Oriental University

Indore

Lab Manual
Electrical Machine-I
(EXXX2CO04P)
Diploma (EE) – III Semester
Oriental University
Indore

Name__________________________________________________________________

Roll No.________________________________________________________

Branch________________________________ Sem ____________

 1

III-SEM DIPLOMA ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF COURSE: ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
COURSE CODE: EXXX2CO04P

INDEX

S. NO. EXPERIMENT DATE SIGNATURE REMARKS

To Study the speed control of D.C.
Shunt motor by-
1.  Field control method.
 Armature control Method.

Perform turn ratio and polarity test on

2. a 1-Ф transformer.

3. To Perform Open Circuit Test On

single Phase Transformer
To Perform Short Circuit Test On
4. single Phase Transformer

To perform the parallel operation of

5. two,1-Ф transformer And observe load
sharing.

Perform load test on a 1-Ф transformer

6. and plot its load characteristic

Scott-Connection (Three Phase to Two

7. Phase conversion)

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
2

EXPERIMENT NO. 01

AIM: To Study the speed control of D.C. Shunt motor by-

(i) Field control method.
(ii) Armature control Method.

APPARATUS USED:

Sl. No. Equipment Type Specification Quantity

1. DC Shunt motor DC 5-HP, 1500 rpm, 1
16.7 amp, 220 V
2. Tachometer Digital (0-10000) r. p. m. 1
3. Voltmeter MC (0-300) volts 1
4. Ammeter MC (0-1/2) A(0-5/10) A 1 each
5. Rehostat Single Tube 260Ω, 1.2 A 1
6. Rehostat Single Tube (0-2000) rpm 1

THEORY:

DC Motor:
A machine that converts DC electrical power into mechanical power is known as DC
Motor. It has been seen that a.c. Motors are invariably used in the the industry for the
conversion of electrical power into mechanical power, but at the places where wide range
of speed and good speed regulation is required such as in ELETRIC TRACTION, DC
motor has to be applied.

Working Principle:
Its working depends upon the basic principle that when a current carrying conductor is
placed in the magnetic field, a force is exerted on it and torque develops.

Types of DC Motor:
On the basis of their field excitation , the DC Motors can be classified as:
1. Seprately excited DC Motor.
2. Self excited DC Motor:
(i) DC Shunt Motor
(ii) DC Series Motor

Now, the back emf of a dc motor is given by =>

Where,

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
3

Kp is constant for the given motor because a machine once designed will have constant
no. Of armature conductors Z no. Of poles P and number of parrallel paths, Ø is the flux
per pole and Wm is the rotational velocity(mechanical).

Wm=2πn(rad/sec)

Where, (r.p.s)

(r.p.m)

Hence, speed can be controlled by:

1. By controlling Eb through variation of Vt(terminal voltage) or Ra(Armature circuit
resistance) called Armature control.
2. By controlling through variation of field voltage or field resistance called field
control.

1. FIELD CONTROL METHOD:-

The flux produced by the shunt winding depends upon the current flowing through
it. (i.e.,, is directly proportional to Ish & Ish= V/Rsh). When a variable resistance R is
connected in series with the shunt field winding as shown in fig. (1), the shunt field
current (Ish = V/(Rsh+R)) is reduced & hence the flux Ø. Consequently, the motor runs at
a speed higher than the normal speed (since N is directly prop. to 1/Ø). The amount of
increase in speed depends upon the value of varible resistance R.

2. ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:-

In a shunt motor flux is constant when appied terminal voltage & shunt field
resistance are constant. Therefore, speed of the motor is directly proportional to the
induced emf (i.e., N is directly prop. Eb & Eb= V-Ia* Ra). The value of Eb depends
upon the drop in the armture circuit. When a variable resistance is inserted in series
with tyhe armature as shown in the figure(2), the induced emf[Eb=V-Ia(Ra+R)] is
reduced & hence the speed. Thus the motor runs at speed lesser than the normal
speed.
This method is neither economical nor efficient as a large power (Ia2*R) is
wasted in control resistance R since it carries full armature current Ia.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure (1): Field Control Method

Figure (2): Armature Control Method

PROCEDURE:
(a) Field Control Method:
1. Make a proper connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on he supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
3. Now, insert the resistance in the resistancein the field winding slowly.
4. Tabulate the readings of field current, voltage and the speed by tachometer in
the observation table.
5. Take some more readings by varying the field resistance.
6. Plot the graph between If and N on the graph paper.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
5

(b) Armature Control Method:

1. Make a proper connection according to the circuit diagram given in the
Figure (2).
2. Start the motor.
3. For the diffrent values of resistance, note the values from ammeter, voltmeter
and tachometer and note down in the observation table.
4. Plot the graph between Ia and N on the graph paper

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl. Field Control Method Armature Control

No. Field Current Speed Armature Speed
(amp) (rpm) Current (rpm)
(amp)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be tight.

2. Never touch the live terminal during the experiment.
3. Before changing the connection, switch off the supply properly.
4. Increase the load carefully.
5. Always use the starter of proper rating.
6. Always wear shoes when working in the lab. Avoid wearing loose clothes, hanging
chains etc.
7. Make proper contact when measuring the speed with Tachometer.

RESULT:
1. The variation in speed of shunt motor, w.r.t., If and Ia, is shown in the observation
table and plotted on the Graph.
2. From the graph we obseveved that speed falls down slowly as the D. C. Shunt motor is
loaded from no load to full load.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
6

EXPERIMENT NO. 02

OBJECT: - Perform turn ratio and polarity test on 1-phase transformer.

INSTRUMENTS
S.No. Name Type Range Quantity
1. Transformer Shell Type 220V/110V 01
2. Voltmeter MI Type 0-300V 02
0-600V 01
3. Multimeter Digital 0-700V 01
4. Variac Single Phase AC 0-270V(Variable) 01

THEORY

POLARITY MARKINGS

In case of transformers, polarity marking is used to indicate the terminals of the primary
and secondary windings reaching the maximum value of emf at the same instant. For
example, the terminals A1 and a1 attain similar polarities simultaneously. The two
simultaneously positive terminals are identified by two dots by the side of terminals as
shown in fig. 1 Polarity markings are significant when two or more transformer coils are
interconnected for parallel operation, three-phase connection, etc.For example, when two
transformers are to be connected in parallel, the terminals of the same polarity only can be
connected together; otherwise there will be a dead short circuit between the two windings.

TURN/VOLTAGE RATIO:

The induced emf per phase in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer is
given by,
Induced emf in primary, E1 = 4.44 f φ T1
Induced emf in secondary, E2 = 4.44 f φ T2
However, E1 ≈ V1 and E2 ≈ V2

V2 T2
Hence, the voltage ratio, ------------- = ----------
V1 T1

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
7

A transformer converts one AC Voltage to another. So inputing an AC Voltage and

measuring the output Voltage will give you the turns ratio.

Vin/Vout = n1:n2

E1 E2

TRANSFORMER POLARITY

A1 a1 A1 a1
1- 
1-φ V1 E1 E2 V1
230V A.C. V2
230V A.C. V2 E1 E2
A2 a2 A2 a2

V
V33 V3

TRANSFORMER POLARITY TEST

100%

86.6%
1-  230V A.C.
Vin Vout
50%

com
VOLTAGE/TURN RATIO TEST

PROCEDURE
Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
8

(A) POLARITY TEST:

1. Connect the circuit as per fig. 2
2. Switch-on single phase ac supply.
3. Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3.In case V3<V1 the polarity subtractive.
4. Repeat step 3, after connecting terminals A1 and a2. The transformer should be
disconnected before making this change. In this case V3>V1 which indicates
addititive polarity.
5. Switch off the ac power supply.

(B) VOLTAGE/TURN RATIO TEST:

1. Connect the circuit as per fig.3
2. Switch on as supply.
3. Record the voltages Vin across the primary and Vout across various tapping of the
secondary.
4. Switch off the ac supply.

OBSERVATIONS: May be tabulated as follows.

(A) POLARITY TEST

S.No. V1 V2 V3 Tapping Additive or
Subtractive
1. 100% or 230V(A1 to a1 )

2. 100% or 230V(A1 to a2 )

(B) VOLTAGE RATIO/ TURN RATIO TEST

S.No. Vin Vout Vin/Vout = n1:n2 Tapping
1. 100% or 230V

2. 86.6% or
199.18V
3. 50% or 115V

QUESTIONS

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
9

Q.1 What is meant by term “transformation ratio” in transformer?

Q.2 What is meant by a step-down transformer?
Q.3 What is normally the thickness of lamination of transformer core?
Q.4 Name the conducting materials that are commonly used for the primary and
Secondary winding of the transformer.
Q.5 What are the different types of transformers as per the construction of magnetic
Frame?
Q.6 What is the basic material used for the construction of magnetic frame?

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
10

EXPERIMENT NO:03

OBJECT: - TO PERFORM OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON A 1-Ф TRANSFORMER.

INSTRUMENTS
S.No. Name Type Range Quantity
1. Transformer 1-Ф,2KVA,ShellType Input 115Vand 1
step down Output 230V
2. Wattmeter Dynamometer ( Portable LPF) 1/2A,75/150/300V 1
3. Ammeter MI 0-1A 1
4. Voltmeter MI 0-300V 2
5. Variac 1-Ф Fully variable 8A/0-270V 1

THEORY:

In this test low Voltage winding ( primary) is connected to a supply of normal voltage
and frequency (as per the rating of transformer) and the high voltage winding (secondary)
is left open as shown in fig. The primary winding draw very low current hardly 3 to 5%of
full load current ( may be up to 10% for very small rating transformers used for laboratory
purposes) under this condition. As such copper losses in the primary winding will be
negligible. Thus mainly iron losses occur in the transformer under no load or open circuit
condition, which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit.

W
Auto-
Xmer A

L.V. H.V.
1-Phase
230V,a.c. V V

Open Circuit test on 1-  Transformer

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
11

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit.
4. Record no load current, voltage applied and no load power, corresponding to the rated
voltage of the transformer winding.
5. Switch-off the ac supply.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. V0 I0 W0

CALCULATIONS:

Total iron losses = W0 (Reading of wattmeter) = -------------

From the observations of this test, the parameters R0 and Xm of the parallel branch of the

equivalent circuit can also be calculated, following the steps given below:

 PowerDrawn , W0  V0 I 0 COS  0      

W0
 Thus, no load power factor, COS 0   
V0 I 0

 Core loss component of no load current, I w  I 0 COS 0      

 And, magnetizing component of no load current, I m  I 0 Sin 0      

V0
 Equivalent resistance representing the core loss, R 0   
Iw

V0
 Magnetizing reactance representing the magnetizing current, X m   
Im

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
12

EXPERIMENT NO-04

OBJECT: - TO PERFORM SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A 1-Ф TRANSFORMER.

INSTRUMENTS:
S.No. Name Type Range Quantity
1. Transformer 1-Ф,2KVA,ShellType step Input 230Vand 1
down Output 115V
2. Wattmeter Dynamometer Portable 2.5/5A,75/150/300V 1
3. Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
4. Voltmeter MI 0-300V 2
5. Variac 1-Ф Fully variable 8A/0-270V 1

THEORY:
In this test, low voltage winding is short circuited and a low voltage hardly 5 to 8
percent of the rated voltage of the high voltage winding is applied to this winding.
This test is performed at rated current flowing in both the windings. Iron losses occurring
in the transformer under this condition is negligible, because of very low applied voltage.
Hence the total losses occurring under short circuit are mainly the copper losses of both
the winding, which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit as shown in fig.

Auto-Xmer
A

H.V. L.V.
1-Phase
230V,a.c. V

Short Circuit test on 1-  Transformer

PROCEDURE:
Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
13

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the setting of the variac, so that the output is zero.
3. Switch on the ac supply to the circuit.
4. Increase the voltage applied slowly, till the current in the windings of the transformer
is full load rated value.
5. Record, short circuit current, corresponding applied voltage and power with full load
current flowing under short circuit conditions.
6. Switch off the ac supply.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Vsc Isc Wsc

CALCULATION:

Total full load copper losses = Wsc (reading of wattmeter) = ---------------

The equivalent resistance Req, and reactance Xeq referred to a particular winding can also
be calculated from the observations of this test, following the steps given below.

Wsc
Equivalent resistance referred to H.V. winding, Req   -----
I sc2
Vsc
Also, Equivalent impedance referred to H.V. winding, Zeq   
I sc
Thus equivalent reactance referred to H.V. winding, Xeq  Z eq
2
 Req2      

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
14

EXPERIMENT NO. 05

OBJECT: - To perform the parallel operation of two, 1-phase transformer and

observe load sharing.

APPARATUS USED:

S.No. Name of Type Range Qty.

instrument
1. Ammeter MI Type 0-5A 02
0-10A 01

2. Voltmeter MI Type 0-300V 01

3. wattmeter Dynamometer 5A/10A 03

300V

4. Load Resistive type 3 KW 01

5. Variac Single Phase AC 0-270V /10A 01

6. Multimeter Digital 0-700V 01

NAME PLATE SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER

1. KVA RATINGS : 1KVA

2. INPUT TAPPING: 230V

3. OUTPUT TAPPING: 115V

4. PHASE: SINGLE PHASE

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
15

THEORY:

Parallel operation of transformers is frequently necessary in the power system network,

which consist of a number of transformers installed at generating stations etc. when
operating two or more transformers in parallel (on the primary as well as secondary sides),
their satisfactory performance require that the followings must be satisfied.
For single phase transformers
(i) the same polarity
(ii) the same voltage ratio.
The transformers to be operated in parallel should have the following for better load
sharing and operating power factor-
(i) Equal per unit impedances
(ii) Equal ratios of resistance to reactance.
POLARITY: Polarity of the two transformers connected in parallel can be either right or
wrong. The wrong polarity of the transformers connected in parallel in parallel, would be
result in a dead short circuit on the transformer.
VOLTAGE RATIO An equal voltage ratio of the two transformers operating in parallel
is necessary to avoid no load circulating current. In case of unequal voltage ratio,
circulating current will flow in the closed circuit formed by the secondaries and also the
primaries, even at no load circulating current should not be permitted to exceed 10 percent
of its normal rated value for satisfactory parallel operation. In case of equal voltage ratio,
the load shared by the two transformers operating in parallel is given by,

Z2
Load shared by transformer 1, Q1 = Q
Z1  Z 2

Z1
Load shared by transformer 1, Q2 = Q
Z1  Z 2

The above equations indicates clearly that the load sharing on the two transformers can be
equalised, if their per unit impedances are equal. However in case of unequal voltage
ratio, the transformer of smaller ratings will be over load, if the combined fulled load
output is drawn from the parallel combinations, resulting in excessive heating of one the
transformer.

EQUAL PER UNIT IMPEDANCE

For better load sharing, two transformers of the same ratings should have equal per unit
impedance for operating in parallel. If two transformers of ratings in the ratio of 2:1 are to
be operated in parallel, then to carry double the current, former transformer must have half

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
16

the impedance of the latter for the same regulation. In case this condition is not full filled,
the transformer of the lower rating will be over loaded, while that of higher rating will be
operating at comparatively lesser load than its rating.
a difference in the quality of percentage impedance i.e. resistance/reactance ratio, results
in a divergence of the phase angle of the two currents shared by the transformers. hence
one transformer will be working with a higher and the other with a lower power factor
than that of the normal operating power factor.

PROCEDURE
(a) Polarity check
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Switch-on the supply to the primary circuit, where the primaries of both the
transformers are connect connected in parallel.
3. The voltmeter connected in the secondary circuit of the transformers will read
either zero or twice the secondary terminal voltage of each voltage of each
transformer.
4. If the voltmeter reads zero-connect a1 to a`1 and a2 to a`2 for the two secondaries
to be in parallel.
5. In case, the voltmeter reads twice the secondary terminal voltage, then connect
a1 to a`2 and a2 to a`1 for parallel operation of two transformers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
fig shows the circuit diagram for operating two single phase transformers in parallel,
which is self explanatory.
A1
a1
1-Ф a.c. V

A2 a2

a1
A1

A2 a2

POLARITY TEST FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
17

(b) Parallel operation

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. ensure that the two
secondaries have been connected properly as per the polarity determined in part (a).
2. Close the switch S1 to energize both the primaries. ensure that the switch S2 is kept
open in case the voltage ratio of the two transformers are unequal, there will be a
circulating current, which may be recorded.
3. Close the switch S2. Adjust a particular load on the secondaries and record the
readings of all the instruments connected in the circuit.
4. Repeat step 3 for various values of load current upto the rated capacity of the two
transformers operating in parallel.
5. Switch off the load slowly. Open the switch S2 and then switch off the supply to the
primaries of the transformers.

I1 IL
A1
a1
W1 WL
1-Ф a.c. VL

A2 a2
S2

I2
a1
A1 W2

A2 a2

PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
18

OBSERVATIONS: May be tabulated as follows.

S.No. VL IL WL I1 W1 I2 W2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

QUESTIONS

1. Discuss with suitable diagram the importance of polarity for satisfactory parallel
operation of two transformers.
2. Discuss the essentiality of parallel operation of transformers in a practical system
supplying power to a wide area.
3. What is meant by circulating current with regard to parallel operation of
transformers? How much percentage of circulating current can be permitted for
satisfactory parallel operation? How can it be minimized?
4. Explain the additional essential and desirable conditions that should be satisfied for
parallel operation of 3-Ф transformers compared to 1- Ф transformers.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
19

EXPERIMENT NO. 06

OBJECT: - TO PERFORM LOAD TEST ON 1-φ TRANSFORMER AND TO

DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING.

(a) Efficiency at different loads and to plot efficiency Vs load curve.

(b) Regulation of the transformer and to plot regulation Vs load curve

INSTRUMENTS

S.No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter MI 0-300V 02
2. Ammeter MI 0-10A 01
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 5-10A/300V 01
4. Lamp bank load Resistive 3KW 01
5. Variac Single Phase AC 0-270V/10A 01

TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE DETAILS

S.NO. Primary side Secondary side

1. Rated Voltage 230V 115V
2. Rated current 4.5A 9A
3. Rated Power 1KVA 1KVA

LOAD TEST:
Performance of the transformer can be determined as follows from the observations of
load test.
Power input to the transformer = W1 (reading of wattmeter)
Power output of transformer = VI watts (cos φ being unity for lamp bank load)

V2 I 2
Thus, efficiency at particular load, %Efficiency   100
W1
No load voltage across secondary = E2
Terminal voltage across secondary at a particular load = V2
Then, regulation of the transformer at that load
E 2  V2
Regulation %VR   100
E2

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
20

W
Autotransformer
A

P
1-Phase
230V,a.c. V V

Load test on 1-  Transformer

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.

2. Ensure that there is no load on the secondary winding of the transformer.
3. Switch on the ac supply and record the no load voltage across the secondary
winding.
4. Adjust approximately 10% of full load current in the secondary by switching on
certain lamps in the lamp bank load. Record the readings of all the meters.
5. Repeat step A for various load currents, till the full load value.
6. Reduce the load on the transformer by switching off the bulbs in the lamp bank
load.
7. Switch off the ac supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Input Output Output %Efficiency % Regulation Lamp

Power Voltage Current V I E  V2 Load
  2 2  100 %VR  2  100
W1 V2 I2 W1 E2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Result: - Efficiency and voltage regulation has been calculated at different load as shown
in the table

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
21

REPORT QUESTION:

1. Why the terminal voltage across the load decreases with increase in load on the

transformer?

2. What is normally the range of efficiency of large rating power transformer?

3. Why the efficiency of a transformer is much higher compared to a rotating machine

of a similar rating?

4. Under what conditions, a transformer is called as ideal transformer?

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
22

EXPERIMENT NO. 07
OBJECT: - SCOTT-CONNECTION (THREE PHASE TO TWO PHASE CONVERSION)

(i) To obtain a balanced two phase supply from a three phase balanced
system.
(ii) To study the nature of currents on the primary side with balanced loading
on the two phases.
(iii) To study the currents on the primary side with unbalanced loading on the
two phases.

APPARATUS USED:
S.No. Name of instrument Type Range Qty.
0-5A 03
1. Ammeter MI 0-10A 02

0-300V 02
2. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 01

3. Load Resistive 3KW 01

4. Variac Three Phase AC 0-440V/15A 01

5. Multimeter Digital 0-700V 01

NAME PLATE SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER –A (MAIN TRANSFORMER)

1. KVA RATINGS 1KVA
2. INPUT TAPPING: 230V/199V/115V
3. PHASE: SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER –B (TEASURE TRANSFORMER)

1. KVA RATINGS: 1KVA

2. INPUT TAPPING: 230V/199V/115V
3. PHASE: SINGLE PHASE

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
23

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig shows the circuit diagram of Scott connection for converting a 3-Ф ac system into two
phase balanced ac system. Various instruments connected in the circuit serve the purpose
indicated against each.
1. 3-Ф phase variac-to reduce the voltage applied to the primaries of the transformers as
per their voltage ratings.
2. Ammeters- to measure load current on each secondary and the currents in all the lines
on the primary side.
3. Voltmeter-to measure voltages across each secondary, primary and also when
secondaries are connected. It is advisable to use a single voltmeter with probes to
measure different voltages.
4. Lamp bank load-to load the secondaries.

R
a2 AT
86.6%
3-Ø a.c. A1 V1
C
Supply N
O
A2 a1
Y S1
A 50% B
V3
B
b1 b2
V2 AM

A3

S2

SCOTT-CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
24

THEORY

Three phase to two phase conversion or vice versa is essential under the following
circumstances.
(i) To supply power to two phase electric furnaces.
(ii) To supply power to two-phase apparatus from a 3-phase sources.
(iii) To interlink three phase system and two phase systems.
(iv) To supply power to three phase apparatus from a two phase source.

The common type of connection which can achieve the above conversion is normally
called Scott-connection.
Two single phase transformers of identical rating with suitable tappings provide on both,
are required for the Scott-connection. Fig shows the circuit diagram of Scott-connection
with various details marked on it the two transformers used for this conversion must have
the following tappings on their primary windings.
Transformer A- 50 percent tapping and is called the main transformer.
Transformer B- 86.6 percent tapping and is a called teasure transformers. The phasor
diagram of voltages across the primaries and secondaries has been shown in fig. the
voltage across the primary AB of main transformer. The neutral point of the three phase
system will be on the teasure transformer, such that the voltage between O and N is 28.8%
of the applied voltage. Thus the neutral point divided the teasure primary winding, co in
C
the ratio of 1:2.
a2
N

a1
A
O B b1 b2
(a)Primary voltages (b) secondary voltages

Phasor diagram for Scott connection

The voltages across the two secondaries a1 a2 and b1 b2 should be same in magnitude but
in phase quadrature, which may be verified experimentally by recording the voltage across
the two secondaries Va1a2, Vb1b2, and the voltage across a2 b2 with a1and b1 connected
together. The voltage Va1a2 and Vb1b2 will be phase quadrature, if the following
relationship holds goods between the three voltages.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
25

Va2 b2  Va21a2  Vb12b2

THE BEHAVIOR OF THE ABOVE CIRCUIT CAN BE STUDIED EXPERIMENTALLY, UNDER THE
FOLLOWING DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LOADING.

(i) Equal loading on the two secondaries at unity power factor:

If the two secondaries of main and teasure transformers carry equal currents at unity
power factor (resistive load), the current flowing in the primary windings on the three
phase side will also be equal and that too at unit power factor. This fact may be verified
experimentally.

(ii) Equal loading on the two secondaries at 0.8 p.f. lagging:

Load the two secondaries with equal current but with inductive load at 0.8 p.f.
lagging. Then the currents on the primary side will also be balanced and that too at 0.8 p.f.
lagging, a fact which may be verified experimentally.

(iii) Unequal loading on the two secondaries with different power factors.

If both the current and power factor are different in the two secondaries of the
transformers used for Scott-connection, then the current on the primary side will also be
unbalanced, again a fact which can be verified experimentally.

Procedure
1 Connect the circuit as fig.
2 Ensure that the switches S1 and S2 are open.
3 Adjust the 3-Ф variac for minimum voltage in the its output circuit.
4 Switch on the ac supply and apply rated voltage across the primaries of the
transformers.
5 Record voltage V1, V2 and V3 and verify that the output is balanced two phase
supply.
6 Switch off the ac supply and remove the dotted connection of the two
secondaries and the voltmeter, V3. Adjust the variac to minimum output
voltage.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore
26

7 Switch on the ac supply again. Adjust the output voltage of variac as per the
rated voltage of the primaries of the transformers
8 Close the switches S1and S2 to load both the secondaries. Adjust equal loading
of both the secondaries. Record the readings of all the meters connected in the
circuit (primaries as well as secondaries).
9 Repeat step 8 for various loading condition on the two secondaries.
10 Repeat step 8 for various unequal loading conditions on the two secondaries.
11 Switch off the load from both the secondaries and adjust the variac, so that its
output voltage is minimum.
12 Switch off the ac supply.

OBSERVATIONS:

For balanced two phase Under loaded conditions

supply
S.No. V1 V2 V3 S.No. I2m I2T I1 I2 I3 V1 V2

REPORT QUESTIONS

1. Is it possible to obtain 3-Ф phase balanced as system from a 2-Ф balanced

ac system using Scott connection?

2. Why is essential that 86.6% tapping must be there in teasure transformer?

3. What tapping should be available on the main transformer and why?

4. Draw a simple phasor diagram, showing the primary and secondary

voltages of Scott connection transformers.

5. Comment about the iron losses occurring in main and teasure transformer,

especially from the consideration of their equality or inequality.

Lab Manual: Diploma EXXX2CO04P, Electrical Machine-I.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Oriental University, Indore