1.

Briefly explain the Logistic curve method

 The logistic curve method is a way to model growth that starts slowly, then
increases rapidly, and finally levels off as it approaches a maximum limit. It's
often used for things like:
 Population growth: How populations of organisms grow in a limited
environment.
 Spread of diseases: How epidemics spread through a population.
 Technology adoption: How new technologies are adopted by people over time.
2. Explain with a flow chart the considerations for a public water supply scheme.

3. Explain the significance from the point of view of water quality

i)Chlorides ii) Iron iii)Nitrates vi)Arsenic
 4 What are the ill-effects of fluorine in drinking water?
 While fluoride at optimal levels is beneficial for dental health, excessive
fluorine (fluoride) in drinking water can have several adverse effects:
 Dental fluorosis: Mild cases cause white spots on teeth; severe cases cause
brown staining and enamel damage.
 Skeletal fluorosis: Long-term high exposure can lead to bone problems, pain, and
stiffness.
 Potential other issues: Some studies suggest possible links to thyroid problems,
neurological issues, and developmental effects, but more research is needed.
5 Water borne diseases in India
 India faces a significant burden of waterborne diseases due to factors like
inadequate sanitation, contaminated water sources, and poor hygiene practices.
Common waterborne diseases in India include:
 Diarrheal diseases: These are the most common, caused by bacteria, viruses, or
parasites. Examples include cholera, rotavirus infection, and E. coli infection.
 Typhoid fever: A bacterial infection spread through contaminated food and
water.
 Hepatitis A and E: Viral infections that affect the liver, transmitted through
contaminated water and food.
 Other diseases: These include amoebiasis, giardiasis, and infections caused by
various bacteria and parasites.
 These diseases pose a major public health challenge, particularly for vulnerable
populations with limited access to safe water and sanitation.
6 Write a note on Coincident draft
 the coincident draft refers to the combined water demand considered for
designing the system's capacity. It's not simply adding up all possible demands
but considering the most critical scenario where different demands coincide. By
considering the coincident draft, water supply systems are designed to reliably
meet both regular consumption and emergency needs like firefighting.
7. Explain the sedimentation process used in a water treatment plant. Draw a
neatsketch of a sedimentation tank in which coagulation is used.
 Sedimentation is a common way of treating water. It is a process that removes
solids that float and settle in the water. The process relies on the use of
sedimentation tanks that remove larger solids. Subsequent treatment
processes may be used after sedimentation. It is important to understand how
sedimentation is used in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. A
sedimentation tank in wastewater treatment removes particles from the
water. The accumulated solids, or sludge, form at the bottom of the
sedimentation tank and are removed periodically. Coagulants are typically
added to the water before sedimentation to aid in the settling process. After
sedimentation, there are often other treatment steps.
8. Writeshort notes on:
Aeration:
 Aeration is a water treatment process that involves bringing water and air into
close contact. This can be achieved through various methods, such as spraying
water into the air, bubbling air through water, or cascading water over a series of
steps. The primary purposes of aeration are to:
 Increase dissolved oxygen levels: This is beneficial for removing certain
contaminants and improving the taste of water.
 Remove dissolved gases: Gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide (which
causes a "rotten egg" odor), and methane can be removed through aeration.
 Oxidize dissolved metals: Iron and manganese can be oxidized through aeration,
causing them to precipitate out of the water and be removed through filtration.
 Remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Some VOCs can evaporate from the
water during aeration.
 Aeration is often used as a pre-treatment step in water treatment plants to
improve the efficiency of subsequent processes.
Temporary and Permanent Hardness in Water:
 Water hardness is primarily caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and
magnesium salts. It is classified into two types:
 Temporary hardness: This is caused by dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium (Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂). It can be removed by boiling the water,
which causes the bicarbonates to decompose and form insoluble carbonates that
precipitate out. This is why it's called "temporary" – it's easily removed.
 Permanent hardness: This is caused by dissolved sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates
of calcium and magnesium (e.g., CaCl₂, MgSO₄). Unlike temporary hardness, it
cannot be removed by boiling. It requires chemical treatment methods like using
water softeners (ion exchange) or adding chemicals like washing soda (sodium
carbonate).
9. Study the working procedure of both Rapid sand filter and slow sand filter with neat
sketches
Slow Sand Filter
 Working Procedure:
 Pre-treatment: Raw water undergoes preliminary screening to remove large
debris.
 Filtration: Water is gently applied to the filter bed, flowing downwards through
the sand.
 Purification: A complex ecosystem establishes within the top layer of sand, called
the 'Schmutzdecke'. This layer, composed of
microorganisms, algae, and diatoms, biologically
degrades impurities as water passes through.
 Collection: Filtered water is gathered by a
network of underdrains at the bottom.
 Cleaning: Periodically, the Schmutzdecke is
scraped off to remove accumulated solids,
restoring the filter's efficiency.
Rapid Sand Filter
 Working Procedure:
Pre-treatment: Raw water undergoes coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation
to remove larger particles.
 Filtration: Water is applied to the filter bed, flowing downwards through the
sand.
 Purification: Physical straining and
adsorption remove remaining impurities as
water percolates through the sand and
gravel layers.
 Backwashing: When filter efficiency declines
due to accumulated solids, the flow is
reversed, and очищенная water is pumped
upwards to dislodge and carry away
impurities.
 Collection: Filtered water is gathered by a network of underdrains at the bottom.
9. What flow equalizer?.
 A flow equalizer is a storage unit (like a tank or basin) used in water and
wastewater treatment to even out variations in flow rates. It stores excess water
during peak flow periods and releases it gradually during low flow periods,
creating a more consistent flow for downstream treatment processes. This
improves treatment efficiency and stability.
10. Define: Detention time and Displacement efficiency
Detention Time:
 It's the theoretical time it takes for water to pass through a treatment tank or
basin which can be Calculated by dividing the tank's volume by the flow rate of
water.
 Important for processes like sedimentation and disinfection, ensuring sufficient
time for treatment to occur.
Displacement Efficiency:
 It measures how effectively the actual flow pattern in a tank matches the ideal
plug flow (where water moves through in an orderly, piston-like manner).
 A higher displacement efficiency indicates better use of the tank's volume and
less short-circuiting (where some water exits too quickly).
 Helps optimize tank design and operation for improved treatment performance.
11. Enlist the various empirical formulas to estimate the quantity of storm water
 Empirical formulas for estimating stormwater quantity are simplified equations
based on observed data and relationships. Here are a few common ones:
 * **Rational Method:** Q = CIA, where Q is runoff, C is the runoff coefficient, I
is rainfall intensity, and A is the drainage area.
 * **Empirical formulas for rainfall intensity (I):** These often relate intensity to
storm duration (t), such as I = a/(t+b), where a and b are constants.
 * **Other regional formulas:** These may incorporate factors like temperature,
basin characteristics, or local climate data.
 These formulas provide quick estimates but have limitations and should be used
cautiously, especially for complex situations.
12. Write a short note on Aerobic and anaerobic reactions
 Aerobic and anaerobic reactions are fundamental biological processes that
describe how microorganisms break down organic matter. Aerobic reactions
require the presence of free oxygen (O2) to occur. In these reactions,
microorganisms use oxygen to oxidize organic compounds, converting them into
simpler substances like carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and new biomass.
This process is highly efficient in terms of energy production and waste
stabilization. On the other hand, anaerobic reactions occur in the absence of free
oxygen. In these reactions, microorganisms use other electron acceptors, such as
nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), or carbon dioxide (CO2), to break down organic
matter.
 Anaerobic reactions produce end products like methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), and other organic acids. While less energy-efficient than aerobic
processes, anaerobic reactions are crucial in environments lacking oxygen and
play a significant role in wastewater treatment, particularly for high-strength
organic wastes.
13. Why coagulants are used in the sewage treatment? Name a few common coagulants
used.
 Coagulants are essential in sewage treatment to remove suspended solids and
impurities that are too small to settle or filter out on their own. These tiny
particles often carry negative charges, causing them to repel each other and
remain dispersed in the water. Coagulants are chemicals with positive charges
that neutralize these negative charges, allowing the particles to clump together
into larger, more easily removable flocs. This process, called coagulation, is
crucial for clarifying wastewater and improving the efficiency of subsequent
treatment stages.
Some common coagulants used in sewage treatment include:
 Aluminum sulfate (alum): A widely used and cost-effective coagulant.
 Ferric chloride: Effective over a wider pH range than alum.
 Ferric sulfate:Another iron-based coagulant with similar properties to ferric
chloride.
 Polymeric coagulants:Synthetic organic polymers that can be very effective at
low doses.
14. Explain with a neat sketch the working of a“Trickling filter”. What is the principal
on which it works?****
 Working Principle:
 Wastewater Distribution: Wastewater is sprayed or trickled over the filter
media using a distribution system (e.g., rotating arms with spray nozzles).
 Biofilm Formation: A microbial layer, known as a biofilm or zoogleal film,
develops on the surface of the filter media. This film consists of various
microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) that consume organic matter in the
wastewater.
 Aerobic Degradation: As the wastewater trickles down through the media, the
microorganisms in the biofilm aerobically break down the organic pollutants,
converting them into carbon dioxide, water, and new biomass.
 Air Circulation: Air circulates through the filter bed, providing oxygen for the
aerobic microorganisms in the biofilm
15. What do you mean by Activated Sludge? Discuss on the flow scheme and mixing
regime of conventional activated sludge process.***
 Activated sludge is a biological wastewater treatment process that uses a
mixed microbial culture (the "activated sludge") to remove organic pollutants.
This sludge is a complex community of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and other
microorganisms that thrive in an oxygen-rich environment.
In a conventional activated sludge process, the flow scheme typically involves
these steps:
 Primary Treatment: Preliminary treatment removes large debris and grit,
followed by primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids.
 Aeration Tank: The effluent from primary treatment is mixed with the
activated sludge in an aeration tank. Air or oxygen is supplied to maintain
aerobic conditions, allowing the microorganisms to break down the organic
matter.
 Secondary Clarifier (Settler): The mixed liquor (wastewater and activated
sludge) flows to a secondary clarifier, where the activated sludge settles to the
bottom.
 Sludge Return: A portion of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration tank
to maintain a sufficient microbial population. This is crucial for the continuous
treatment process.
 Waste Sludge: Excess sludge is removed from the system as "waste activated
sludge" and undergoes further treatment (e.g., anaerobic digestion).
16. What do you mean by Flow Equalization? How is it achieved in Sewage
treatment?***
 Flow equalization in sewage treatment refers to the process of smoothing out
variations in wastewater flow rates over time. Wastewater flow rates can
fluctuate significantly throughout the day, with peak flows occurring during
periods of high water usage and low flows during the night
Several methods are used to achieve flow equalization:
 Equalization basins: These are dedicated storage tanks designed to hold and
release wastewater at a controlled rate.
 In-line storage: Using excess capacity in existing treatment units, such as primary
clarifiers or aeration basins, to provide some flow equalization.
 Pump control: Using pumps with variable speeds or on/off controls to regulate
the flow rate out of the equalization basin.
17. Write short notes on:
a. Septic tank**
 A septic tank is a simple, on-site wastewater treatment system used
primarily in areas without centralized sewer systems. It's a buried,
watertight container, typically made of concrete or plastic. Wastewater
from a household flows into the septic tank, where solids separate from
liquids. Heavier solids settle to the bottom, forming sludge, while lighter
materials like grease and oils float to the top, forming scum. Anaerobic
bacteria in the tank partially break down the solids.