MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018/1567)

Program Name and Code : _____________________________

Course Name and Code : English (22101)
Academic Year : 2017-18
Semester : One

A MICRO PROJECT
on

Submitted in October 2017 by the group of ____ students

Sr. Roll Enrollment
Name of student Seat No.
No. No. No.

Project Guide
Shri. S. N. DHAMALE
1
 (Lecturer in English)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Master /Ms.………………………………………………………….

Roll No. ……... of ……. Semester of Diploma in ……………………………………........

of Institute, Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon (Code:0018) has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in the Subject - English (22101) for the Academic Year 2017- 2018
as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ……………………. Enrollment No: …………………………………….

Date: …………………….. Exam. Seat No: …………………………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institutio
2
n
 GOVTERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-

I (Full Name) …………………………………………………………………… Roll

No./Seat No. …………………… as a student of …………. Sem/Year of the Programme
…………………………………………….. humbly submit that I have completed from
time to time the Practical/Micro-Project work as described in this report by my own skills
and study between the period from ……………………… to …………………….. as per
instructions/guidance of Prof. (Name of the Lecturer) Shri. S. N. Dhamale
And that following students were associated with me for this work, however,
quantum of my contribution has been approved by the Lecturer.
And that I have not copied the report on its any appreciable part from any other
literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date: ……/10/2017 Signature of Student

3
 Week 1 :- 12/06/2023 To 17/06/2023
Day 1 (12/06/2023)
On this day, we studied about general information of the building i.e. the
type of building owner and contractors etc.
We also studied the material used on the site
The mostly construction material are divided into two types 1. Natural 2. Artificial
1) Natural material :-
a) Sand
b) Soil
2) Artificial material :-
a) Cement
b) Ms. bars
c) Aggregate
d) Tiles
e) Ascolite Bond
f) Bric
g) AAC Block
After see the construction material we studies about the detailed study of cement
bag
1. Cement :-
It is defined as finely ground mixture of calcium aluminate and
silicates of varrying composition which hydrates when mixed withwater to form
rigid continuous structure with a good compressive strength.
It is designates a fine grey powder that it is used for construction process.
One this site chettinad maxcrete Portland pozzolona cement of 53 grade is
used. Total 250 bags of cement are used for structure from foundation to parapet of
the structure

4
 This cement is made with fluoroaluminate which is the same chemical used in
sunscreens.It is acid proof, corrosion-ressistan & easy to use just make sure to
follow the manufactures instructions . when pouring it into place. We will be able to
see it hardening just after 1hrs. after casting.
 Grade of cement –
33
43
53
 Classification of cement :-
1. Natural
2. Pozzolonic
3. High alunmina
4. Portland etc

 Sand :-
This site construction work is carried out the girna sand. The sand
is weight in brass sand is use to preparation of concrete and mortar.
Sand is naturally occurring granuales material composed of finely divided
rock & mineral partical the composition of sand is varring depending on the local
rock surfaces & conditions but the most is silica nusually in the form of quarts.
 Uses :-
1. It is used to make mortar
2. It is mixed wdith cement & water to make concrete.

 Aggregate :-
The aggregate used on site is well graded the angular aggregate
. this aggregates size ranges between 8 to 15 mm.

5
  Brick :-
Brick are the oldest building construction material which is
rectangular in shape and reddish brown in colour as per observation brick
are used for constructing walls, pavements and other element in masonory
construction.
Standard size of brick are
190×90×90 mm
 The different type o0f brick are :-
1. Common burnt clay brick
2. Sand lime brick
3. Engineering brick
4. Concrete brick
5. Fly ash brick.
 Ms bars :-
Ms bars are known as mild steel bars. Ms bar use in
reinforcement of columns and beams of building. The bars are round in
shape and their diameters are measured in mm. Bars are use in normal
building work.
This site use following size of bars
6mm,8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm,25mm.
 Tiles :-
Tiles are widely used for flooring in kitchen bathrooms,parking lots,
, roof top of also used as table to ps for dining rooms. Tiles are made from
material like ceramic, porcelain glass, store or metal use can use tiles for
any decorating style as they are available in a number of sexes, shaper,
colours & texture.
 Types of flooring tiles :-
1. Vitrified
2. Ceramic
3. Glazed
4. Mosaic
5. Antiskid
On this site use livenza company glazed vitrified tiles. This tiles dimension is
600×1200mm.
 Vitrified tiles :-
6
 Vitrification is done to make these tiles. They contain clay
of silica material and are harder than ceramic tiles. They have low water
absorption rate & can remain intact to wear & tear. We can find various
type in this like galzed vitrified, porcelain vitrified tiles & double charge
vitrified tiles. This tiles available are mainly available in sizes 600× 600
mm, 600×1200, 300×300mm. etc.
 AAC Block :-
A.A.C block means “Autoclaved aerated concrete block” are
considerd superior to other conventional material like burnt clay brick that
causes environmental hazardas. The benefits of AAC block as an
affordable and sustainable alternative to traditional building material are
being widely recognized in INDIA.
 What are the AAC Block :-
AAC block are a precast foam concrete
sustainable construction material made from aggregate of quartz and sand
calcined gypsum lime, portlandd cement, water and aluminum powder.
 A.A.C. Block Advantages :-
1. Better workability & faster construction.
2. Earthquakes resistant
3. thermal insulation
4. Fire resistant
5. Sustainable & affordable.
6. High comparesive strength.
7. Sound Proof.
 A.A.C. Installation :-
A.A.C. installation of A.A.C. block is similar to that of
the conventional concrete masonry the placement of A.A.C. panels require
the support of crane. Base on the types of finish the panels can be directly
adhered or attached mechannicaly to the surface of A.A.C.

 Gypsum Plaster :-
7
 This site is used the Ganpati gypsum plaster as ISO 9001 :2008
certified.
Plaster is a type of building material used in construction and renovation
project It typically consist of a mixture of gypsum, lime or cement
combined with water to form a paste. This paste is applied to walls , ceiling
etc.
 How to apply plaster in walls :-
The apply of plaster in a wall in a following steps:-
1. Prepare the wall :- ensure the wall surface is clean free from dust dirt
and loose debris. Remo0ve any wallpaper or flaking plain . Repair any
crack or holes in the wall with filler or joint compound if the wall is
newly constructed make sure its dry and cured.
2. Protect the surrounding area :- Cover the hoor and furniture with drop
plastic sheet to protect theme for plaster splatter.
3. Mix the plaster
4. Apply a bonding agent
5. Apply the first coat
6. Level and smooth the p0laster
7. Allow the first coal to partially dry
8. Apply subsequent
9. Finish and texture
10. Final drying and sanding
11.Prime and paint.

DAY 2 13/06/2023
8
 On the 1st site of Rhythem hospital building in sindhi colony we saw the
safety tank formwork their component part their placement the safetic tank
formwork joint steel plate of the support of steel jack & shikanja. After we meet
contractor.
1. Waterproofing contractor:-
Name :- Raju Patel
Waterproofing Rate :- 28 Rs per feet
Bath/ W.C. :- majuri 28 Rs per sq. ft.
C Min Rs 2500 & Max Rs 3000
Water Tank Cost :- 2 rs per Litre
Labour Cost :- 500 – 750 Rs per day
Cleaning charges :- 500 rs person per day
Water proofing for basement and lower ground
Floor level 30 sq. feet .
Water proofing terrace :- 28 sq. feet.
(Depend upon height)
2. Electrical and plumbing contractor :-
Name :- Milind Khare
Cost per unit :- Rs 170
Worker cost :- rs 300 per day
Skilled worker :- rs 550 per day
Wire brands :- polycab or finolex ( as per budget)
Spotlight cost :- rs 70 per light
Fastners and fan fitting :- rs 180
3. Plumber contractor :-
Name :- Sadik sheikh
Total Cost :- Rs 3,20,000
Toilet cost for hospital :- rs 8000 per Toilet
Toilet cost for residengtial:- rs 15000 per Toilet
Skilled labour cost :- 500 -700 rs
Unskilled labour cost :- 300-500 rs
Pipe company :- True flow
Wc using wall mount :- rs 7000 for hospital rs 12000 for residential
9
 Notes:-
1.Water harvesting compulsary for construction
2. Control valve is compulsory for toilet Drainage line at 10- 15 feet for
maintance
3. Drainage line must go through trap

4. Tiles contractor :-
Name :- Ramji lal saini
Marble Granite fitting:- ₹80 / feet
Tiles :- ₹25/feet( max 4×2 feet) 1brass = 100 feet
Tiles size increase with increase in tiles size
Tiles Adhesive :- terafix chemical

5. Labour contractor :-
Name:- Mojuddin shaikh mohammad
Cost :- ₹2700000
Labour Cost :- ₹700
Unskilled labour :- ₹ 450

6. Rcc and centering contractor :-

Name :- Nafiz patel
Cost :- ₹4500000
Skilled Labour :- 800
Unskilled :- 600
Labour :- 500
Total Labours :- 28/day
Notes:-
1. Cm ratio according to m20 grade concrete :- 50 kg cement 75 kg sand and
agg 100 kg and water 20 litre with chemical admixtures and petrolium jelly
2. On this site m25 grade concrete is used
3. Curing period 8 days
After the information about all workers we meet the site supervisor Altaf Patel
sir they say to information about this building footing and type of footing

10
 There are the following type of footing :-
1. Combine footing
2. Box footing
3. Strip footing
4. Eccentric footing
5. Individual footing
On this site use the combined footing.
 Combined footing :-
A combined footing supports two columns. It is used
when the two columns are so close to each other that their individual
footing would overlap. A combined footing is also provided when the
property line is so close to one column that a spaced footing would be
eccentrically loaded when kept entinely with the property line. By
combining it with that of an interior column the load is evenly distributed.
A combined footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal plan.

Day 3 :- 14/06/2023

11
 On this day we studied about working of core cutting machine,Chicken
mesh,building material lifting crane.

 Core cutting :-
Core cutting is a technique used for creating opening of
pipes, wires, ventilation or air conditioning vents to fit through and to
avoid going through reinforcement core cutting must be carefully planned.
In areas with reductant and non-crinical stress on concrete and steel
cores should preferably be taken and to avoid stressed areas core cutting
should be properly planned.
 Working of core cutting :-
When there is a need to do a core cut then first
locate the rebar using a metal detector and make the position of the rebar
on the concrete surface and ensure the main reinforcement bars are not cut
to do a core at by adjusting the location.
 Core cutting machine :-
There are the following parts of core cutting
machine.
1. Jacksaw
2. Column
3. Water valve
4. Electrical motar
5. Gear box
6. Spindle
7. Stand.
 Application of core cutter :-
1. Core cutting is done to make provisional holes for the purpose of electrical
wiring,plumbing , fire fighting system, rainwater outlets, heating air
conditioning and ventilation installation.
2. on the brick wall , rcc walls, black stones slabs beams columns water tank
etc core cutting can be done.
3. Through RCC diamond core cutting application like industrial floor
cutting concrete testing and readymade houses are also make possible.

12
 Advantage of core cutter :-
1. To drill holes in concrete core cutting is a fast accurate and clean
way.
2. It require much facer labour hours which in turn leads to
significantly lower operating costs and it is much faster and more
efficient.
3. It eliminates dust and reduce the amount of waste.
 Disadvantage of core cutter :-
1. By taking core to leave weak points within the element and by
standard or heigh strength patch repair materials the location of core
is normally repaired.
2. If the coring damages the existingh rebar it can damage the structural
performance of the element.
3. Core drilling machinery will have a very strong kick bag and you
have to be ready and strong for this.
4. If you need large drills bits the machinery can be very expensive.
 Chicken mesh :-
Chicken mesh is a net like materials formed by twisting
two adjacent wires at least four times , forming a strong and durable
honeycomb like mesh structure. A chicken mesh posses some special
properties due to which it is used extensively in plaster works.
Chicken mesh enhance the strength and durability of the plaster
coat applied. It is also used to prevent the formation of cracks in the wall.
Cracks are formed due to several reasons such as effect of
seasonal changes shrinkage cracks poor construction practices etc. chicken
mesh is provided to stop development of crack plaster due to such reasons.
 Purpose of providing of chicken mesh in plastering:-
Chicken mesh provided where two different material meet for
example bricks and concrete or blocks or concrete.
Different material posses different desities and due to that the
behaviour of concrete and blocks or bricks is different from each other
during thermal change leading to the formation of cracks at the junction.

13
 So to minimize or eliminate the formation of cracks at the junction the
chicken wire mesh is provided . after the chicken mesh is applied a plaster
coat is applied to the structure.
 Different type of chicken mesh for plaster
1. Wire mesh
2. Fiberglass mesh
3. Plastic mesh
On this site used fiberglass mesh for avoid the cracks.
 Fiberglass mesh :-
Fiberglass mesh is a type of chicken mesh that has got
some special charcteristics like it does not burn and it also posses high
strength.
It cheap and lightweight material due to the special properties of
fiberglass mesh it has a wide variety of applications such as being used in the
formation of plaster fades and used on internal walls and ceiling surfaces as well.
Fiberglass mesh is resistant to alkalies hence it does not decompose and
will not rust over time. It is highly resistant to stretching and terracing and also
protects the surface from crack formation. The application of fiberglass mesh is
relatively easy.
 Building material lifting crane :-
 Crane :-
A crane is a type of machine used for lifting and moving heavy object it is
equuiped with a hoist rope wire ropes or chains along the sheaves and a
boom or arm. Cranes are commonly used in construction sites, shipping
ports ,manufacturing facilities and other industries where heavy lifting is
required.

14
 Components of crane :-
1. Boom
2. Hoist
3. Jib
4. Counterweight
5. Slewing mechanism
6. Stabilizers
7. Operators cabin
8. Controls and instrumenrtation
9. Power source.

 Type of crane :-
1. Mobile crane
2. Tower crane
3. Overhead crane
4. Crawler crane
5. Rough terrain crane
6. Jib terrain
 Advantage of crane :-
1. Heavy lifting capacity
2. Increased efficiency
3. Enhanced safety
4. Versability
5. Time and cost saving.

15
Day 4 :- 15/06/2023
On this day we studied about type of bond of brick tiles adhesive and tile
cutting
 Brick work using English bond :-
1
1. Prepare the work area :-
Insure that the surface where you will be laying on
the brick is clean level and free of any debris or dust.
2. Gather material :-
Collect the necessary material including bricks, mortor ,
trowel, spirit level , mason line of hammer and brickjointer. Take 50kg
ghamelas of sand and add 2 bags of 50kg each cement mix it well and add
water to make homogenous paste for plastering.
3. Establish the refrence line:-
Use a masons line blocks to establish a level
refrence line at the desired height of the first course . the line will guide the
placement of bricks.
4. Lay the first course :-
Spread a layer of mortor along the refrence line. Place
the first brick at one end of the line,ensuring it is level and aligned with
line.
Apply the mortor to one end of the second press it firmly into the mortor
and top it gently with trowel handle.
5. Start with header course :- lay a course of header brick along the
foundation with their shorts end facing out. Apply the mortor on the bed
joint and butter the ends of the brick before laying them.
6. Add stretcher course :-
Lay the next course of the brick with their along
sides facing out . apply mortor on the header bricks ends before placing
them offset the stetcher bricks in way that their middle aligns with the joint
of header course below.
Repeat thepattern remove any excess mortoror debris after cutting.
Once the brick work is completed allow it to cure for few days.

16
 Advantages of using English bond :-
1. Structural strength
2. Bond strength
3. Aesthetic appeal
4. Ease of construction
5. Reduce brick wastage
6. Enhanced thermal performance.
7. Durable
 Disadvantages of English bond :-
1. Increades material and labour cost
2. Reduced speed of construction
3. Limited design flexibility
4. Weaker corners
5. Increased mortor usage
6. Great skill and expertze required.
 Vetra LV 401 :-
Vetra LV 401 is a low viscosity ethylcynoacrylate
adhesive, which is suitable for bonding a very wide range of materials
where very fast cure speed is required.
Vetra LV 401 is specially formulated for high strength general
purpose bonding of most of non porouse substrates like plastic, rubbers,
metal and porous substrates like wood leather etc.

17
Day 5 :- 16/06/2023
On this day we visited dev heights which is apartmet type building. The
8th floor slab level is under construction
At the site , we observed cutting the M.S. bars of sizes 25 mm
each in diameter , the sieving of sand from 6mm size sieving net.
After that we saw all plane related to the construction site plan contains
line plan of 8th floor it’s section , elevation , foundation & footing plan
and their structure plan
The brick used on these site are ordered from gita brick from avahane
The size of the brick is 190*90*90 mm
We saw the small component of the building rooms such as bedroom ,
living room , bath room , w.c. , kitchen , windows , and doors etc,.

18
Day 6 :- 17/06/2023
On dev height we see the shoring & shuttering work of 8th slab , we
examine the different components. We understand the arrangement and fixing
of formwork & shuttering
 Shuttering :
Shuttering, in the context of construction, refers to temporary
formwork or molds used to hod & shape wet concrete until it sets
and becomes self supporting . It is also known as formwork or
concrete formwork. During the construction of structures like
walls, columns, beams, slabs etc. shuttering is used to create
desire shape & support the weight of fresh concrete until it gains
sufficient strength shuttering is typically made from wood, steel,
or aluminium & designed to withsanand the pressure exerted by
the wet concrete.
 Construction of shuttering work steps :-
Following are the construction steps of shuttering work :
1. Planning
2. Material selection
3. Marking and layout
4. Cutting and fabrication
5. Installation
6. Checking
7. Leveling
 Formwork components :-
1. Panels :- these are the main surface that comes in conctact with the
concrete . they can be made of timber plywood , steel , aluminium or
other composite material
2. Stakes :- it is the vertical members that support the panels & maintain
their alignment & stability.
3. Props :- it is the adjustable telescopic or hydraulic supports used to
provide additional load – bearing capacity and stability of the
formwork.

19
  Conclusion of week one :-

From week one we understand the various material used in

the construction of the projects we identified their grades and sizes we also
understand the various operation like waterproofing plastering and tiling we
collect the information about various instrument and machine used in site to
complete the heavy work in least time .
We talk to various contractors and about their related work and procedure of
the various operations

20
 Week 2 (19/06/2023 to 24/06/2023)
Day 1 :- 19/06/2023
On the dev heights site the reinforcement work for slab and beam is started. Bars
for reinforcement are used as er requirermentes of beams for eg 20mm,12mm and
8mm bars are used art site for construction of reinforcement of beam and slab the
6mm dia bars are used as stirrups for supporting the bars .
There are also t shape reinforcement for chajja projectiono beam reinforcement
the internal distance between chajja and beam stirrups is 6 inches.
20mm dia bar are mainly used for high tension places like at the bottom of the
beam because concrete is compressive member does not resist tension it.
 Beam reinforcement produre
 Design of beam :-
Determine the required dimension and reinforcement details
for the beam basded on struyctural analysis and design requirements this
includes dertermining beams span depth width and the amount of
reinforcement required.
 Reinforcement calculation :-
Based on the design reuiremnts engineers
calculate the amount and type of reinforcement needed for the beam this
include determining the diameter spacing and layout of the reinforcement
bars.
 Bar bending schedule :-
Once the reinforcement requirement are calculated a bar
bending schedule is prepared this schedule provides detail information about
the shape and dimensions of each reinforcing bar including bending angles
and lengths.
 Preparation of reinforcing bar:-
The reinforcing bar are produced and they are
cut and bent according to the specification mentioned in the bar bending
schedule . the bars are then sorted and labelled for easy identifications during
construction.

21
 Formwork installation :-
The formwork for the beam is setup to provide a
mould for the concrete. It is constructed using wooden or metal panels
ensuring the desired shape and dimensions of beam.
 Placing reinforcement :-
The prepared reinforcing bars are placed within the
formwork as per the bar bending schedule proper care is taken to ensure the
bars are adequately supported and maintained at correct position within the
beam.
 Concrete pouring :-
Once the reinforcement is in place concrete is poured into
the formwork. The concrete is carefully compacted to eliminate voids and
ensure proper bonding with the reinforcement.
 Curing and protection :-
After the concrete is poured it needs to be cured
properly to achieve the desired strength curing involves maintaining the
appropriate moisture and temperature conditions for a specific period
additionaly appropriate protective measures such as curing compounds or wet
hessian may be applied to prevent rapid moistures loss and cracking.
 Removal of formwork :-
Once the concrete is gained sufficient strength the
formwork is removed.

22
Day 2 ( 20/06/2023 )
On dev height site near Godavari chakki we measured the dimensions of
rooms , sizes for doors & window & W. C. etc.
On the 8th floor level the reinforcement of beam is construction. We examine
the beams as per beam, column & slab plan of 8th slab level.
On 7th floor , brickwork is started. The cement mortar ratio as per follows ( 25
ghamelas of sand, 1 bag of cement & approximately water ) is added to make the
homogeneous paste.
 Brickwork for partition of rooms :-
1. Preparation :-
 Measuring Instruments :-
Use a measuring tape, spirit level & a plumb bob to accurately measure
and mark the positions and diamensions of the walls or structures. These
instruments help ensure the brickwork is level, plumb, and aligned
correctly.
 String line and masons line :-
Setup string lines and masons line to establish the desired alignment and
layout of the brickwork. These lines serve as guides for placing the
bricks in straight line.
2. Material and tools Arrangements :-
 Brick trowel :-
The brick trowel is a crucial tools for bricklaying . it is used for
applying & shaping mortar, as well as for placing & levelling bricks .
 Pointing Trowel :-
The pointing trowel, also known as a finishing trowel, is used for
pointing and finishing mortar joints. It helps to achieve a smooth and
even finish surface.
 Brick Hammer :-
A brick hammer is used for cutting & trimming bricks to fit specific
dimensions or accommodate openings. One end of the hammer has a

23
 chisel-shaped blade for cutting , while the other end has a blunt face for
striking and breaking bricks.
 Jointer :-
A jointer is a tool with a curved metal or wooden blade used to shape
and finish mortar joints. It creates a concave finish , improving the
appearance and durability of the joints.
 Spirit level :-
A spirit level , also known as bubble level it is used to check the
horizontal & vertical level & plumb alignment of the bricks & walls . it
ensures that brickwork is straight and properly aligned.
 Chalk line & chalk :-
A chalk lime is a tool used for marking strainght lines on the
construction surfaces. It consists of reel filled with colored chalk
powder and a string. The chalk line helps maintain consistent
brick alignment and layout.
 Brick Bolster :-
A brick bolster is heavy duty chisel used for cutting and shaping bricks.
It is stuck with a hammer to make precise cut & create clean edges.

24
Day 3 ( 21/06/2023)

 Stirrups :-
Stirrups, also known as shear reinforcement, are commonly used in
beams and columns to enhance their load-bearing capacity and prevent
failure due to shear forces. They are typically made of steel and are shaped
like closed loops or rectangular rings.
 In Beams:
In beam construction, stirrups are placed horizontally around the
longitudinal reinforcing bars (also known as main bars) to provide resistance against
shear forces. These shear forces occur when loads are applied perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the beam, causing the top and bottom portions of the beam to
slide past each other. Stirrups are placed at regular intervals along the length of the
beam and are anchored to the main bars to ensure they remain in position

 Stirrups in beams serve several purposes:

1. Enhancing Shear Strength: By confining the concrete, stirrups help in

preventing shear failure in beams by increasing the resistance to diagonal
tension forces that develop in the web of the beam.
Preventing Excessive Deflection: Stirrups also contribute to reducing
excessive deflection in beams by preventing the formation of large cracks and
maintaining the structural integrity.
2. Holding the Reinforcement Together: Stirrups help to hold the main
reinforcing bars in position during concrete placement and ensure they remain
spaced correctly, providing the desired structural strength.

 In Columns:
In column construction, stirrups are used vertically around the main longitudinal
reinforcing bars to provide lateral confinement and enhance the column's resistance
against axial loads and lateral forces such as wind or seismic loads.

25
  Stirrups in columns serve several purposes:

a. Enhancing Axial Load Capacity: Stirrups increase the column's axial load-
carrying capacity by confining the concrete and preventing its lateral
expansion under load.
b. Improving Ductility: Stirrups enhance the ductility of columns, allowing
them to absorb energy and deform under excessive loads, which is crucial
for withstanding seismic events.
c. Preventing Buckling: Stirrups help to prevent buckling of longitudinal
reinforcing bars, which can occur under axial compression loads.

In both beams and columns, the spacing, size, and shape of stirrups are determined
based on structural design calculations and local building codes to ensure the
desired level of strength and safety. The design takes into account factors such as
the dimensions of the member, applied loads, concrete strength, and required
structural performance.

 Types of Stirrups:

1) Rectangular Stirrups: These are the most common type of stirrups, shaped like
closed rectangular loops. They are easy to fabricate and provide good
confinement to the concrete.
2) Circular Stirrups: Circular stirrups are closed loop stirrups with a circular
shape. They are often used when there are curved sections in the beam or
column.
3) Helical Stirrups: Helical stirrups consist of a continuous helical coil that wraps
around the longitudinal bars. They are commonly used in spiral reinforced
columns to enhance their ductility and seismic resistance.

26
Day 4 ( 22/06/2023 )

on the site we saw the plastering instruments ,Plastering is a process of

applying a layer of plaster to a wall or other surfaces to create a smooth and even
finish. While there are several tools and instruments used in plastering, here are
some commonly used ones:

1. Trowel: A plastering trowel is one of the primary tools used in plastering. It is

a flat, rectangular metal blade with a handle and is used to apply and spread
the plaster onto the surface.
2. Hawk: A hawk is a square or rectangular tool with a handle underneath.
Plaster is placed onto the hawk, and the plasterer uses the hawk to hold and
carry the plaster while working.
3. Plastering Float: A float is a tool with a flat or slightly curved surface made of
wood, plastic, or metal. It is used to smooth and level the plastered surface by
removing excess plaster and creating an even finish.
4. Plasterer's Rule: Also known as a straight edge, this tool is used to ensure a
flat and level surface. It is a long, straight metal or wooden ruler that helps in
guiding the application and leveling of plaster.
5. Jointing Knife: A jointing knife, also called a putty knife or a filling knife, is
used for filling and smoothing joints and gaps between plasterboards or other
surfaces. It has a thin, flexible blade that helps in spreading and smoothing the
filler material.
6. Plastering Brush: A plastering brush is used to wet the surface before applying
plaster, helping the plaster adhere properly. It can also be used to create
texture or patterns in the plaster if desired.
7. Plaster Mixing Equipment: Plaster is typically mixed with water before
application. Various mixing tools, such as a mixing paddle or a mixing
bucket, are used to achieve a smooth and consistent plaster mix.
8. Corner Trowel: A corner trowel is a specialized tool used for plastering inside
corners. It has a triangular or rectangular shape, allowing the plasterer to apply
and smooth plaster in tight corners.

These are some of the common instruments used in plastering. The specific tools
may vary depending on the type of plastering work and personal preferences of the
plasterer.
27
Day 5 ( 23/06/2023 )

We observe the slab construction at the site. Concrete Grade for slab
construction was M20. There was two types of slab One way slab and Two way

 Slab:-
1. One way Slab:-
The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or
beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends
in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two
supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry.
2. Two way Slab:-
The two-way slab is a slab which is generally supported on all sides of
walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is less than two and it twists or
bends in both direction while transferring the loads to the walls or beams.
A two-way slab is a type of reinforced concrete slab that is supported by
beams on all four sides and is designed to carry loads in both directions. It is called
a two-way slab because the load is transferred in two perpendicular directions.

 Here is some information about two-way slabs:

1. Load Distribution: Two-way slabs are designed to distribute the loads
uniformly in both the x-direction and y-direction. The loads from the slab are
transferred to the supporting beams in both directions.
2. Reinforcement: Two-way slabs typically require reinforcement in both
directions to resist the bending moments and shear forces.
3. Design Considerations: The design of a two-way slab involves considering
factors such as the applied loads, span length, support conditions, and material
properties. The slab is designed to ensure that it can safely carry the
anticipated loads and withstand the effects of bending, shear, and deflection.

Day 6 (24/06/2023 )
28
  formwork construction for staircase :-
When constructing a staircase, formwork is used
to create the shape and structure of the stairs before pouring concrete. The formwork
serves as a temporary mold that defines the dimensions and design of the staircase.
Here's an overview of the formwork process for a typical staircase in the following
way.

1. Design and Planning: Determine the dimensions, shape, and design of the
staircase based on architectural drawings or plans.
2. Materials: Choose appropriate materials for the formwork, such as plywood,
timber, or metal, depending on the complexity and load-bearing requirements
of the staircase.
3. Formwork Setup: Prepare the site and install the formwork. This involves
constructing the supporting framework that will hold the formwork in place.
The framework may include vertical supports, horizontal beams, and braces to
ensure stability and alignment.
4. Staircase Risers: Start by placing the formwork for the risers, which are the
vertical components of each step. The risers should be positioned and secured
to the supporting framework at the desired height and angle.
5. Staircase Treads: Next, install the formwork for the treads, which are the
horizontal surfaces of each step. The treads should be accurately positioned
and leveled.
6. Side Forms: Install the side forms along the edges of the staircase to define the
width and shape of the steps. These forms help contain the concrete during
pouring and ensure consistent dimensions.
7. Reinforcement: If required, incorporate steel reinforcement bars (rebar) within
the formwork to enhance the structural integrity of the staircase. The rebar
should be properly placed and supported within the formwork.
8. Finishing Touches: Before pouring the concrete, ensure that the formwork is
clean and free from debris. Apply form release agents or other coatings to
prevent the concrete from adhering to the formwork

 Electical pipe fitting :-

29
 During the construction of a slab, electrical pipe fitting
refers to the process of installing electrical conduits or pipes that will house
electrical wiring for various fixtures and outlets in the building. Here are the general
steps involved in electrical pipe fitting during the construction of a slab of following
way.

1. Planning and design: Before starting the construction, a detailed electrical

plan is created, indicating the locations of electrical fixtures, outlets, and the
routing of wiring. This plan helps determine the placement of electrical
conduits within the slab.
2. Layout marking: The electrical layout is marked on the slab surface according
to the plan. This includes marking the positions of electrical fixtures, outlets,
and the routes for conduits.
3. Cutting and chasing: Channels or trenches are created in the slab surface using
suitable tools, such as concrete cutters or chasers. These channels are made to
accommodate the electrical conduits. It is important to follow the building
codes and safety regulations while creating the channels.
4. Placing conduits: PVC or metal conduits are laid in the channels, ensuring
they align with the marked electrical layout. The conduits should be properly
supported and secured to prevent movement or damage during the pouring of
concrete.
5. Wiring installation: Once the conduits are in place, electrical wires are pulled
through them. The wires are typically pulled from one end of the conduit run
to the other, ensuring they are properly connected and secured at junction
boxes, outlets, and switches.
6. Protection and sealing: After the wiring is installed, it is essential to protect
the conduits from concrete or other construction materials. Conduit caps or
plugs are used to seal the open ends of the conduits to prevent debris or
moisture from entering.
7. Coordination with other trades: During slab construction, it is crucial to
coordinate with other trades involved in the project, such as plumbing or
HVAC, to ensure proper placement and avoidance of conflicts between
different systems.

 Conclusion of week second :-

30
 From week second we understand the various types of
stirrups used in the construction of the projects we identified their bar size as
per plan of the structure plan .and their cutting of the bar cutting. Check the
dimension and sizes of doors and window as per line plan. we also understand
the reinforcement and one way and two way slab their reinforcement we
studied about the placing of beam formwork their bandhni of beam of the
structure plan we also understand the plastering installation component parts
and formwork of staircase their fitting with the help of plywood and levelling
of their placing of plywood. we collect the all floor plan of apartment building
and study it’s a carefully.information

Week 3 (26/06/2023 to 01/07/2023)

31
Day 1 ( 26/06/2023 )
 Making of M23 grade concrete for slabn casting :-
To make M20 grade concrete, you need to
follow a specific mix design that specifies the proportion of various materials. The
M20 grade concrete is a commonly used mix design in construction and has a
characteristic compressive strength of 20 megapascals (MPa) after 28 days of
curing. Here is a general guideline for making M20 grade concrete:

 Materials:

1. Cement: Use Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 43 or 53.

Fine Aggregate: Use clean river sand or crushed stone dust.
Coarse Aggregate: Use crushed stone or granite chips of appropriate size.
Water: Use clean and potable water.
 Proportions:
The mix proportion for M20 grade concrete is generally recommended as 1:1.5:3,
which means:
1 parts cement
1 parts fine aggregate (sand)
1 parts coarse aggregate
2. Mixing:
Measure the required amount of cement, fine aggregate, and coarse
aggregate based on the chosen mix proportion.
Dry mix the cement and aggregates in a concrete mixer for a minimum of two
minutes to ensure uniform distribution.
Gradually add water while the mixer is running. The water-cement ratio should be
maintained between 0.4 and 0.6 for M20 grade concrete.
Continue mixing until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. The total mixing time
should be a minimum of three minutes or until the concrete reaches a uniform
consistency.
3. Pouring and Curing:
Pour the freshly mixed concrete into the desired formwork
or molds. Use appropriate construction techniques to compact and consolidate
the concrete to remove air voids.
Cover the concrete with suitable curing materials such as wet jute bags, polythene
sheets, or curing compounds to prevent moisture loss and promote proper hydration.
32
Maintain a moist curing environment for at least 7 to 14 days to allow the concrete
to gain strength gradually.

Day 2 (27/06/2023 )

 curing of slab by ponding methood :-

The ponding method is a common
technique used for the curing of concrete slabs. It involves creating a shallow pond
or reservoir of water over the surface of the freshly poured concrete slab. Here's
how to perform curing of a slab using the ponding method:
1. Immediately after the concrete slab has been poured and finished, ensure that
the surface is free from any excess water or standing puddles.
2. Construct a barrier or formwork around the perimeter of the slab to contain
the water during the curing process. This can be done using timber, plastic
sheets, or other suitable materials.
Fill the enclosed area with a layer of water to a depth of about 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2
inches). The water should cover the entire surface of the slab uniformly.
Monitor the water level regularly to ensure it does not evaporate below the
recommended depth.
3. Refill the pond as needed to maintain the desired water depth throughout the
curing period.
If the weather is hot or dry, it is advisable to cover the ponded water and slab with a
non-absorbent material, such as polythene sheets, to minimize evaporation.
Allow the water to remain in contact with the slab surface for the recommended
curing period. The curing duration can vary depending on factors such as ambient
temperature, concrete mix design, and project specifications. Typically, curing for a
minimum of 7 days is recommended for slab construction.
After the curing period is complete, gradually drain the ponded water from
the slab. Be careful not to disturb the surface of the cured concrete.
Once the water has been removed, allow the slab to dry naturally or continue with
any subsequent construction activities as required.
The ponding method provides a continuous source of moisture for the concrete
slab, which helps in the hydration process and ensures optimal strength
development. It is important to note that proper curing is crucial for the long-term
durability and performance of the concrete, so following recommended curing
practices is essential.
33
Day 3 (28/06/2023 ) :
on the 7th floor brick work is started following are detailed about brickwork.

 Processs of brickwork:-

1. Laying Bricks:-
a. Wetting Bricks: Before laying, bricks are often wetted
with water to prevent excessive absorption of moisture
from the mortar.
b. Bedding Mortar: A layer of mortar, called a "bed joint," is
spread on the foundation or previous course of bricks.
c. Laying Bricks: Bricks are placed on the mortar bed, and
they are pressed down firmly to ensure proper adhesion.
Spacers or shims can be used to maintain uniform joint
thickness.
d. Leveling and Aligning: Each brick is checked for level
and alignment using a spirit level and mason's line.
e. Jointing: Excess mortar is removed, and mortar joints are
finished using a jointing iron to achieve the desired
appearance and strength.
f. Repeating Courses: The process is repeated for
subsequent courses, ensuring proper staggering of vertical
joints and maintaining a consistent bond pattern (e.g.,
stretcher bond, English bond).
g. Wall Ties and Reinforcement: Depending on the
structural requirements, wall ties or reinforcement may be
added at regular intervals to enhance the strength and
stability of the brickwork.
h. Curing: After completion, the brickwork should be
protected and cured by providing proper moisture
retention for a specified period to allow the mortar to set
and gain strength.
Brickwork provides several advantages, including durability, fire resistance, and
thermal insulation. It is essential to follow local building codes, guidelines, and

34
good construction practices to ensure the quality and structural integrity of the
brickwork.

Day 4 ( 30/06/2023 )

Here is a basic procedure for finishing granite tiles:

 Preparation: Ensure that the granite tiles are clean and free from any dirt,
debris, or adhesive residue. Set up a stable and secure workspace for the
finishing process.

1. Determine the Finish: Decide on the desired finish for the granite tiles,
such as honed, polished, leathered, or brushed. This will guide the tools
and techniques you will use.
2. Select the Appropriate Tools: Depending on the chosen finish, gather the
necessary tools. For example:
a. Polishing:
If a polished finish is desired, attach the appropriate diamond
polishing pads to a variable-speed angle grinder or wet grinder.
Apply water or a suitable polishing compound to the granite surface.
Begin with a coarse-grit pad and move the grinder in a circular or figure-eight
motion. Gradually progress through the finer-grit pads to achieve a smooth and
glossy surface.
b. Leathered or Brushed Finish (if applicable):
For a leathered or brushed finish, use wire
brushes or handheld tools specifically designed for the desired effect.
Move the brushes or tools over the granite surface with moderate pressure to create
the desired texture or antiqued appearance.
c. Clean and Inspect: After finishing, clean the granite tiles thoroughly to
remove any residue or dust. Inspect the tiles for any remaining imperfections
or areas that may require additional touch-ups.
d. Apply Sealant (optional): Depending on the finish and usage of the granite
tiles, applying a suitable sealant may be recommended to enhance protection
and longevity. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the chosen sealant.

It's important to note that granite finishing can be a skilled task, and if you are
unsure or inexperienced, it is recommended to consult or hire a professional stone
35
fabricator or finisher to ensure the best results. Additionally, always follow safety
guidelines and wear appropriate protective gear, such as goggles and gloves, when
working with power tools and abrasive materials.

day 5 ( 01/07/2023)

For this day we have see the tile fitting in general, here are some basic steps:

1) Surface Preparation: Ensure that the surface where the tiles will be installed
is clean, dry, and level. Remove any dust, debris, or loose material. Repair
any cracks or imperfections in the surface.
2) Layout: Plan and mark the layout of the tiles on the surface, considering
factors such as the tile size, pattern, and any specific design requirements.
3) Tile Cutting: Use appropriate tools, such as a tile cutter or wet saw, to cut
the tiles to fit around edges, corners, or obstacles as needed.
4) Adhesive Application: Apply a suitable tile adhesive or mortar to the
prepared surface using a notched trowel. Spread the adhesive evenly and at
a consistent thickness.
5) Tile Installation: Press each tile firmly into the adhesive, aligning it with
the layout marks. Use spacers to maintain consistent grout lines. Adjust the
tiles as needed to achieve the desired pattern and alignment.
6) Grouting: After the adhesive has cured, remove the spacers and fill the
gaps between the tiles with grout. Apply the grout using a grout float,
making sure to completely fill the joints and remove any excess grout from
the tile surfaces.
7) Cleaning and Finishing: Once the grout has partially set, use a damp
sponge or cloth to clean the tile surfaces and shape the grout lines. Allow
the grout to fully cure according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Week 4 (3/07/2023 to 8/07/2023)

36
 Day 1 (3/07/2023)
On this day we observe the fitting of marbles in a wash basing and making a otta
for a room and also see the lintel and pipe fitting .
 Lintel :-
Simply put a lintel is a beam that is usually placed above the window
and doors. The lintel main job is to support the load from the structure above
it . both doors and windows are not constructed to structurally withsatand
massive loads by themselves. Lintel are mainly found in masonyry or brick
structures.
 Different type of lintel :-
There is a range of lintels that can be used for all type
of properties the type of lintel used can vary on the cost of the material and the
availability of the material at the time of construction. The mainly types of
lintels are brick lintel, timber lintel, steel lintel and concrete lintel.
1. Concrete lintel :-
Concrete lintel are one of the most common types of
lintels used in construction . the reason why concrete lintel are often used is
that they are able to support heavy loads and large span.
One of the biggest advantages of using concrete lintels in the
construction of your building is that they can adapt to any size and shape to
fit above your windows and doors other advantage include that they are
economical as well as durable.
Even with these benefit this type of lintel can be susceptible to failure.
If there is a horizontal crack within the concrete lintel then this will need to
be dealt with as soon as possible. If there is rack in the lintel then over
time it can allow water in the crack that can cause the steel reinforcement
within the concrete to rust.
If rusting does occur within a concrete lintel, it might be worth either
using a different concrete product or having it replaced altogether.

2. Timber lintels :-

37
 Timber lintels are mainly used in parts of the countey where
timber is most accessible and are most connomly used in barn
conversions. Most properties now often replace timber lintels with
modern materials.
3. Steel lintels:-
Steel lintels are used whin the load above is heavy and the
opening gaps are large as well. Unlike concrete lintels, they are much less
affected by rust and erosion meaning after installation, they can prove to be
reliable for many years.
4. Stone lintels:-
A stone lintel is a common type of lintel and is used where
the stone is easily accessible. They are not often used in buildings based in
mountalious area due to the fact they weigh too much.
 How can a lintel be repaired ?
If you have damaged lintels within your building they should be
rectified as soon as possible before they lead to further structural issues.
The quicker the lintel failure is identified and the lintel is repaired or
replaced the less expense you will have to pay in the future. Each type
of lintel can be repaired differently. However, if the wrong repairs are
carried out for your type of lintel, then this will lead to further problems
the could have been resolved sooner.

 Marble fitting for wash basing :-

To fit a marble countertop or basin in a wash
basin area, you'll need some tools and materials. Here's a general guide to
help you with the process:
1) Measurements: Measure the dimensions of the wash basin area
accurately. This will help you determine the size of the marble slab
you'll need to purchase.

2) Selecting the Marble: Choose a marble slab that fits the style and
design of your wash basin area. Consider factors like color, veining
patterns, and thickness. Purchase the slab from a reputable supplier.
38
3) Preparing the Area: Clear the wash basin area and ensure it is clean
and level. Remove any existing countertops or fixtures that may
obstruct the installation.

4) Creating a Template: Use a large sheet of paper or cardboard to

create a template of the basin area. Place it over the wash basin and
trace the outline. Cut along the traced line to create a template.

5) Cutting the Marble: Transfer the template onto the marble slab. Use
a wet saw or a diamond blade saw to carefully cut the marble along
the traced lines. Take safety precautions, such as wearing protective
goggles and gloves.

6) Dry Fitting: Once the marble piece is cut, dry fit it into the wash
basin area to ensure it fits properly. Make any necessary adjustments
to the edges or corners.

7) Applying Adhesive: Remove the dry-fit marble piece and apply a

suitable adhesive or marble glue to the underside. Follow the
manufacturer's instructions for the adhesive application.

8) Installing the Marble: Carefully place the marble slab back into the
wash basin area, aligning it with the edges and corners. Apply gentle
pressure to ensure a good bond between the marble and the surface.

9) Securing and Leveling: Use clamps or heavy objects to secure the

marble slab in place. Check for levelness using a spirit level and
make adjustments as needed.

10) Finishing Touches: Clean any excess adhesive from the surface of
the marble. Allow the adhesive to cure as per the manufacturer's

39
 instructions. Apply a suitable sealer to protect the marble from stains
and enhance its longevity.
 wroking system of drainage pipe :-
The working system of a drainage pipe typically involves the following
components and processes:
1. Collection: The drainage system starts with the collection of wastewater,
rainwater, or any other form of liquid waste. This can be achieved through
various means such as gutters, surface drains, or underground channels.
2. Inlets: Drainage pipes have inlets strategically placed to allow the flow of
collected liquid waste into the system. These inlets may be connected to
different sources such as household drains, stormwater drains, or industrial
outlets.
3. Gravity Flow: Once the liquid waste enters the drainage pipe system, it relies
on gravity to move through the pipes. The pipes are usually designed with a
slope or gradient that facilitates the natural flow of water downhill.
4. Pipe Network: Drainage pipes are interconnected to form a network that
transports the liquid waste from the source to the appropriate destination, such
as a treatment plant or a water body.
5. Pipe Materials: Drainage pipes are typically made from materials like PVC
(polyvinyl chloride), concrete, or corrugated metal. The choice of material
depends on factors such as durability, cost, and the nature of the waste being
transported.
6. Pipe Sizes: The size of drainage pipes can vary depending on the expected
volume of flow and the type of waste being carried. Larger pipes are used for
high-capacity systems, while smaller pipes are suitable for residential or low-
flow applications. In this site use drainage pipe size is 110mm
7. Slope and Gradient: Proper slope and gradient are essential for efficient
drainage. The pipes are installed with a slight downward slope to allow

40
 gravity to propel the flow of waste. The gradient may vary depending on local
regulations and requirements.
8. Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance of drainage pipes are
necessary to prevent blockages and ensure optimal functioning. This may
involve cleaning, clearing debris, repairing damaged sections, or replacing
worn-out pipes.
9. Outlets: The drainage system typically terminates at an outlet, which can be a
wastewater treatment plant, a river, a lake, or the ocean. The choice of outlet
depends on local regulations and environmental considerations.
Day 2 (4/07/2023)
on this day we studied about the cutting of marble , core cutting,
scaffolding, plastering finishing coat, lintel structure.
 construction of concrete lintel :-
Constructing a concrete lintel involves
several steps. Here is a general outline of the process:
 Design and Planning: Determine the dimensions, shape, and load-bearing
requirements of the lintel based on the structural design of the building or
structure. Consider factors such as the span, the weight it needs to support,
and any architectural or aesthetic considerations.
 Material Selection: Choose the type and grade of concrete suitable for the
lintel based on the structural requirements. Common concrete mixes
include Portland cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water.
Reinforcing steel bars or mesh may also be required for added strength.
 Formwork Construction: Build a temporary formwork structure to contain
the concrete while it sets. The formwork should be designed to the desired
shape and size of the lintel. Use high-quality timber or prefabricated
formwork systems to ensure stability and accuracy.

41
  Reinforcement Placement: If reinforcing steel bars or mesh are required,
position them within the formwork according to the structural design.
Place the bars in the correct configuration and secure them using wire or
tie rods to prevent movement during concrete pouring.
 Concrete Pouring: Mix the concrete according to the specifications and
guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Pour the concrete into the
formwork, ensuring it fills all the corners and spaces. Use a vibrating
poker or a hammer to consolidate the concrete and remove any air pockets
or voids.
 Finishing: Level the surface of the concrete lintel using a straight edge or a
float to achieve a smooth and even finish. If desired, you can also add
decorative touches or surface treatments during this stage.
 Curing and Drying: Allow the concrete to cure and dry in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions. This typically involves keeping the
concrete moist and protected from extreme temperature fluctuations for a
specified period. Curing time may vary depending on factors such as the
type of concrete mix used and ambient conditions.
 Demolding and Installation: Once the concrete has adequately cured and
gained sufficient strength, carefully remove the formwork. Lift the
concrete lintel and install it in the designated location, ensuring it is
properly supported and securely fastened to the adjacent structural
elements.
Day 3 ( 5/07/2023 )
on the 1st site of rhythm hospital of vivekanand nagar we observe the
redimade lintel is placing on above the door frame after that cement mortar paste is
place by using trovel 9 ( thapi )
we saw the marble finishing which is done by finishing grinding machine on
top floor the wall is started to constructing with help of trovel the bricks of standard
size is used. the marble tiles are finished is prepared for frame of doors the solution

42
for installing marble is araldite epozy resin and araldite epoxy hardene both are use
for strong bonding.
Araldite is a popular brand of epoxy resin and epoxy hardener. Epoxy resins are
versatile synthetic materials that are used in a wide range of applications, including
adhesives, coatings, composites, and electrical encapsulation.
 Information about araldite epoxy resin and araldite epoxy hardener :-
Araldite epoxy resin is a liquid material that acts as the base or binder in the
epoxy system. It is typically composed of two main components: the epoxy resin
itself and a curing agent or hardener. When these two components are mixed
together in the correct proportions, a chemical reaction occurs, resulting in the resin
hardening or curing over time.
Araldite epoxy hardener, on the other hand, is the curing agent that is added to the
epoxy resin. It initiates the chemical reaction and cross-links the resin molecules,
transforming the liquid resin into a solid, durable material. The specific hardener
used will depend on the formulation and intended application of the epoxy resin.
When using Araldite epoxy products, it's essential to follow the manufacturer's
instructions regarding the mixing ratio and curing time. Improper mixing or
incorrect proportions can affect the curing process and the final properties of the
cured epoxy, such as its strength, flexibility, and resistance to temperature and
chemicals. Always take proper safety precautions when working with epoxy resins,
such as wearing protective gloves and working in a well-/ventilated area./
Day 4 ( 6/07/2023 ) To day 6 ( 8/07/2023 )
on the 1st site of rhythm hospital of vivekanand nagar we saw the plastering of lift is
on working the mortar ratio is same as for wall plastering. The tile finishing is on
ground floor working the marble tile are cut is required size of frame for door and
window.
on the same site we saw the marble finishing on 3rd floor of black colour marble
which is smoothing by grinder machine the edges of the marble are smoothen by
drill machine on top of drill machine the circular shape finishing marble is fixed to

43
give smooth surface after giving smoothness a the brushes gives the clear finish to
marble. on the top floor of the plastering is on its working phase of bath of combine
bath , w.c. on 3rd floor W.C. bath the marble are installed as its doors frame.

WEEK 5
Day 1 ( 10/07/2023 )
on the 2nd site of dev heights near godavari chakki , we saw the formwork
settelment of column and beam for construction of water tank on terrace we saw the
brick work o n 7th floor and on the ground floor we saw the marble finishing for the
door and window frame
 over head water tank for apartment building :-
A concrete water tank is a common feature in many apartment buildings and high-
rise structures. These tanks are typically designed to store water for various
purposes such as domestic use, fire safety, and irrigation.
 Concrete water tanks offer several advantages:
1. Durability: Concrete is a strong and durable material, capable of withstanding
significant water pressure and environmental conditions. It is resistant to
corrosion and can last for many years with proper maintenance.
2. Structural Integration: Concrete tanks can be integrated into the structure of
the building, utilizing space efficiently, especially in high-rise buildings where
space is limited. They can be located on the roof or in a dedicated basement
area.
3. Customization: Concrete tanks can be designed and built to meet the specific
needs and capacity requirements of the building. They can range in size from
small tanks for individual apartments to larger tanks that serve the entire
building.

44
 4. Insulation: Concrete tanks can provide insulation against temperature changes,
helping to keep the stored water at a consistent temperature. This can be
beneficial for certain applications, such as maintaining hot water supply.
5. Fire Safety: Concrete water tanks can also serve as a crucial component of a
building's fire safety system. They can provide a reliable water source for
firefighting purposes, helping to suppress fires in the event of an emergency.
It's important to ensure proper maintenance of concrete water tanks to prevent issues
such as leaks, cracks, or contamination. Regular inspections, cleaning, and repairs,
if necessary, should be carried out to ensure the tank's functionality and longevity.
Day 2 (11/07/2023 )
on the 2nd site of dev height near godavari chakki we saw the formwork
removing of slab that is done after the 17 days of slab concreting showing also
removed on that day on the ground floor we saw the marble finishing for frame of
door and window.
day 3 ( 12/07/2023 ) :-
on the 2nd site of dev heights, we saw scaffolding for the beams of water
tank, we saw the levelling of the tank.
 scaffolding for beam :-
1. Assess the project requirements.
2. Plan the scaffolding design based on beam dimensions and access needs.
3. Choose the appropriate scaffolding type (e.g., tube and coupler, system
scaffolding).
4. Gather the necessary materials and equipment.
5. Prepare a stable foundation for the scaffolding.
6. Erect the scaffolding structure, ensuring stability and alignment.
7. Install horizontal platforms for safe working surfaces.

45
 8. Provide safe access with ladders or stair towers.
9. Install guardrails and safety features along open edges.
10. Regularly inspect and maintain the scaffolding.
11. Dismantle the scaffolding safely once the beam construction is
complete.

( day 4 (13/7/2023) to day 6 (15/7/2023 )

on the site of the dev height we saw the marble finishing on bothe the days vetrified
black marble finishing is there on each day
 Information about vitrified marble :-
Vitrified marble are a type of ceramic tile known for their durability, strength,
and low porosity. Here's some information about vitrified tiles:
Composition: Vitrified tiles are made from a mixture of clay, silica, feldspar, and
other minerals. The combination is pressed under high pressure and fired at
extremely high temperatures to create a dense and non-porous tile.
 Properties and Advantages:
1. Durability: Vitrified tiles are highly durable and resistant to wear, stains, and
scratches. They are suitable for high-traffic areas and can withstand heavy
loads.
2. Low Porosity: Vitrified tiles have very low water absorption rates, making
them highly resistant to moisture and stains. This makes them suitable for
areas exposed to water or spills, such as bathrooms and kitchens.
3. Strength: Vitrified tiles are strong and less prone to breakage compared to
other types of tiles. They can withstand impact and are suitable for both
residential and commercial applications.

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4. Versatility: Vitrified tiles come in a wide range of designs, colors, and
patterns, allowing for diverse aesthetic choices. They can mimic the
appearance of natural stone, wood, or other materials.
5. Ease of Maintenance: Vitrified tiles are easy to clean and maintain. They can
be cleaned with regular mopping and do not require specialized cleaning
agents or treatments.
6. Resistance to Chemicals: Vitrified tiles are resistant to chemicals, making
them suitable for areas where exposure to cleaning agents or chemicals is
common.
7. Installation: Vitrified tiles can be installed using adhesive or mortar on
properly prepared and leveled surfaces. It is important to follow the
manufacturer's instructions and use the recommended adhesives or grouts for
installation.
8. Applications: Vitrified tiles are commonly used in both residential and
commercial spaces. They are suitable for flooring, walls, and even exterior
applications. They are often preferred for areas such as living rooms,
bedrooms, kitchens, bathrooms, and commercial spaces like offices, hotels,
and shopping centers.

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 Week 6 :- (17/07/2023 to 22/07/2023)
Day 1 ( 17/07/2023)
On the 1 site of the rhythem hospital we saw the ceiling
preparation work is started on that following steps :-
1. Measure and plan :-
firstly the worker measure the dimensions of the room
and plant the layout of the pop on ceiling design. After the
worker decide on the height and design pattern that the
doctor wanted to be on there.
Day 2 ( 18/;07/2023 )
On the site we saw the ceiling installation of suspension system
For the suspended pop on ceiling , install a matal grid suspension ( which is of
aluminium ) system following the manufactures instructions the grid will
support the pop on panels and create the desired
Design
Day 3 ( 19/07/2023 )
On the 2nd site of the dev heights we saw the brickwork and the
plastering work. Brickwork is building in the English bond type on the 7th
floor and the plastering work in running in the 5th floor in which the gypsum
plaster is using the plastering in done in the three layer which is discuss in the
previous days.
Day 4 (20/07/2023)
On the 2nd site we have saw the lime putty of the 6 th floor we saw the
lime putty work,and concreting of water tank.
 Some information about lime putty work :-
 Lime putty :- the main source of obtaining lime are the stones which posses
clay. Magnesium carbonate,soluble silica, alkalies, and metallic oxide,
sulphates, iron compunds and carbonaceous matter.
 General classification of lime :-
Limke is classified based on the calcination
of limestone and they are :

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 1. Fat lime :- fat lime is white in colour, which has high calcium oxide
content. This l;ime can set and became hard only in the presence of carbon
diaoxide.
It is also called high-calcium lime pure lime, rich lime or white lime. But
it is mostly known as fat lime as it slakes quikly . it contains specific
properties such as very slowly hardening a high degree of plastericity aand
soluble in water.
 Use of fat lime : it is use in plaster surface for whitewashing.
 It is used as limje mortor is combination of lime and sand for
plastering and pointing work.
 It is used as a lime surkhi mortor for fouyndsations, thick masonory
walls etc, where surkhi is the powdered obtained by pounding burnt
brick.
Day 5 (21/07/2023)
On this day rythem hospital site we saw the ceiling work completed for 3 rd
floor in their slabs and rooms placing the marble and addjustment of kaddpa.
fire resisting pipe etc.
 False ceiling :-
False ceiling is a secondary ceiling that hangs below the main
ceiling false ceiling features modern homes and commercial building. False
ceiling is quite an economical features that is easy to install lets see the
installation process of false ceiling.
 Installation of false ceiling :-
1. Firstly all required measurement of ceiling (length and width ) is
taken for each room where false ceiling is to be insatalled.
2. Material requirement it is calculated depending on size . i.e area of
rooms where it needs to be installed.
3. The ceiling levelling is done with water because most of the times
the slab are not levelled. The ceiling needs to be in one level for
correct installation of false ceiling.
4. After levelling procedure is complete marking is done. Marking is
done on ceiling at a distance 4 feeteach. Marking is also done in side

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 walls at the height where the false ceiling will be suspended below
the original ceiling.
5. Hooks are metal ceiling angle strip are fixed to the ceiling. These
fittings becomes the chief support points of false ceiling etc.
Day 6 (22/07/2023)
On this day we saw the earthing work and platerring of 5th floor room and
finishing of 4th floor balcony.

 What is the earthing :-

The process of transferming the intermediate discharge of
the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help of low resisting wire is
known as the electrical earthing. The electrical earthinfg is done by
connecting the non- current carrying part of the equipment or neutral of
supply system to the ground.
 Types of electrical earthing ;-
1. Neutral earthing
2. Equipment earthing
1) Neutral earthing :-
In neutral earthing the neutral of the system is directly
connected to earth by the help of the gi wire. The neutal earthing is also called
the system earthing . such as type of earthing is mostly provided to the system
which has star winding. For example the neutral earthing is provided in the
generator transformer, mortor etc.
2) Equipment earthing :- such type of earthing is provided to the electrical
equipment. The non -current carrying part of the equipment like trheir
metallic frame is connected to the earth by the help of the conducting wire. If
any fault occurs in the apparatus the short circuit current to pass the earth by
the help of wire. Thus protect the system from damage.
On this site use the equipment earthing .
 Importance of earthing ;-
1. The earthing protects the personal from the short current .
2. The earthing provides the easiest path to the flow of shortsurcuit
current even after the failure of the insulation.etc.

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