source file for
frequency division modification is sl1.c.

Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Other Parameters=default Bucket Other Parameters=default

full of
water
Receiver Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 RBS-1 Modem-3

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 38. Full-Duplex Communication with Frequency Division in a Bucket

61
 The threshold value, which is one of the original AModem code input parameters,
is the most important factor for frequency division. The default value of the threshold is
16. If the threshold value is low (in a bucket with a threshold value of less than 50), then
it is more likely to receive the other channels’ signals or noise. If the threshold value is
too high (in a bucket more than 50) then the receiver is not likely to receive the
designated transmitter signals correctly.

The AModem Frequency Division Modification test procedure and the results will
be discussed in the next chapter.

2. AModem DS-CDMA Modification

DS-CDMA implementation with current RBS-1 modem requires hardware
modification because of the frequency multiplication of modulated signal and signal
generated by the PN bit source. For test purposes, we will discuss the software
modification that potentially could meet DS-CDMA requirements.

With the original AModem code, the only modified file is amodem.c for DS-
CDMA modification. The DS-CDMA modification is based on the method that is
explained in the section, Basic CDMA Principles.

The transmitter transmits 2 characters using 80 bits (64 data bits and 16 checksum
bits) using 6 pings 4 times instead of transmitting 2 characters with 20 bits (16 data bits
and 4 bits checksum) using 6 pings. Each original data bit is expanded according to the
assigned 4-bit chip sequence. The chip number is very short for test purposes.

The two orthogonal chip sequences selected for this modification are “1111” and
“1010” according to the Walsh Code. Two of the modems are modified to use a “1111”
chip sequence for transmitting data bit “1” and “0000” for transmitting data bit “0.” The
other two modems are modified to use a “1010” chip sequence for transmitting data bit
“1” and “0101” for transmitting data bit “0.” Only the designated transmitter and receiver
know the series of chips used to transmit and to receive the data. The disadvantage of this
modification is transmitting speed. It is four times slower than the original code speed

62
 option parameters. Figure 39 shows the full duplex communication design with the DS-
CDMA and proper threshold and speed parameters in a bucket.

Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2 Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Other Parameters=default Bucket Other Parameters=default

full of
Receiver water Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 RBS-1 Modem-3

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2 Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 39. DS-CDMA Modification Design and Parameters in a Bucket

The AModem DS-CDMA Modification test procedure and the results will be
discussed in the next chapter.

a. Frequency Division and DS-CDMA

This is the combination of Frequency Division Modification and DS-
CDMA Modification. Once the better performance with the Frequency Division is
established, the combination with DS-CDMA is worth trying.

63
 The design figure is almost the same as the figure explained above. The
only change is the frequency sequence. Instead of the frequency sequence “0,1,2,3,1,2”,
the two distinguishable channels are used. The “channel 1” is used for all pings with a
“1,0,1,0” chip sequence and “channel 3” is used for all pings with a “1,1,1,1” chip
sequence. Figure 40 shows the Frequency Division DS-CDMA modification and the
parameters used with this design in a bucket. The modified source files for Frequency
Division and DS-CDMA are amodem.c and sl1.c.

Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Bucket
Other Parameters=default full of Other Parameters=default
water
Receiver Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 RBS-1 Modem-3

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 40. Frequency Division DS-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket

The AModem Frequency Division DS-CDMA Modification test procedure and

the results will be discussed in the next chapter.

64
 3. AModem TH-CDMA Modification
One of the parameters of the original Desert Star AModem application is the
transmission speed. The transmission speed parts of the original code are modified for
TH-CDMA purpose.

There are six different speed options defined in the code as mentioned earlier.
Data transmission was more reliable at the lower speeds and the default setting is 1 for
both transmit and receive speeds. Table 10, [19] shows the data exchange speeds that the
modem can use and the ideal environment for these speeds.

Ping Equivalent Work Transmit Effective

Speed Environment
Window Bit Rate Time Data Rate

15 All. Including
0 260 ms 1410 ms 11 baud high-echo pools
bit/sec and tanks
38 Harbors, shallow
1 104 ms 564 ms 29 baud
bits/sec water, etc.

77 Harbors, shallow
2 52 ms 282 ms 57 baud
bit/sec water, etc.

Some open ocean

153 application and
3 26 ms 141 ms 114 baud Dry Tests
bit/sec (transmission
through air)

5 Transmit when
4 760 ms 4410 ms 4 baud communicating
bit/sec with EM-0 unit

13 Transmit when
5 314 ms 1824 ms 9 baud communicating
bit/sec with EM-0 unit

38 Transmit when
6 104 ms 564 ms 29 baud communicating
bit/sec with EM-0 unit

Table 10. Data Exchange Speeds

65
 The TH-CDMA modification is based on speed (time) hops. Normally the time
hops are determined by the chip sequence. For test purposes, random selected time
hopping implementation is tested in the next chapter. Two of the modems use a
“0,1,0,1,1” time-hopping sequence and the other two use a “1,1,1,0,0” time-hopping
sequence. Therefore the first pair of modems uses speed 0’s parameters between the first
ping and the second ping, speed 1’s parameters between the second ping and the third
ping, speed 0’s parameters between the third and the fourth ping, speed 1’s parameters
between the fourth and the fifth ping and speed 1’s parameters between the fifth and the
sixth ping.

Likewise the second pair uses speed 1’s parameters between the first ping and the
second ping, speed 1’s parameters between the second ping and the third ping, speed 1’s
parameters between the third and the fourth ping, speed 0’s parameters between the
fourth and the fifth ping and speed 0’s parameters between the fifth and the sixth ping.

Both the designated transmitter and receiver know the random series of time hops
used to transmit the data. Figure 41 shows the full-duplex communication design with the
TH-CDMA and proper parameters in a bucket. The modified files for TH-CDMA are
sl1.c and sl2.c.

66
 Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2 Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Bucket
Receiver fill of Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 water RBS-1 Modem-3

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2 Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 41. Frequency Division TH-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket

The test environment is highly important for this modification. Although the
speed option 1 is not recommended in a bucket that is a high-echo environment, random
speed hopping is selected from speed 0’s and speed 1’s for test purposes. However, the
higher speed options like “speed 1” does not cause problems in a lake or harbor.
Therefore, the speed sequence can be selected from the speed option 0 or 1 for the test in
a lake without a problem.

a. Frequency Division and TH-CDMA

This is the combination of Frequency Division Modification and TH-
CDMA Modification.

The design figure is almost the same as the TH-CDMA figure explained
above. The only modification is the frequency sequence. Instead of the frequency
67
 sequence “0,1,2,3,1,2”, the two distinguishable channels are used. “Channel 1” is used
for every ping with a “0,1,0,1,1” speed sequence and “channel 3” is used for every ping
with a “1,1,1,0,0” speed sequence. Figure 42 shows the Frequency Division TH-CDMA
modification and the parameters used with this design in a bucket. The modified files for
Frequency Division and TH-CDMA are sl1.c and sl2.c.

Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Bucket
Receiver fill of Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 water RBS-1 Modem-3

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 42. Frequency Division TH-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket

4. AModem FH-CDMA Modification

FH-CDMA implementation with current RBS-1 modem requires hardware
modification because of the frequency multiplication of the modulated signal and the
Frequency Synthesizer signal. For test purposes, we will discuss the software
modification that potentially could meet FH-CDMA requirements.

68
 The original AModem code already has Frequency-Hopping implemented. The
purpose of this implementation is multipath fading, as mentioned earlier. The original
code frequency hopping is also not random.

FH-CDMA is the most likely one of all the CDMA modifications for successful
full-duplex communication because of the four hopping channels. The only
distinguishable channels are “channel 1” and “channel 3,” as mentioned earlier.
Therefore, “channel 2” and “channel 0” hops would not be detected properly by the
different receivers.

Normally, the frequency hops are determined by the chip sequence. For test
purposes, the random selected frequency-hop implementation is tested in the next
chapter. Two of the modems use a “1,2,0,2,2,0” frequency hop sequence and the other
two used a “3,0,2,0,0,2” frequency hop sequence. Only the designated transmitter and
receiver know the random series of frequencies used to transmit the data. Figure 43
shows the full duplex communication design with the FH-CDMA and the proper
threshold and speed parameters in a bucket. The only modified file for FH-CDMA is
sl1.c.

69
 Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=1,2,0,2,2,0 Sequence=3,0,2,0,0,2
Bucket
Other Parameters=default full of Other Parameters=default
water
Receiver Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 RBS-1 Modem-3

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=1,2,0,2,2,0 Sequence=3,0,2,0,0,2

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 43. FH-CDMA Modification Design and Parameters in a Bucket

a. Frequency Division and FH-CDMA

This is the combination of Frequency Division Modification and FH-
CDMA Modification. Once a better performance is secured with the Frequency Division,
the combination with FH-CDMA is worth investigating.

The original AModem code has four different channels implemented and
two of them are distinguishable, as mentioned earlier. Therefore, two of the modems are
modified to use the randomly selected “channel 1”s and “channel 0”s sequence for all
pings and the other two are modified to use the randomly selected “channel 3” and
“channel 2” sequence for all pings. It is crucial to keep in mind that one must start the
random sequences with two distinct frequencies in order to start the data transmission

70
 without doubt of error. Therefore, one sequence should start with “channel 1” and the
other sequence should start with “channel 3.”

The two randomly selected frequency sequences for this modification are
“1,0,1,1,0,0” and “3,2,2,3,3,2”. Two of the modems are modified to uses a “1,0,1,1,0,0”
frequency sequence. The other two modems are modified to use a “3,2,2,3,3,2” frequency
sequence for transmission.

Figure 44 shows the Frequency Division FH-CDMA modification and the

parameters used with this design in a bucket. The only modified file for Frequency
Division FH-CDMA is sl1.c.

Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=1,0,1,1,0,0 Sequence=3,2,2,3,3,2
Bucket
Other Parameters=default full of Other Parameters=default
water
Receiver Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 RBS-1 Modem-3

Transmit Speed=0 Transmit Speed=0

Receive Speed=0 Receive Speed=0

Threshold=90 Threshold=98

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=1,0,1,1,0,0 Sequence=3,2,2,3,3,2

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 44. Frequency Division FH-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket

5. AModem Hybrid (DS-TH)-CDMA Modification

This is the combination of DS-CDMA and TH-CDMA Modifications. Both
Direct Sequence and Time-Hopping modifications applied to this modification.
71
 Two of the modems use a “0,1,0,1,1” time-hopping sequence with the chip
sequence “1,0,1,0” and the other two use a “1,1,1,0,0” time-hopping sequence with the
chip sequence “1,1,1,1”. Therefore the first pair of modems use a “1,0,1,0” chip sequence
and speed 0 parameters between the first ping and the second ping, speed 1 parameters
between the second ping and the third ping, speed 0 parameters between the third and the
fourth ping, speed 1 parameters between the fourth and the fifth ping and speed 1
parameters between the fifth and the sixth ping. Likewise the second pair use a “1,1,1,1”
chip sequence and speed 1 parameters between the first ping and the second ping, speed 1
parameters between the second ping and the third ping, speed 1 parameters between the
third and the fourth ping, speed 0 parameters between the fourth and the fifth ping and
speed 0 parameters between the fifth and the sixth ping. Only the transmitter and the
receiver know the random series of chips and time hops used to transmit their data.
Figure 45 shows the full-duplex communication design with the Hybrid CDMA and
proper parameters in a bucket. The modified files for Hybrid CDMA are amodem.c, sl1.c
and sl2.c.
Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2 Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Other Parameters=default Bucket Other Parameters=default

Receiver fill of Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 water RBS-1 Modem-3

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2 Sequence=0,1,2,3,1,2

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1.1.1.1

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 45. Hybrid-CDMA Modification Design and Parameters in a Bucket

72
 The Hybrid CDMA Modification test procedure and the results will be discussed
in the next chapter.

a. Frequency Division and DS-TH-CDMA

This is the combination of Frequency Division Modification and Hybrid
CDMA Modification. Once getting the better performance with Frequency Division, the
combination with FH-CDMA is worth a try.

The design is almost the same as the Hybrid-CDMA figure explained

above. The only change is the frequency sequence. Instead of the frequency sequence
“0,1,2,3,1,2”, the two distinguishable channels are used. “Channel 1” is used for all pings
with a “0,1,0,1,1” speed sequence and a “1,0,1,0” chip sequence, and likewise the
“channel 3” is used for all pings with a “1,1,1,0,0” speed sequence and a “1,1,1,1” chip
sequence. Figure 46 shows the Frequency Division TH-CDMA modification and the
parameters used with this design in a bucket. The modified files for Frequency Division
and TH-CDMA are amodem.c, sl1.c and sl2.c.

73
 Transmitter Receiver
RBS-1 Modem-1 RBS-1 Modem-2

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Transmit Channel Receive Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Bucket
Other Parameters=default fill of Other Parameters=default
water
Receiver Transmitter
RBS-1 Modem-4 RBS-1 Modem-3

Threshold=default Threshold=default

Receive Channel Transmit Channel

Sequence=1,1,1,1,1,1 Sequence=3,3,3,3,3,3

Speed Sequence=0,1,0,1,1 Speed Sequence=1,1,1,0,0

Chip Sequence=1,0,1,0 Chip Sequence=1,1,1,1

Other Parameters=default Other Parameters=default

Figure 46. Frequency Division Hybrid-CDMA Design and Parameters in a Bucket

D. SUMMARY
This chapter discussed the CDMA techniques and the modification of the
AModem software regarding to these methods. The FH-CDMA technique is the most
likely one to establish a successful full-duplex communication.

The test procedures and the results, and the conclusions of these tests regarding to
AModem CDMA modifications will be discussed in the next chapter.

74
 V. TEST RESULTS

Several different test schemes were instituted while conducting this research. The
tests are conducted in two different environments. The first test environment was a 20 X
14” bucket in the Network Lab (Spanagel Hall Room 238) and the second one was the
Frog Pond in Del Rey Oaks.

During the Frog Pond test, the transducers from modems one and two were placed
in the water on one side of the dock with the units spaced approximately one foot apart.
Following the placement of the transducers one and two, transducers from modems three
and four were placed in the water on the opposing side of the dock. The two sets of
transducers were spaced 15 feet apart and all four transducers were inserted two inches in
the water. Figure 47 illustrates this layout.

DOCK

2 inches
Transducer 4 Transducer 1
WATER
1 foot
Transducer 3 Transducer 2

15 feet
Figure 47. Lake Test Layout

The first part of each test verified that the modems were operational and only the
designated receivers received the data. After verifying that the modems worked properly,
each modem pair was tested individually with all four test sequences. Then a
simultaneous transmission from modem 1 and modem 3 was tested for each of the
CDMA modifications.

The following sections discuss the tests and the results of each, according to the
modifications.

75
 The test sequences used during the lake and bucket experiments are shown in
Table 11.

Test Sequence 1 1234567890

Test Sequence 2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm

Test Sequence 3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM

Test Sequence 4 This is a test sentence.

Test Sequence 5 aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj

Test Sequence 6 zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm

Test Sequence 7 qqqqqqqqqq

Table 11. Test Data Sequences

In the tables below, the “β” character represents blanks and the character “¥”
represents one of the ASCII code. In each of these tests, blanks are not the same thing as
“none!”. The Success Rate is the ratio of the number of the characters received correctly
by the receiver, over the number of characters transmitted from the transmitter or from
both of the transmitters. The first goal is to achieve higher success rate for the designated
receiver and 0% success rate for the other receiver. The second goal is to achieve
simultaneous transmission.

A. AMODEM FREQUENCY-DIVISION MODIFICATION TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

76
 Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaββ ssss ddββ zzzz xxxx cccc 84.62%
ffββ gggg ββhjhj vvvv bbbb nmnmnm
6 5 zzzz ββxx ββββ aaaa ssss dddd 84.62%
vvvv ββbb nmnmnm ffff gggg hjhjhj
1 7 ββ34567890 qqqqqqqqqq 90%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq 1234567890 100%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets none of the data. The
second part of this test means the simultaneous transmission is achieved with frequency
division in the bucket even though there are still a few errors. The first and the second

77
line of the simultaneous transmission table have the same percentage of error.
Additionally, the last line of the simultaneous transmission table gives a perfect full-
duplex transmission example.

2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

78
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaaa ssss dddd zzzz xxxx ccββ 92.31%
ffββ gggg hjhjhj vvvv bbbb nmnmββ
6 5 zzzz xxxx ccccc ββaa ssss dddd 92.31%
vvvv bbbb nmnmnm ffff ggββ hjhjhj
1 7 1234567890 qqqqqqqqqq 100%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq 1234567890 100%

The first part of the test shows that the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error while the other receiver gets none of the data. The
second part of this test means that the simultaneous transmission is achieved with
frequency division in the lake even though there are still a few errors. As the tables show,
the lake test results are a little better than the bucket test according to the total success
rate, since the lake is not a high-echo environment.

B. AMODEM DS-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

79
 TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 None ββββ ¥¥¥¥ ββββ 0%
ββββ ββββ ββββββ
6 5 None ββββ ββββ ββββ 0%
ββββ ββββ ββββββ
1 7 None ββββββββββ 0%
7 1 ¥β¥ββ¥ βββ¥βββ¥β 0%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error while the other receiver gets none of the data. The
second part of this test shows that the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with DS-
CDMA modification in the bucket due to numerous errors. As you can see from the table
above, modem 4 is not getting any of the data − except the last line − while transmitter
modem 3 is transmitting. The reception of the modem 4 shown in the last line is probably
after modem 3 stops its transmission.

80
 2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

81
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 ¥¥ββ β¥ββ ββββ ¥¥¥¥ ββββ ¥¥¥¥ 9.62%
¥¥¥¥ fff¥ ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ ββββ ¥¥¥¥ ββ¥¥nm
6 5 None ββββ ββββ ββββ 0%
ββββ ββββ ββββββ
1 7 None ββββ¥βββββ 0%
7 1 ββ¥ββββββ βββββββββ ββββ 0%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error while the other receiver gets none of the data. The
second part of this test shows the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with DS-
CDMA modification in the lake since there are a lot of errors. As the tables above
illustrate, the lake DS-CDMA test results are better than bucket test results.

C. AMODEM DS-CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION MODIFICATION

TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 12345¥7¥90 80%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

82
 TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaaa ss¥¥ d¥¥d ¥zzz xxxx cccc 71.15%
¥¥¥f g¥gg ¥j¥¥ vvvv bbbb nmnmnm
6 5 z¥ ¥x¥x ¥¥cc aaaa ¥¥¥s d¥¥¥ 50%
¥v¥¥ ¥¥b¥ ¥¥nm¥ ¥¥ff ggg¥ hjhjhj
1 7 1¥3¥567¥9 ¥qq¥¥qq¥qq 60%
7 1 ¥qββ¥q¥qq¥ 123¥56¥890 55%

The first part of the test reveals that the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error while the other receiver gets none of the data. The
second part of this test implies the simultaneous transmission is achieved with frequency
division DS-CDMA in the bucket even with still remaining a few errors. However, in this
case, the channels are physically divided.

83
 2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

84
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaaa ssss dddd zzzz xxxx cccc 100%
ffff gggg hjhjhj vvvv bbbb nmnmnm
6 5 zzzz xxxx cccc ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ 57.69%
vvvv bbbb nmnmnm ffff ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥¥
1 7 1234567890 qqqqqqqqqq 100%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq 1234¥¥¥¥¥¥ 70%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error while the other receiver gets none of the data. The
second part of this test implies that the simultaneous transmission is achieved with
frequency division DS-CDMA in the lake even though there are still a few errors. The
results are better than the bucket test results. However, the channels are physically
divided in this case.

D. AMODEM TH-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 ββββ 0%
3 ββββ 0%
4 ββββββ 0%

85
 Modem 2 is the designated receiver for the modem 3 transmitter. Even though
modem 3 is silent for this part of the test, modem 2 gets blanks during the TH-CDMA
modification test.

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbββ 92.31%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBββ 92.31%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 ββ 0%
Modem 4 is the designated receiver for the modem 1 transmitter. Even though
modem 1 is silent for this part of the test, modem 4 gets blanks during the TH-CDMA
modification test.

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 ββββ ββββ ¥¥ββ ββββ ββββ ccββ 11.54%
ββββ ββββ ββhjhj ββββ ββββ ¥¥ββββ
6 5 ββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ ββdd 11.54%
ββββ ββββ ββnmnm ββββ ββββ ββββββ
1 7 ββββββββ90 ββββ¥¥ββββββ 10%
7 1 ββββββββqq ββββββββββ 10%

The first part of the test implies the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets a few blanks. The second

86
part of this test means the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with TH-CDMA in
the bucket since there are a lot of errors.

2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 ββββββ 0%
2 ββββββ 0%
3 ββββββ 0%
4 ββββββ 0%
Modem 2 is the designated receiver for the modem 3 transmitter. Even though
modem 3 is silent for this part of the test, modem 2 gets blanks during the TH-CDMA
modification test.

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbββ 92.31%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 ββββββββββ 0%
2 ββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 0%
3 ββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 0%
4 ββββββββββββββββββββββββ 0%

87
 Modem 4 is the designated receiver for the modem 1 transmitter. Even though
modem 1 is silent for this part of the test, modem 4 gets blanks during the TH-CDMA
modification test.

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 ββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ 7.69%
ββββ ββββ ββhjhj ββββ ββββ ββββββ
6 5 ββββ ββββ ββββ aaββ ββββ ββββ 11.53%
ββββ ββββ nmnmββ ββββ ββββ ββββββ
1 7 ¥ββ90 ββββββββββ 10%
7 1 ββββββββββ ββ34βββ¥¥ββ 10%

The first part of the test shows that the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error while the other receiver gets some blanks. The second
part of this test means the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with TH-CDMA in
the lake owing to numerous errors. As you can see from the simultaneous transmission
table, simultaneous time hopping in the bucket obtains a lot of blank data. The reason for
this might be because speed option 1 was employed in the high-echo environment even
though it was not advised by Desert Star. Another critical finding is that the number of
blank data is greater than in the bucket test. The Desert Star design has the modems insert
blanks when it can not decipher the received character.

88
E. AMODEM TH-CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION MODIFICATION
TEST

1. Bucket Test

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbββ 92.31%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBββ 92.31%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

89
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaββ ssss ββββ zzzz xxββ ββββ 61.54%
ffββ ββgg hjhjhj vvββ bbbb nmnmββ
6 5 zzββ ββββ ββcc aaaa ssss dddd 69.23%
ββββ ββbb ββnmnm ffff gggg hjhjhj
1 7 ββ34567890 qqqqqqqqqq 90%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq 1234567890 100%

The first part of the test exhibits the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets none. The second part of
this test means the simultaneous transmission is achieved with the frequency division
TH-CDMA in the bucket even though there are still a few errors. However, in this case
the channels are physically divided into two parts. The total success rates are higher than
the frequency division DS-CDMA test in the bucket

2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

90
 TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbββ 92.31%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBββ 92.31%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaββ ssss ββdd ββββ xxxx ccββ 69.23%
ffff gggg hjhjhj vvvv bbbb ββββββ
6 5 zzzz xxxx cccc aaaa ssββ dddd 88.46%
vvvv bbbb ββnmnm ffff gggg hjhjββ
1 7 1234ββ7890 ββββqqqqqq 70%
7 1 qqββqqqqqq 123456ββ90 80%

The first part of the test shows that the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while other receiver gets none of it. The second part
of this test implies that the simultaneous transmission is achieved with the frequency
division TH-CDMA in the lake even though there are a few errors. The frequency
divided TH-CDMA lake test results is better than the bucket test of this implementation.

91
F. AMODEM FH-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 12ββ567890 80%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjkββxcvbnm 92.31%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKββXCVBββ 84.62%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 ββ 0%
2 ββββββββββββββ 0%
3 ββββββββββ 0%
4 ββββββββββββββ 0%
Modem 2 is the designated receiver for the modem 3 transmitter. Even though
modem 3 is silent for this part of the test, modem 2 gets blanks during FH-CDMA
modification test.

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbββ 92.31%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCββNM 92.31%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 ββββββββββ 0%
3 ββββββββ 0%
4 ββββββββββββββ 0%

92
 Modem 4 is the designated receiver for the modem 1 transmitter. Even though
modem 1 is silent for this part of the test, modem 4 gets blanks during FH-CDMA
modification test.

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaββ ssss dddd zzzz xxxx cccc 76.92%
ffff ggββ ββββhj vvvv bbββ ββnmnm
6 5 zzzz xxββ cccc aaaa ssββ ββββ 69.23%
ββββ bbbb nmnmnm ffff ββββ hjhjhj
1 7 1234567890 ββqqqqqqββ 80%
7 1 ββββqqqqqq 1234ββββββ 50%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets a number of blanks. The
second part of this test means that the simultaneous transmission is achieved with FH-
CDMA in the bucket even though there are still a few errors. As seen from the settings
and modification of this implementation, only when the synchronization ping is
physically divided can simultaneous transmission be achieved.

2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence. 100%

93
 Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 ββββ 0%
2 ββββββββββββ 0%
3 ββββββββββββ 0%
4 ββββββββββββ 0%
Modem 2 is the designated receiver for the modem 3 transmitter. Even though
modem 3 is silent for this part of the test, modem 2 gets blanks during FH-CDMA
modification test.

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbββ 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence. 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 ββββ 0%
2 ββββββββββ 0%
3 ββββββββββ 0%
4 βββββββββββββββββββ 0%
Modem 4 is the designated receiver for the modem 1 transmitter. Even though
modem 1 is silent for this part of the test, modem 4 gets blanks during FH-CDMA
modification test.

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaaa ssss dddd zzzz xxxx cccc 100%
ffff gggg hjhjhj vvvv bbbb nmnmnm
6 5 zzzz xxββ ββββ aaaa ssss dddd 84.62%
vvvv bbbb nmnmββ ffff gggg hjhjhj
1 7 1234567890 qqqqqqqqqq 100%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq 1234567890 100%
94
 The first part of the test exhibits the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets some blanks. The second
part of this test shows the simultaneous transmission is achieved with FH-CDMA in the
lake even though there are still a few errors. This test result is the most successful one of
all the tests.

G. AMODEM FH-CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION MODIFICATION

TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

95
 TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 ββββ ββss dddd zzzz xxxx cccc 73.08%
ffff gggg hjββββ vvvv ββbb ββnmnm
6 5 zzzz xxxx cccc aaaa ββββ dddd 92.31%
vvvv bbbb nmnmnm ffff gggg hjhjhj
1 7 1234567890 qqββqqqqββ 80%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq 1234567890 100%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets nothing. The second part
of the test means the simultaneous transmission is achieved with the frequency division
FH-CDMA in the bucket even with a few errors. However, the channel is physically
divided in this case.

96
 2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

97
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 aaaa ssss dddd zzzz ββxx ββcc 73.08%
ffff ββββ hjhjhj vvvv bbbb ββββββ
6 5 ββββ xxxx cccc aaaa ssss ddββ 76.92%
vvvv bbbb nmnmnm ββββ gggg hjhjββ
1 7 1234ββββ90 qqββqqqqqq 70%
7 1 qqqqqqqqqq ββ34567890 90%

The first part of the test implies the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets nothing. The second part
of this test exhibits that simultaneous transmission is achieved with the frequency
division FH-CDMA in the lake even though there are still a few errors. However, the
channel is physically divided in this case. The simultaneous test results are worse than the
bucket tests of this implementation.

H. AMODEM HYBRID (DS-TH)-CDMA MODIFICATION TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

98
 TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 ββββ ββββ ββββ ββββ ¥β¥β ββββ 0%
ββββ ββββ ββ¥¥¥¥ ββββ ββββ ¥¥ββββ
6 5 ββββ ββββ ββββ Βββ¥ ββ¥β ¥βββ 0%
ββββ ββββ ββ¥¥¥¥ ββββ ββββ ββ¥¥¥¥
1 7 ¥βββ¥ββββ¥ ββββ¥βββ 0%
7 1 ββββββββ¥q ¥βββ¥ββ¥¥ 0%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets nothing. The second part
of this test implies that the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with HYBRID-
CDMA in the bucket, since there are numerous errors. The simultaneous test results are
worse than the TH-CDMA and DS-CDMA since this implementation is a combination of
both.

99
 2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 96.15%
2 qwertyui¥pasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 ββββββββββ 0%
2 ββββββββββ¥β¥βββββββββββββ 0%
3 ββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 0%
4 ¥ββββββββββββ¥ββ¥β¥βββ¥ββ 0%
Modem 2 is the designated receiver for the modem 3 transmitter. Even though
modem 3 is silent for this part of the test, modem 2 gets blanks during FH-CDMA
modification test.

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

100
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 hj βββ¥ β¥¥β β¥ββ 3.85%
βββ¥ ββββ βββ¥ββ
6 5 βββββββββββ ββββ β¥β¥ ββββ 7.69%
βββ¥nmnm ββββ β¥ββ ββββββ
1 7 β¥βββββ¥9 ¥ββ¥β¥βββ 0%
7 1 ββββββq ¥βββ¥ββ¥¥ 5%

The first part of the test shows the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while other receiver gets nothing. The second part of
this test implies that the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with the HYBRID-
CDMA in the lake since there are many errors. However, the results are better than the
bucket test results of this implementation.

I. AMODEM HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA WITH FREQUENCY DIVISION

MODIFICATION TEST

1. Bucket Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

101
 TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST

Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 β¥aa ¥sss dddd zzzz ¥xxx ¥¥cc 73.08%
fff¥ ¥gg¥ hjhjhj vv¥βv bbbb nm¥¥¥¥
6 5 zzzz x¥¥x ¥¥cc ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ ffff 36.53%
ββv¥ ¥¥b¥ ¥mnmnm ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥ ββ¥¥¥¥
1 7 ¥234567¥90 ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ 40%
7 1 ¥¥¥¥¥¥q¥qq ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ 15%

The first part of the test implies the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets nothing. The second part
of this test exhibits that the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with the frequency
division HYBRID-CDMA in the bucket owing to numerous errors. Even though the
channels are physically divided, the results were not successful, unlike the other
frequency division CDMA tests

102
 2. Lake Test
TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 1

(MODEM 3 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate
1 1234567890 96.15%
2 qwertyui¥pasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

TRANSMIT FROM MODEM 3

(MODEM 1 IS SILENT)
Test Sequence Received by Modem 2 Success Rate
1 1234567890 100%
2 qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm 100%
3 QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM 100%
4 This is a test sentence 100%

Test Sequence Received by Modem 4 Success Rate

1 None 0%
2 None 0%
3 None 0%
4 None 0%

103
 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION TEST
Transmit Transmit Total
Received by Modem 4 Received by Modem 2
ted from ted from Success
Modem 1 Modem 3 Rate
5 6 a¥aa sss¥ ¥ddd zz¥z xxxx cccc 61.54%
ffff gg¥¥g ¥jhjhj ¥¥¥f ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥¥
6 5 zzz¥ ¥xxx cccc vvv¥ aaaa ssss dd¥d 69.23%
bb¥b nmnmnm ff¥f ¥¥¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥¥
1 7 ¥2¥45¥7890 ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ 35%
7 1 qq¥qq¥¥qqq ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ 35%

The first part of the test exhibits the designated receiver gets its designated
transmitter’s data without an error, while the other receiver gets nothing. The second part
of this test implies the simultaneous transmission is not achieved with the frequency
division HYBRID-CDMA in the lake because there are a lot of errors. However, the
results were better than the bucket test results.

104
 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The primary thrust of this thesis was to develop a CDMA system for full-duplex
underwater acoustic communication using four commercial Desert Star RBS-1 modems.
Several conclusions and recommendations can be drawn from this thesis.

A. CONCLUSION
After several tests in the bucket and the lake with the four Desert Star RBS-1
acoustic modems, the results indicate that bandwidth-efficient full-duplex communication
is feasible in underwater acoustic networks using CDMA techniques. In particular, the
FH-CDMA method performs extremely well.

The major problem using the Desert Star modems to achieve full-duplex
communication using CDMA was the lack of data source identification. As discussed in
Chapter III, a synchronization ping is used to indicate the beginning of a 2-byte message
block. In the original RBS-1 modem software implementation, a fixed frequency channel
(channel 0) is used to transmit the synchronization pings. As a result, a receiving modem
would not be able to distinguish synchronization pings from different transmitter
modems. This thesis resolves the problem by revising the modem software so that
different ping channels can be assigned to different modems. For example, in the FH-
CDMA tests, the two transmitter modems use different frequency channels, Channel 1
and Channel 3, respectively, for synchronization pings, while using the same set of
frequency channels (Channel 0 and Channel 2) for data pings.

This thesis also shows it is possible to achieve full-duplex underwater acoustic

communication using FDMA techniques. However, FDMA techniques are not as
bandwidth-efficient as CDMA techniques. The total underwater acoustic bandwidth is
typically limited to several kHz, which imposes a very low data transfer rate unlike the
wireless air communications. Therefore, the protocol must use the available transmission
bandwidth as efficiently as possible. Since acoustic signals only travel at the speed of
sound in water (approximately 1500 meter per second), a message may take several
seconds to travel between two nodes. Thus, an error correction protocol or

105
acknowledgement messages on top of FDMA would make the communication very slow.
FDMA systems also do not handle frequency select fading well.

B. RECOMMENDATION
There are two major areas for future work. First, additional tests should actually
be conducted in an ocean or sea. The noise, temperature, salinity and depth/pressure
relationship in the ocean are different from the bucket or lake. The shallow water acoustic
environment is challenging and more variable than might be predicted intuitively. As
mentioned earlier in Chapter II, the noise from the sea surface is the primary challenge
for RBS-1 modems. The new tests should include changing the receiver gain and the
threshold settings to best match the ocean condition.

Second, the Desert Star RBS-1 modems have a very limited hardware capability.
For example, they primarily use the time-domain to encode data, as discussed in Chapter
III. However, FH-CDMA and DS-CDMA concern frequency-domain techniques to a
greater degree. It would be worthwhile investigating how to enhance the performance of
these techniques using more advanced acoustic modem platforms. The goal would be to
build a more realistic UAN test-bed with 10 to 15 nodes.

106
 APPENDIX A: CAPTURED TEXT FILE OF THE BUCKET TEST
RESULTS FROM THE HYPER-TERMINAL APPLICATION

FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS

RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--

Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water

--End of Line--

Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water

--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--

Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water

1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--

Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water

QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--

Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water

This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--

107
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿxÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿxxxxÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿ-ÿxÿÿÿxÿ--End of Line--

108
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS (SPEED OPTION:2)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1??4567??ð--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ñÿõòôÿõooposdÿÿÿÿoo cöboo--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWõRTQUOOô 4Dôôôôôõõô?$ô--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
_oÿóðaÿ ñ teót óeoôeoce/--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ<ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
xxÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿ<ÿÿÿ/ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

109
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaaÿ ósdÿdôoöffgggohjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ñqqñ qqñqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
123ô56?890--End of Line--

110
TIME HOPPING CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ùÿÿccÿÿÿÿÿÿ ðÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿddÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ†³ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

111
TIME HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxÿÿÿÿÿÿvvÿÿbbbbnmnmÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--

112
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ78ÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿdfÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿGHJKLZÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿa teÿÿ sÿÿÿÿncÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿxxxxccccvvvvÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaaÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ!!ÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
12ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

113
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS (TRESHOLD:98)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcÿÿnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCÿÿNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbÿÿÿÿnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassÿÿÿÿÿÿffffÿÿÿÿhjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿqqqqqqÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

114
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvÿÿbbÿÿnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaaÿÿÿÿddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
qqÿÿqqqqÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--

115
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ z ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿòþÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿoÿÿ(ÿOÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿoòoú--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ÷ÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
óÿÿÿ?ÿÿóò --End of Line--

116
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzz xxxóoccvvövbbbbnmöÖæ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
Ö 7776FFFFffffvvv ö¦ ö†--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
§ --End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
#3CScó “--End of Line--

117
FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaÿÿssssddÿÿffÿÿggggÿÿhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzÿÿxxÿÿÿÿvvvvÿÿbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿ34567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

118
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--

119
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS (SPEED OPTION:2)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--

120
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
12345 7 90--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaaass d d fgggj --End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zxxccv b nm --End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1 3 567 9--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
q qqq--End of Line--

121
TIME HOPPING CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ Qÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ90--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿqq--End of Line--

122
TIME HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaÿÿssssÿÿÿÿffÿÿggÿÿhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzÿÿÿÿÿÿccÿÿÿÿbbÿÿnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿ34567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

123
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
123456ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwerÿÿÿÿopasÿÿÿÿjklzxcÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWÿÿÿÿUIOPASÿÿÿÿJKÿÿÿÿÿÿNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿis iÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿxxxxÿÿÿÿvvÿÿÿÿÿÿn}ÿÿn}--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaaÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿhjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
12ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

124
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS (TRESHOLD:90)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
12ÿÿ567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjkÿÿxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKÿÿXCVBÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaÿÿssssddddffffggÿÿÿÿÿÿhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzxxÿÿccccÿÿÿÿbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿqqqqqq--End of Line--

125
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿssddddffffgggghjÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

126
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
¦†¦†--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
æÖæ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
“--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
q--End of Line--

127
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION BUCKET TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aa sssddddfff gghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzx x ccvb mnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
234567 90--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqq--End of Line--

128
 APPENDIX B: CAPTURED TEXT FILE OF THE LAKE TEST
RESULTS FROM THE HYPER-TERMINAL APPLICATION

FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS

RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--

Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water

--End of Line--

Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water

--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--

Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water

1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--

Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water

QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--

Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water

This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxxxccÿÿvvvvbbbbnmnmÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿaassssddddffffggÿÿhjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--

129
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ nm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ-ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

130
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS (SPEED OPTION:2)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ --End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿ - - ÿÿ ÿÿ --ÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿ-ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ-ÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ó#3CScsóó --End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
vW'G÷Vö÷ 6Ffvööö÷÷ö7f&öõ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
tU%EõTôõ 4Ddtôôôõõô5d$ôõ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
Fö÷2 ÷2 FW7B 6V÷FVö6Rÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿöÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿxÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ/ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

131
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbòbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
oañ÷?776FFFFffffvvvv†¦†¦†--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
§qqqqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234CScsƒ“--End of Line--

132
TIME HOPPING CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿERTYUIOPASÿÿGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ °--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿ34ÿÿ x ñÿÿ--End of Line--

133
TIME HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿERTYUIOPASÿÿGHJKLZXCVBÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿxxxxccÿÿvvvvbbbbÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassÿÿddddffffgggghjhjÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿÿÿqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
123456ÿÿ90--End of Line--

134
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
12ÿÿ56ÿÿ90--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿtyuiopasdfghjkÿÿxcvbÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWÿÿTYÿÿOPÿÿDFGHJKÿÿÿÿVBÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿtestÿÿentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaÿÿÿÿÿÿddÿÿÿÿffggÿÿhjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿaaÿÿÿÿddddffffÿÿÿÿhjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
12ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿqqÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

135
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS (TRESHOLD:98)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--

136
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿ1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzzzÿÿxxÿÿccvvvvbbbbÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassssddÿÿÿÿÿÿgggghjhjÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
qqÿÿqqqqqq--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿ34567890--End of Line--

137
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿoÿÿoÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
?ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿöÿÿöÿ~ÿÿÿoÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿðÿø?ÿÿoÿÿÿÿÿ&ÿÿÿÿÿÿöÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿoÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿoÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿ¯ÿoÿÿÿ~--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿxÿÿÿÿÿ?ÿÿÿ--End of Line—

138
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 2 (RECEIVER 2)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
zzúzxxxxcccc f&&ö&æöæÖï--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
aaaassssddôdfföfövvö†¦†¦†§--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
/3C_csƒ“--End of Line--

139
FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

140
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
fff ¦†¦ --End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--

141
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS (SPEED OPTION:2)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--

142
DIRECT SEQUENCE CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

143
TIME HOPPING CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿnmnmÿÿ --End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
ÿÿ90--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

144
TIME HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaÿÿssssÿÿddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbÿÿnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234ÿÿ7890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqÿÿqqqqqq--End of Line--

145
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
123456ÿÿ90--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
qwerÿÿÿÿopasdfghjkÿÿxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿERÿÿÿÿOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
Thÿÿ is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaaaÿÿÿÿddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿaaÿÿÿÿÿÿddffÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
12ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿqqÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--

146
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS (TRESHOLD:90)
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
ÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzzxxÿÿÿÿÿÿvvvvbbbbnmnmÿÿ--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

147
FREQUENCY HOPPING CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
aaaassssddddffffÿÿÿÿhjhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
ÿÿÿÿxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
1234ÿÿÿÿ90--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qqqqqqqqqq--End of Line--

148
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyui pasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
jh--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
mnmn--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
9--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
q--End of Line--

149
HYBRID (DS-TH) CDMA AND FREQUENCY DIVISION LAKE TEST RESULTS
RECEIVED BY RBS-1 MODEM 4 (RECEIVER 4)
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 1 : 1234567890
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 2 : qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 3 : QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 4 : This is a test sentence.
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 5 : aaaassssddddffffgggghjhjhj
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 6 : zzzzxxxxccccvvvvbbbbnmnmnm
TEST DATA SEQUENCE 7 : qqqqqqqqqq
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 through the water
1234567890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 2 through the water
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 3 through the water
QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 4 through the water
This is a test sentence.--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 1 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 2 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 3 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 3 sends test sequence 4 through the water
--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 5 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 6 through the water
a aasss dddffffg g jhjhj--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 6 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 5 through the water
zzzxxxccccvvvbb bnmnmnm--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 1 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 7 through the water
2 45 7890--End of Line--
Transmitter 1 sends test sequence 7 and transmitter 3 sends test
sequence 1 through the water
qq qqqqq--End of Line--

150
 LIST OF REFERENCES

[1] A.S. Tanenbaum Computer Networks, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, 2003.

[2] R.J. Urick, Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd ed. New: McGraw-Hill, 1975.

[3] G. G. Xie, and J. H. Gibson “A Network Layer Protocol for UAN’s to Address
Propagation Delay Induced Performance Limitations” Department of Computer Science
Naval Postgraduate School, CA 93943.

[4] W. R. Tate “Full Duplex Underwater Networking”, Naval Postgraduate School, CA

93943, 2003.

[5] S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.

[6] P.A. Baxley, H. Bucker, V. K. McDonald and J.A. Rice, “Shallow-Water Acoustic
Communications Channel Modeling using Three-Dimensional Gaussian Beams” Space
and Naval Warfare Systems Center San Diego Biennial Review 2001, pp251-256, 2001.

[7] L. Brekhovskikh and Y. Lysanov, Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics. Berlin:

Springer-Verlag, 1982.

[8] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.

[9] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002.

[10] J. A. Catipovic, “Performance Limitations in Underwater Acoustic Telemetry,”

IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 15, pp. 205-216, 1990.

[11] D. B. Kilfoyle and A. B. Baggeroer, “The State of the Art in Underwater Acoustic
Telemetry,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 25, pp. 4-27, 2000.

[12] M. Stojanovic, J. G. Proakis, J. A. Rice, and M. D. Green, “Spread Spectrum for

Underwater Acoustic Telemetry,” presented at IEEE OCEANS’98 Conference, Nice,
France, September 1998.

[13] F.B. Jensen W.A. Kuperman, M.B. Porter, and H.Schmidt, Computational Ocean
Acoustics,. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2000.

[14] R. Coates, Underwater Acoustic Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1989.

[15] W. Stallings, Wireless Communication and Networks, Prentice Hall, 2002.

151
[16] M. Stojanovic,and L. Freitag “Acqisition of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Acoustic Communication Signals” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
MA 02139

[17] Desert Star Systems “RBS-1 and RBS-2 Technical Reference Manual”, CA 93933
Rev 3, March 2001

[18] Online CDMA Help [http://www.cdmaonline.com], February 2004.

[19] Desert Star Systems “AModem Technical Reference Manual”, 2nd ed., CA 93933,
March 2001

152
 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

1. Defense Technical Information Center

Ft. Belvoir, Virginia

2. Dudley Knox Library

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California

3. Professor Geoffrey Xie

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA

4. Professor John Gibson

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA

5. Desert Star Systems

761 Neeson Road, Suit # 9
Marina, CA

6. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanligi

Personel Daire Baskanligi
06410 Bakanliklar
Ankara, TURKEY

7. Bogazici Universitesi
Muhendislik Fakultesi, Bilgisayar Muhendisligi
34342 Bebek
Istanbul, TURKEY

8. Ortadogu Teknik Universitesi

Muhendislik Fakultesi, Bilgisayar Muhendisligi
06531
Ankara, TURKEY

9. Kurtulus BEKTAS
Camlica Mah. 2.Cad No:11/12 Yenimahalle
Ankara, TURKEY

153