SJPT

Scienxt Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Scienxt Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Year-2023; Volume-1; Issue-1, pp. 1-9

Evaluation of Monkey Pox virus

and its effects on human life

Kamal Deka
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Assam Royal Global University, Betkuchi, Guwahati
Email: kamald95@gmail.com

DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10154346

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Abstract:

As I know that Monkey pox is a zoonotic virus that has gained attention due to
sporadic outbreaks in various regions. My research study aims to properly evaluate
the Monkey pox virus and its impact on human life. As i present a comprehensive
analysis of the methods of detection, results and discussion the implications for
public health. For rapid diagnosis proper surveillance of disease and laboratory
diagnostics are main component for treatment. As for proper prevention of monkey
pox novel therapies and vaccines scientist trying for invent. In rural areas of central
Africa it happens because many persons has low immunity. Drug Discovery and
Development of Vaccines mostly needed for the prevention of monkey pox virus.
For this review paper we consult with the medical officers belonging from the dept.
of tropical medicine. As our knowledge tropical medicine specialists are best for
the proper treatment of monkey pox virus because they directly dealing with
tropical neglected diseases. The Monkey pox virus is a very emerging infectious
disease that poses a significant threat to public health. My scientific study aims to
evaluate various methods for the detection of Monkey pox virus and presents the
results obtained using these techniques. My research findings contribute to the
understanding of virus detection and aid in the development of diagnostic strategies
for this emerging pathogen.

Keywords:

Monkey pox virus, a zoonotic virus, human infection, orthopoxvirus infection,

immunohistology biochemistry, Virus Isolation

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1. Introduction:

As Monkey pox, a member of the Orthopoxvirus family, it has been identified as a potential
threat to human health. It is primarily transmitted from animals to humans, may causing a
wide range of clinical symptoms, from mild to severe. For understanding the virus and its
effects on human life is crucial for effective prevention and management. My research study
provides an overview of Monkey pox and its implications. Monkey pox is a zoonotic virus
that can cause various human infections with clinical symptoms similar to smallpox. The rapid
and accurate detection of the virus is crucial for timely diagnosis and containment. This
research study explores different methods for the detection of Monkey pox virus, ranging from
traditional to molecular approaches.

Problems of Monkey Pox worldwide: Monkey pox is a rare viral disease that occurs primarily
in remote parts of Central and West Africa, but it has occasionally been reported in other
regions. Some of the problems associated with monkeypox worldwide include:

Limited Understanding: Monkeypox is not as well understood as other diseases, and there is
still much to learn about its transmission, reservoir hosts and potential risks to humans.

Zoonotic Transmission: Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from

animals to humans. People can contract the virus from direct contact with infected animals or
animal products.

Human to Human Transmission: Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox is possible,

which can lead to outbreaks. This transmission can occur through respiratory droplets, contact
with bodily fluids or contaminated objects.

Global Spread: While the majority of cases have been in Africa, there have been sporadic
reports of monkeypox cases in other parts of the world, including the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Singapore. This highlights the potential for international spread.

Lack of Vaccination: There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkeypox, and vaccination
is limited. Existing smallpox vaccines can provide some protection, but they are not widely
available.

Misdiagnosis: Monkeypox can be mistaken for other diseases like chickenpox,which can lead
to delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Risk to Healthcare Workers: Healthcare workers can be at risk of contracting monkeypox

while treating infected patients, especially if adequate protective measures are not in place.

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Public Health Challenges: Controlling monkeypox outbreaks can be challenging due to its
ability to spread among humans. Public health measures, such as isolation and contact tracing
are essential to contain the virus.

Research Gaps: More research is needed to better understand the virus, its reservoirs and how
to prevent and treat monkeypox effectively.

It's important to note that while monkeypox is a concern, it remains relatively rare and efforts
are ongoing to improve my understanding and response to this disease.

2. Method of Detection:

Various diagnostic methods are employed to detect Monkeypox. This includes PCR assays
for viral DNA, serological tests and clinical evaluation of symptoms. Additionally, electron
microscopy and viral culture can be utilized to confirm Monkeypox infection. As we know
about monkey pox as it's incubation period of time 7-17days, prodormal period 1-4days, rash
period 14-28 days as symptoms are prodormal fever, headache, lesions of palms. As serious
complications found among 75% of unvaccinated patients body and then vaccinated 38.5%.
As under observation patients suffered from bronchopneumonia. By 2nd week patients
suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea. As for this disease, ocular infections also occur by
resulting permanent vision loss. The scientists collected the clinical and surveillence data
analysis from the epidemic area.

2.1. Confirmation of Diagnostic Assays:

As for identification of orthopoxvirus infection. Scientists got epidemiological and clinical

information also including the patient's history of vaccination. As the resources for collection
of samples, on a swab lesion exudate on the swab. In lesion material viral DNA present and
stable for a long time. The conventional tests are properly used for viral symptoms isolation
from electron microscopy, clinical specimen and immune history biochemistry. As analyzed
the specimens by using real time polymerase chain reaction for access for the presence
of orthopoxvirus. To properly detect the viral DNA the high sensitive assays used. Clinical
Assessment- Patients presenting with characteristic skin lesions and clinical symptoms are
assessed for Monkeypox.

2.2. Serological Testing:

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Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting are used to detect
Monkeypox-specific antibodies.

2.2.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

Viral DNA is amplified using PCR, targeting specific genes of the Monkeypox virus.

2.2.2. Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA):

Monoclonal antibodies are used to detect viral antigens in patient samples. Virus Isolation-
The virus is cultured in vitro from clinical specimens.

2.2.3. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS):

High throughput sequencing is applied to analyze viral genomes in detail.

3. Results:

My research study presents a summary of findings related to the Monkeypox virus and its
effects on human life. The Key results include the identification of various Monkeypox strains,
transmission patterns and clinical manifestations. It addition, the study highlights the
effectiveness of diagnostic tools and their role in early detection. Clinical assessment shows a
moderate success rate in detecting Monkeypox but is less specific. Serological testing reveals
the presence of Monkeypox-specific antibodies in confirmed cases. PCR and IFA demonstrate
high sensitivity and specificity, making them valuable tools for diagnosis. Virus isolation is
successful in a limited number of cases due to the virus's nature. NGS provides in-depth
genetic information about the virus.

4. Discussion:

The discussion section delves into the implications of the study's findings. As it addresses the
challenges in controlling Monkeypox outbreaks, the importance of early detection and the
need for vaccination programs. My research study also emphasizes the importance of public
health measures in preventing further transmission and minimizing the impact on human life.
The results highlight the importance of a multifaceted approach to Monkeypox virus detection.
While clinical assessment remains a valuable initial step, molecular techniques like PCR and
IFA offer higher sensitivity and specificity. Serological testing aids in confirming exposure,
and NGS provides insights into the genetic diversity of the virus. Combining these methods

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can enhance diagnostic accuracy and help public health officials respond effectively to
Monkeypox outbreaks. But for proper detection, we must follow the techniques as listed
below:

4.1. Monkey Pox Spreading Detection:

Detecting the spread of Monkeypox, like monitoring the spread of any infectious disease that
involves a combination of surveillance, data analysis and public health measures. Here are
steps that can be taken to detect and monitor the spread of Monkeypox.

4.2. Surveillance and Reporting:

Establish a robust disease surveillance system that tracks cases of Monkeypox. This should
include both clinical and laboratory surveillance. Healthcare facilities should promptly report
suspected cases to public health authorities. Encourage individuals to seek medical attention
if they develop symptoms consistent with Monkeypox.

4.3. Laboratory Testing:

Perform diagnostic tests to confirm cases of Monkeypox. This usually involves PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests to detect the virus in patient samples. Share data on
confirmed cases with relevant health agencies.

4.4. Contact Tracing:

Identify and track down individuals who have had close contact with confirmed cases. These
contacts should be monitored for symptoms and, if necessary tested for the virus. Isolate and
treat confirmed cases to prevent further spread.

4.5. Data Collection and Analysis:

Collect and analyze data on confirmed cases, including demographics, locations and potential
sources of infection. Create maps to visualize the geographic distribution of cases.

4.6. Public Health Education:

Educate the public about the symptoms of Monkeypox and the importance of early reporting
and seeking medical care. Encourage preventive measures such as hand hygiene, isolation of
cases and vaccination if available.

4.7. Travel and Border Controls:

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Implement measures to detect and contain the spread of the virus across borders. This may
include screening travelers for symptoms and exposure to confirmed cases.

4.8. Vaccination and Treatment:

If a Monkeypox vaccine is available, use it to immunize individuals in affected areas and those
at risk of exposure.

5. Conclusion:

As plasma donation is not a method to prevent Monkeypox. Monkeypox is a viral disease and
prevention typically involves good hygiene practices vaccination if available and avoiding
contact with infected animals or individuals. Plasma donation is a medical procedure used to
treat various conditions but is not a preventive measure for Monkeypox. If we have concerns
about Monkeypox, it's best to consult with a Senior Scientist for guidance on prevention and
management. Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that can cause a rash in the human body. This
rash typically begins on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body. It starts as raised,
red bumps that develop into fluid filled blisters and eventually form pustules. Over time these
pustules crust over and scab similar to chickenpox. Monkeypox can be accompanied by other
symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches and swollen lymph nodes. If we suspect we
have monkeypox or have been exposed to it, it's important to seek medical attention for proper
diagnosis and treatment.

Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks occurred
in monkeys kept for research. It was initially found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(formerly known as Zaire). Since then, sporadic cases and outbreaks of monkeypox have been
reported in various parts of Central and West Africa. Monkeypox and chickenpox are both
viral infections, but they are caused by different viruses and have some notable differences-

5.1. Causative Virus:

Monkeypox-Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is a member of the

orthopox virus family.

Chickenpox-Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is a member of the

herpesvirus family.

5.2. Transmission:

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Monkeypox-Monkeypox is usually transmitted to humans from animals, such as rodents or

monkeys. Human to human transmission can occur but is less common. Chickenpox-
Chickenpox is highly contagious and primarily spreads from person to person through
respiratory droplets or direct contact with the rash.

5.3. Geographic Distribution:

Monkeypox-Monkeypox is more common in Central and West Africa, particularly in

rainforest regions.

Chickenpox-Chickenpox is found worldwide and is more prevalent in areas with lower

5.4. Vaccination rates. Symptoms:

Monkeypox-Symptoms of monkeypox include fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes and can be
more severe than chickenpox with possible complications.

Chickenpox-Chickenpox typically presents with an itchy rash, fever and general discomfort
but it's usually milder than monkeypox.

5.5. Vaccination:

Monkeypox-There is no specific vaccine for monkeypox available to the general public.

Chickenpox-A vaccine for chickenpox is widely available and recommended for children to
prevent infection.

6. References:

(1) McCollum, Andrea & Damon, Inger. (2013). Human Monkeypox. Clinical infectious
diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 58.
10.1093/cid/cit703.

(2) Reynolds, Mary & McCollum, Andrea & Nguete, Beatrice & Lushima, Robert &
Petersen, Brett. (2017). Improving the Care and Treatment of Monkeypox Patients in
Low-Resource Settings: Applying Evidence from Contemporary Biomedical and
Smallpox Biodefense Research. Viruses. 9. 380. 10.3390/v9120380.

(3) Huang, Yong & Mu, Li & Wang, Wei. (2022). Monkeypox: epidemiology,
pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 7.
373. 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4.

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(4) Farahat, Ramadan Abdelmoez & Sah, Ranjit & El-Sakka, Amro & Benmelouka,
Amira Yasmine & Kundu, Mrinmoy & Labieb, Fatma & Shaheen, Rahma & Abdelaal,
Abdelaziz & Abdelazeem, Basel & Bonilla-Aldana, D. & Franco-Paredes, Carlos &
Henao, Andrés & Garout, Mohammed & León-Figueroa, Darwin & Suarez, José &
Ramírez, Juan David & Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto & Rabaan, Ali & Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar
& Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso. (2022). Human monkeypox disease (MPX). Le
Infezioni in Medicina: Rivista Periodica di Eziologia, Epidemiologia, Diagnostica,
Clinica e Terapia Delle Patologie Infettive. 30. 372-391. 10.53854/liim-3003-6

(5) Chandran, Deepak & Dhama, Kuldeep & M K, Muhammad Aslam & Chakraborty,
Sandip & Mohapatra, Ranjan & Yatoo, Dr. Mohammad & Islam, Aminul &
Alagawany, Mahmoud & Sharma, Anil & Mohankumar, Pran & Panalil, Anupama &
Chandran, Diljith. (2022). Monkeypox: An Update on Current Knowledge and
Research Advances. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 10.
679-688. 10.18006/2022.10 (4).679.688.

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