ADVENTIST YOUTH MINISTRIES NOTES

Brief contents

CHAPTER PAGE
1. Personal Growth, Commitment and general studies 2

2. Spiritual Discovery 16

3. Outdoor Living 48

4. Nature Studies 82

5. Health And Fitness 110

6. Church Heritage 125

7. Life Enrichment 158

Selected references 175

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Chapter 1
Personal growth, commitment and general studies

Chapter outline

Learning objectives 3
Chapter preview and introduction 3
The Pathfinder club 3
Commitments 4
Pathfinder song 8
The Pathfinder classes 8
Pathfinder emblem and flag 9
A.Y emblem and flag 11
Master Guide emblem and flag 13
Seventh - Day Adventist flag and logo 14
Adventist Youth Ministries on Campuses(AYMC) logo 15

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Learning Objectives

1.1 Memorize and explain the meaning of the: pathfinder aim, motto,
pledge and law.
1.2 Memorize the enrollment promise, purpose and agreement.
1.3 Know, sign, and explain the Legion of Honor.
1.4 State correctly the Pathfinder classes and their color codes.
1.5 Know how to sing the Pathfinder song.
1.6 Explain with biblical reference the Pathfinder emblem and flag.
1.7 Explain with biblical reference the A.Y emblem and flag.
1.8 Explain with biblical reference the Master Guide emblem and flag.
1.9 Explain with biblical reference the S.D.A logo and flag.

Chapter introduction

THE PATHFINDER CLUB

It is a worldwide program organized and directed by the Youth
Department of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist
church which offers a wide range of learning experiences for the young
people of 10 to 15 years of age.
Each Pathfinder Club is administered by a club director, deputy
directors, counselors, instructors, chaplain, secretary (scribe) and
treasurer.
The Pathfinder Club has a flag, bearing the Pathfinder‘s Club Emblem.
The flag is flown at local and conference Pathfinder programs and
activities. There is a specially designed full-dress uniform and also a
field uniform.

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The Philosophy of the PF Club

The SDA Church is committed to understanding young people and
training its youth for leadership and service to humanity. Pathfindering
appeals to this age group because its program features activities that
meet their needs and interests.

Areas of PF Classes
The PF classes have six main areas of study. These are General Studies,
Bible Search, Church Heritage, Nature Studies, Health and Fitness and
Camping and Survival Skills.

GENERAL STUDIES AND COMMITMENTS

General Studies
This area of study concerns itself with the study of PF aim, motto,
pledge, law and others including computer studies. Here, any lessons
that cannot be directly identified with any of the five areas are learnt.
For example, AY and PF Flag, PF Song (Anthem), National Anthem,
Computer Studies, etc.
Aim: “The Advent Message to All the World in My Generation‖
(Matthew 28:18-20).
Meaning
The Adventist Youth is required to send the Advent Message to the
entire world. This Message was clearly given to the disciples by Jesus
when he was about to ascend to heaven (Matthew
28:19, 20). This includes:
 Proclaiming the word to the whole world and also making
disciples for Him (Matt. 28:19a)
 Baptizing anybody who believe in him in the name of the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Matt. 28:19b)
 Teaching them (the believers) to obey everything which Jesus
had commanded the disciples. (Matt. 28:20a)
When we have done these, then He (Jesus) will be with us always, to
the end of the age. (Matt.
28:20b).

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Motto: ―For the Love of Christ Constrains Me‖ (2 Corinthians 5:14).

Meaning
 The love of Christ; his love to sinners constraineth me to love
him, and thus labor to induce our fellow-men to love him.
 Adventist Youth who are constrained by the love of Christ will
accept the responsibility and opportunity of joining with their fellow
youth in giving the everlasting gospel to all the world.

Pathfinder Pledge
By the Grace of God,
I will be pure and kind and true.
I will keep the Junior Law.
I will be a servant of God and a friend to man.
Meaning
 By the grace of God: Only as we rely on God to help us can we
do His will.
 I will be pure: I will fill my mind with everything that is right
and true and spend my time in activities that will build a strong, clean
character.
 I will be kind: I will be considerate and kind not only to my
fellow men but also to all of God‗s creation.
 I will be true: I will be honest and upright in study, work, and
play and can always be counted on to do my best.
 I will keep the Pathfinder Law: I will seek to understand the
meaning of the Law and will strive to live up to its spirit, realizing that
obedience to law is essential in any organization.
 I will be a servant of God: I will pledge myself to serve God
first, last, and best in everything I am called to be or do.
 I will be a friend to man: I will live to bless others and do unto
them as I would have them do unto me.
Pathfinder Law
Is for me to:
1. Keep the morning watch
2. Do my honest part
3. Care for my body

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4. Keep a level eye

5. be courteous and obedient
6. Walk softly in the sanctuary
7. Keep a song in my heart
8. Go on Gods errands.
Meaning
 Keep the morning watch: I will have personal devotional time
each day.
 Do my honest part: By the power of God, I will help others, and
do my duty and my honest share, wherever I may be.
 Care for my body: I will be temperate in all things and strive to
reach a high standard of physical fitness.
 Keep a level eye: I will not lie, cheat, or deceive, and will
despise dirty talk or evil thinking.
 Jesus in all my association with others.
 Walk softly in the sanctuary: In any devotional exercise, I will
show the reverence that befits being in the special presence of God.
 Keep a song in my heart: I will be cheerful always seeking the
positive side of life and let the influence of my life be as sunshine to
others.
 Go on God's errands: I will always be ready to share my faith
and seek to be of service to others as did Jesus.

Purpose
The Adventist Youth Society has for its purpose the development of the
physical, mental, and spiritual phases of the Life of a Christian youth,
this includes the preparing for the spread of the Gospel message, each
member is ask to pledge in an agreement to this program, when he joins
the Society.

My AYS Enrolment Promise

AY Society………………… Date………………..
I promise to do my honest part by the help of God, as a member of the
AY Society, to live up to its ideal and standards, to serve as best as I
can, to study to be a leader and to win soul to Christ.
Signature……………………………
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Agreement
‖Loving the Lord Jesus, I promise to take an active part in the work of
the Adventist Youth
Society doing what I can to help others and to finish the work of the
Gospel in all the world‖.

AY Legion of Honor
The AY Legion of Honor was first introduced at the 1953 Youth
Advisory Council. Its incentive came from a statement made by Ellen
White in 1902. It first appeared in Testimonies, Vol. 7 p.
64, and can be found in Messages to Young People, p. 270.
Young men and young women, read the literature that will give you true
knowledge, and that will be a help to the entire family. Say firmly: "I
will not spend precious moments in reading that which will be of no
profit to me, and which only unfits me to be of service to others. I will
devote my time and my thoughts to acquiring a fitness for God's
service. I will close my eyes to frivolous and sinful things. My ears are
the Lords, and I will not listen to the subtle reasoning of the enemy. My
voice shall not in any way be subject to a will that is not under the
influence of the
Spirit of God. My body is the temple of the Holy Spirit, and every power
of my being shall be
Consecrated to worthy pursuits" (Testimonies for the Church, Vol. 7,
p 64).
My Covenant: I volunteer to join the AY Legion of Honor, and by the
grace and power of God I will:
 HONOR CHRIST in that which I choose to BEHOLD.
 HONOR CHRIST in that to which I choose to LISTEN.
 HONOR CHRIST in the choice of places to which I GO.
 HONOR CHRIST in the choice of ASSOCIATES.
 HONOR CHRIST in that which I choose to SPEAK.
 HONOR CHRIST in the care I give my BODY TEMPLE.
NB:

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Let somebody read Proverbs 4:23 and Messages to Young People,

page 282, and discuss how they relate to the Legion of Honor.

The Pathfinder Song (Anthem)

Oh we are the Pathfinders‟ strong
The servants of God are we
Faithful as we match along
In kindness, truth and purity
A message to tell to the world
A truth that will set us free
King Jesus the savior‘s coming back for you and me.
The Pathfinder song was written by Henry T. Bergh in 1949.
The story of the pathfinder song.
Henry Bergh is another of those pioneers in this club who preferred to keep a
low profile. When asked to write a song he properly protested that he was
neither a musician nor a composer and promptly dismissed the notion.
He says, ―But along in May of 1949, I was driving to an appointment out on
Monterey Peninsula about 70-80 miles (110-130 km) from home. I was
thinking about our Pathfinders and how they needed a tune. Then I thought,
well, at least I should write some words. So I tried to compose a poem. I
thought about the MV Pledge—pure and kind and true, with a message to go
to the world. I pulled to the side of the road, took a piece of scrap paper out of
my Bible, and began to write:
Oh, we are the Pathfinders strong,
The servants of God are we
Faithful as we march along
In kindness, truth, and purity…
―Well, I thought, that‘s not bad… I took off again for my
Sabbath appointment. On my way home afterwards, I started humming a tune
of sorts; then the words began to fit in. I pulled off the road again and jotted
down some dots as I hummed the tune over. That evening I asked my wife to
try and play this thing for me from the dots on the page. I still wasn‘t
confident that it was good enough for a Pathfinder Song, so I sent it to Wayne
Hooper (a well-known church musician and composer) and asked him to edit
it. He sent it back and said ‗It‘s a good song—go ahead and publish it!‖

The Pathfinder Classes

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The PF Club has six main classes. The classes together with their ages
and color (codes) are:
Class Age Color (codes)
Friend 10yrs Blue
Companion 11yrs Red
Explorer 12yrs Green
Ranger 13yrs Silvery Ash
Voyager 14yrs Burgundy
Guide 15yrs Gold

THE PATHFINDER EMBLEM

The pathfinder emblem has been divided into two parts namely:
Shapes and colors.
COLORS.
 RED(sacrifice) reminds us of CHRIST” for GOD so loved the
world, that HE gave HIS only begotten SON, that whoever believeth in
HIM should not perish but have everlasting life)(john 3:16) *present
your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto GOD*(Romans
12:1)
 GOLD(EXCELLENCE) I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried
in fire, that thou mayest be rich
“(rev.3:18) *standard of measurement .The pathfinder club has high
standards to help build strong character for the kingdom of heaven.
 WHITE (purity)”He that overcometh , the same shall be
clothed in white raiment”(rev.3:5)*we desire to have the purity and
righteousness of CHRIST in our lives.

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 BLUE (LOYALTY) it is the purpose of the pathfinder club to

help teach us to be loyal to our GOD in heaven , our parents etc.

SHAPES
 THE THREE SIDES,*completeness of the trinity~ Father,
Son, Holy spirit.*tripod of education. Mental, physical and spiritual
development.
 SHIELD(PROTECTION)the scriptures often refer to GOD as
shield of HIS people.(protection)*fear not … I am thy
shield(gen.15:1)”above all, taking the shield of faith where with ye
shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked(eph.6:16)
 SWORD (BIBLE) The sword is used in warfare. a battle is
always won by offence. we are in battle against sin and our weapon is
the word of GOD” the sword of the spirit is the word of
GOD.(eph.6:17)
 INVERTED TRIANGLE*the inverted order of importance
JESUS taught which is contrary to the taught by the world. Sacrificing of
one's self by placing the needs of others ahead of our own.
The pathfinder emblem was designed in 1946 by John H. Hancock

THE PATHFINDER FLAG

Composition of the P.F. Club Flag
 The flag is divided into four equal parts through the center both
vertically and horizontally.
 The background colors are royal blue and white alternatively
sewed together with the upper left hand corner and the lower right
hand corner being royal blue.
 The P.F. emblem is centered in the heart of the background.

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The P.F. Flag was designed in the year 1948 by Helen Hobbs.
Proper use of the PF Flag
vi. The flag must be kept folded.
vii. It should not be drag on the ground.
viii. It must be used ceremoniously.
ix. It should not be left on the pole till the next morning.
x. It must be handled with diligent care.

A.Y EMBLEM

Meaning of the Emblem.

Blue – Loyalty (Daniel 1:8)
a. Loyalty is defined as a reflection of the character of our True Master
Guide. (Dan.1:8)
b. It is the purpose of the A.Y Society to help teach us to be loyal to:
 Our God in heaven
 Our parents
 Our church

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Gold/Yellow – Excellence (Rev. 3:8)

a. "I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou may be rich"
(Rev. 3:18).
b. Standard of measurement. The A.Y. Society has high standards to
help build strong character for the kingdom of heaven.
Cross – Salvation (Rom. 6:23)
a. „‟For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in
Christ Jesus our Lord‟‟ (Rom 6:23)
b. One means of salvation. (Acts 4:12)
World – People (Rev. 14:6)
a. This includes every nation, tribe, language and people. (Rev. 14:6)
b. No partition (favoritism) in the gospel proclamation. (Acts 10: 34-
36).
Trumpet – Advent Message
a. Proclaim the Advent Message with a loud voice to the world. (Rev.
14:6-1 ;Matt. 28:18-20)
b. The call of the righteous at the Second Coming. (1 Thess. 4: 16).
THE AY FLAG

Meaning of the AY Flag Colors

White (Purity)
a. "He that overcome, the same shall be clothed in white raiment"
(Rev.3:5).
b. We desire to have the purity and righteousness of Christ's life in our
lives. (Matt. 5:8)

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Red (Sacrifice)
a. Reminds us of Christ. "For God so loved the world that he gave his only
begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have
everlasting life.‖ (John 3:16)
b. "Present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God"
(Rom.12: 1).
NB. See explanation for the colors in the A.Y logo for the colors in the
A.Y flag.

MASTER GUIDE EMBLEM

Meaning of the Emblem

World – People (Rev. 14:6)
a. This includes every nation, tribe, language and people. (Rev. 14:6)
b. No partition (favoritism) in the gospel proclamation. (Acts 10: 34-
36).
Gold/Yellow – Excellence (Rev. 3:8)
a. "I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou may be
rich" (Rev. 3:18).
b. Standard of measurement. The Master Guide has high standards to
help build strong character for the kingdom of heaven.
Blue – Loyalty (Daniel 1:8)
a. Loyalty is defined as a reflection of the character of our True Master
Guide. (Dan.1:8)
b. It is the purpose of the A.Y Society to help teach us to be loyal to:
 Our God in heaven
 Our parents

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 Our church
STARS
They represent the six Pathfinder Classes.

THE MASTER GUIDE FLAG

NB. See meanings for the Yellow/Gold and blue colors in the PF
Emblem for further explanation.

THE SDA FLAG AND LOGO

Meaning of the S.D.A Church Flag and

SDA Church Logo.

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The Open Bible: The Bible forms the base of the design and represents
the Biblical foundation of our beliefs. It is portrayed in a fully opened
position suggesting a full acceptance of God‘s word.
The Cross: The symbol of the cross representing the gospel of salvation
is positioned in the center of the design to emphasize Christ‘s sacrifice,
which is the central theme of our faith.
The Flame: This is the shape formed by three lines encircling an implied
sphere. The lines represent the three angels of Rev. 14 circling the globe
and our commission to take the gospel to the entire world. The overall
shape forms a flame symbolic of the Holy Spirit.
The lines at the top of the design suggest a continued upward momentum
symbolizing the resurrection and ascension to Heaven at Christ‘s Second
Coming, the ultimate focus of our faith.
White (Purity)
a. "He that overcome, the same shall be clothed in white raiment"
(Rev.3:5).
b. We desire to have the purity and righteousness of Christ's life in our
lives. (Matt. 5:8)
Seventh-day Adventist Church
In 1860, the name „‟Seventh-day Adventist‟‟ was adopted by David
Hewitt. Later, Ellen White endorsed the choice.
The name reminds us of the Church members‟ readiness of waiting the
Salvation of Christ at the Second coming (Heb. 9:28)

Adventist youth ministries on campuses (aymc) logo

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chapter 2
SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY I & ii

Chapter outline

Learning objectives 17
Chapter preview and introduction 18
The Bible 18
Bible discussion 20
Fundamental beliefs 24
The Sanctuary service 36
Layout of the tabernacle 37
Heavenly sanctuary 43
Earthly sanctuary 44
Ministry of Jesus in the Heavenly sanctuary 46
Self – study Exercises 47

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Learning Objectives

1.1.Memorize the books of the Bible and be able to place them in their
general classifications:
Old Testament
Pentateuch
Historical
Poetic
Major Prophets
Minor Prophets

New Testament
Gospels
Historical
Letters
Prophesy
1.2.Make a presentation of the love of God as demonstrated in the lives
of Joseph, Jonah, Esther, and Ruth.
1.3.Know and explain at least 15 of the Adventist doctrines
1.4.Demonstrate your knowledge of the 27 Adventist beliefs by
completing one of the following:
a. Write a paper explaining each belief
b. Give an oral presentation on each belief
c. Conduct a seminar teaching each belief
1.5.Explain the sanctuary service.
1.6.Show the connection between the earthy and heavenly sanctuary
services.
1.7.Explain the Ministry of Jesus in the Heavenly Sanctuary.
N.B. objective 1.4. is a master guide requirement.

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SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY I
BIBLE SEARCH
It is an area of study that tries to give detailed lesson about the Bible
and deal more specifically with how the PF member can live with the
Holy Book daily. Here, specific areas of studies are carefully selected
for each PF class.

The purpose of this section is to:

 Renew and develop the teenagers‟ confidence in the Bible as the
Word of God, and
 Help them discover a saving relationship in Jesus, leading to a
decision of commitment and baptism

1. The Bible was the first book printed (about A.D. 1450).
2. The Kings James or Authorized Version of the Bible was first printed in
A.D. 1611.
3. The Bible is a book that tells us about God.
4. God is the real author of the Bible (2 Tim 3:16, 17; however, He spoke
through the holy men to write it down (2 Pet 1:20, 21)
5. Acronymically, the Bible is defined as
B- Buy It. Why buy but not borrowed? Amos 8:11, 12
I- Investigate It. John 5:39
B- Believe in It. Heb 11:6
L – Learn It. Psalm 119: 105; Eph6: 11
E – Eternal Life. Titus 1: 2.
6. It has 66 books with two main parts: the Old and New Testaments.
Old Testament
1. The Old Testament has 39 books. It has been divided into five main
groups.
 Law (5 books)
 History (12 books)
 Poetry (5 books)
 Major prophets (5 books)
 Minor prophets (12 books)

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2. The books under each group are:

Law (Pentateuch) History Poetry
Genesis Joshua Job
Exodus Judge Psalm
Leviticus Ruth Proverbs
Numbers 1 Kings Ecclesiastes
Deuteronomy 2 Kings Song of Songs
1 Samuel
2 Samuel
1 Chronicles
2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther

Major Prophets Minor Prophets

Isaiah Hosea
Jeremiah Joel
Lamentations Amos
Ezekiel Micah
Daniel Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

3. The Old Testament has 929 chapters. It has 23,214 verses and 592,493
words.
Bible Facts of Special Interest
1. The middle and the shortest chapter in the Bible is Psalm 117.
2. The middle verse in the bible is Psalm 118;8
3. The middle book in the Old Testament is proverbs
4. The middle book in the New Testament is 2 Thessalonians.
5. The middle chapter in the Old Testament is Job 29
6. The middle chapter in the New Testament is between Romans 13 and
14.

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7. The middle verse in the Old Testament is 2 chronicles 20:18

8. The middle verse in the New Testament is Acts 17:17
9. The shortest verse in the Old Testament is 1 Chronicles 1:1
10. The shortest verse in the New Testament is John 11:35
11. All the letters in the alphabet except „J‟ are in Ezra 7:21.
12. Two chapters nearly alike are 2 Kings 19 and Isaiah 37.
13. The book in the Bible that contains neither the word „God‟ nor „Lord‟
is Esther.
14. The longest word in the Bible is found in Isaiah 8:1.
15. The longest verse in the Bible is Esther 8:9.
16. The longest chapter in the bible is Psalm 119.

Bible Discussion
Choose one of the following Old Testament characters and discuss with
your group, Christ's loving care and deliverance as shown in the story.
i. Joseph,
ii. Jonah,
iii. Esther or
iv. Ruth,

In discussing about these characters, instructors should draw out the

Friend's impressions of God's care in the lives of the characters in these
Old Testament stories and to discover how they point to and parallel the
life and ministry of Jesus.
Jonah
The book of Jonah is the only one of the twelve Minor Prophets that is
strictly narrative in form. It is an account of Jonah's mission to the city
of Nineveh to announce its speedy destruction because of its sins. The
prophet entertains misgivings and perplexities as to his carrying out the
charge of God to go to Nineveh. The very thought of journeying to this
great metropolis, the difficulties and seeming impossibilities of the task,
made him shrink from undertaking the divine commission and question
its wisdom. Failing to rise to that strong faith that should have led him
to realize that with the divine command came the divine power to

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accomplish it, Jonah sank into discouragement, dread, and despair (see
PK 266).
Knowing the loving- kindness and long-suffering of God, Jonah was
also afraid that if he delivered the divine message and the heathen
accepted it, the threatening doom he pronounced upon them would not
come to pass. This would be a deep humiliation to him, as it thus turned
out to be, and this he could not endure (Ch. 4:1, 2).
He at first disobeyed, but through a series of events was led to carry out
the commission. The inhabitants of Nineveh repented, and for a time
turned from their sins. Jonah was angry, but God justified His gracious
dealings.
Among the lessons taught by Jonah's prophecy is the truth that God's
grace brings salvation to all (Titus 2:11), that it was indeed not
confined to the Jews, but was also to be revealed among the heathen.
God has "also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life" (Acts
11:18). Like Peter (Acts 10), Jonah came to realize reluctantly that God
was willing to receive those of every nation who turned to Him. By
repentance, Jesus condemned the pharisaical and prideful Jews of His
day (see Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:32) and all others who, in their religious
complacency and false sense of soul security, deceive themselves into
thinking that they are the favored people of God, and thus assured of
salvation. Jesus used the experience of Jonah in the sea as an
illustration of His death and resurrection (Matt. 12:39, 40). His
reference to the book of Jonah established the veracity of the book.
Esther
The book of Esther, considered as literature, is an epic1. It is a dramatic
story of how God used a courageous young woman of surpassing
beauty to save her people at a time of crisis, when extermination
(destruction) threatened them.
The narrative displays Esther as a woman of clear judgment,
remarkable self- control, and noble self-sacrifice.
Esther was a Jewess who, in God‘s providence, became queen of the
greatest nation of her time. She realized the truth and urgency of the
question addressed to her by her foster father: ―Who knows whether you
have not come to the kingdom for such a time as this?‖ (Ch. 4:14,
RSV).
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With a prayer to God, she courageously risked her own life to save the
lives of God‘s people scattered in all parts of the empire. The story of
Esther stirs its readers to a realization of the opportunities God‘s
providence may bring to the weakest of the weak. Perhaps we too have
―come to the kingdom for such a time as this.‖
The religious character and moral teaching of the book of Esther may
be summarized as follows:
1. Though God's name does not appear in the entire book, His
providence is manifest throughout. No disbeliever in God could
possibly have written the book; no believer can read it without finding
his faith strengthened. Deliverance is presented by the writer as the
result of a living faith in God.
2. The book of Esther provides an account of the origin of an important
Jewish national festival, the Feast of Purim, which is still observed with
rejoicing each year.
3. A vital moral lesson pervades the narrative. With the passing of
Haman's brief day of Popularity the transitory nature of earthly power
and prosperity becomes painfully evident. God humbles the proud and
exalts those who trust in Him.
4. The providence of God is strikingly displayed. Divine power is
united with human effort. The means used are human, but the
deliverance itself is divine.

S/N Esther Mordecai Haman

1 Shy God's Devil's
and representative character
timid
2 Loved God Similar work Full of
to Holy Spirit hatred
3 Accepted Refused to Planned
responsibility support evil to murder
4 Depended on Humble - Full of
Mordecai for deep pride
guidance conviction
5 Honest True hearted Deceitful
6 courageous Knew the Impatient
peril faced to destroy

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7 Ready to die No No truth Comparisons of Human

compromise in him Nature
8 Victorious Victorious Defeated
for his sin
Ruth
In the story of Ruth, we see the important role of women in God‘s great
plan for the salvation of His people. Ruth was a Gentile who decided to
identify herself with Israel and to accept their God as her God.
The book of Ruth gives us, not the story of romantic love, but of the
reverential love of a young widow for the mother of her deceased husband.
The love portrayed in the character of Ruth is of the purest, most unselfish,
and extraordinary kind. Though a Moabites, Ruth accepted Naomi‘s faith
as her own, and was rewarded by marriage to a Jewish nobleman, Boaz, by
whom she became the ancestress of David, and thus, eventually, of Christ.
As in the story of Joseph, many events in the lives of Ruth point forward to
the life of Jesus and our relationship to Him. This is outlined below:
S/N Ruth Our relationship with
Jesus

1 Naomi and family Sometimes we leave the

leave the protection of God‘s plan
promised land
2 Death and Trouble always comes as a
tragedy strike result
3 Naomi and Ruth Suffering problems and trials
return often turns us back to Jesus
and His plans.
4 Ruth gleans in the Jesus gives us special
fields of Boaz privileges
who is a mighty
man of wealth
5 Boaz accepted Jesus is our Lord and
responsibility for Protector-Provider
Ruth
6 He loves and He loves and cares for us
marries her forever

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FUNDERMENTAL BELIEFS
Seventh-day Adventists accept the Bible as their only creed and hold
certain fundamental beliefs to be the teaching of the Holy Scriptures.
These beliefs, as set forth here, constitute the church's understanding
and expression of the teaching of Scripture. Revision of these
statements may be expected at a General Conference session when the
church is led by the Holy Spirit to a fuller understanding of Bible truth
or finds better language in which to express the teachings of God's Holy
Word.
1. The Holy Scriptures:
The Holy Scriptures, Old and New Testaments, are the written Word of
God, given by divine inspiration through holy men of God who spoke
and wrote as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. In this Word, God
has committed to man the knowledge necessary for salvation. The
Holy Scriptures are the infallible revelation of His will. They are the
standard of character, the test of experience, the authoritative revealer
of doctrines, and the trustworthy record of God's acts in history. (2
Peter 1:20, 21; 2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Ps. 119:105; Prov. 30:5, 6; Isa. 8:20;
John 17:17; 1 Thess. 2:13; Heb. 4:12.)
2. The Trinity:
There is one God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, a unity of three co-
eternal Persons. God is immortal, all-powerful, all-knowing, above all,
and ever present. He is infinite and beyond human comprehension, yet
known through His self-revelation. He is forever worthy of worship,
adoration, and service by the whole creation. (Deut. 6:4; Matt. 28:19; 2
Cor. 13:14; Eph. 4:4-6; 1 Peter 1:2; 1 Tim. 1:17; Rev. 14:7.)
3. The Father:
God the eternal Father is the Creator, Source, Sustainer, and Sovereign
of all creation. He is just and holy, merciful and gracious, slow to
anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness. The qualities
and powers exhibited in the Son and the Holy Spirit are also revelations
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of the Father. (Gen. 1:1; Rev. 4:11; 1 Cor. 15:28; John 3:16; 1 John 4:8;
1 Tim.
1:17; Ex. 34:6, 7; John 14:9.)

4. The Son:
God the eternal Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ. Through Him all
things were created, the character of God is revealed, the salvation of
humanity is accomplished, and the world is judged. Forever truly God,
He became also truly man, Jesus the Christ. He was conceived of the
Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He lived and experienced
temptation as a human being, but perfectly exemplified the
righteousness and love of God. By His miracles He manifested God's
power and was attested as God's promised Messiah. He suffered and
died voluntarily on the cross for our sins and in our place, was raised
from the dead, and ascended to minister in the heavenly sanctuary in
our behalf. He will come again in glory for the final deliverance of His
people and the restoration of all things. (John 1:1-3, 14; Col. 1:15-19;
John 10:30; 14:9; Rom. 6:23; 2 Cor. 5:17-19; John 5:22; Luke 1:35;
Phil. 2:5-11; Heb. 2:9-18; 1 Cor.
15:3, 4; Heb. 8:1, 2; John 14:1-3.)
5. The Holy Spirit:
God the eternal Spirit was active with the Father and the Son in
Creation, incarnation, and redemption. He inspired the writers of
Scripture. He filled Christ's life with power. He draws and convicts
human beings; and those who respond He renews and transforms into
the image of
God. Sent by the Father and the Son to be always with His children, He
extends spiritual gifts to the church, empowers it to bear witness to
Christ, and in harmony with the Scriptures leads it into all truth. (Gen.
1:1, 2; Luke 1:35; 4:18; Acts 10:38; 2 Peter 1:21; 2 Cor. 3:18; Eph.
4:11,
12; Acts 1:8; John 14:16-18, 26; 15:26, 27; 16:7-13.)
6. Creation:
God is Creator of all things, and has revealed in Scripture the authentic
account of His creative activity. In six days the Lord made "the heaven
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and the earth" and all living things upon the earth, and rested on the
seventh day of that first week. Thus He established the Sabbath as a
perpetual memorial of His completed creative work. The first man and
woman were made in the image of God as the crowning work of
Creation, given dominion over the world, and charged with
responsibility to care for it. When the world was finished it was ``very
good,'' declaring the glory of God. (Gen. 1; 2; Ex. 20:8-11; Ps. 19:1-6;
33:6, 9; 104; Heb. 11:3.)
7. The Nature of Man:
Man and woman were made in the image of God with individuality, the
power and freedom to think and to do. Though created free beings, each
is an indivisible unity of body, mind, and spirit, dependent upon God
for life and breath and all else. When our first parents disobeyed
God, they denied their dependence upon Him and fell from their high
position under God. The image of God in them was marred and they
became subject to death. Their descendants share this fallen nature and
its consequences. They are born with weaknesses and tendencies to
evil. But God in Christ reconciled the world to Himself and by His
Spirit restores in penitent mortals the image of their Maker. Created for
the glory of God, they are called to love Him and one another, and to
care for their environment. (Gen. 1:26-28; 2:7; Ps. 8:4-8; Acts 17:24-
28;
Gen. 3; Ps. 51:5; Rom. 5:12-17; 2 Cor. 5:19, 20; Ps. 51:10; 1 John 4:7,
8, 11, 20; Gen. 2:15.)
8. The Great Controversy:
All humanity is now involved in a great controversy between Christ and
Satan regarding the character of God, His law, and His sovereignty over
the universe. This conflict originated in heaven when a created being,
endowed with freedom of choice, in self-exaltation became Satan,
God's adversary, and led into rebellion a portion of the angels. He
introduced the spiritof rebellion into this world when he led Adam and
Eve into sin. This human sin resulted in the distortion of the image of
God in humanity, the disordering of the created world, and its eventual
devastation at the time of the worldwide flood. Observed by the whole
creation, this world became the arena of the universal conflict, out of
which the God of love will ultimately be vindicated. To assist His
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people in this controversy, Christ sends the Holy Spirit and the loyal
angels to guide, protect, and sustain them in the way of salvation. (Rev.
12:4-9; Isa. 14:12-14;
Eze. 28:12-18; Gen. 3; Rom. 1:19-32; 5:12-21; 8:19-22; Gen. 6-8; 2
Peter 3:6; 1 Cor. 4:9; Heb.
1:14.)
9. The Life, Death, and Resurrection of Christ:
In Christ's life of perfect obedience to God's will, His suffering, death,
and resurrection, God provided the only means of atonement for human
sin, so that those who by faith accept this atonement may have eternal
life, and the whole creation may better understand the infinite and holy
love of the Creator. This perfect atonement vindicates the righteousness
of God's law and the graciousness of His character; for it both
condemns our sin and provides for our forgiveness. The death of Christ
is substitutionary and expiatory, reconciling and transforming.
The resurrection of Christ proclaims God's triumph over the forces of
evil, and for those who accept the atonement assures their final victory
over sin and death. It declares the Lordship of
Jesus Christ, before whom every knee in heaven and on earth will bow.
(John 3:16; Isa. 53; 1
Peter 2:21, 22; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4, 20-22; 2 Cor. 5:14, 15, 19-21; Rom. 1:4;
3:25; 4:25; 8:3, 4; 1
John 2:2; 4:10; Col. 2:15; Phil. 2:6-11.)
10. The Experience of Salvation:
In infinite love and mercy God made Christ, who knew no sin, to be sin
for us, so that in Him we might be made the righteousness of God. Led
by the Holy Spirit we sense our need, acknowledge our sinfulness,
repent of our transgressions, and exercise faith in Jesus as Lord and
Christ, as Substitute and Example. This faith which receives salvation
comes through the divine power of the Word and is the gift of God's
grace. Through Christ we are justified, adopted as God's sons and
daughters, and delivered from the lordship of sin. Through the Spirit we
are born again and sanctified; the Spirit renews our minds, writes God's
law of love in our hearts, and we are given the power to live a holy life.
Abiding in Him we become partakers of the divine nature and have the
assurance of salvation now and in the judgment. (2 Cor.5:17-21; John
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3:16; Gal. 1:4; 4:4-7; Titus 3:3-7; John 16:8; Gal. 3:13, 14; 1 Peter
2:21, 22;
Rom. 10:17; Luke 17:5; Mark 9:23, 24; Eph. 2:5-10; Rom. 3:21-26;
Col. 1:13, 14; Rom.8:14-17; Gal. 3:26; John 3:3-8; 1 Peter 1:23; Rom.
12:2; Heb. 8:7-12; Eze. 36:25-27; 2 Peter1:3, 4; Rom. 8:1-4; 5:6-10.)
11. Growing in Christ:
By His death on the cross Jesus triumphed over the forces of evil. He
who subjugated the demonic spirits during His earthly ministry has
broken their power and made certain their ultimate doom. Jesus' victory
gives us victory over the evil forces that still seek to control us, as we
walk with Him in peace, joy, and assurance of His love. Now the Holy
Spirit dwells within us and empowers us. Continually committed to
Jesus as our Saviour and Lord, we are set free from the burden of our
past deeds. No longer do we live in the darkness, fear of evil powers,
ignorance, and meaninglessness of our former way of life. In this new
freedom in Jesus, we are called to grow into the likeness of His
character, communing with Him daily in prayer, feeding on His Word,
meditating on it and on His providence, singing His praises, gathering
together for worship, and participating in the mission of the Church. As
we give ourselves in loving service to those around us and in
witnessing to His salvation, His constant presence with us through the
Spirit transforms every moment and every task into a spiritual
experience.
(Ps 1:1, 2; 23:4; 77:11, 12; Col 1:13, 14; 2:6, 14, 15; Luke 10:17-20;
Eph 5:19, 20; 6:12-18; 1Thess 5:23; 2 Peter 2:9; 3:18; 2 Cor. 3:17, 18;
Phil 3:7-14; 1 Thess 5:1618; Matt 20:25-28;John 20:21; Gal 5:22-25;
Rom 8:38, 39; 1 John 4:4; Heb 10:25.)
12. The Church:
The church is the community of believers who confess Jesus Christ as
Lord and Savior. In continuity with the people of God in Old Testament
times, we are called out from the world; and we join together for
worship, for fellowship, for instruction in the Word, for the celebration
of
The Lord's Supper, for service to all mankind, and for the worldwide
proclamation of the gospel.

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The church derives its authority from Christ, who is the incarnate
Word, and from the Scriptures, which are the written Word. The church
is God's family; adopted by Him as children, its members live on the
basis of the new covenant. The church is the body of Christ, a
community of faith of which Christ Himself is the Head. The church is
the bride for whom Christ died that He might sanctify and cleanse her.
At His return in triumph, He will present her to Himself a glorious
church, the faithful of all the ages, the purchase of His blood, not
having spot or wrinkle, but holy and without blemish. (Gen. 12:3; Acts
7:38; Eph. 4:11-15; 3:8-11;Matt. 28:19, 20; 16:13-20; 18:18; Eph. 2:19-
22; 1:22, 23; 5:23-27; Col. 1:17, 18.)
13. The Remnant and Its Mission:
The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but
in the last days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been
called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus.
This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims
salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second
advent. This proclamation is symbolized by the three angels of
Revelation 14; it coincides with the work of judgment in heaven and
results in a work of repentance and reform on earth. Every believer is
called to have a personal part in this worldwide witness. (Rev. 12:17;
14:6-12; 18:1-4; 2 Cor. 5:10; Jude 3, 14; 1 Peter 1:16-19; 2 Peter 3:10-
14; Rev. 21:1-14.)
14. Unity in the Body of Christ:
The church is one body with many members, called from every nation,
kindred, tongue, and people. In Christ we are a new creation;
distinctions of race, culture, learning, and nationality, and differences
between high and low, rich and poor, male and female, must not be
divisive among us. We are all equal in Christ, who by one Spirit has
bonded us into one fellowship with Him and with one another; we are
to serve and be served without partiality or reservation. Through the
revelation of Jesus Christ in the Scriptures we share the same faith and
hope, and reach out in one witness to all. This unity has its source in the
oneness of the triune God, who has adopted us as His children. (Rom.
12:4, 5; 1 Cor. 12:12-14; Matt. 28:19, 20; Ps.133:1; 2Cor. 5:16, 17;

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Acts 17:26, 27; Gal. 3:27, 29; Col. 3:10-15; Eph. 4:14-16; 4:1-6; John
17:20-23.)
15. Baptism:
By baptism we confess our faith in the death and resurrection of Jesus
Christ, and testify of our death to sin and of our purpose to walk in
newness of life. Thus we acknowledge Christ as Lord and Savior,
become His people, and are received as members by His church.
Baptism is a symbol of our union with Christ, the forgiveness of our
sins, and our reception of the Holy Spirit. It is by immersion in water
and is contingent on an affirmation of faith in Jesus and evidence of
repentance of sin. It follows instruction in the Holy Scriptures and
acceptance of their teachings. (Rom. 6:1-6; Col. 2:12, 13; Acts 16:30-
33; 22:16; 2:38; Matt. 28:19, 20.)
16. The Lord's Supper:
The Lord's Supper is a participation in the emblems of the body and
blood of Jesus as an expression of faith in Him, our Lord and Savior. In
this experience of communion Christ is present to meet and strengthen
His people. As we partake, we joyfully proclaim the Lord's death until
He comes again. Preparation for the Supper includes self-examination,
repentance, and confession. The Master ordained the service of foot
washing to signify renewed cleansing, to express a willingness to serve
one another in Christlike humility, and to unite our hearts in love. The
communion service is open to all believing Christians. (1 Cor. 10:16,
17; 11:23-30;
Matt. 26:17-30; Rev. 3:20; John 6:48-63; 13:1-17.)
17. Spiritual Gifts and Ministries:
God bestows upon all members of His church in every age spiritual
gifts which each member is to employ in loving ministry for the
common good of the church and of humanity. Given by the agency of
the Holy Spirit, who apportions to each member as He wills, the gifts
provide all abilities and ministries needed by the church to fulfill its
divinely ordained functions. According to the Scriptures, these gifts
include such ministries as faith, healing, prophecy, proclamation,
teaching, administration, reconciliation, compassion, and self-
sacrificing service and charity for the help and encouragement of
people. Some members are called of God and endowed by the Spirit for
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functions recognized by the church in pastoral, evangelistic, apostolic,

and teaching ministries particularly needed to equip the members for
service, to build up the church to spiritual maturity, and to foster unity
of the faith and knowledge of God. When members employ these
spiritual gifts as faithful stewards of God's varied grace, the church is
protected from the destructive influence of false doctrine, grows with a
growth that is from God, and is built up in faith and love. (Rom. 12:4-8;
1 Cor. 12:9-11, 27, 28; Eph. 4:8, 11-16; Acts 6:1-7; 1
Tim. 3:1-13; 1 Peter 4:10, 11.)
18. The Gift of Prophecy:
One of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is prophecy. This gift is an
identifying mark of the remnant church and was manifested in the
ministry of Ellen. G. White, As the Lord's messenger, her writings are a
continuing and authoritative source of truth which provide for the
church comfort, guidance, instruction, and correction. They also make
clear that the Bible is the standard by which all teaching and experience
must be tested. (Joel 2:28, 29; Acts 2:14-21; Heb. 1:1-3;Rev. 12:17;
19:10.)
19. The Law of God:
The great principles of God's law are embodied in the Ten
Commandments and exemplified in the life of Christ. They express
God's love, will, and purposes concerning human conduct and
relationships and are binding upon all people in every age. These
precepts are the basis of God's covenant with His people and the
standard in God's judgment. Through the agency of the Holy Spirit they
point out sin and awaken a sense of need for a Savior. Salvation is all of
grace and not of works, but its fruitage is obedience to the
Commandments. This obedience develops Christian character and
results in a sense of well-being. It is an evidence of our love for the
Lord and our concern for our fellow men. The obedience of faith
demonstrates the power of Christ to transform lives, and therefore
strengthens Christian witness. (Ex. 20:1-17;Ps. 40:7, 8; Matt. 22:36-40;
Deut. 28:1-14; Matt. 5:17-20; Heb. 8:8-10; John 15:7-10; Eph.2:8-10; 1
John 5:3; Rom. 8:3, 4; Ps. 19:7-14.)
20. The Sabbath:

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The beneficent Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the
seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of
Creation. The fourth commandment of God's unchangeable law
requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest,
worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of
Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful
communion with God and one another. It is a symbol of our redemption
in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our allegiance, and a
foretaste of our eternal future in God's kingdom. The Sabbath is God's
perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people.
Joyful observance of this holy time from
evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God's creative
and redemptive acts.(Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11; Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5, 6;
58:13, 14; Matt. 12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17; Eze.20:12, 20; Deut. 5:12-15;
Heb. 4:1-11; Lev. 23:32; Mark 1:32.)
21. Stewardship:
We are God's stewards, entrusted by Him with time and opportunities,
abilities and possessions, and the blessings of the earth and its
resources. We are responsible to Him for their proper use. We
acknowledge God's ownership by faithful service to Him and our
fellow men, and by returning tithes and giving offerings for the
proclamation of His gospel and the support and growth of His church.
Stewardship is a privilege given to us by God for nurture in love and
the victory over selfishness and covetousness. The steward rejoices in
the blessings that come to others as a result of his faithfulness. (Gen.
1:26-28; 2:15; 1 Chron. 29:14; Haggai1:3-11; Mal. 3:8-12; 1 Cor. 9:9-
14; Matt. 23:23; 2 Cor. 8:1-15; Rom. 15:26, 27.)
22. Christian Behavior:
We are called to be a godly people who think, feel, and act in harmony
with the principles of heaven. For the Spirit to recreate in us the
character of our Lord we involve ourselves only in those things which
will produce Christlike purity, health, and joy in our lives. This means
that our amusement and entertainment should meet the highest
standards of Christian taste and beauty. While recognizing cultural
differences, our dress is to be simple, modest, and neat, befitting those
whose true beauty does not consist of outward adornment but in the
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imperishable ornament of a gentle and quiet spirit. It also means that

because our bodies are the temples of the Holy Spirit, we are to care for
them intelligently. Along with adequate exercise and rest, we are to
adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the unclean
foods identified in the Scriptures. Since alcoholic beverages, tobacco,
and the irresponsible use of drugs and narcotics are harmful to our
bodies, we are to abstain from them as well. Instead, we are to engage
in whatever brings our thoughts and bodies into the discipline of Christ,
who desires our wholesomeness, joy, and goodness. (Rom. 12:1, 2; 1
John
2:6; Eph. 5:1-21; Phil. 4:8; 2 Cor. 10:5; 6:14-7:1; 1 Peter 3:1-4; 1 Cor.
6:19, 20; 10:31; Lev.11:1-47; 3 John 2.)
23. Marriage and the Family:
Marriage was divinely established in Eden and affirmed by Jesus to be
a lifelong union between a man and a woman in loving companionship.
For the Christian a marriage commitment is to God as well as to the
spouse, and should be entered into only between partners who share a
common faith. Mutual love, honor, respect, and responsibility are the
fabric of this relationship, which is to reflect the love, sanctity,
closeness, and permanence of the relationship between Christ and His
church. Regarding divorce, Jesus taught that the person who divorces a
spouse, except for fornication, and marries another, commits adultery.
Although some family relationships may fall short of the ideal,
marriage partners who fully commit themselves to each other in Christ
may achieve loving unity through the guidance of the Spirit and the
nurture of the church. God blesses the family and intends that its
members shall assist each other toward complete maturity. Parents are
to bring up their children to love and obey the Lord. By their example
and their words they are to teach them that Christ is a loving
disciplinarian, ever tender and caring, who wants them to become
members of His body, the family of God. Increasing family closeness is
one of the earmarks of the final gospel message. (Gen. 2:18-25; Matt.
19:3-9; John 2:1-11; 2 Cor. 6:14; Eph. 5:21-33; Matt. 5:31, 32; Mark
10:11, 12; Luke 16:18; 1 Cor. 7:10, 11; Ex. 20:12; Eph. 6:1-4; Deut.
6:5-9; Prov. 22:6;
Mal. 4:5, 6.)
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24. Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary:

There is a sanctuary in heaven, the true tabernacle which the Lord set
up and not man. In it Christ ministers on our behalf, making available
to believers the benefits of His atoning sacrifice offered once for all on
the cross. He was inaugurated as our great High Priest and began His
intercessory ministry at the time of His ascension. In 1844, at the end of
the prophetic period of 2300 days, He entered the second and last phase
of His atoning ministry. It is a work of investigative judgment which is
part of the ultimate disposition of all sin, typified by the cleansing of
the ancient Hebrew sanctuary on the Day of Atonement. In that typical
service the sanctuary was cleansed with the blood of animal sacrifices,
but the heavenly things are purified with the perfect sacrifice of the
blood of Jesus. The investigative judgment reveals to heavenly
intelligences who among the dead are asleep in Christ and therefore, in
Him, are deemed worthy to have part in the first resurrection. It also
makes manifest who among the
living are abiding in Christ, keeping the commandments of God and the
faith of Jesus, and in Him, therefore, are ready for translation into His
everlasting kingdom. This judgment vindicates the justice of God in
saving those who believe in Jesus. It declares that those who have
remained loyal to God shall receive the kingdom. The completion of
this ministry of Christ will mark the close of human probation before
the Second Advent. (Heb. 8:1-5; 4:14-16; 9:11-28;
10:19-22; 1:3; 2:16, 17; Dan. 7:9-27; 8:13, 14; 9:24-27; Num. 14:34;
Eze. 4:6; Lev. 16; Rev.14:6, 7; 20:12; 14:12; 22:12.)
25. The Second Coming of Christ:
The second coming of Christ is the blessed hope of the church, the
grand climax of the gospel. The Savior's coming will be literal,
personal, visible, and worldwide. When He returns, the righteous dead
will be resurrected, and together with the righteous living will be
glorified and taken to heaven, but the unrighteous will die. The almost
complete fulfillment of most lines of prophecy, together with the
present condition of the world, indicates that Christ's coming is
imminent. The time of that event has not been revealed, and we are
therefore exhorted to be ready at all times. (Titus 2:13; Heb. 9:28; John
14:1-3; Acts 1:9-11; Matt. 24:14; Rev. 1:7; Matt.
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24:43, 44; 1 Thess. 4:13-18; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 2 Thess. 1:7-10; 2:8; Rev.
14:14-20; 19:11-21;Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; 1 Thess.
5:1-6.)
26. Death and Resurrection:
The wages of sin is death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant
eternal life to His redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious
state for all people. When Christ, who is our life, appears, the
resurrected righteous and the living righteous will be glorified and
caught up to meet their Lord. The second resurrection, the resurrection
of the unrighteous, will take place a thousand years later. (Rom. 6:23; 1
Tim. 6:15, 16; Eccl. 9:5, 6; Ps. 146:3, 4; John 11:11-14;
Col. 3:4; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 1 Thess. 4:13-17; John 5:28, 29; Rev. 20:1-
10.)
27. The Millennium and the End of Sin:
The millennium is the thousand-year reign of Christ with His saints in
heaven between the first and second resurrections. During this time the
wicked dead will be judged; the earth will be utterly desolate, without
living human inhabitants, but occupied by Satan and his angels. At its
close Christ with His saints and the Holy City will descend from
heaven to earth. The unrighteous dead will then be resurrected, and
with Satan and his angels will surround the city; but fire from God will
consume them and cleanse the earth. The universe will thus be freed of
sin and sinners forever. (Rev. 20; 1 Cor. 6:2, 3; Jer. 4:23-26; Rev. 21:1-
5; Mal. 4:1; Eze. 28:18,19.)
28. The New Earth:
On the new earth, in which righteousness dwells, God will provide an
eternal home for the redeemed and a perfect environment for
everlasting life, love, joy, and learning in His presence. For here God
Himself will dwell with His people, and suffering and death will have
passed away. The great controversy will be ended, and sin will be no
more. All things, animate and inanimate, will declare that God is love;
and He shall reign forever. Amen. (2 Peter 3:13;Isa. 35; 65:17-25; Matt.
5:5; Rev. 21:1-7; 22:1-5; 11:15.)
Copyright © 2005, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
www.adventist.org

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SPRIRITUAL DISCOVERY II
Sanctuary service and its significance
When God created Human being, it was His purpose that every created
human being should be a temple for the indwelling of the Creator.
However, the introduction of sin made this purpose impossible.
Because of sin, humanity ceased to be a temple for God. Therefore,
during the time of Moses, God commanded him to build a sanctuary so
He (God) could be with them.
What is a Sanctuary?
It is defined as any place considered as a dwelling place of Deity, or as
occupied by the personal divine presence‟‟- Webster.
It is also defined as a place consecrated to the worship of the true God,
especially the tabernacle erected at Mount Sinai (Ex 25:8; etc.) and the
Temple later constructed on Mount Moriah (2 Chr. 3:1; 20:8; etc.).
NB: A sanctuary is where the divine Presence dwells, and any place
God is, is holy. For example,
a. To Adam and Eve, the Garden of Eden was a sanctuary. After the
fall, they used to meet God at the angel guarded gate of the garden.
b. Abel met Him at the altar, where fire from Heaven devoured his
sacrifice of faith.
c. Enoch met Him in a place of retirement, where he could talk with
God.
d. Abraham met Him in the secret place of prayer and knew Him well.
e. Jacob met Him at Bethel and declared, „‟Surely the Lord is in this
place.‟‟ (Genesis 28:16)
f. Moses communed with Him in the mountain fastness, and returned to
the people, his face aglow with the reflection of the divine Presence.
g. Prophets, priests and kings met Him and they considered the places
where they met Him as sacred. Different names of sanctuary in the
Bible has been Tabernacle (Ex. 25:8) and Temple (2 Chr. 3:1; 20:8).
The term sanctuary is used in the Bible in two ways:
 The tabernacle built by Moses as a pattern of Heavenly things,
and
 The true tabernacle in Heaven, to which the earthly sanctuary
pointed (GC 417:1).

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Figurative Use of Sanctuary in the Bible

Sanctuary has been used in the Bible as:
i. Our body (1 Cor. 3: 16, 17; 2 Cor. 6:16, 17)
0ii. Church house
iii. The heaven itself (Heb. 9: 24)
The Earthly Sanctuary
When God commanded Moses to build Sanctuary (tabernacle) for Him,
He (God) gave full directions for the construction of the tabernacle,
with particular direction as to its size and form, the materials to be
employed and every article of furniture which it was to contain (Ex. 25
to 27).
The tabernacle constructed was a miniature representing the heavenly
temple where Christ, our great High Priest was to minister in the
sinner‘s behalf (Ex.25: 9; Heb 9: 24).
Layout of the Tabernacle
The layout of the tabernacle was measured in cubits. A common cubit
was approximately one and half (1½) feet.
A careful study of the boards and curtains prescribed for the tabernacle
(Ex. 25 to 27) reveals the following:
 The sacred tent was enclosed in an open space called the court
which was surrounded by hangings or screens of fine linen, suspended
from pillars of brass.
 . The rectangular temple area (the courtyard) was 100 cubits
(150 feet or about 46 meters) long and 50 cubits (75 feet or about 23
meters) wide in size.
 The entrance to this enclosure was at the eastern end. It was
closed by curtains of costly material and beautiful workmanship,
though inferior to those of the sanctuary.
 . In the court, and nearest the entrance, stood the brazen altar of
burnt offering. Upon this altar were consumed all the sacrifices made by
fire unto the Lord.
 Between the altar and the door of the tabernacle was the laver
(wash basin), which was also of brass, made from the mirrors that had
been freewill offering of the women of Israel. At the laver, the priests were

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to wash their hands and their feet whenever they went into the sacred
apartments, or approached the altar to offer a burnt offering.
 The tabernacle proper occupied a central position in the western
half of the court. Its entrance likewise faced eastward.
 . The tabernacle itself was also quadrangular tent, 30 cubits (45
feet or about 13.8 meters) long, 10 cubits (15 feet or about 4.6 meters)
wide and 10 cubits high.
 . The building was divided into two apartments (the Holy and the
Most Holy places) by a rich and beautiful curtain or veil suspended from
golden pillars.

i. In the first apartment (Holy Place) were the table of showbread, the
candlestick or lamp stand and the altar of incense.

 The table of showbread stood on the north. On this, the priests
were each Sabbath to place twelve cakes, arranged in two piles and
sprinkled with frankincense.

 The seven-branched candlestick with its seven lamps stood on the

south. Its branches were ornamented with exquisitely flowers, resembling
lilies made from one solid piece of gold. The lamps were never all
extinguished at one time, but shed their light by day and night.

 Just before the veil separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy
Place and the immediate presence of God, stood the golden altar of
incense. Upon this altar, the priest was to burn incense every morning and
evening. The fire upon this altar was kindled by God Himself and was
sacredly cherished. Day and night, the Holy incense diffused its fragrance
throughout the sacred apartments and without far around the
tabernacle.
 Beyond the inner veil was the Holy of Holies (or Most Holy
Place). In this apartment was the Ark of the Covenant, a chest made of
acacia wood overlaid with pure gold, upon which God Himself had
inscribed the Ten Commandments.

The cover of the sacred chest was called the mercy seat. It was
wrought of one solid piece of gold.

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The mercy seat was surmounted by golden cherubim (angels),

one standing on each end. One wing of each angel was stretched forth
on high, while the other was folded over the body symbolizing
reverence and humility.
 Above the mercy seat was the Shekinah, the manifestation of
divine Presence. This was where God made known His will.
Sometimes, a light fell upon the angel at the right to signify
approval or acceptance. A shadow rested upon the one at the
left revealed disapproval or rejection.

Sanctuary Services
Inside the sanctuary there were certain sacrifices that the people had to
make which represented Jesus dying on the cross. These sacrifices as
well as other duties to be performed are known as sanctuary services.
Sanctuary service is defined as all the various ministrations that take
place in the sanctuary.
Sanctuary Services- Whose Responsibility?
The ministration (services) in the sanctuary (tabernacle) was solely
devoted to the priests.
As soon as the tabernacle was completed and inaugurated, indicated by
the presence of God, the tribe of Levi was set apart for the service of
the sanctuary, by divine direction (Numbers 18: 1,2).
Among the tribe of Levites, the priesthood was restricted to the family
of Aaron. Aaron and his sons alone were permitted to minister before
the Lord, and the rest of the tribe were entrusted with the charge of the
tabernacle and its furniture.
Sanctuary Services – Priestly Garments
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In accordance with their office, a special dress was appointed for the
priests. The dress (garments) for the common priest was different from
that of the High Priest.

Common Priest„s Garment

i. The robe of the common priest was of white linen and woven in one
piece

ii. It extended nearly to the feet and was confined about the waist by a
white linen girdle embroidered in blue, purple and red.

iii. A line turban or miter completed his outer costume.

iv. The priests were not to enter the sanctuary with shoes upon their
feet. They were to leave their shoes in the court before entering the
sanctuary. In addition, they were to wash both their hands and their feet
before ministering in a tabernacle or at the altar of burnt offering.

High Priest„s Garment

The garments of the high priest were of costly material and beautiful
workmanship befitting his exalted station. These included the
following:
i. The linen dress of the common priest.

ii. A robe of blue also woven in one piece.

iii. Around the skirt it was ornamental with golden bells, and
pomegranates of blue, purple and scarlet.

iv. Outside of this was the ephod, scarlet and white. It was sleeveless,
and on its gold – embroidered shoulder pieces were set two onyx
stones, bearing the names of the 12 tribes of Israel.

v. Over the ephod was the breastplate, the most sacred of the priestly
vestments. It was in the form of a square, measuring a span, and was
suspended from shoulders by a cord of blue from golden rings.
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vi. At the right and left of the breastplate were two large stones of great
brilliancy. These were known as the Urim and Thummim. By them the
will of God was made known through the High Priest.

 When questions were brought for decision before the Lord, a

halo of light encircling the precious stone at the right indicated the
divine consent/approval.
 A cloud shadowing the stone at the left was an evidence of
denial/disapproval.
Sanctuary Services – How Many?
The ministration of the sanctuary consisted of two divisions:

 Yearly services

The Daily Service of the Tabernacle

The daily service was performed at the tabernacle and in the holy place.
The service consisted of the morning and evening burnt offering, the
offering of sweet incense on the golden altar and the special offerings
for individual sins. There were also offerings for Sabbaths, new moons
and special feasts.
 Burnt Offering: The ―burnt‖ offering expressed worship,
gratitude, and dedication. It represented the unbroken, uninterrupted
adoration, worship, and devotion of the entire congregation to the Lord.
Every morning and evening, a lamb of a year old was burned upon the
altar with its appropriate meat offering symbolizing the daily
consecration of the nation to Jehovah.
 In the offering of incense, the priest was brought more directly
into the presence of God than in any other act of the daily ministration.
As part of this daily ministration was the perpetual offering of the
showbread before the Lord. This was an acknowledgement of man‘s
dependence upon God for both temporal and spiritual food.
In the special offering for individual sins, the repentant sinner brought
his offering to the door of the tabernacle, and, placing his hand upon the
victim‘s head, confessed his sins. By this offering, the sin of the

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individual was transferred in figure to the sanctuary through the blood.

This service was the most important part of the daily ministration.
The Yearly Services of the Tabernacle
The offering of individual‘s sin went on day by day throughout the
year. The sins of Israel being transferred to the sanctuary defiled the
holy places and a special work became necessary for the removal of
sins. God commanded that atonement be made for each of the sacred
apartments, as for the altar, to cleanse and hallow it.
What is Atonement?
It is a state of or act of bringing into, concord; restoration of friendly
relations; reconciliation- Webster.
Once a year, a day is set aside for that Atonement. On the great Day of
Atonement, the priest entered the most holy place for the cleansing of
the sanctuary. The work there performed completed the yearly round of
ministration.
The Day of Atonement
The day set for the atonement in the Holy of Holies was the 10th day of
the seventh month (Lev. 16: 29, 30).
On that day, all business was laid aside and the whole congregation of
Israel spent the day in solemn humiliation before God, with prayer,
fasting and deep searching of heart (PP 355: 4).
Procedure of Atonement
1. The high priest was to put on the sacred garment before he could
enter the Holy of Holies for atonement.

2. The high priest was to take two male goats for a sin offering and a
ram for a burnt offering.

3. He was to offer the bull for his own sin offering to make atonement
for himself and his household.

4. He was to bring two kids of goats to the door of the tabernacle to cast
lots upon them: one lot for the LORD and the other lot for the
scapegoat (azazel).

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5. The goat upon which the first lot fell was to be slain as a sin offering
for the people, bring his blood within the veil and sprinkle it upon the
mercy seat.

6. The goat chosen by lot as a scapegoat should be presented alive

before the Lord to be used for making atonement. This, the priest laid
his hands upon the head of the scapegoat, conferred all the iniquities of
the children of Israel over the goat at the door of the tabernacle and sent
it into the dessert as a scapegoat. Not until the goat had been sent away
did the people regard themselves as free from the burden of their sins
(PP 356, 357).

7. The high priest was to take off the linen garment he put on before he
entered the Most Holy Place and leave them there.

8. The priest had to bathe with water in the holy place and put on the
regular garment.

9. The priest would come out and sacrifice the burnt offering for
himself and burnt offering for the people.

10. He shall also burn the fat of the sin offering on the altar.

11. The man who released the goat as a scapegoat should wash his
clothes and bathe with water before he could come into the camp.

12. The bull and the goat for the sin offering whose blood was brought
into the Most Holy Place to make atonement was to be taken outside
the camp; their flesh and offal were to be burned up.

13. Then the man who burnt them must wash his clothes and wash
himself with water, after which he might come into the camp.
Heavenly Sanctuary
As has been stated, the earthly sanctuary built by Moses was done
according to the pattern shown him in the mount. Therefore, the earthly

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sanctuary as well as its services (ministration) points to the cross and

the ministry of Jesus in the heavenly sanctuary.
What is heavenly sanctuary?
Paul, the apostle of Christ in the book of Hebrews, called the heavenly
sanctuary with various names. These names are:
a. The true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man-
Hebrews 8:2
b. b. The holiest of all – Hebrews 9:8.
c. c. A greater and more perfect tabernacle - Hebrews 9: 11.
d. d. Heaven itself - Hebrews 9: 10.
e. e. The very image of the things – Hebrews 10: 1.
f. f. The holiest – Hebrews 10: 19.
g. The house of God – Hebrews 10: 21.
Evidence of Similarity of Earthly Sanctuary and the Heavenly
Sanctuary
In the New Testament, various reasons can be given to explain why the
earthly tabernacle was just the same pattern of the heavenly sanctuary.
These are mostly evidenced by what John the Revelator saw in the
heavens and what Paul said in the book of Hebrews. These include:
 Jesus walking in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks –
Revelation 1: 12-15.
 . The golden altar of incense – Rev. 8: 3-5.
 iii. The temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was
seen… in the ark of His testament. Rev. 11: 19.

 iv. The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony. Rev. 15: 5-8.
 v. Christ entered the heaven itself, not a man-made sanctuary.
Hebrews 9: 24

The Earthly Sanctuary and the Ministry of Jesus on Earth

The earthly tabernacle as well as its ministrations point to the death of
Jesus on the cross and His ascension to the heavens.
Significance of the Pieces of Furniture in the Tabernacle

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Each article of furniture of the sanctuary, full of significance because of

the part it played in the service of the sanctuary, represented some
feature of the work of redemption.
i. The Altar of Burnt Offering in the court represented Calvary where
Jesus gave His life for sinful man.

ii. The Laver (wash basin), half way between the altar and the door of
the sanctuary itself, symbolized the washing away of sin and the
presence of the innocent one.

iii. The Golden Candlestick (Lamp stand) with its perfect number of
lambs represented Him who is the Light of the world.

iv. The Table of Shewbread was the container of a representation of the

Bread of Life, i.e. the one who is come down from Heaven.

v. The Altar of Incense symbolized the family altar, the secret place of
prayer or any other place where prayer is „won‘t to be made‟ (Acts 16:
13).

vi. The Ark of the Covenant with the tables of the law inside, the mercy
seat just above and the covering cherubim with outstretched wings
represented the throne of God.

vii. The Shekinah, was the manifestation of God Himself.

Significance of the Earthly Sanctuary Services
Like the sanctuary itself, the ministration of the priests had significance
in the death of Jesus on the cross.
a. Christ was the foundation and life of the temple. Its services were
typical of the sacrifice of the son of God…The entire plan of sacrificial
worship was a foreshadowing of the savior‘s death to redeem the
world- DA 165

b. The sacrificial lamb represents The Lamb of God (John 1:29; PP

352).

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c. The scapegoat sent away to the dessert represents Satan who will be
banished to the desolate earth (GC 422)

d. The beautiful official priestly garments represented the Character of

the Great Antitype, Jesus Christ – DA 709.

The Ministry of Jesus in the Heavenly Sanctuary

The earthly sanctuary service also points to the ministry of Jesus in the
heavenly sanctuary. These are examined below:
Christ‘s ministration was to consist of two great divisions, each
occupying a period of time and having a distinctive place in the
heavenly sanctuary as that of the earthly tabernacle.
In the Holy Place
According to the type, Jesus officiated first in the first apartment (holy
place) of the heavenly sanctuary-Hebrews 8:5; 9:1-5.
He officiated in the holy place as the high priest in the heavenly
sanctuary (Heb. 3: 1; 8: 1, 2; 9: 11; PP p356, 357). E.G. White writes:
„After His ascension, Our Savior was to begin His work as Our High
Priest‘ – GC 357
He was the mediator between the repentant sinner and God. This was to
be done at the right hand side of God (Acts 7: 55; Heb. 10: 12)
As the priest in the daily ministration sprinkled the blood of the
sacrifice in the holy place in the sinner‘s behalf, so Christ at His
ascension appeared in the presence of God to plead His blood in behalf
of penitent believers.
In the service of the earthly sanctuary, when the high priest on the Day
of Atonement entered the most holy place, the ministration in the first
apartment ceased. Therefore, the work of ministration in the holy place
of the heavenly sanctuary continued until the eighteen centuries.
In the Holy of Holies
As in the typical service there was the work of atonement at the close of
the year, so Christ‘s work for the redemption of men is completed with
the work of atonement for the removal of sin from the sanctuary. This
is the service which began when the 2300 days ended.

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At that time, as foretold by Daniel the prophet, our High Priest entered
the most holy place to perform the last division of His solemn work – to
cleanse the sanctuary. (Dan. 8: 14)
Thus, those who followed in the light of the prophetic word saw that,
instead of coming to the world at the termination of the 2300 days in
1844, Christ then entered the most holy place of the heavenly sanctuary
to perform the closing work of atonement preparatory to His coming.
Therefore, from 1844 till now, Christ our High Priest still remains in
the most holy place continuing the work of atonement. This work must
be performed prior to the coming of Christ to redeem His people; for
when He comes, His reward is with Him to give to every man
according to his works. Revelation 22:12.
As in the earthly sanctuary, when the work of investigation in the
sanctuary is ended, then the cases of those who professed to be
Disciples of Christ will be ended, then the one „who is unjust, will be
unjust still; he who is filthy, let him be filthy still; he who is righteous,
let him be righteous still; he who is holy, let him be holy still‘ (Rev. 22:
11).

Self-study Exercises
1. Write 15 of the fundamental beliefs of SDA church and prepare
a sermon on Second coming of Christ.
2. Study the Sanctuary diagram below and answer the question
that follow :

I. Identify the apartments labeled A,B and C

II. Name the items labeled I to VI
Give the spiritual significance of each of the items labeled I to
VI, with Biblical reference.
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Chapter 3
OUTDOOR LIVING

Chapter outline

Learning objectives 49
Camping and survival skills 50
Rules for choosing a campsite 51
Introduction to ropes 54
Types of knots 56
Lashing 57
Hiking 63
Keeping a hiking log 65
First Aid 66
Unconsciousness 61
Shocks 73
Chocking 75
Bites 77
Burns 79
Poisoning 79
Severe bleeding 80
Self – study Exercises 81

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Learning objectives

1.1.Know the types of camps and their objectives

1.2.Know how to plan for a two-night camp-out
1.3.Design 5 lashing projects for a campsite and one club camp
entrance.
1.4.Know how to make a rope and how to take care of ropes.
1.5.Know how to tie, the practical uses of, and make a knot board of at
least 15 knots.
1.6.Know the objectives and principles of First Aid
1.7.Know the kind of First Aid to administer in case of burns, bites, and
shocks.

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Camping and Survival Skills

Camping is defined as a situation in which people in Christ with
different characters, attitudes, behavior and culture come together to
pursue one common aim or goal.
Survival, on the other hand, defines being able to continue living or
existing in spite of great danger. This requires special knowledge and
abilities known as camping and survival skills.
Camping and survival skills, therefore, can be defined as all knowledge and
abilities that PF member need to have so as to enable him/her to have
successful camping and survival activities as well as outdoor living. Skills like
knot-tying, lashing, hiking, general safety, first-aid, e.t.c will be acquired.
The purpose of this section is to have the Pathfinders continue
developing their outdoor living and safety skills.
Camping
Camping can be defined as a situation in which people in Christ with
different characters, attitudes, behavior and culture come together to per
sue one common aim or goal.
The main purpose(s) of camping may be to protect oneself or a group of
people from enemies; to move out and learn new creatures, etc.
The place where camping takes place is known as a camp (camp site).
Objectives of Camping
Camping serves the following objectives.
a. To provides recreation in the open air.
b. To provide opportunity for individual and group development.
c. It provides love for nature and intimate nature of love.
d. Camping gives self- respect and self -confidence.
e. It serves as an interdependent organization and conservation of
nature.
f. It gives respect and dignity for God‘s work.
g. It gives a realistic sense of value in ones- speech.
h. It develops one‘s interest in serving others.
i. It creates fun and happiness within us.
j. It develops the spirit of curiosity within individuals.
k. It helps in balancing one work with play to release tension.
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l. It is an education of a judicious use of our leisure time.

m. It develops an appreciation for serious and thoughtful programs.

Types of Camps
Camps are grouped into two. These are
Camp Out
Camp In

Camp Out
Camp out is defined as a situation where a group of people with common
purpose move out of their place of abode or residence and gather at a
specific place. Situations where God‘s people (Christian) had to camp out
include
Israelites at Elim (Ex. 15:27)
Philippines at Socoh (1 Sam. 17:1),
Jonathan at Philippines‟ garrison (force), etc.

Examples of camp out are Youth camp, Survival Camp, Camp meeting,
etc. The main aim of camp out is to learn new things about different places
or to gather and learn about God.

Camp In
This is where people in Christ stay together under one control to per sue
a common goal.
The main purpose of camp in is usually to protect oneself from
enemies. For, example, in Numbers 9: 15-23, Israelites were to camp in
when the cloud and fire covered the tabernacle.

Rules for Choosing a Camp Site

i. Choose a well-drained level ground.
ii. Choose a dry area. A moist or marshy area is never a good site for
camping.
iii. Stay away from a mosquito infested swamps, if at all possible.
iv. Never camp under an over-hanging ledge or cliff.
v. Pick a camping area where plenty of safe drinking water is available.
vi. Do not select hard, rocky, dusty terrain as a site for camping.

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vii. Select a camp site where a plentiful dry wood supply is available.
viii. Pitch your tent toward the south-east so that the morning sun will help
keep it dry.
ix. Pick a warm area. In considering a warm area, three places may have to
be considered – a hill top, a hill side or a basin.
A hill top would be warmer and drier, and it would also have strong
breezes to keep away mosquitoes.
A hill side will be a little colder, but not too bad, and if very strong
winds were blowing this might be the best spot.
In a basin, the dampness of fog will lie and the cold frost crystals will
form. Also, in a heavy rain such as a camp site would be flooded.
Therefore, never should a basin be selected as a camp site.
x. In a case where a wooden area is chosen as a camp site, be sure the tents
are not placed under trees with large dead branches that might break off in
the wind.

In order to effectively participate in a camp out activities, one requires

certain things. These things are normally known as „Gear List‘. These gear
lists are normally carried in a backpack or rucksack.
Gear List
Gear that should be placed in a position so that it can be obtained easily if
required urgently would be:
i. First Aid Kit - each person should carry their own personal first aid kit,
which should contain at least some band aids, scissors, tweezers, antiseptic
cream, safety pins. These should be packed together in a water-tight
container. The kit's location can be marked on the outside of the pack.
ii. Flashlight - small hand type. The batteries can be removed when being
carried in the pack to avoid accidental turning on while carrying.
iii. Compass and Map - Pathfinders should never go on a pack camp
without a map and compass. The map should be kept in a plastic bag.
iv. Raincoat or wind jacket - ideally should be waterproof and windproof.
There are numerous light weight synthetic fabrics on the market today.
Some are quite reasonably priced.
v. Money - a small amount of money should be carried for emergencies.
vi. Matches - two sets of matches should be carried, both in waterproof
containers. They should be packed in separate positions in the pack.

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vii. Toilet paper - an item that should be kept handy. It should be packed
in a plastic bag for waterproofing.
viii. Handkerchief or tissues - again an item that you may need urgently.
Toilet paper can also double for this item.
ix. Sharp knife - the pocket knife type with pouch.
x. Rope - a couple of meters of rope, twine or string should be carried for
emergencies. (This does not refer to climbing gear.)

Personal Equipment for Camp Out

In camp out, some special personal equipment are needed. Some of these
things are:
a. Something to eat with
b. Something to sleep in
c. Something to keep dry in
d. Something to keep warm in
e. Something to have fun in
f. Something to keep clean with

Something to Eat With

Examples of something to eat with in outdoor activities include:
Knife, Pot for cooking, scouring pad, Spoon, Fry pan, Tea towel
Fork, Detergent Bowl, Cup, Plate, Food
Something to Sleep In
This includes: Tent, Sleeping bag, Groundsheet, Mattress, Bible.

Something to Keep Warm In

Examples are:
Shirts, Pair of socks, Pants, Underclothes, etc

Something to Keep Clean With

This includes
Soap, Toothbrush, Towel, Toothpaste, Washcloth Mirror, Comb, Sponge.

Miscellaneous
Insect repellent,
Axe or cutlass (machete), Sewing kit (buttons, pins, thread, needles)

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Sharpening stone, Note book and pencil.

Introduction to Ropes and Knots

Rope is one of the convenient materials for effecting temporary joints
in many materials. It is, therefore, an important item for the AY/PF,
especially in times of camping, hiking, sailing, climbing and many
other outdoor activities.
Definition of Rope
Dictionary definitions of rope include the following:
1. ―A thick, strong length of twisted cord.‖ NSD
2. ―A stout cord made by twisting together strands of hemp, wire, etc.‖
POD
.
Modern ropes of today include vines, reeds, fibres, leather throngs.
Some ropes are made from manila fiber, sisal fibre, hemp or wire,
nylon and plastic. The best natural rope is made from hemp (manila
fibre). In fact, sisal is only about two –thirds (2/3) strong as manila.
Care for Ropes
Ropes should be kept as properly as possible as it is important in
Christian out-door living and camping skills. Good rope care only
involves the following:
a. Keep ropes as dry as possible. Never store a rope when it is wet.
Natural drying in the sun is best.
b. Inspect ropes periodically for sign of damage along their length.
c. When not in use, coil and keep it dry. A regular coil should be
clockwise, or to the right, because of the natural twist in the rope.
d. Never step or walk on a rope that is lying on the ground.

Uses of Rope
1. It is used for knot tying.
2. It is used for rescuing individuals.
3. It is used for making dry lines.
Parts of a Rope

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To understand knot tying and other uses of a rope, definitions of the

following parts are necessary:
 The standing part: This is the long part of the rope on which the
individual works in forming the knot.
 The running end: This is the part with which the individual works.
 The bight: This refers to a loop formed when a rope is turned back
on itself.

Knots
Knots are very essential in our daily lives and as such the ability of the
Pathfinder to tie some and / or many of them will help in his or her
camping as well as outdoor activities.
Definition of Knot
Knots are defined in many ways. Some of these are:
1. A fastening made by looping a piece of string around itself and
pulling the ends tight. NSD
2. ‗An intertwining of rope, string, hair, etc., so as to fasten‘ POD.
Knot Tying
This is the process of making a knot(s) for different activities. The most
efficient method of teaching knot is by:
 Demonstrating the procedure
 Having the class to follow the instructor, each using their own
rope.
 Practicing procedure until proficient.
 Using ropes of different colors when more than one rope is
involved in a knot.

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Different types of knots: tight interlacing of two ropes. A knot is also a unit of
speed in aviation and marine navigation equal to one nautical mile per hour.
Halyard knot: interlacing of ropes used to attach the halyard to a sail.
Reef knot: interlacing of ropes made of two half-knots inverse to each other.
Bowline: interlacing of ropes with a loop that can be used as support.
Two round turns and a half-hitch: interlacing of ropes around an object by
making two turns, then a hal-knot.
Two half-hitches: interlacing of ropes around an object by making two half-
knots, one after the other.
Double shell bend: double interlacing of ropes, used to attach two ropes
together.
Sheet knot: interlacing of ropes used to attach two ropes together.
Figure of eight knot: interlacing of ropes used to finish the end of a rope.
Overhand knot: simple interlacing of a rope.

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Lashing
When you are out of doors, your experience in camping can be made more
enjoyable if you can make some simple camp furniture from native
materials. You do not need hammer, nails or saw: a good axe, a sharp knife
and some rope or binder twine will suffice. You can make a camp table,
basin rack for washing, coat hangers, and a lot of other „‟fine furnishings,
for your campsite. All these require lashing skills.
Definition of Lashing
Lashing is defined as the practice of using ropes, logs and other native
materials to make camp furniture. In learning lashing, one (beginners)
needs the following:
A thorough review of knot tying, particularly the clove hitch knot,
square knot, timber hitch knot, etc.
A cord about 36 inches long and three 12 – inch sticks about as thick as
his thumb.

Types of Lashing
Lashings are of five types. These are:
Square Lashing
Diagonal Lashing
Round or Shear Lashing
Continuous Lashing
Tripod lashing

Square Lashing
Square lashing is used for joining two sticks (logs) together at right angles.
Steps in Square Lashing
a. Place two sticks (logs) in position to form a cross.
b. Tie a clove hitch to the vertical stick at one end of rope slipping the knot
around so that the long length of the rope pulls directly out from the knot.
c.. Twist the leftover end on standing part and secure the sticks together by
wrapping. This is done by passing the rope down in front of the horizontal
stick, out to back of upright, around upright and out to front (under the
horizontal stick) then in front of the horizontal stick, in back of upright and
rope is at the point where you began.

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d. Finish by frapping. This is done by winding the rope between the two
sticks, pulling the windings tight and pulling the first windings tighter
together.

square lashing
Diagonal Lashing
This lashing is used to join sticks together in the slanting form (i.e. an X
shape). In other words, diagonal lashing is used to "spring" two spars
together, that is, to join together two spars (logs) which tend to spring
apart and which do not touch where they cross.
Steps in Diagonal Lashing
For diagonal lashing, follow these steps:
a. Place two sticks in position forming an X.
b. Keep them in this position continually.
c. Begin with timber hitch around both logs. The timber hitch is tightened
so as to bring the two sticks (spars or logs) together.
d. Make three or four winds around one fork.
e. Make three or four winds around the sticks in the opposite direction at
cross. Pull tight at each turn.
f. Frap three times between the sticks (logs) and finish with a clove hitch.

diagonal lashing

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Round or Shear Lashing

This lashing is used for joining two sticks (logs) parallel along the length
of one. This lashing is also used for binding together parallel spars (logs)
and for forming "shear legs" which support bridges and the like.
Steps in Round or Shear Lashing
a. Place two sticks (logs) in position parallel to each other.
b. Tie clove hitch around one of them at appropriate place from the top.
c. Bind the two timbers together by laying seven or eight turns of the rope
around them, one turn beside the other.
d. Make two or three frapping turns around the lashing turns between the
timbers.
e. Fasten rope with a clove hitch around the second timber.
f. Open out the timbers. The logs now „‟shear‟‟ like scissors.

shear lashing
NB:
Two shear lashings without frapping are used to join two timbers into one
long one.
Continuous Lashing
Continuous lashing holds small sticks at right angles to long sticks and is
useful in making table tops, seats, etc. Follow these steps in laying a table
top.
a. Cut sticks to desired size and trim ends. Next notch the frame and place
the cross pieces in correct position.
b. Make clove hitch on the frame, in middle of the rope, with knot
underneath and ends out to sides. There should be equal lengths of rope on
either side of the long stick. The hitch should be placed so that the ends of
the rope pull the knot tight as they come up from under the long stick.
c. With one end in each hand, pull rope over one crosspiece and down
under frame.

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d. Cross rope, making an "X". Pull rope tight.

e. Bring up and over second crosspiece. Repeat this procedure until all the
crosspieces are lashed.
l. End with two half hitches or clove hitches and tuck ends of rope under
last small stick.

Tripod lashing
A tripod lashing begins and ends with a clove hitch and binds poles to be
arranged to form a pyramid. Use this to hang a pot above a fire or hold a water
dispensing device over the ground.

tripod lashing
Camp Furniture
Various kinds of camp furniture could be made by means of the
knowledge of lashing acquired above.
Camp furniture here refers to any article that can be made using the
knowledge of lashing. Examples of this camp furniture include: camp
table, basin rack for washing, coat hangers, camp chair, door gates, etc.

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Hiking
Hiking is one of the fundamental outdoor activities on which many others
are based. Many beautiful places can only be reached overland by hiking,
and enthusiasts regard hiking as the best way to see nature.

Definition of Hiking
Hiking is an outdoor activity which consists of walking in natural
environments, often on hiking trails with the purpose of reaching a
predetermined destination.
It can also be defined as a purposeful journey which involves walking in a
natural environment with a known destination. The person who embarks
on hiking activities is known as hiker.

Features of Hiking
From the definitions above, the following features could be deduced:
i. Hiking is a purposeful journey. This means that in hiking, there is a
purpose in mind to be achieved.
ii. Hiking involves walking but it is not itself a walk. A walker may shuffle
along all day, scarcely knowing where he is going.
iii. Hiking normally takes place in natural environments.
iv. Hiking is said to be complete, when hikers are able to reach the
predetermined destination.

Purposes (Benefits/Importance/Functions) of Hiking

a. Hiking serves as a greatly body exercise which improves one
overall physical condition

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b. It helps the youth to learn through nature. Most people enjoy hiking
because it brings them back to nature.
c. It helps the youth to prepare for the coming time of trouble
(persecution).
d. Hiking allows one to grow in knowledge and skills as she/he progresses.
In its easiest form, it is a safe walk using clearly defined trails. In its
extreme form, it would require survival, hunting, mountaineering and
navigation skills.
e. It helps people to get away from things and forget about the everyday
stress in their life.
f. It is easy to start and does not require high tech equipment. A solid pair
of hiking boots, some basic (outdoor) clothing and a small hiking backpack
will be enough to get you started on basic day-hike.
g. It serves as a requirement for the Pathfinder Club investiture service.
h. It is the starting point of a whole range of other outdoor activities that
require hiking. It is often part of rock climbing, camping, mountaineering,
etc.

Terms Associated with Hiking

Tracking: This is a practice of making paths for the main purpose of
hiking. The paths made are basically known as hiking tracks. Those who
make the tracks are known as trackers.
Trailing: This is defined as the practice of following the footsteps of
trackers to a known destination, usually on hiking trails. A hiking trail is
defined as specially made paths (tracks) with signs which show directions
as well as special activities to be done to reach a known destination. Those
who follow the trails (footsteps) to the known destination are known as
trailers.

Types of Hiking
The word hiking is understood in all English-speaking countries, but there
are differences in usage.
a. A-day Hike: This refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day.

b. Backpacking: This refers to a hike that requires an overnight camp.

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c. Bushwhacking: This specifically refers to difficult walking through

dense forest, under growth or bushes, where forward progress requires
pushing vegetation aside. In extreme cases of bushwhacking where the
vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, a machete (cutlass)
is used to clear a pathway.

d. Trekking: It refers to a multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions in

India, Nepal, North America, and in the highlands of East Africa.

Basic Rules of Hiking

In hiking, rules are made for the protection of all persons and they must be
followed in order to have a safe, interesting and there-by an enjoyable
hike. Every club should have a set of rules to control a hike, and these may
vary from group to group, but there are ten basic rules for hiking and these
are listed below:
i. A hike must be planned.
ii. A hike is not a race.
iii. The hiker should have good health.
iv. The hiker must carry a first-aid kit.
v. The hiker must wear the correct clothing. The type of clothing will
depend upon the weather and the type of country.
vi. The hiker should wear the correct footwear.
vii. The hiker should carry navigation equipment.
viii. The hiker should obey all safety rules.
ix. The hiker is always courteous and cheerful.
x. The hiker „goes all the way‟.

Things to take along when Hiking

Knife
Rope
Navigation equipment
First-aid box/kit

Signs for track and trail

Since hiking takes place on a specially made paths (tracks or trails), there
is the need for signs to made on them (tracks) so that trailing can be easy.

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Different signs are usually made on the tracks for various land layouts. For
example, signs for mountainous areas are different from marshy areas. In
the same way, different materials are usually used as signs depending on
the lay out of the land

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Things to Do When Lost

Sometimes, things go wrong, even with the best made plans, and you may
get lost. By following a few simple rules, this need not be as serious as it
seems. Every group should have a code or a set of rules that each member
knows thoroughly. This will enable others to know just what a person is
going to do in case he does get lost and will enable them to find him more
easily.
The following are some of the things to do when lost in hiking:
a. Sit down and make plans, but don‘t panic.
b. Pray. Kneel down and talk to God. Remember some of His promises: "I
am with you always."
c. Mark the spot where you are at the moment before you make a move.
d. Climb a tree or hill. From the top you may see a landmark that you
recognize. If so, and you are sure which way to go to get you back safely,
proceed towards that landmark. But if you are not sure of any landmarks,
stay where you are.
e. Use your maps and compasses if you are smart enough to have brought
them along.
f. Stay where you are if you are unable to locate a familiar landmark that
can lead you home either by sight or by map and compass.
g. Light a fire (Build a safe fire) and keep the smoke move upward.
h. The leader on the other hand should move along the path and blow a
whistle.
Keeping a Hiking Log
A hiking log is defined as the report written by a hiker about the activities
of a hiking expedition.
The hiking log should be written up as soon as possible after the hike or
expedition while incidents are fresh and vivid in the mind. It should be an
interesting and useful record of preparation and the actual journey.
The log should include three sections:
 Introduction (opening section)
 Body (main part)
 Conclusion (last section)

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Introduction (opening section)

The opening section should set the scene, and contain among other things:
title (name) of group, party members, purpose of trip, dates, area, time of
commencement and author.
Body (main part)
The main part of the log should be the actual record of the day's activity.
These includes
i. weather, campsites, food, type of country, outstanding landmarks,
places to be avoided, animal and bird life, types of trees, shrubs, flowers,
interesting incidents, party reactions, use of equipment, maps, sketches,
photos, etc.

ii. Freehand sketch map of the route used including approximate scale,
various land or sea marks, checkpoints, campsites, north point and date.

iii. Full equipment/clothing lists-comments on adequacy or lack of

equipment and clothing, food lists - (menus), suitability of meals,
usefulness of first aid equipment, etc.

iv. Tasks undertaken by party members and individual comments on

member's expectations, reactions and feelings on the trip.
Conclusion
This section which is the last part of the log records the hiker‘s attitude
and reactions about the hiking. Thus, whether the hiker liked or disliked
the journey, whether the hiker has any comments or suggestions for future
improvement of the expedition.
Presentation should be in the form of a note-book, loose-leaf folder,
photographic record, tape recording or other imaginative method.

FIRST AID.

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• 3 John 1:2„Beloved, I wish above all things that thou

mayest prosper and be in good health, even as thy soul
prospereth‟.

An emergency is any unforeseen event which calls for prompt and quick
action to save the life of a person or to prevent from further severe
damage. To save the life of a person in an emergency, one needs to
undertake first aid.

First aid is an emergency temporary assistance given to a person who is

injured or as suddenly become ill, using facilities or materials available at
that time before regular medical help is imparted. It is also defined as the
emergency first care given to the sick or injured.

A first aider is someone who has undergone a training course in

administering first aid and holds a current first aid certificate.
Note: one does not have to be a first aider in order to learn and administer
basic first aid.

Objectives (Purposes) of First Aid

The objectives of the first aid will include the following:
i. Preserve Life
ii. Promote Recovery
iii. Prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse

Principles (Rules) of First Aid

When any person comes across another seriously injured person he
should follow principles below:
 Urgently assess the situation and beware of dangers to self,
onlookers and victim.
 Make sure that the victim‘s airway is blocked by the tongue,
secretions or some foreign body – restore respiration.
 Make sure that the patient is breathing, if not, administer artificial
respiration.

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 Make sure that the patient has a pulse; if no pulse is felt,

administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation - restoration of circulation.
 Check for bleeding – take measures to control bleeding.
 Arrange without delay for shifting of the victim to hospital for
medical attention.
 Keep the victim/patient lying down and quieten. If he has vomited
and there is no danger that his neck is broken, turn him on his side to
prevent choking. Keep him warm with blankets or coats.
 Examine the victim gently, cut clothing if necessary to avoid
abrupt movements if added pain. Do not pull clothing away from burns
unless it is still smoldering.
 Reassure the victim, try to remain calm yourself. Your calmness
can allay his fear and panic.
 Do not give fluids to an unconscious or semi-conscious victim.
 Do not try to arouse an unconscious person by slapping or
shaking.
 Look for an emergency identification card for medical
information related to victim. Check your progress.

Precautions
• Risk of transmitting other infections. E.g. hepatitis B&C,
HIV/AIDS.
• Cover any cut and abrasions with waterproof dressing before
treating casualty.
• Wash hands before and after applying dressings.
• All items used in cleaning should be disposed of by burning.
• Clothing maybe washed in hot water.
• If direct contact is made with another person‘s blood or other
fluids, the area should be washed as soon as possible with ordinary soap.

First Aid Box/Kit

This is a box or container that contains the first aid materials, equipment
or facilities. Examples of items and materials that should be found in the
first aid box/kit include:

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Common Conditions Requiring First Aid

1. Unconsciousness…

• Is a result of brain normal activity being interrupted.

• An unconscious person responds to neither touch, voice, nor pain.
• Causes include head injury, reduced blood flow to the brain,
Asphyxia, diabetes and depression of brain normal function.

Possible scenario…
• A casualty has a blow to the head: he appears drowsy, confused,
but still respond by opening eyes, and his speech no longer makes sense.
As his level of responsiveness drops, he no longer responds to your voice
but groans, moves and opens eyes in respond to a painful pinch.
Eventually, he responds to neither voice nor pain.
Fig 1.1

approach.
step 1.
• Kneel beside casualty and speak
to him.
Gently shake his shoulders, talking to
him. Fig 1.2

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The ABC of Resuscitation.

• Airway .Breathing .Circulation

AIRWAY
• Check for clear airway
• Open mouth, check for debris, loose teeth, vomitus.
• Do a mouth sweep with index finger.
• Do not remove false tooth unless loose.
• Check breathing and pulse in the neck(carotid)
• If serious injury such as spinal injury is suspected, DO NOT
MOVE CASUALTY.
• Turn head to a neutral position holding forehead with one hand
and with the other, fingers only on chin.
• Tilt chin upwards as far as it would go.
Fig 1.3 (checking airway)

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BREATHING.
 Check for breathing by sight, feel and sound for ten seconds.
Fig 1.4

 If there is no breathing, call for ambulance and say that your

casualty is not breathing.
 Give 2 effective ventilation(up to 5 attempts) blowing into mouth
for 1.5 to 2 seconds watching for chest to rise taking your mouth from
casualty‘s face as they may vomit.
 Watch chest rise and fall in between breaths.
 If there is response or breathing, put in recovery position.

 Gently move casualty so that they are lying on their back.

 Check the pocket for any sharp objects.

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Fig1.5

 Place arm closest to you perpendicular to the body.

Fig 1.6

 Place the arm furthest from you on the opposite shoulder.

 Place the kneel furthest from you up at a right angle.
Fig 1.7

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 With one hand under their shoulder and the other under the
bended kneel, push casualty onto their side.
 Place the bent knee into right angle, so that casualty does not roll
onto their front.
 Monitor condition and breathing till the ambulance arrives.

CIRCULATION
• Look for movement, including swallowing, or breathing.
• Look at eyes- they may roll down.
• Check the carotid pulse for ten seconds.
• If there is no injury and circulation is normal, put casualty in
recovery position.
• If there is no signs of circulation present, START CPR.

STAGE ONE
• Call for help and return to victim.
• Never leave victim.
STEP TWO
• Tilt head back and listen for breathing.

STEP THREE
• If not breathing normally, pinch nose and cover the mouth with
yours and blow until you see the chest rise.
STAGE FOUR
• Give two breaths; each should take 1 second.
STAGE FIVE
• If victim is not breathing normally, begin chest compressions.
• Push down on the chest 1 ½ to 2 inches 30 times right in
between the nipples.
• Pump at the rate of 100/minute. Faster than one per second.

2. SHOCKS
This is a condition that results from the failure of the cardiovascular
system to provide sufficient blood circulation (oxygen) to all parts of the

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body. It is also defined as a state of collapse with a reduction of blood

volume circulating to the brain and heart.
A reduced volume or pressure of blood circulating in the body, resulting
in a lack of oxygen going in and out of the brain.
Causes of Shock
The most common causes of shock are as follows:
Severe loss of blood.
Intense pain.
Extensive trauma.
Burns.
Poisoning.
Emotional stress or intense emotion.
Extreme heat and cold.
Electrical shock.
Allergic reactions.
A sudden or severe illness.
TYPES OF SHOCKS
Shock is classified according to cause as given below:
Hypovolemic Shock: It is caused by decrease in fluid volume from
bleeding, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or loss of fluid from surgery or
trauma. Hypovolemic shock is also known as hemorrhagic shock.
Cardiogenic Shock: This results from poor heart function and is caused
by various cardiovascular abnormalities. The heart is unable to maintain
sufficient blood pressure to all parts of the body.
Neurogenic Shock: It is caused by failure of the nervous system to
maintain a normal contraction of the blood vessels.
Septic Shock: A type of shock which results from severe infection. The
microorganism causes loss of fluid through the blood vessel wall.
Psychogenic Shock: This is a type of shock which is caused by nervous
system reactions to an emotional stimulus. The blood vessels dilate
temporally, decreasing blood flow to the brain which results in
unconsciousness or syncope.
Anaphylactic Shock: Anaphylactic results from a sudden severe, allergic
body reaction to a foreign substance.
First Aid Treatment of Shock

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Shock is best handled by treating the cause of the shock as well as the
following:
Lay the victim down (flat) with the head slightly lower than the rest
of the body, unless the victim is sustained head and chest injuries.
If the victim is unconscious, with vomiting and bleeding around the
nose and mouth, he should be positioned on the side to allow the airway
to clear and encourage drainage.
The head and shoulder should be elevated if the victim is having
difficulty in breathing.
If neck or spinal injuries suspected, the victim must not be moved
unless it is necessary to prevent further injury.
Maintain the victim‘s body temperature keeping him warm and dry
by placing blankets or other coverings under the victim to prevent heat
loss on surface.
Cover the victim with materials available. Over blanket covering
should be avoided.
The victim should not be given anything to eat or drink because
internal injuries may be present and needs urgent surgical intervention
and the patient may aspirate the fluid.
Take measures to reduce and relieve pain.
Give emotional support and reassurance.

3. CHOKING
• Coughing is the first symptom.
• Casualty will be unable to breath, speak or cough and may be
gripping their throat.
• They will eventually lose consciousness if the obstruction is not
removed.
Management
 CHECK THE MOUTH AND IF NO FOREIGN BODY SEEN,
COMMENCE UP TO BACK SLAPS.
 If unsuccessful, commerce with up to 5 abdominal thrusts.

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Abdominal thrust

Heimlich Maneuver
The force required to dislodge a foreign object from a choking
victim‗s lungs may cause injury to internal organs. This technique
should be employed only if back slapping does not help. In this first
step, a conscious person bends so that her head is below her lungs. The
person administering first aid delivers a sharp slap between the
shoulder blades, as many as four times if necessary.

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4. BITES
Animals such as snakes, dogs, cats, and small rodents like squirrels,
certain insects, and spiders may bite humans with dangerous
consequences. Many snakebites are caused by non-venomous (non-
poisonous) snakes and do not require treatment beyond cleaning the
wound. Bites inflicted by venomous snakes require immediate first-aid
measures. The victim should be taken as soon as possible to the
nearest emergency medical facility. In the interim, the first-aid
provider should not cut the area around the bite, attempt to suck out
the venom, or apply ice to the wound. The
focus of first aid should be to prevent the venom from spreading
rapidly through the individual‗s bloodstream. The victim should be
kept quiet to avoid stimulating circulation of the venom. In addition,
the bite area should be kept at a lower level than the rest of the body.
The wound should be washed thoroughly with soap and water, blotted
dry, and loosely covered with a sterile dressing.
Snakebite, wound inflicted by the mouth of a snake. A wound from a
snake with short teeth and no fangs may look like a series of scratches
or tiny punctures. The twin puncture wounds usually associated with

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snakebites appear when the paired fangs of a fanged snake break

through the skin.
Snakebites from nonpoisonous snakes are not serious but should be
cleansed with an antiseptic to prevent infection. The bite of a
poisonous snake, which can inject venom into the body, may cause
severe illness and sometimes death. Symptoms generally include
swelling, discoloration, and pain at the site of the bite. Victims may
feel weak and dizzy, perspire heavily, and experience nausea and
vomiting, all of which are symptoms of shock.
The victim of a snakebite should seek first aid promptly. An attempt
should be made to identify the snake if it can be done safely. First aid
measures should focus on keeping the victim quiet so that the heart
rate remains normal, thereby slowing the spread of venom in the
bloodstream. The area of the bite should be kept below the level of the
heart. The victim should seek medical attention immediately.
Depending upon the victim‗s symptoms and the species of the snake,
the physician may administer antivenin, a preparation that helps to
neutralize the venom and minimize its harmful effects.
The venom of poisonous snakes is produced and stored in specialized
glands within the snake‗s head. In the United States, there are four
types of poisonous snakes: coral snakes, rattlesnakes, copperheads,
and cottonmouths, or water moccasins. With the exception of coral
snakes, all these snakes are pit vipers.
Responsible for most snake attacks on human beings, pit vipers have
the most efficient fangs for injecting venom. Their fangs are hollow,
curved, and so long that they fold back into the mouth when not in use.
Their venom mostly affects the circulatory system, but it also causes
disruption of normal nervous system function.
Coral snakes have short, fixed fangs in the front of the mouth and they
hang onto and chew their victims. Unlike vipers, coral snakes bite only
when they are being handled or are accidentally touched or stepped on.
Their venom primarily affects the nervous system.
When walking in areas where poisonous snakes are present,
individuals should wear high boots and thick loose pants, and should

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remain alert in order to avoid close encounters with these reptiles.

Individuals should also be able to distinguish between poisonous and
nonpoisonous snakes.

5. BURNS
A burn is an injury to the skin caused by exposure to fire, hot liquids
or metals, radiation, chemicals, electricity, or the sun‗s ultraviolet rays.
Burns are classified according to the depth of tissue damage and extent
of the burn. A first-degree, or superficial, burn, which involves only
the surface of the skin, is characterized by reddening. A second-degree
burn extends beneath skin surface and causes blistering and severe
pain while a third-degree, or full-thickness, burn causes charring and
destruction of the cell-producing layer of skin. The severity of a burn
depends also on the area involved, expressed as a percentage of the
total body surface area. Severe burns cause shock and loss of body
fluids. A person suffering third-degree burns over more than 10
percent of body surface area should be hospitalized as soon as
possible.
First aid for burns involves removing the source of the burn as soon as
possible. The burn should be cooled immediately with cold water. A
clean, cold wet towel or dressing can be placed on less serious burns to
ease pain and protect the burn from contamination. Continuously bathe
chemical burns with running water for at least 20 minutes to dilute the
substance. Any powder should be carefully brushed off with gloved or
protected hands before washing. Wet dressings or ointments should
never be used for burns. Instead, the first-aid provider should gently
apply dry, sterile dressings held in place by bandages and seek
immediate medical attention.

6. POISONING
A poisonous substance introduced into the body through the mouth or
nose causes symptoms such as nausea, cramps, and vomiting. Poisons
include toxic medications, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides,
household disinfectants, and noxious gases.

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In a case of poisoning, the first-aid provider should remove the victim

from a toxic environment, then contact the poison control center listed
in most United States phone books. If the number is unavailable, the
provider should call a physician or hospital emergency department. If
possible, the provider should try to identify the poison, either by
questioning the victim or searching for suspicious containers.
Containers of many poisonous substances list the antidote, or remedy,
on the label. Burns or stains on the skin or a characteristic odor on the
breath may also help the first aid provider recognize the poison.
Unless instructed to do so by the poison control center, the first-aid
provider should never give a poisoning victim anything to eat or drink.
Vomiting should not be induced unless the poison control center
recommends it. If the victim vomits, the first-aid provider should turn
the individual on the side and clear the airway. Before clearing the
victim‗s mouth of any obstructions, however, the provider should first
put on clean first-aid gloves or wrap a cloth around his or her fingers.
If the person who ingested the poison is unconscious, the airway,
breathing, and circulation should be checked and CPR started if
necessary.
A drug overdose occurs when an individual takes too large a dose of a
drug or takes a dose that is stronger than the person can tolerate. A
drug overdose can be difficult to diagnose because the signs and
symptoms vary widely and often mimic other illnesses or injuries.
Symptoms of a drug overdose include unusually dilated or contracted
pupils, vomiting, difficulty in breathing, hallucinations, and in severe
cases unconsciousness and slow, deep breathing. If an overdose is not
treated, the individual may die. Victims of overdose should be taken
immediately to a hospital emergency room.

7. SEVERE BLEEDING
The presence of blood over a considerable area of a person‗s body
does not always indicate severe bleeding. The blood may ooze from
multiple small wounds or be smeared, giving the appearance of more
blood than is actually present. The rate at which blood is lost from a

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wound depends on the size and kind of blood vessel ruptured. Bright
red, spurting blood indicates injury to an artery while welling or
steadily flowing, dark red blood indicates injury to a vein.
Welling or spurting blood is an unmistakable sign of severe bleeding.
If a major artery ruptures, a person may bleed to death within a
minute. Injuries to veins and minor arteries bleed more slowly but may
also be fatal if left unattended. Shock usually results from loss of
fluids, such as blood, and must be prevented as soon as the loss of
blood has been stopped.
To stop the bleeding, apply pressure directly over the wound and,
when possible, elevate the bleeding body part. The first-aid provider
should use bandages to hold a sterile dressing or clean cloth firmly
over the wound. Dressings that become saturated with blood should
not be removed but should be reinforced with additional layers. If an
arm or leg wound bleeds rapidly and cannot be controlled by dressings
and bandages, the first-aid provider can apply pressure to the artery at
a point adjacent to the bleed called the pressure point. Arteries pass
close to the skin at these points and can be compressed against
underlying bone to stop arterial bleeding. The pressure point for the
femoral artery, which supplies blood to the leg, is located on the front
center of the leg‗s hinge, the crease of the groin area where the artery
crosses the pelvic bone. The pressure point for the brachial artery,
which supplies blood to the arm, is located halfway between the elbow
and armpit on the inner side of the arm.

Self-study Exercises
1. State 5 things to consider when choosing a camp site.
2. State any 5 rules of hiking.
3. Hiking is not a race. Explain.
4. As a hiker, what will you do when lost.
5. List 10 types of knots and uses.
6. List the steps when administering resuscitation to an unconscious
person.

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Chapter 4
Nature study

Chapter outline

Learning objectives 83
Creation story 83
Animals 85
Birds 86
Mammals 88
Amphibians 89
Differences between a toad and a frog 90
Reptiles 91
Fish 92
Plants 93
Poisonous plants 95
Stars 95
Constellations 97
Orion 107
Prophesy and the Orion 108
Self – study Exercises 109

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Learning objectives

1.1.Complete one honor from each of the groups listed below:

a. Amphibians, Birds, Poultry, Livestock, Reptiles, Trees.
b. Stars, Cacti, Weather, Flowers,
c. Ecology, Environmental conservation.
d. Cats, Dogs, Mammals, Bird pets.
1.2.Be able to identify from photos, collection or live, one of the
following:
a. 15 trees
b. 15 flowers
c. 10 stars
d. 10 constellations
e. 10 wild flowers
1.3.Identify Orion. Know the spiritual significance of Orion as
described in the book Early Writings page 41.
1.4.Identify the following constellations:
a. Ursa major
b. Ursa minor
c. Cassiopeia
d. Gemini
e. Draco

NATURE STUDY I.
Nature is defined as animals, plants and all the other things in the
world not made by people. Therefore, nature study describes the
study of natural things such as plants, animals and creatures in the
skies, etc.
The Creation Story
The book of Genesis records the systematic procedure in which God
created the whole world and its environment. It records that God created

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Heaven and Earth and all that in it for six and rested on the seventh day.
The account of these is examined below:
First Day (Genesis 1: 2-5)
Light: God created heaven and earth, light and darkness and day and
night.
Light must have been included in the „heavens and earth‟ that were
created in the „beginning‟. But the earth‘s surface must have been still in
darkness, because the cooling earth crust, covered with boiling waters,
must have sent up dense layers of mists and gasses that completely shut
out the sun‘s light. He separated light from darkness. Light became day
and darkness, night. However, the sun itself did not become visible till
the fourth day.
Second Day (Genesis 1: 6-8)
The Firmament (Heavens): God created the sky and the waters. He
separated the waters from the firmament.
The firmament here refer to the Atmosphere, or Layer of Air between the
water-covered earth and the clouds above, made possible by the cooling
of the earth‘s waters, still warm enough to make clouds that hid the Sun.
He made the heavens to be above the waters.
The Third Day (Genesis 1: 9-13)
Land and Vegetation: On this day, God created dry land (the earth) and
the sea (water bodies). He created various kinds of fruit trees, grasses and
plants (vegetation).
The earth‘s surface till now, it seems had been wholly covered with water
because continual breaking of newly formed thin crust must have kept the
earth‘s surface smooth as a liquid ball. No rains as yet, but dense mists
watered the newly formed land which was still warm by its own heat
thereby making vegetation grow.
Fourth Day (Genesis 1: 14-19)
Sun, Moon and Stars: God created the sun to shine and brighten the day.
He created the moon and the stars to provide light at night. The
alternation of day and night helps humankind to count the days, the
months, the years and the seasons.
They must have been created in the beginning. On the „first day‟, their
light must have penetrated the earth‘s mist, Genesis 1:3, while they
themselves were not visible. But now, due to the lessened density of

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clouds, as a result of further cooling of the earth, they become visible on

earth.
Fifth Day (Genesis 1: 20-25)
Sea, Animals, Birds: You should do well to notice the progression: 1st ,
2nd days, we have the inanimate things created; 3rd day, vegetable life; 4th
day Sun, Moon and Stars which helps the Vegetables to produce its food;
5th day Animal life, which will enjoy the earlier created things.
On this day, God created smaller animals. These are fishes which swim in
the waters and birds which fly in the sky.
Sixth Day (Genesis 1: 24-31)
Land Animals and Man: God created different kinds of animals. These
are domestic animals and wild animals in the forest. He also created
human beings, both male and female. Human beings are unique creatures
of God because He created them in His own IMAGE. He blessed
humankind and asked them to be fruitful, multiply and fill the earth and
have dominion over everything.
God saw everything that he has made, and it was „very good‟ (Genesis
1:4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, 31).
Seventh Day (Genesis 2: 1-3)
God Rested: God did not create anything. He rested after the work of
creation. He blessed the seventh day and made it holy, saying „Nobody
should work on the seventh day‟. From this particular creative work, this
was a basis of the Sabbath, Exodus 20:11.

ANIMALS
They are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia.
Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although
some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on their lives. All
animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and
independently, at some point in their lives. All animals are
heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for
sustenance.
This book will seek to cover a group of animals called vertebrates
(birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and fish).

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BIRDS
Birds are feathered, winged, two-legged, warm-blooded, egg-laying
vertebrates. Birds are the only animals that have feathers, which are
made of keratin, just like your hair and fingernails. A bird‗s wings
have the same bones as a human arm, but they are arranged differently.
Some of the bones in a bird‗s skeleton are hollow. This makes the bird
light enough to fly. There are more than 9,800 known types of birds.
They range in size from the bee hummingbird (2 ¼ inches long) to the
9-foot-tall ostrich. All birds: Are vertebrates (which means they have a
backbone or spine) Are endothermic. Also known as ―warm-
blooded, endothermic animals regulate their own body temperature
which allows them to live in almost every climate on earth. Have
feathers Lay eggs with hard, waterproof shells. The parent birds
incubate the eggs until they hatch, and care for their young.

Examples of birds
Examples of birds are: sparrow, eagle, blue bird, humming bird (the
smallest of all birds and the only bird which can fly backwards),
woodpecker, vulture, crow, dove, hawk, flamingo, falcon, etc.

How big are Birds

The tiniest bird is the bee hummingbird. It is only a little more than 2
inches (5 centimeters) long. It weighs less than a dime!
The biggest bird is the ostrich. It is about 9 feet (2.7 meters) tall and
weighs up to 345 pounds (156 kilograms). The ostrich cannot fly. One of
the heaviest flying birds is the great bustard. It can weigh as much as 40
pounds (18 kilograms).

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Habitat of Birds
Birds live almost everywhere on Earth. Some kinds of birds can live only
in certain places. Penguins live only in cold places. Parrots live only in
the warm tropics.
Many birds have summer and winter homes. Some birds live in the
northern United States and Canada during the summer. They migrate (fly)
south to spend the winter in Central or South America. Birds that live in
Europe during the summer migrate south to Africa for the winter.
Kinds of Birds
There are about 10,000 kinds of birds. Scientists have different ways of
grouping birds. One way to group them is by how and where they live.
Some birds live in water or get most of their food from water. The
albatross and shearwater are birds that live over the ocean far away from
land. They can even drink salt water. Loons, ducks, geese, gulls, pelicans,
puffins, and penguins are also birds that live on or near water.
Some birds live on beaches or shores. They are called wading birds
because they have long legs for wading into water to catch fish or other
animals. Herons, storks, ibises, spoonbills, and flamingos are large
wading birds.
Hawks, eagles, and falcons swoop down and grab other animals with their
claws. They are called birds of prey. Owls are birds of prey that hunt at
night.
Running birds run on the ground instead of flying. Ostriches, rheas, emus,
cassowaries, and kiwis are running birds that cannot fly.
Most birds are perching birds. Perching birds are small birds with special
toes that let them hang on to small twigs. Most perching birds are
songbirds. Sparrows, robins, finches, warblers, and blackbirds are
songbirds.
Other kinds of birds include parrots, doves and pigeons, cuckoos,
hummingbirds, and woodpeckers.
Reproduction in Birds
Mating and breeding
Many kinds of birds have only one mate. First, a male bird has to get the
attention of a female bird. Some males show off their beautiful feathers.
Male songbirds sing to attract females.

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Most female birds lay their eggs in nests to protect them and keep them
warm. Some kinds of birds build big, fancy nests. Eagles build huge nests
of sticks. Many birds use holes in trees for nests.
Some birds warm their eggs without any type of nest at all. The male
emperor penguin keeps a single egg on top of its feet under a fold of skin.
Birth
Birds hatch out of eggs. They break the shell and hop out. Baby songbirds
and pelicans do not have any feathers when they are born. They cannot
see at first. Their parents must feed them and keep them warm. Ducks and
other baby birds are born covered with soft down. They can feed
themselves soon after hatching.
Some kinds of young birds stay in the nest less than a day. Some baby
birds stay around the nest for months.
Life span
Most birds do not survive longer than one year. Many birds get sick and
die. Some cannot find enough food. Some get eaten by other animals.
About one bird in ten lives longer than a year. Scientists are not sure how
long birds can live in the wild. They think that many small songbirds live
3 to 5 years. But some albatrosses can live to be more than 60 years old.
Birds are said to be more advanced than reptiles for the following
reasons:
i. They regulate their body temperature from the insulated covering of
feathers (warm-blooded).
ii. They have the ability to fly to escape predations and to locate other
resources for survivor.
iii. They have highly developed voice, hearing and sight.
iv. Their care for the young ones makes them more successful and their
adaptation to live on land in air.

MAMMALS
They are a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and
birds by the possession of hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands,
and a neocortex (a region of the brain). The mammals include the biggest
animals on planet. The basic body type is a four-legged land borne

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animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in the
trees, or on two legs.
Mammals have unique brains and are often very intelligent. Humans are
the most intelligent.
Mammals that eat meat are called carnivores. Carnivores include lions,
tigers, seals, and the largest carnivore mammal which is the polar bear.
Mammals that eat only plants are called herbivores, which include cows,
elephants, and giraffes.
Mammals that eat both meat and plants are called omnivores. Humans are
omnivores.

Examples of mammals
Examples of mammals include:
African wild Dog, American Bison, Bactrian Camel, Blue whale,
Dolphins, Elephants, Giant panda, Giraffes, Gorilla, Hippos, Red
Kangaroo, e.t.c.

AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians are animals that live part of their lives in water and part
on land. They usually have soft, moist skin that is protected by a
slippery layer of mucus. They also tend to live in moist places or near
water to keep their bodies from drying out. All amphibians are

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vertebrates (which means they have a backbone or spine). They are

ectothermic, also known as ―cold- blooded, ectothermic animals
cannot regulate their own body heat, so they depend on warmth from
sunlight to become warm and active. If they get too hot, they have to
find shade or a burrow to help them cool down. They breathe through
their skin and go through metamorphosis. Young amphibians hatch
from eggs, but do not look like their parents. As they develop, their
body shape changes.
All amphibians have:
1. Two-stage life: aquatic and terrestrial.
2. Four limbs with webbed feet.
3. Entire endoskeleton (inside skeleton)
4. Smooth and moist skin
5. Respiration by gills, lungs, or skin

Examples of amphibians:
Examples of amphibians include, common toad, newt, salamander, tree
frog, adhesive disk

Differences between Toad and Frogs

There are some differences between frogs and toads which include;
Many species (kinds) of frogs have smooth skin and live near water
whilst Toads have rough, bumpy skin and often live in drier areas.
Frogs usually have long legs whilst Toads have shorter legs.
Frogs have teeth in their upper jaw whilst Toads have no teeth at all

Frogs and toads are very much alike.

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Sometimes the differences are not that clear. Some animals that are
called toads actually are more like frogs. Some animals are like a mixture
of a frog and a toad.
Frogs and toads do not drink water. They soak up all the water they need
through their skin.
REPTILES
There are four main groups of reptiles: turtles and tortoises; lizards and
snakes; crocodiles and alligators; and the tuatara. Many reptiles spend
most of their time on land, but some spend a great deal of time in the
water. Reptile species can be found in all types of habitat except polar
ice and tundra. All reptiles are vertebrates (which means they have a
backbone or spine). They are ectothermic. They are covered with
scales and Have lungs for breathing.
Cold-Blooded while their blood temperature isn't literally cold, the
term "cold-blooded" refers to how the creature's body temperature is
dependent on its environment. An animal that functions this way may
also be called a poikilotherm. This relates directly to a reptile's
metabolism, meaning their energy may be better expended in warm
climates. This is why reptiles are usually found in greater abundance in
countries closer to the earth's equator. Scales The defining
characteristic between reptiles and amphibians (both cold-blooded
animals) is their skin surface.
Reptiles have scales, very small plates covering their entire bodies.
Scales prevent water from soaking into the reptile, enabling them to
live in dry environments. The scales of lizards and snakes are
epidermal, whereas turtles and crocodiles simply have dermal scales
(scutes).
Amniotic Eggs Reptiles are sauropsids, meaning their eggs are laid
with a hard outer shell.
Embryos of the animal develop while in the egg. Like bird eggs, the
animal emerges into the world not directly from its mother's womb (as
is the case for most mammals), but from eggs that have been on land
for a period of time. And once they hatch from their eggs, they need
immediate food and air. Breathing Air Though they share this

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characteristic with other types of animals, an important distinction of a

reptile is its dependence on air. This sets them apart from amphibians,
which live exclusively in water when they are first born. Reptiles can
only breathe air, otherwise they will suffocate or drown.

Examples of reptiles
Examples of reptiles are: Giant tortoise, Arabian horned viper, Grass-
snake, rattle snake, Chameleon, comodo dragon.
Others include: lizards, alligators, crocodiles, etc.

FISH
A fish is any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of
all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that that lack limbs with digits.
Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and
cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups.

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Most fish are ectothermic (cold-blooded), allowing their temperatures to

vary as ambient temperature change, though some of the large active
swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a high core temperature.
Characteristics of fish
1. Fish live in water.
2. Fish have a backbone. They are vertebrates.
3. Fish breathe using gills. They absorb oxygen through the gills.
4. Almost all fish are cold-blooded. Two of the exceptions are the
tuna and the pacific salmon shark, which can raise their body
temperature to some degree.
5. Some fish have scales.
Examples of fish
Examples of fish include:
Catfish, sharks, salmon, trout, sturgeon, e.t.c.

PLANTS
Plants
A plant is defined as a living thing that grows in the earth and has stems,
leaves and roots. It is also defined as something living that is not an
animal. Examples of plants are trees and vegetables.
In this text, we shall consider plants such as trees, flowers, vegetables,
wild flowers and poisonous plants.
Trees

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A tree is described as a large plant with a hard woody trunk, branches and
leaves. In naming trees, one must be able to identify them by their stem,
branches, roots, and leaves, how it grows and even what it is used for.
Examples of trees
Examples of trees are
Odum, Nim Tree Pine, Wawa, Oil Palm tree, Palm, Mahogany, Mango
tree, Bamboo, Sapele, Cactus, Coffee, Tea, Oak, Silk, Cotton, Mangrove
Baobab, Oucalyptus.

Flowers
A flower is a part of a plant which holds the seeds and is usually brightly
colored. Flowers add to the beauty of our homes. They appear in different
colors. Some are red, yellow, purple, etc.
Examples of flower
Hibiscus, Baugain villa, Lady in the Boat, Flamboyant, Periwinkle,
Flamingo, Rose, Sisal, Yellow Alamanda, Ordid, Sun flower, Forget Me
Not, Morning Glory, Queen of the Light, Milk bush, Zeniah, Lily.

VEGETABLES
These are edible roots or leaves. Examples of vegetable are:

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Cauliflower, Carrot, Onion, Okro, Garden eggs, Cacumber, Tomato,

Lettuce, Pumpkin, Cabbage, Pepper

Poisonous Plants
They are plants that kill or harm human when it gets into the body. Some
poisonous plants are natural and can harm our health. Others too become
poisonous when it is affected by other poisonous plants or animals.
Examples of poisonous plants are:
Common Bryony, Garden egg plant, Deadly Nightshade, Hemlock, Milk
bush, Cedar acuta, Tomato plant, Elephant Ear.

NATURE STUDY II
Stars and Constellations
Stars
On the 4th day of the creation story, God created lights for various
purposes (Gen. 1:14-17). One of the lights created was a star.
A star is defined as a ball of burning glowing gases or dust (a heavenly
body) that is visible in the skies mostly at night.
A star is a cell luminous body which means it gives off its light at night.
However, not all objects seen in the sky at night are stars. There are other
heavenly bodies. Some of these are:
A. Planets B. Meteors C. Satellites E. Asteroids
F. Planetoids G. Nebula H. Comets.
Stars are formed with two main gasses. These are helium and hydrogen.
The combination of these gasses makes star look like dust in the sky.
Importance (Function) of Stars
a. It shows how great God is – Psalm 19: 1
b. It glorifies the Creator – Psalm 8:3, 4
c. It shows weather condition – Gen. 1:14
d. It serves as a source of light – Gen. 1: 16, 17
e. It helps to know seasons or periods – Job 38: 32, 33, 39
f. It represents Jesus Christ – Num. 27: 17; Matt. 2:2
Figurative Use of Stars in the Bible
In the Bible, stars have been used in different ways. Some of these are:
a. Jesus Christ – Num. 24: 17, Matt. 2:2

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b. Angels – Job 38: 7

c. Saints - Daniel 12:2

List of brightest stars

Bright stars are bright because they have high luminosities and/or they
are nearby
• Sun (sol), Sirius, Canopus, Arcturus, Alpha Centauri, Vega
Rigel.
List of largest stars
• Canis Majoris 2600
• Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) 950 to 1000
• Antares (Alpha Scorpii) 950
• Rigel (Beta Orionis) 70
The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately
695,500 kilometers, or 432,450 miles).
Navigational stars
The navigational stars are used in celestial navigation especially the
bright stars. Fifty-eight selected navigational stars are given a special
status in the field of celestial navigation. The star Polaris, often called the
―north star‖ is treated specially due to its proximity to the north celestial
pole.

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POLARIS (POLE STAR)

Polaris stands almost motionless on the sky, and all the stars of the
Northern sky appear to rotate around it. Therefore, it makes an excellent
fixed point from which to draw measurements for :
• celestial navigation and for astrometry.
• Direction for sailors and nomads (Billy goat).

Constellations
If you look at the sky at night, you may be able to see patterns in the stars.
In fact, the shepherds of old as they watched their sheep by night knew
and loved these stars.
As they lay with their flocks on the darkened hillsides, they studied the
starry heavens, until in their imagination these stars grouped themselves
into fantastic shapes of men and beasts.
To these shapes the shepherds gave names and they wove strange tales
(stories) about them; and these stories and names have come down to us.
We call these patterns and their group of stars constellations.
Definitions of Constellation
A constellation is a group of stars that appear to form a configuration
in the sky.
It is also defined as a group of stars that forms a particular pattern
and has a name.

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It is a definite region in the sky in which the configuration of stars is

contained. There are about 88 constellations.
Constellations are normally the product of human perception rather than
astronomical realities.
Poets, farmers and astronomers have made up these shapes over the past
1,000 years.
For easy identification of stars.

Locating Stars and Constellations

The most commonly used Astronomical Coordinate System for indicating
the position of stars or other celestial objects is the Equatorial Coordinate
System. This system locates stars on what is known as celestial sphere.
The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere with the observer at its center.
It represents the entire sky. All celestial objects other than the Earth are
imagined as being located on its surface.
If the Earth‘s axis is extended, the points where it intersects the celestial
sphere are called the celestial poles; the north celestial pole is directly
above the earth‘s North Pole and the south celestial pole directly above
the earth‘s South Pole.
The great circle on the celestial sphere halfway between the celestial
poles is called the Celestial Equator. It can be thought of as the earth‘s
equator projected onto the celestial sphere. It divides the celestial sphere
into the Northern and Southern skies. An important reference point on
the celestial equator is the Vernal Equator, the point at which the sun
crosses the celestial equator in March.

Types of Constellations
Ptolemy listed 48 constellations in his Almagest (2nd century A.D). As
systematic observations were extended to the entire southern sky from the
17th century on, more constellations were added to the list by J. Bayer,
N.L. Lacaille and others.
The final list consists of 88 constellations, each associated with a definite
region of the sky. For the purpose of identifying constellations, the sky
has been divided into zodiac, northern and southern zones.

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Zodiac: It is the zone of the sky that includes about 80 on the either side of
the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun through the heavens.
The zodiac is divided into 12 equal parts of 300 each, each part being
named for a constellation, is represented by a sign and many of which
have animal name.
No. Name Animal Name Date of appearance
1. Aries The Ram Mar 21 – April 19
2. Taurus The Bull April 20 – May 20
3. Gemini The Twins May 21 – June 21
4. Cancer The Crab June 22 – July 22
5. Leo he Lion July 23 – Aug. 22
6. Virgo The Virgin Aug. 23 – Sept. 22
7. Libra The Balance Sept. 23 – Oct. 23
8. Scorpio The Scorpion Oct. 34 – Nov. 21
9. Sagittarius The Archer Nov 22 – Dec. 21
10. Capricornus The Goat Dec. 22 – Jan. 19
11. Aquarius The Water Bearer Jan. 20 – Feb. 18
12. Pisces The Fishes Feb. 19 – Mar.20

Northern Zones: This refers to the zone of the sky that lies above the
celestial equator. This zone is equivalent to the northern hemisphere of
the earth. This means that the sky of those living at the northern
hemisphere is the northern sky (zone). It has been noted that there are
twenty-eight (28) constellations in the northern sky.
Southern Zones: The zone of the sky that lies below the celestial equator
is known as the southern sky (zone). Like the northern sky, all those
inhabiting at the southern hemisphere has the southern sky. It has also
been noted that the final list of constellation of the southern sky totals
forty-eight (48).
Ursa Major & Ursa Minor
These are two famous northern sky constellations. In the US, part of the
Ursa Major is called the Big Dipper (or the Drinking Gourd) because the
body and tail of the bear make up what is known as the Big Dipper. Also,
part of Ursa Minor is known as the Little Dipper.

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Ursa Major: This constellation consists of seven stars and it resembles a

bear with the tail raised up. Four of the seven bright stars in the big
dipper form the bowl and three, the handle. Five of these stars are of
second magnitude.
The middle star in the handle of the Big Dipper is Mizar (Zeta Ursae
Majoris). A fainter star, Alcor, which appears to be near Mizar, was
observed from ancient times. These two stars are sometimes called double
stars.
If you are looking at the Big Dipper, the outer edge stars that make up the
"bowl" of the dipper are the two stars, Dubhe and Merak, with Merak
being the one on top. These are known as the Pointers. This is because a
line extending through them to about five times the distance between
them leads to the polestar, POLARIS or the North Star. Polaris is at the
extreme end of the Little Dipper.
Also, if you connect the handle of the dipper with a line, it will lead to the
star, Arcturus, in the constellation, Bootes.

Ursa Minor: Little Dipper is fainter and smaller than the Big Dipper.
The true figure represented by the stars is the Little Bear. Its counterpart
is Ursa Major, or the Great Bear.

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The most important of all is the last star in the tail. This spot is held by
the North Star, Polaris. Many think it is called the North Star because it is
very bright. But actually, it is quite dim. Instead, the name comes from
the fact that it doesn't move from its spot in the night sky.
Including Polaris, there are three stars in the handle of the Little Dipper
and four forming the bowl. There is a unique circle of stars called the
"engagement ring" slightly below Polaris. They can be viewed with
binoculars or a telescope.

NB.The handles of the two Dippers extend in opposite directions and

when one bowl is upright, the other is inverted.
Ursa Major and Minor are both circumpolar for observers in the middle
and northern latitudes of the northern hemisphere.
Cassiopeia
It is a northern constellation located almost directly opposite the Big
Dipper across the north celestial pole.
Cassiopeia has a very distinct shape. Five bright stars in the constellation
looks like a "W" or "M" in the sky, depending on where she is. This
usually resembles The Lady in Her chair. Some legends say that

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Cassiopeia was chained into the sky and sometimes hangs upside-down to
remind others not to be so boastful.
Cassiopeia reaches its highest point in the evening sky in November, but
because of its location near the pole, it is visible throughout the year to
most northern observers.
Mythology
Cassiopeia was the wife of King Cepheus. She was very pretty, and would
often brag that she and her daughter were more beautiful than the sea
nymphs, the Nereids. They complained to Poseidon, who sent a monster
to Cepheus' land.
In order to save their country, the king and queen sacrificed their
daughter, Andromeda. Just before the monster, named Cetus, ate the
princess, Perseus saved her. All five figures are represented in the sky as
constellations.

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Draco
Draco the dragon is a circumpolar constellation, which means it revolves
around the North Pole. It can be seen all year round. Draco is only present
for observers north of 400N latitude, so those living in the Southern
Hemisphere will never see this long constellation.
It lies south-east of Ursa Minor and north of Lyra and Hercules. It is
traditionally depicted as a dragon. Draco contains a bright star Elthanin
(Gamma Draconis). The easiest way to spot Draco is by finding his head.
It consists of four stars in a trapezoid, burning brightly just north of
Hercules. From there, the tail slithers through the sky, ending between the
Big and Little Dippers. The end of the constellation is held by Thuban,
which was the pole star over 4,000 years ago.

Cepheus
Cepheus looks like a house. The point on top is a special star called a
cepheid. These stars are used to measure long distances. Just below the
constellation is another cepheid. This red star would be the
North Star if we lived on Mars.

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Mu Cephi is in the constellation Cepheus, the King. This star is dying. It

has stopped burning hydrogen and will eventually explode. The star is
visible with binoculars and although faint, is very large. If it were placed
at the center of our solar system, it would reach outward to between the
orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.
Mythology
Cepheus was king of a land called Ethiopia in Greek myth. He had a wife
named Cassiopeia and a daughter, Andromeda. Cassiopeia liked to brag
about her beauty so much, that she said she and
Andromeda were more beautiful than the Nereids. Poseidon got very
angry, and sent a sea monster to kill Cepheus and his family.
Andromeda was offered as a sacrifice, and just when the sea monster was
going to eat her, Perseus saved her. All four people, along with the
monster, are in the sky as constellations.

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Andromeda
This is a northern constellation located to the north-east of Pegasus and to
the south of Cassiopeia.
It is a "V" shaped constellation best viewed in the fall if you live in the
Northern Hemisphere.
Andromeda lies close to the North Pole, so only a few in the Southern
Hemisphere can see this strangely shaped constellation in the spring.
Its brightest star, Alpheratz (Alpha Andromedae) marks the north-east
corner of the Great Square in
Pegasus.
The constellation also contains the bright stars Mirach (Beta
Andromedae) and Almach (Gamma Andromedae. It also contains the
famous great Nebula or Andromeda Galaxy, the only Galaxy visible to
the naked eye in the Northern Hemisphere.
Andromeda reaches its highest point in the evening sky in November.

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Gemini (The Twins)

This is a northern constellation lying on the ecliptic, between Taurus and
Cancer, north of Canis
Minor. It is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Gemini is traditionally
depicted as two men.
The two brightest stars in Gemini, Castor and Pollux, are two of the
brightest stars in the sky. These stars lie north of the bright star Procyon
in Canis Minor and were identified by Greeks with two children, in most
accounts the twin sons of Zeus and Leda. The Egyptians identified the
two stars with a pair of young goats
There is a cluster of stars near the foot of the twin on the right, and a
nebula near the arm of the twin on the left.
The Twins are best seen during the winter and spring in the Northern
Hemisphere. If you live in the Southern Hemisphere, look for Gemini in
the summer. However, the Twins reaches its highest point in the evening
sky in February.

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“Orion
Orion, the Hunter, is by far the most famous seasonal constellation. No
other is more distinct or bright as this northern winter constellation
This is a constellation located on the celestial equator. It is one of the
most conspicuous and easily recognizable constellations in the entire sky.
It is traditionally depicted as the figure of a warrior. He holds a club in his
right hand and grasps a lion‘s skin which he can use as a shield.
Four bright stars form a quadrangle marking his shoulders and feet.
 Brilliant Red Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) is at his right shoulder.
 Bellatrix (Beta Orionis) at his left shoulder.
 Dazzling-white Rigel (Beta Orionis) at the south-west corner
marks his upraised left foot.
 Whikle Saiph (Kappa Orionis) at the right foot is of second
magnitude.
Three bright second-magnitude stars form a belt almost along the celestial
equator; hanging from the belt is a sword of dimmer stars and including
the famous Great Nebula.
The most famous stories come from Greek and Roman myths. Orion was
a famed hunter, and in one story boasted that no creature could kill him.
Hera then sent a scorpion to sting the hunter. Orion smashed the animal
with his club, but not before he was poisoned. Both are now on opposite
sides of the sky but they cannot be seen at the same time.

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Prophecy and the Orion.

In 1846 Ellen White was shown in vision a panoramic view of the
planets, stars, and galaxies, although she personally never wrote any
detail about this vision, sea captain Joseph Bates, who had spent a life
time studying the stars to help sail his vessels, was present at this meeting
rising to his feet, stated that Ellen‘s White description of the ―opening
Heavens‖ far surpassed any account he had ever read from any author.
Two years later in 1848, Ellen White described in vision the location of
this ―open space‖
“Dark heavy clouds came up and clashed against each other. The
clouds parted and rolled back; then we could look up through the
open space in ORION, where God‟s voice came from. Heaven will
come down through that „OPEN SPACE.‟” Early writings p. 42

Orions nebula pictured above.

Gemini (The Twins)

This is a northern constellation lying on the ecliptic, between Taurus and
Cancer, north of Canis
Minor. It is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Gemini is traditionally
depicted as two men.

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The two brightest stars in Gemini, Castor and Pollux, are two of the
brightest stars in the sky. These stars lie north of the bright star Procyon
in Canis Minor and were identified by Greeks with two children, in most
accounts the twin sons of Zeus and Leda. The Egyptians identified the
two stars with a pair of young goats
There is a cluster of stars near the foot of the twin on the right, and a
nebula near the arm of the twin on the left.
The Twins are best seen during the winter and spring in the Northern
Hemisphere. If you live in the Southern Hemisphere, look for Gemini in
the summer. However, the Twins reaches its highest point in the evening
sky in February.

Self-study Exercise
1. Give examples of the following
i. 10 insect
ii. 10 trees
iii. 10 birds
iv. 10 stars
v. 10 flowers
2. Explain the statement ―if the last tree dies, the last man will
also die ―.
3. Write on the process of creation as recorded in Genesis 1

4. Identify 3 stars in the constellation Orion.

5. ―Dark heavy clouds came up and clashed against each other. The
clouds parted and rolled back; then we could look up through the
open space in ORION, where God‘s voice came from. Heaven will
come down through that ‗OPEN SPACE.‘‖
a. Who was shown this vision?
b. In which year was this vision given?

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Chapter 5
Health and fitness

Chapter outline

Learning objectives 111

Principles of physical fitness 111
NEWSTART 112
Nutrition 112
Exercise 113
Water 114
Sunlight 115
Temperance 115
Air 117
Rest 118
Trust in God 119
Alcohol and its effects on the body 120
Myths and facts about alcohol 121
HIV/AIDS 123

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Learning Objectives

Discuss the importance of regular exercises

Discuss the temperance principles in the life of Daniel
List 5 bad things to avoid completely and 5 good things to use
moderately
List and discuss 5 foods in each area:
High in sugar
High in salt
High in saturated animal fats
Discuss the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and how they can be
prevented
Explain the dangers and the effects of
Alcohol
Tobacco
Drugs

Health and Fitness

The aim of this section is to give practical guidelines which will help to
strengthen the Ranger's desire to care for his mind and body.
Principles of Physical Fitness
Physical fitness is defined as the ability of the body to carry out everyday
activities with little fatigue and with enough energy left for emergencies
and leisure. Activities that bring fitness and wellness include sit-ups, pull-
ups, push-ups, etc.

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In order to ensure healthiness, physical fitness and wellness, one needs to

adhere to the eight Natural Doctors of healthy living. These are
Nutrition, Exercise, Water, Sunlight, Temperance, Air, Rest and Trust in
God (NEWSTART).
Nutrition
Nutrition is defined as the study of food and the effect on the human
body. It is the study of the various nutrients in relation to their effects on
the body. It deals with the way the food we eat nourishes our body, that
is, how food eaten provides our body with the substances for energy,
growth, maintenance and protection against diseases.
Nutrients
Nutrients are chemical substances found in food which the body needs in
order to function correctly and to stay healthy.
Uses of nutrients in our Body
The body uses nutrients for three main purposes:
1) To build and repair cells.
2) To provide energy.
3) To regulate body processes.

Types of Food Nutrients

There are five different nutrients and each has its own function in the
body. Each of them is vital to life and the health of a person will suffer if
any one nutrient is over or under supplied. These are:
i. Protein
ii. Fats and oil
iii. Carbohydrates
iv. Vitamins
v. Minerals.

Note that water is not a nutrient, but a suitable medium in which nutrients
are distributed to all the body parts. It can be called a nutrient because it is
vital to life.

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Exercise
Exercise is defined as any activity which one does to get fit or remain
healthy. It is also defined as all activities that require physical effort, done
to sustain or improve health.
Factors to Consider in Exercising
Many factors need to be kept in mind with any exercise program. Some of
these are:
Frequency: This defines the number of times an individual is to exercise.
Currently, recommendations for optional health and fitness suggest that
we should exercise at least six times a week.
Intensity: This tries to specify an amount of energy an individual is to put
in the exercise program. The appropriate intensity of exercise will vary
depending upon your age and medical condition.
Duration: This states the time interval one is to exercise. It is estimated
that 45-90 minutes of exercise per day is great. It would be beneficial if
exercise were at least done for 30 minutes, six days per week. This should
be done to suit your program.
Forms of Exercise
Different forms of exercise include:
Walking
Jogging
Skipping
Jumping

Hopping
Swimming.
Rules of an Exercise
It should be taken regularly
It should not be violent or last too long.
It should, if possible, be taken in the open air.
It should exercise all parts of the body.
It should not be taken soon after meals or when tired.
Care should be taken after an exercise to avoid a chill. For this reason
special clothes should be worn which can be completely changed after the
exercise

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Importance (Benefit) of Regular Exercise

The benefits of regular exercise are many and varied. Some of these are:
i. Regular exercise helps to control weight.
ii. It helps to reduce high blood pressure and an importance support to any
medical therapy for high blood pressure.
iii. It improves the protective, healthy high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL).
iv. It gives one an improved feeling of well-being.
v. Exercise has been associated with delaying the onset of Alzheimer‘s
disease, and it generally improves mental performance.

WATER
Water is the second most important of all the natural remedies for the
survival of the human body after air. The human body is composed of
approximately 70% of water which constantly irrigate our living
organism.
We must drink enough water daily especially in hot water and tropical
climates. It is simple to know whether you are drinking enough water or
not.
If your urine is yellow, you are drinking just about what is required
of your body.
If it is dark, you are drinking too little water

You must drink the amount needed to maintain clear colored urine, and
you will have a new sense of energy and optimism for each day.
Pure water is superior to many other drinks. The appropriate amount of
water intake depends upon multiple factors such as temperature, body
size and kidney functions.
Start your day with one or two glasses of water and continue drinking
water between meals to make sure you are well hydrated. In most cases,
people should make an effort to drink a minimum of six to eight (at least
250 ml per glass) glasses of water per day, more when doing strenuous
work in hot environments.

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Functions of water
 Required for all body fluids, e.g. digestive juices, mucus, saliva,
blood, sweat and urine.
 Required as part of many metabolic reactions.
 Helps regulate body temperature.
 Assists in the excretion of waste and elimination from the
kidneys.
 Lubricates joints and membranes.
 Some nutrients dissolve in water for proper absorption.
 Transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells.
 Prevents constipation.
 Moistens tissues
 Keeps blood flowing throughout the body

Deficiency
 Lack of water in the body leads to dehydration. This could be the
result of vomiting and or diarrhea.
 During illness, where a rise in temperature results in increased
sweating, extra water is needed.
 Extra water is required during lactation for milk production or
else milk will dry up.

Sunlight
If we do not receive radiation from the sun, all life would be extinguished
from the planet. Our world would be frozen in a few days. The rays
coming from the sun are the most vital source of energy for food and
nutrition, health and cleanliness, wholeness and healing for all life forms.
Vitamin D which is produced on our skins from the rays of the sun is vital
to the human body. The body needs dozed of it every day. It is
responsible for the body‘s ability to absorb and utilize calcium which is
the primary ingredient for the building materials of the entire skeletal
structure of the body.
TEMPERANCE
It is defined as the avoidance of those substances which are bad and a
moderate use of those things which are good.

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Life is made up of good and evil, holy and sinful, rich and poor, lovely
and ugly; therefore, to be temperate, one has to avoid the bad half – life
and be moderate in living the other half.
Bad Things to Avoid Completely
Those substances one has to avoid completely as part of Christian life
include:
a. Drugs, tobacco
b. Alcoholic drinks, beer, fermented wine
c. Tea, coffee, cola
d. Spices, condiments, pickets, hot pepper
e. Animal fats and cheese
f. Fattened milk
g. Unclean foods
h. Fornication, adultery
i. Works of the flesh (Gal 5: 19 – 21)
Good Things to Use Moderately
i. Sugar, ice cream
ii. Sugary juices
iii. Cheese (vegetables)
iv. Jams
v. Peppery sauces
vi. Secular works or social activities
vii. Meat products (clean ones only)
viii. Sexual act in marriage
Things to Note
1. Temperance is self-control through the power of the Holy Spirit.
2. As we ask God through His spirit,
 He guides us in the choice we make.
 We first choose to serve Him.
 We choose to say no to Satan.
 He gives us power to resist Satan.
 We choose to eat and drink those foods and substances that are
unhealthy and harmful.

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To inspire the Pathfinder to better understand the meaning of the word

temperance, there is the need for the friend to make commitment to
follow the example of Daniel in Daniel 1: 8.
Daniel 1:8
‖But Daniel resolved not to defile himself with the royal food and wine,
and he asked the chief officials for permission not to defile himself in this
way‖ (NIV)

NB:
There were several reasons why a pious Jew (Daniel) would avoid eating
of the royal food:
1. The Babylonians, like other pagan nations, ate unclean meats:
2. The beasts had not been properly killed according to Levitical law
(Lev. 17:14, 15);
3. A portion of the animals eaten was first offered as a sacrifice to pagan
gods (see Acts 15:29);
4. The use of luxurious and unhealthful food and drink was contrary to
strict principles of temperance;
5. For Daniel and his friends there was the added desire to avoid a flesh-
food diet (see EGW, Supplementary Material on Dan. 1:8). The Hebrew
youth determined to do nothing that would interfere with physical,
mental, and spiritual development.
(SOURCE: SDA Bible Commentary)

Air
Pure air is abundant, free and permeates all of nature. You cannot live
more than five minutes without it. Your fantastic respiratory system needs
pure air to regenerate the oxygen in your body.
Oxygen keeps the blood healthy and enables it to carry all the nutritive
elements to your living machine-your body.
Some ways to use fresh air include:
Deep breathing several times every morning.
Doors and windows should be open for fresh air.
Plant trees around homes, and work places to get fresh air from them
as they breathe them out.

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Organic matter/water should be taken from the home daily and buried
before night to increase fresh air around the home.
We pay nothing for air so let‘s use it well. (WATTS, p. 25)
Rest
Rest is as important as work and exercise. In order to keep the living
machinery (our body) healthy and working efficiently, we must have
sufficient rest. As the muscles and organs of the body do their work, they
wear out (i.e. they lose part of their substance). They need building up.
Further, a well-exercised muscle always has to be bigger than it was
before. It is during rest that these take place
Rest is defined as a situation of being ceased from exertion, action or
work. It is also the practice of being still or asleep, especially to refresh
oneself or recover strength. This normally includes sleep, sitting or lying
down comfortably doing nothing else.
The body should rest for at least eight (8) hours each day. If we fail to
rest our bodies for eight (8) hours daily, our bodies will demand from us
this rest naturally and at the wrong times we do not expect to take rest.
Sleep
Sleep is the only perfect form of rest, and it is most important for health
that sleep should be regular and sufficient.
Rules for Sleep
No definite rule can be given as to the number of hours one ought to
sleep, as the amount varies according to age, sex, temperament and work.
However, the following are recommended:
i. Children should have plenty of sleep at night and also rest during the
day. They should go to bed early, say 7 pm and sleep till morning.
ii. Boys and girls should go to bed about 9.30 pm.
iii. Adults should go to bed not later than 11 pm. A habit of going to bed
after 11 pm may be kept by some, but with most people, it will have bad
effects. It is a law of nature that night should not be turned into day, and
the hours between 10 pm and 5 am are those during which sleep is
beneficial.
iv. Brain workers and women require more sleep than do manual laborers
and men.
v. A short rest after lunch is beneficial.

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vi. The bedroom should be clean and airy.

vii. Food should not be taken immediately before going to bed for the
night.

Trust in God
Paying heed to the will of God and keeping His commandments, we are
assured of Good health because He is the Giver of life.

Adventist Advantage
These are the benefits in health and fitness available to every Adventist
Christian as a result of living a Biblically-centered healthful lifestyle.
This advantage is available to everyone who will accept the divine
invitation: "Whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do all to the
glory of God" (1 Cor.
10:31, R.S.V.)
The Adventist Advantage includes the following:
Good Health
One of the principal helps to good appearance is good health. The divine
will for us is also "that you may . . . be in health, just as your soul
prospers" (3 John 2, NKJB). Among Christians, Seventh-day Adventists
are noted for their emphasis on health. One extensive study showed that
they suffer only 20 percent as much lung cancer related to smoking, 13
percent as many deaths from cirrhosis of the liver, which is related to
drinking.
Longevity
This defines the practice of having long life with good health. Adventist
women were found to live three years longer and Adventist men six years
longer than non-Adventists. This is due to their complete abstinence from
alcohol, tobacco, and harmful drugs, their emphasis on healthful diet
(vegetarian where possible), avoidance of coffee and tea, promotion of
exercise, adequate rest, and trust in God.
Salvation
Salvation is the ultimate aim of every Christian. However, most people
forget that observing proper healthful living principles amount to
stewardship and accountability at the judgment day.

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Jesus declared, "I am come that they might have life . . . more
abundantly" (John 10:10). Reform without Christ is legalism. But Christ
without reform is mere sentimentalism. Divine Wisdom says, "By me thy
days shall be multiplied, and the years of thy life shall be increased"
(Proverbs 9:11). Here is both the promise and the power for a happier,
healthier life.
ALCOHOL AND EFFECTS ON THE BODY
Alcohol
An alcohol is any drink that can make a person drunk; also the colorless
flammable liquid found in these drinks, produced by fermenting sugar.
Effects of Alcohol on the body
Alcohol has effect on the various parts of the body. Among these are:
BRAIN
 Alcohol depresses brain center producing incoordination,
confusion, poor judgment, etc.
 Alcohol kills brain cells. These cannot be replaced.
 Drinking over a period of time causes loss of memory.
LIVER
 Alcohol inflames liver cells causing them to swell.
 As drinking continues, the number of cells destroyed increases,
eventually causes cirrhosis of the liver.

HEART
 Alcohol inflames the heart muscles.
 It has a toxic effect and causes increased amount of fats to
collect.

STOMACH
 Alcohol irritates the stomach protective lining resulting in gastric
or duodenal ulcers.

KIDNEY AND BLADDER

 Alcohol irritates the bladder preventing it from functioning
properly.
 It irritates the kidney causing an increased loss of fluid.

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MOUTH AND OESOPHAGUS

 Alcohol is an irritant to delicate linings of the throat and food
pipe. It burns as it goes down.

BLOOD VESSEL
 95% of alcohol taken into the body is absorbed into the blood
stream through the lining of the stomach and duodenum.
 Therefore it travels rapidly to every cell and tissues in the body.
 It causes anemia by reducing the production of red blood cells.
 Alcohol shows the ability of white blood cells to destroy bacteria
and inhibits clotting ability of blood platelets.
 It causes red blood cells to clump together in sticky wad slowing
circulation and depriving tissues of oxygen.

Myths and Facts about Alcohol

A myth is an untrue belief or explanation that has come to stay.
A fact, however, is a piece of knowledge or information that is true or
something that has actually happened. A fact therefore unveils all truths
about those beliefs which many people think are true but are not.
The following are some myths about alcohol and their relevant facts.

1. Myth: Alcohol is a stimulant

Fact: Alcohol may appear to stimulate because it releases inhibitions.
Alcohol is a depressant.

2. Myth: A few drinks can improve your skills

Fact: Alcohol does not normally increase physical or mental skill. It may
increase confidence but decreases judgment and self-criticism and self-
control. Drinkers may feel their performance has improved when in
reality it may have declined.

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3. Myth: Alcohol warms the body.

Fact: Alcohol may make a drinker feel warmer because it causes blood to
rise to the skin surface. This lowers body temperature because the surface
heat is lost.

4. Myth: Drinking beer won't cause you to become an alcoholic

Fact: Beer still contains the potentially addicting ingredient -ethyl
alcohol. Because the alcohol content is lower, it simply means more beer
will be consumed to make a person drunk as compared with wine or
whisky.

5. Myth: Alcoholics drink every day

Fact: Some alcoholics only drink on weekends. Alcoholism simply
means a person cannot control his drinking.

6. Myth: Alcohol cures colds.

Fact: Some symptoms may be temporarily relieved but alcohol does not
cure colds

7. Myth: Drinking coffee, having a cold shower, fresh air, etc. will
quickly make a drunken person sober.
Fact: These methods may arouse an individual and the person could be
simply a wide-awake drunk. This can be more dangerous as he can feel
more capable and attempt tasks such as driving with drastic results. It
takes time for alcohol to be eliminated from the body

8. Myth: All alcoholics are skid row types.

Fact: Alcohol problems can be found among all classes of people. Only
about 3 % of alcoholics are actually skid row types.
9. Myth: Alcoholics are morally weak.

Fact: This is not necessarily true; however alcohol does affect the brain
centers controlling judgment, reason and willpower.
10. Myth: Women don't become alcoholics.

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Fact: Women do become alcoholics, but are not so easily recognized

because their problem drinking is often hidden at home. In recent years
the number of women alcoholics has increased.

True/False Quiz
(Answers are supplied for teacher's help)
1. Alcohol is a stimulant. (F)
2. Alcohol increases confidence but decreases judgment. (T)
3. Alcohol warms the body. (F)
4. Alcoholics drink every day. (F)
5. Drinking coffee, having a cold shower, fresh air, etc. will quickly make
a drunken person sober. (F)
6. Alcohol problems can be found among almost all classes of people. (T)
7. Alcohol destroys the cells in the liver. (T)
8. 95% of alcohol taken into the body is absorbed into the blood stream
through the intestines. (F)
9. Alcohol irritates the kidneys causing an increased loss of fluid. (T)
10. Alcohol only affects people who have no will power. (F)

HIV/AIDS
HIV means Human Immune Deficiency Virus. HIV is the virus that
causes AIDS.
AIDS also stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
Acquired means that you get it from somewhere else. Your own body
does not make this disease. It comes from outside your body.
Immune means the body‘s ability to fight sickness. Every person has
some immunity to sickness. This helps the person fight diseases and stays
healthy.
Deficiency means lack of something. In a person with AIDS, the body‘s
immune system can no longer work. It cannot fight off even the weakest
disease germ. A person with AIDS, therefore, catches many illnesses.
Syndrome means a group of illnesses that occur together. People with
AIDS get many of the same kinds of infections and illnesses, such as
cough, diarrhea, shingles, painless boils, etc.
Mode of Transmission of HIV/AIDS

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HIV/AIDS can be transmitted in various ways. Some of these are:

 Sexual Intercourse
 Contaminated Blood Transfusion
 Use of contaminated instruments like needles, razor blade and
syringes.
 Deep kissing with infected person
 From an infected mother to child
 Signs and Symptoms of AIDS
 It is very difficult in determining the symptoms that show
whether one has acquired AIDS. However, associated findings
might include:
unexplained tiredness
fever for more than one month
diarrhea for more than one month
genital or anal ulcers for more than one month
cough for more than one month
sores on the mouth and on the body
painless boils
Shingles (ananse), etc.
Prevention of HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS prevention is as easy as A, B, C and D.
A- Abstinence: This means that you should abstain from sex using
assertive skills. To be assertive means to stick to your guns when you say
„NO‟ to sex.
B- Be faithful: This means you must be faithful to your partner. You do
not have to jump from man to man or woman to woman.
C- Condom Use: This implies that if you cannot abstain totally from sex
and you want to use condom, it must be used consistently (always) and
correctly.
D- Do not share unsterilized instruments like needles, razor blade, etc.
with anyone.

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chapter 6
church heritage

Learning objectives

For Instructors
Church Heritage instructors should thoroughly master the subject
before attempting to teach this important course.
In the introductory lessons the teachers should give an overall view of
Church Heritage, so that when members are studying detail they can
see how it relates to the whole course of Church Heritage. Instructors
should prepare charts depicting various phases of Church Heritage.
Church Heritage should be an interesting class where the students
receive inspiration as well as information. Do not simply ―read the
book‖ to the class members, pausing only to say, ―Learn this.‖ Make
the history come alive, and the students will be eager to learn.

N.B
Master Guide/Senior Youth Leadership candidates need to study all
sections in the Church Heritage course. The passages in the course that
are underlined or marked with an asterisk (*) are of particular
importance.

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Chapter outline

Learning objectives 125

Heralds of the Advent Message 127
Birth of the Remnant church 132
The Mid Night Cry 133
The Great Disappointment 134
Facts concerning the Life and service of Ellen G. White 141
Early Pioneers 143
Significant Anniversaries 146
Youth Directors of General Conference since 1907 to date 147
Pathfinder directors of General Conference since 1920 to date 148
Timeline summary of the Great Advent Movement 149

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Church heritage
This is described as a course in church history. It is a brief record of
the lives of the Adventists and the events that show providences of
God in the establishment of the movement. We will go to Heaven for
thousand years to learn the science of the cross. Therefore, ―We have
nothing to fear for the future, except as we shall forget the way the
Lord has led us and His teaching in our past history‖. E.G White, Life
Sketches, p 196.
Heralds of the Advent Message (1755-1843)
During this time period, numerous spectacular signs appeared in the natural
world, which were interpreted by theologians and secular media alike as
portents of grave things to come– maybe even the second coming of Christ.
The first of these (1755) is known as the Lisbon Earthquake, due to the
massive destruction caused in that city and which is still referred to by its
citizenry. It was actually felt as far away as Scandinavia, Greenland and the
West Indies, covering a region of more than four million square miles (6.4
million square kilometers). The earthquake was an obvious fulfillment of the
prophecy connected to the opening of the sixth seal of Revelation 6:12, 13.
Then in 1780, twenty-five years later, the second prophecy-fulfilling
event took place as predicted by Jesus and recorded in Mark 13:24.
The 1260-year period referred to as ―those days‖ ended in
1798, but the persecution was to be cut short before the close of that
time prophecy. This happened with the decree of Empress Maria
Theresa and the Acts of Toleration from 1773 to 1776. Therefore, the
sign would occur after those dates and before 1798. This happened as
predicted with the Dark
Day of May 19, 1780.
The newspapers of the day reported clearly the most unusual
circumstances of this event, which occurred over the northeastern
states of America. Noah Webster, years later, wrote, ―No satisfactory
reason has ever been given to explain the reason for this darkness.‖
Those describing the darkness of the night of May 19 said,
notwithstanding there was a full moon, that ―if every luminous body in

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the universe had been struck out of existence, the darkness could not
have been more complete.‖

*The third sign given occurred first on November 13, 1833, in the
Western Hemisphere then again a few days later on November 25th
over Europe– two incredible meteorite showers, ―the likes of which
have never been seen in the annals of recorded history‖ (to quote one
newspaper of the day). The first shower was witnessed from Hawaii to
the mid-Atlantic and from Hudson Bay, Canada, to northern South
America and was described as ―streams of fire coming down from
heaven‖ and ―falling as thick as snowflakes in a snow-storm.‖ The
second was described as ―like a rain of
…making the night so light that the people thought that the houses
near them must be on fire.‖
―Horses were frightened by it and fell to the ground. Many people
were made sick through fear.‖
Thus was fulfilled the prophecy of Revelation 6:13.
These three spectacular signs in the natural world, placed there by God
to call people‘s attention to the truth, gave great impetus to the
preaching of the Advent message.

b. *Three Special Angels

To symbolize the moment in the great clock of historical time for the
delivery of the last warning message to a perishing world, God chose three
mighty angels. God could have literally sent celestial beings in person to
appear on earth in dazzling splendor and have them shout the messages from
the mountaintops, but this was not His plan. The members of the church of
God in our time have been entrusted with the messages, and the Holy Spirit
gives the power to proclaim these messages to the world.
There are many doctrines contained in the three Angels messages but they
may be summarized as follows:
_The first angel‘s message calls to give allegiance to God, the Creator of the
heavens and earth, and warns that the judgment hour has come.
_The second angel‘s message declares that spiritual Babylon has fallen.

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_The third angel‘s message warns men and women living in the time of the
remnant church against receiving the mark of the beast.
The books of Daniel and Revelation have special significance for the last
period of the world‘s history and should be studied carefully by those living
in these times. The three angels messages of
Revelation 14 summarize some of the special teachings of the books of
Daniel and Revelation. They are to be heralded by the members of the
remnant church so that those living in the last days can decide for truth and
not be caught in the deceptions of tradition.

c. Advent Ambassadors in America

1. William Miller, 1782-1849
(A biography is given in the book Herald of the Midnight Cry by Paul
Gordon,
Pacific Press, 1990. The complete biography was written by Sylvester Bliss,
1853,
Memoirs of William Miller and is still available in reprint form).
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the most prominent American
preacher of the second coming of Christ was William Miller. The eldest of a
family of sixteen, Miller was able to receive what would be termed a ―good
education,‖ but his curiosity and desire for knowledge led him to study for
himself. Later, due to his association in political circles with unbelievers, he
became a deist, although he was not fully persuaded and still retained some
hold on the Bible. Rather miraculously, he made a change from deism to full
faith in God and the Bible, but he was challenged by his deist friends as to
his unswerving faith in the Bible. In order to vindicate his new faith, he
studied for years and during this time became convinced of the nearness of
the Advent.
He studied for fifteen years, from 1816 to 1831, and became more and more
convinced that he
15 should tell others of his remarkable and important discoveries. But now,
being almost fifty years old and without any schooling in the art of public
speaking, he resisted the prompting to declare what he had learned. However,
he finally made a covenant with God that he would preach if an opportunity
came. That Saturday morning in August of 1831, before he had made this
decision with God, his nephew left home sixteen miles away in Dresden on a
mission inspired by God. Miller was studying

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in his farmhouse in New York, near the border of Vermont, about a half hour
after his encounter with God, when his nephew (Irving Guilford) arrived with
a request from his father. The minister of the Baptist church was away, and
could William come and preach tomorrow on the subject of the second
coming? When he arrived back home, there was a request waiting from
Poultney, Vermont.
From this beginning, William Miller continued to preach, first in rural areas
around his home, then in the larger towns and big cities until more than
100,000 had accepted the message of a soon-coming Savior.
His earlier messages included the signs of the second coming, specifically
the one already fulfilled in 1780– the Dark Day of May 19. Soon, his work
was aided by another miraculous sign, the falling of the stars on November
13, 1833. When Joshua V. Himes joined him, Boston was opened up to his
ministry. Later, in 1840, he entered New York City.
*Miller studied the 2300-day prophecy of Daniel 8 and 9 and became
convinced that the cleansing of the sanctuary was the cleansing of the earth
by fire at the second coming of Christ. While he spoke much about the
second coming, it was not until late in 1844 that he accepted a definite date.
However, in January of 1843, he did say that Christ would come between
March of 1843 and March of 1844.
When Miller and his associates began preaching on the prophecies, many
ministers saw it as an excellent means of bringing about a revival and filling
their churches, but as time progressed a negative reaction set in, until by late
1843 and during 1844 many Advent believers were disfellowshipped from
the churches they still loved and longed to help. Among those being asked to
leave the church were Robert Harmon and his family. Opposition became
stronger, and in 1844 it was generally evident that the popular churches had
rejected the first angel‘s message as given by the Advent preachers.
When 1843 and 1844 passed and Jesus did not come, it did not shake
William Miller‘s faith. He continued to preach the second coming. His public
ministry ended in 1845, and he died four years later. Throughout his life
Miller was a leader in God‘s work and a keen Bible student; however, he did
not come to see the Sabbath truth.
In ten years of ministry, William Miller gave more than three thousand
lectures in nearly a thousand different places. In 1848 the veteran worker
became blind. He died the following year, confident in the hope of the
Savior‘s return. He received little money for his labors, but his name was

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inseparable from the Advent movement; he was the leader of the movement
from which we descend today. Miller has rightly been called the ―Morning
Star‖ of the Advent movement because:

a. He recommended the work of preaching the first angel‘s message.

b. He proclaimed the gospel with such vigor and fervor that the early work
was known for some years as Millerism and his followers were called
Millerites.

*Joshua V. Himes, (1805-1895)

Fifty-seven-year-old Miller met 35-year-old Himes at Exeter, New
Hampshire, in November of
1839. In December, Miller preached at Himes‘ church in Boston, converting
many, including
Himes. From that point, Himes became Miller‘s chief promoter, arranging
preaching appointments in most of the large cities of the country.
Joshua Himes was born in Rhode Island. His father wanted him to become an
Episcopal minister.
However, financial problems made it necessary for Joshua to become an
apprentice to a cabinetmaker. His interest in church was strong, however, and
at the age of 22 he entered the ministry in Boston. After his encounter with
Miller, he wrote ―I laid myself, family, society, reputation, all, upon that altar
of God, to help him, to the extent of my power, to the end.‖
*Joshua V. Himes began publishing the Signs of the Times at Boston in
1840. A number of other
Advent papers were published, including The Midnight Cry (1842) with a
daily edition of 10,000 copies. This continued for four weeks and then
became a weekly publication. Camp meetings attended by thousands did
much to spread the message

Others included: Josiah Litch and Charles Fitch, etc.

Advent Ambassadors in Other Countries
The Advent movement began at the same time in both Europe and America
as men of God were led to study the prophecies of the Bible. It was
providential that Christians in various lands studied the
Scriptures and arrived at that belief that Jesus was coming soon. We list here
only a few of the more prominent ones:

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Joseph Wolff - 1821 to 1845 (Africa, Syria, Persia, India, the United States–
even to the island of St. Helena.) Wolff spoke fourteen languages.

Johann A. Bengel - during the first two decades of the 1700's (Germany).

Edward Irving – Great Britain. He received his M.A. at the age of

seventeen, began studying prophesies, and particularly those with reference
to the second coming.
Other Ambassadors.
Henry Drummond, Robert Winter, Manuel de Lacunza, H. Heintzpeter,
Louis Gaussen, Francisco Ramos Mejia.

The Birth of the Remnant Church (1844-1852)

*The Second Angel‘s Message
―And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that
great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her
fornication‖ (Rev. 14:8).
The message of the second angel, which is joined with that of the first angel,
may at first glance seem unrelated to it. However, in this section we shall see
how the two messages were joined together. The first and second angels‘
messages were given at the right time, when the hearts of the people would
accept them. The work that God planned to accomplish through these two
messages was effectively done. The second angel‘s message was proclaimed
mainly during the ―tarrying time‖ between March and October, 1844. Wiliam
Miller began his public ministry in 1831, and many voices were heard in
other parts of the world announcing the coming of Christ. However, the focal
point of Advent teaching was in New
England, the northeastern corner of the United States. William Miller worked
almost singlehandedly for several years. In 1839 and 1840 men of influence
and ability as writers and preachers began to accept the teaching and to join
Miller in his devoted evangelism.

The Advent Bible Conferences (1840 to 1842)

From 1840 to 1842 a series of general conferences of Advent believers was
held in various cities of

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New England. William Miller had been unable to attend the previous
meetings, but one, in his home
town, enabled him to meet with the earnest, scholarly and skillful men who
had joined the movement, some through his teachings and some through
independent study.
About 200 leaders were associated at these conferences, which unified their
thinking and stimulated their preaching. Many of them were ministers of
Protestant churches, and they represented most of the popular denominations.
They preached the first angel‘s message in their own pulpits, in other
churches, in various public meetings and at camp meetings. There were many
Advent papers published, but the nearest to an official organ of the group
was the Signs of the Times. They formed the Adventist Association without
shifting their loyalty from their own congregations or denominations.

*The Midnight Cry

William Miller and others attempted to find a definite time for the end of the
2300-day prophecy. At first they declared that it was ―about 1843." Later, the
limit of time was set at March 21 and then
April 18, 1844, the end of the Jewish year 1843. The time passed without any
unusual happening.
This first disappointment was a heavy blow to the believers and was
followed by a period of quietness, the ―tarrying time‖ of the parable of the
ten virgins, as the experience was later interpreted. After this disappointment
the scholars returned to their books and discovered their error– 2300 years
would include the complete years of 457 B.C. and A.D. 1843. Thus, a
happening within the year 457 B.C. would be matched in the prophecy at the
same date in 1844. This had been pointed out a year before but had not been
generally heeded. In the summer of 1844 a new burst of light appeared and
illuminated the Advent movement to its dramatic climax in October.
At a camp meeting in New Hampshire in August, Joseph Bates felt that he
would receive new light.
He invited Samuel S. Snow to give his study on ―The Midnight Cry.‖ The
man not only spoke that day but each day afterward until the meetings
closed. The people were thrilled, for the parable of the ten virgins seemed to
apply to them. Brother Snow explained that the Advent people had expected
the Lord to come in the spring of that year but had been forced to wait. The
2300-day prophecy could not end until the fall of 1844. A closer study of the

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sanctuary and its services revealed that the cleansing of the sanctuary
occurred on the tenth day of the seventh month. This coincided with the idea
that the 2300 days would end in the fall, for the tenth day of the seventh
month (of the Jewish year) in 1844 was on October 22.
In the parable of the ten virgins the cry was made at midnight. Samuel
Snow‘s midsummer message seemed to correspond to the ―midnight cry.‖
The reality of the truth gripped the hearts of the people, and they went from
the camp meeting to herald the glad tidings far and wide, ―Behold, the
bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him. ‖ The ―Midnight cry‖ was given
during the ―tarrying time.‖ The 50,000 Advent believers were so impressed
that the Lord would come that many of them did not cultivate their fields,
because they thought He would have come before another harvest time.
They spent their time proclaiming the coming of Jesus.

*The Great Disappointment

As October 22, 1844, drew near, tension increased among the Adventists.
There were thousands who were completely unconcerned or who were
watching merely as bystanders. Newspapers had published sensational stories
about the Millerites. However, the sober factual reports described the
Adventist groups as sincere, devout people who were calm and earnest.
There were several classes of people among the Advent believers. Some had
joined the group through fear; some rejected the exact date, such as William
Miller himself until a few weeks before October 22. Then there were the
honest believers, the majority of whom accepted the day; they made
consistent preparation to meet
Jesus.
The day arrived. The Adventists were in meeting houses or private homes.
The believers sang hymns and reviewed evidences that the Lord would come.
The day passed and the sun set. Still there was hope: ―For ye know not when
the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cock-
crowing, or in the morning‖ (Mark 13:35). Finally, midnight passed. Prayer
was offered, and tears filled the eyes of some of the believers. The believers
were grief-stricken and asked one another, ―Have the Scriptures failed?‖
Further diligent study would reveal that the time prophecy was correct, but
the event to take place had been incorrectly interpreted.

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Hiram Edson said, ―There is a God in heaven. He has made Himself known
to us in blessing, in forgiving, in redeeming, and He will not fail us now.
Sometime soon this mystery will be solved.‖
Many Millerites drifted away soon after the disappointment, though a
substantial group held together for several years. Miller died in December,
1849. Some of his associates continued to set new dates for several years.
They became the Evangelical Adventists, believing in consciousness in death
and an eternally burning hell. They gradually declined into extinction.
Another group, which believed in the unconscious state of the dead but
continued to observe Sunday, took the name Advent
Christians. Their church still exists. There were several other groups with
different ideas, and some went into fanaticism. We are primarily interested in
the group including Hiram Edson, Joseph
Bates, James White and Ellen Harmon, who formed the nucleus of the
remnant church. (James and
Ellen were united in marriage August 30, 1846).
Those who were to form this nucleus shared the bitterness and heartache of
the disappointment with the other believers. Most of those gathered at
Edson‘s farmhouse went sorrowfully home on the morning of October 23.
Edson and some close friends went to the barn for a season of prayer, which
gave them confidence that the Lord would show them the way.
After breakfast Edson said to one of the believers who remained, ―Let us go
out to comfort the brethren with this assurance.‖ The two men walked
through the field where Edson‘s corn was still in the shocks. They went with
meditative hearts, thinking of the disappointment. At about the middle of the
field, Edson stopped. * He seemed to see the sanctuary in heaven and Christ
as High
Priest going from the Holy Place of the sanctuary into the Most Holy. ―I saw
distinctly and clearly,‖ writes Edson, ―that instead of our High Priest coming
out of the Most Holy of the heavenly sanctuary to come to this earth on the
tenth day of the seventh month, at the end of the 2300 days,
He for the first time entered on that day the second apartment of that
sanctuary and that He had a work to perform in the Most Holy before coming
to this earth.‖ This cleansing of the sanctuary marked the beginning of the
investigative judgment.
His companion had gone across the field; but at the fence, he turned. Seeing
Edson far behind, he called, ―Brother Edson, what are you stopping for?‖

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Edson called, ―The Lord was answering our morning prayer.‖ Catching up
with his friend, he told him of his new insight.
The cornfield experience led these men and others to intensively study the
sanctuary service given to
Israel and the significance of the doctrine of the 2300 days. They published
their findings in Advent journals, and Hiram Edson called a conference late
in 1845.
Now the mystery was resolved and the dates confirmed. The message of the
first angel continued as present truth. It was and is a powerful doctrine to turn
sinners to Christ in this time of judgment.
The second angel‘s message held significance for the period preceding the
disappointment and holds additional significance for the future.

The Third Angel Begins

The study of the sanctuary was the key that unlocked the mystery of the
disappointment. It was also a key to the central doctrine of the *Third
Angel‘s Message, which points especially to the law of
God and particularly to the consequences of transgressions. There is a
definite link between this message and the Sabbath, which is the center of the
law. It was in the light given to the early believers on the Sabbath truth that
God was preparing for the final message.
During the time of the Midnight Cry in 1844, Mrs. Rachel Oakes (later
Preston), a Seventh Day
Baptist, came to Washington, New Hampshire, to visit her daughter, who
was one of the Advent believers. Mrs. Oakes was an ardent believer in the
Bible Sabbath and had brought with her a supply of tracts. Soon she accepted
the Advent doctrines, and she also continued to keep the
Sabbath. The tracts she quietly distributed bore fruit. At a Sunday morning
service one of the
Adventist believers arose and said he was convinced the seventh day was the
true Bible Sabbath, and that he, for one, was resolved to keep it. Several
others expressed themselves as like-minded, and within a few days
practically the entire company of forty became Sabbath-keepers.
Thus began, in a sense, at Washington, New Hampshire, the first Seventh-
day Adventist church, although it was years before the Seventh-day
Adventist organization was established.

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The first Adventist minister to accept the Sabbath was Frederick Wheeler, of
the Washington group.
He was formerly a Methodist minister and an associate of William Miller.

The Sabbath Conferences

The doctrine of the seventh-day Sabbath soon became a test for those
wishing to join the Sabbath-keeping Adventists. The reading of a
single article was sufficient to convince Joseph Bates.
Hiram Edson also readily accepted the Sabbath truth. Frederick
Wheeler and William Farnsworth needed only the introduction to the
subject and a little time to study; soon they were Sabbath-keepers.
James and Ellen White were not impressed with the importance of the
Sabbath doctrine at first.
After their marriage the Whites studied a pamphlet that Bates had
published, and they soon accepted the Sabbath.
However, these were difficult days for these leaders, for there was not
yet a unity of teaching. In the providence of God several conferences
were held about this time. The believers dug deeply into the
Scriptures and compared text with text until they knew the doctrines of
the Bible. In all, there were six Bible conferences during 1848. Ellen
White played a very important part in these conferences.

God‟s Gift to the Remnant Church

―While in vision on Patmos, the apostle John saw symbols of great eras of
world history. As John peered into the future, he caught a glimpse of God‘s
loyal people near the close of time, and he saw the intensity of the conflict.
As the prophet looked closely, he observed that this church was keeping
God‘s commandments. He saw, too, that it had special divine guidance
through the Spirit of
Prophecy, ‗for the testimony of Jesus is the Spirit of Prophecy‘ ‖ (Revelation
19:10), The Story of Our
Church, p. 186.
From the very beginning, God has in various ways kept in contact with His
church. His leadership is not always as obvious as the pillar of cloud by day
or pillar of fire by night, but His people are made aware of His presence. The
main channel of communication between God and His people has always

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been through ―His servants the prophets.‖ As predicted in Revelation 12:17

and 19:10, the remnant church was to have the gift of prophecy.
William Ellis Foy was born in 1818 to Joseph and Elizabeth Foy in Augusta,
Maine a free state so consequently, William was born ―free‖ and grew up
during a time of racial conflict and divide. His birthplace, however, was far
removed from the oppressive conditions of the slaveholding states, as
Maine had very few Blacks and virtually no slaves, but was not without
racial prejudice.
After growing up in a country setting for a large part of his life, he then
married in the middle or late
1830s and moved to Boston, where his skills in farming and carpentry
provided him a means by which to live.
In 1835 Foy was converted, under the preaching of Elder Silas Curtis at the
Freewill Baptist Church in Augusta, Maine. Here Foy converted to
Christianity and began to inquire what he should do to be saved. Shortly
thereafter, Foy began receiving visions about the Advent. After he moved to
Boston, many witnessed him during times of these visions.
His first vision was concerning the ultimate victory of the saints. Then late
one Friday evening he entered into his second vision, which lasted 12½
hours, until early Saturday morning. It was based upon the judgment and the
level of preparedness of those in the church. Given the racial tensions of the
times, Foy was apprehensive to share the visions. However, he trusted God
and shared what he had been given.
After traveling extensively with his message, Foy was given two more
visions shortly before the disappointment. New material was presented to
him showing three platforms, which indicated a third phase in the message
from God for that time. In perplexity he ceased public work but maintained
an interest in the Advent movement. He died on November 9, 1893, at the
age of 75.
(Excerpts taken from The Unknown Prophet by Delbert W. Baker)
Hazen Foss, a talented young Adventist of Poland, Maine, was given a vision
a few weeks before the great disappointment. The vision included the three
platforms shown to Foy. Foss was warned of some of the difficulties he
would have to face as a messenger of the Lord and when he related the
vision. Due to the ridicule of the people, he refused to do so. The vision was
repeated, with a warning that if he still refused, the gift would be withdrawn.
Since he still refused, a third vision was given telling him the gift was being

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given to one of the weakest of the weak. Though he lived until 1893, he
never regained an interest in personal religion.
Ellen Harmon was the third person selected by the Lord to be the messenger
to the remnant. In
December, 1844, two months after the disappointment, when a voice of
assurance from heaven was needed for the Advent believers, God gave a
vision to Ellen, a young woman of seventeen. In brief, a symbolic
representation of the future of the church was portrayed to her. The time
covered was from October 22 until the saints would enter the New Jerusalem.
She saw that the coming of Jesus was not as near as they had hoped. The
glory of the vision of heaven was so real to Ellen that after she came out of
vision everything seemed dark about her. She wept as she realized that her
experience was only a vision. She was homesick for heaven.
About a week after Ellen‘s first vision she was given a second revelation.
She was told she must go from place to place and relate the divine messages
that had been revealed to her. At the same time she was shown the trials she
would face.
In her first vision Ellen Harmon saw the same portrayal that was revealed to
Foss and Foy. The vision depicted the journeys of the people of God on their
way to the kingdom.
In the early Advent church each member had to decide whether or not to
believe that Ellen
Harmon‘s messages were from God. In like manner a person who joins the
Seventh-day Adventist
Church today must determine in their own mind whether she spoke truthfully
or not when she declared that God called her to be His messenger. However,
we are not left in doubt, because the Bible gives important tests by which we
may check the claims of the writings of Ellen White as one of His prophets.
*There are four clear tests, and we see that in each case her life and work
harmonize with these Bible tests.
1. ―To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word,
it is because there is no light in them‖ (Isaiah 8:20).
There is no conflict between the statements in the Testimonies for the Church
and the teachings of the Bible. Ellen White consistently upholds and
magnifies the Bible.
2. ―By their fruits ye shall know them‖ (Matthew 7:20).

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The Sabbath School, Christian education, healthful living, the publishing

work are but a few of the fruits that have come to the church or a result of
following counsels of the messenger of the Lord. Over a period of seventy
years, Ellen White proved to be a genuine Christian, and a wise and safe
leader. She devoted her life to the work of God, never seeking office or
wealth.
3. ―When the word of the prophet shall come to pass, then shall the prophet
be known‖ (Jeremiah 28:9).
There are many Bible prophets, and there are people in the Scriptures who
are named to be prophets but did not make predictions. However, if a prophet
makes predictions, they need to come to pass. In 1848 Ellen White predicted
that the publishing work, which would begin with a few papers in a
carpetbag, would grow until it would seem ―like streams of light that went
clear round the world.‖ Today, the Seventh-day Adventist Church operates
about fifty publishing houses. There are many other predictions, such as
stating that cancer was a virus and that the world would become involved in
international war, with the loss of ships and navies and millions of lives,
which confirm her words to be true. One of the most outstanding recent
fulfillments can be read about in the first few pages of Testimonies volume 9,
regarding New York City.
4. ―Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of
God‖ (1John 4:2).
Books such as The Desire of Ages, Thoughts from the Mount of Blessing,
and Christ‘s Object Lessons are clear witnesses to the fact that Ellen White
confessed that
Jesus was God.
Through the years enemies have bitterly assailed Mrs. White and her claims
to divine revelations. Their work has been built largely on prejudice,
distortion of facts and outright falsehood. Such attacks were to be expected.
However, more than sixty volumes and thousands of magazine articles still
bear testimony to the divine commission of this remarkable lady. The history
of the church is interwoven with the story of guidance by the gift of
prophecy. Wherever the church has followed the counsels from the Lord it
has, as promised, prospered.

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*Listed below are some interesting facts concerning the life and service
of Ellen White:
1. Ellen Gould Harmon was born November 26, 1827, on a farm at Gorham,
Maine, about twelve miles west of Portland. With her twin sister she was the
youngest of a family of eight. She was a normal, happy child with a pleasant
disposition and a deep sense of the importance of religion, which she
received from her devout parents.
2. A turning point in her life came when one day as she was crossing a park
she received a blow on her face by a stone thrown by another girl. Her nose
was broken and her face temporarily disfigured. She was unconscious for
three weeks, and the shock rendered her an invalid for some considerable
time. Study was out of the question, and although she endeavored to attend
school again, she finally had to surrender any plans for academic education
due to her health.
3. In 1840 and again in 1842 Ellen Harmon, with her family, listened to
William Miller‘s doctrine of the imminent advent of Christ. They accepted
his teachings while remaining Methodists.
However, it was not easy. During this period Ellen went through a spiritual
crisis in making her decision. At a camp meeting in the latter part of 1840
she gave her heart to God, and immediately her troubled spirit was calmed.
From that time forward she began a new relationship with the Lord.
4. Her family was among those who accepted the ―midnight cry‖ to forsake
and leave the apostate churches. They were among the company that
experienced the ―Great Disappointment‖ but remained firm in the Advent
message.
5. Her first vision occurred shortly after the great disappointment, and she
was shown the progress of God‘s people toward the heavenly home. As she
thought of her youth (she was just seventeen), her timidity, her poor health
and the hardships before her, she prayed earnestly that God would release her
from the responsibility to be His messenger. However, the call of duty did
not change, and she expressed her willingness to go and do what God wanted
her to do.
6. In April, 1847, she was given a vision of the Sabbath. She saw the temple
in heaven with Jesus raising the cover of the lid. There she saw the Ten
Commandments with a soft halo of light around the fourth and heard an
angel confirming its importance. She was shown that if the Sabbath had
always been kept, there would not have been an infidel or atheist, and the

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world would have been prevented from idolatry. This vision opened up to her
the relationship of the Sabbath to the third angel‘s message. The believers
who saw the true importance of the sanctuary, Sabbath and Second
Advent doctrines were the forerunners of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
(Life Sketches, pp. 95,
96).
7. For the next seventy years her work was to receive counsels from God and
to give them to his people. She spoke to many audiences, wrote about forty
volumes of books (which became known as the ―Spirit of Prophecy‖) and
contributed many articles in Seventh-day Adventist publications.
29
Perhaps her best-known and best-loved book is the story of Christ‘s life, The
Desire of Ages. She traveled widely, not only in North America but to many
parts of Europe and out to Australia and New Zealand, where her counsel
was used in laying the basis of the work there. She was instrumental in
setting up Avondale College in Australia.
8. The messages that Ellen White received from God were usually given to
her in vision form.
During these visions it was evident that she was under divine control. She
looked intensely at some distant object; her breathing ceased but her face did
not lose natural color, nor did her pulse fail.
Various testimonials from eyewitnesses, including doctors, have all attested
that the whole procedure was not of this world. F.C. Castle, who witnessed a
medical examination, says, ―A lighted candle was held close to her eyes,
which were wide open, and not a muscle of the eye moved.
She was then examined with regard to her pulse and her breathing, and there
was no respiration.
The result was that all were satisfied they would not be accountable for
unnatural scientific principles.‖ This frail woman gave evidence of great
strength while in vision; at one time she held a large eighteen-pound Bible in
her extended left hand for half an hour.
9. Seven years after she received her first vision she published her first book,
a pamphlet of 64 pages, now the first section of Early Writings. The writings
of Ellen White are termed ―Spirit of
Prophecy Writings.‖ Some of the outstanding books from her pen that you
should know about and study are as follows:
 1855-1909 Testimonies for the Church (9 volumes)

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 1882 Early Writings

 1888 The Great Controversy
 1890 Patriarchs and Prophets
 1892 Gospel Workers
 1892 Steps to Christ
 1896 Thoughts from the Mount of Blessing
 1898 The Desire of Ages
 1900 Christ‘s Object Lessons
 1903 Education
 1905 The Ministry of Healing
 1911 The Acts of the Apostles
 1913 Counsels to Parents, Teachers and Students
 1916 Prophets and Kings.
10. Ellen White fell asleep in Jesus as quietly and peacefully as a weary child
goes to rest, at her Elmshaven home on July 16, 1915. She is buried beside
her husband and children in Battle Creek.
Other Early Pioneers
*James White (1821-1881) was a pioneer minister in the Advent movement.
In spite of physical defects, he felt that God wanted him to warn the world of
its nearing end and went on a preaching tour carrying the first angel‘s
message to many towns. He was a persuasive speaker and a good singer, but
above all he was a leader of men. ―James White, intrepid, resourceful, far-
seeing, eager leader of the infant Seventh-day Adventist Church, who in the
early decades of its history had a chief part: first, in framing the doctrines and
bringing out a people to stand upon them; second, in promoting and
organizing the ecclesiastical polity; and third, in founding and managing the
institutions– corporate church, publishing, health and educational– which
make up the pillars of this cause. He was a born leader...All his co-workers
felt the dynamic power of his spirit‖ (Spalding).
*James White served as president of the General Conference for three terms,
totaling ten years.

*Joseph Bates (1792-1872) had risen from cabin boy to captain and had
retired from the sea before the first angel‘s message came to him. God had
been leading him; always a man of good principles and a lover of right and
truth, he had given up the use of alcohol and tobacco while sailing the seas.

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He was a member of the Christian Church and about fifty years of age when
he was called to preach; he organized one of the first temperance societies in
America. He poured his money into the work until, at the time of the great
disappointment, he had little left; after that, he lived much by faith.
He was the first of leaders who later became Seventh-day Adventist ministers
to accept the Sabbath truth and introduce it to other leading workers and
believers. He also wrote the first comprehensive
Sabbath tract that was printed. He spent much of his time from then on
traveling the ―unworked
West,‖ even in the winter snows of Canada and in all parts of eastern
America. ―He shrank from no hardship in his untiring zeal.‖ He was older in
years than his more youthful associates, the Whites, and they leaned upon his
fatherly advice in the pioneering days of the movement. He was active until
the end of his life; he died in 1872 and is buried near his home in Michigan.

*John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was but fifteen years old when he
shared in the great disappointment. He began to preach at 21. He was among
the first of the leaders to accept the
Sabbath truth, was a diligent student, an able writer (History of the Sabbath)
and a good organizer.
He led out in studying God‘s plan for gospel finance, from which was
developed the tithing system as we know it today. In August, 1860, he
suggested publicly that the brethren should meet to discuss church
organization; as a result, the Advent Review Publishing Association was
formed, and the name ―Seventh-day Adventist‖ was chosen for the church.
Partly because he was a good linguist, he was sent to Europe in 1874 as our
first official overseas missionary, and he laid a firm foundation for the work
there. *J. N. Andrews was the third president of the General Conference.

John Norton Loughnborough (1832-1924) preached for the Adventists

from the age of sixteen, though he had not heard the Sabbath truth until 1852,
when J. N. Andrews explained it so clearly that he accepted it immediately.
He worked with M. E. Cornell in the 1850's before ministers received
salaries, laboring at any work he could find for four half-days a week, and
preaching the rest of the time.

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*John Byington (1798-1887) is best remembered as the first president of the

General Conference.
He had been a Methodist minister before the three angels‘ messages came to
him. One of the first
Sabbath schools and the first Adventist elementary school (begun in 1853)
were taught in Byington‘s home at Buck‘s Bridge, New York. The teacher
was his daughter Martha. Early
Sabbath-keepers gathered at his property, on which he built an Adventist
church.
J. H. Waggoner (1820-1889) accepted the Advent message in 1852 and is
listed among those who called for a discussion of church organization in
1860; by then he was one of the leaders among
Sabbath-keeping Adventists. He worked in the West, chiefly as the editor of
the Signs of the Times.
Later he served in Europe and died in Switzerland.
Uriah (1832-1903) and Annie (1828-1855) Smith were two promising
young people, brother and sister, who were teaching when the Lord called
them to work for Him. Annie Smith responded as a result of a dream about
Elder Joseph Bates, whom she heard speak very soon after. She was an
ardent worker, best remembered for her poems, many of which were used as
hymns. Her life ended prematurely in 1855 as a result of tuberculosis. Uriah
Smith accepted the message about the end of 1852, more than a year after his
sister, and entered the publishing work. He was an ordained minister of the
gospel and spent most of his life as an editor, from 1853 to 1903, the year of
his death. He was an editor of the Review and Herald and author. Thoughts
on Daniel and the Revelation is the work by which he is best remembered. In
1888 he was a leader in the discussions on righteousness by faith, and he was
one of the prominent Bible scholars of the denomination.
Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a Methodist-Adventist preacher who
lived in New Hampshire and pastored the church at Washington. He was
essentially the first Seventh-day Adventist minister, for he accepted the
Sabbath truth brought to him by Mrs. Rachel Oakes in 1844. Among those in
his congregation who accepted the third angel‘s message were the
Farnsworth brothers, William and Cyrus.
For further studies on early pioneers, read: Life Sketches of Ellen G. White,
pp. 105-111.Footprints of the Pioneers, by Arthur W. Spalding

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1960-2000
Significant Anniversaries
Beginning in 1960 and forward the church began celebrating various
anniversaries which have helped to remind us of God‘s leading in the past.
However, they also remind us that we have not yet reached the promised
―Rest‖ spoken of at the close of Hebrews chapter 11.
1960– 100th of the adoption of the name Seventh-day Adventist
1961– 100th of the formation of the first conference
1963– 100th of the organization of the denomination
1966– 100th of the first sanitarium (hospital)
1968– 100th of the first camp meeting
1972– 100th of organized educational system
1974– 125th of the first periodical
100th of the first missionary
1976– 50th of camping ministry
1979– 100th of first youth society, Hazelton Township Michigan
1980– 100th of first Conference outside of North America– Denmark
1981– 100th of death of James White
1993– 100th of the opening work in Southern Asia– India
1997– 75th of the Pathfinder Classes
1996– 50th of first Pathfinder Club, California
1999– 120th of Youth Ministry
2000– 50th of World Pathfinders.

Presidents of the General Conference since 1863 to date.

1. John Byington - May 20, 1863-May 1965
2. James White – May 1865- May 1867
3. John N. Andrews– May 1867- May 1869
4. James White – May 1869- December 1871
5. George Butler – December 1871- August 1874
6. James White – August 1874- October 1880
Elder White‘s third term, for a total of just over ten years.
7. George Butler – October 1880- October 1888
Elder Butler‘s second term, for a total of nearly eleven years
8. Ole A. Olsen – October 1888- February 1897
9. George A. Irwin – February 1897- April 1901
10. Arthur G. Daniells – April 1901- May 1922

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11. William A. Spice r – May 1922- May 1930

12. Charles H. Watson – May 1930- May 1936
13. J. Lamar McElhany – May 1936- July 1950
14. William H. Branson – July 1950- May 1954
15. Reuben R. Figuhr – May 1954- June 1966
16. Robert H. Pierson – June 1966- January 1979
17. Neal C. Wilson – January 1979- July 1990
18. Robert Folkenberg – July 1990- March 1999
19. Jan Paulsen – March 1999 - June 2010
20. Ted N.C. Wilson - June 2010*****

Youth directors of General Conference since 1907 to date.

Milton Early Kern H. T. Elliott A.W. Peterson

1907-1930 1930-1933 1934-1946

E. W. Dunbar Theodore Lucas John Hancock

1946-1955 1955-1970 1970-1980

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Church Ministries
Leo Ranzolin “Super Department” Baraka G. Muganda
1980-1985 1985-1995 1995-2010

Gilbert R. Cangy
2010****

Pathfinder directors of General Conference

World Junior Youth /Pathfinder Directors

Harriet Holt Lester C. Bond Laurence A. Skinner

1920-1928 1928-1946 1947-1963

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John H. Hancock Leo Ranzolin Michael H. Stevenson, Sr.

1963-1970 1970-1980 1980-1986

Malcolm A. Allen Robert W. Holbrook Jonathan Tejel

1986-1996 1997-2005 2005****
Time-line Summary of the Great Advent Movement
(1755-1843)
 1755 The Lisbon earthquake
 1780 The Dark Day
 1782 William Miller is born
 1792 Joseph Bates is born
 1793 Era of Protestant missions begins; William Carey travels to
India
 1798 End of the 1260-year prophecy
 1804 British and Foreign Bible Society organized
 1807 Protestant missionary to China– Robert Morrison
 1813 Missionary to Burma– Adoniram Judson
 1816 Missionary to South Pacific– John Williams
 1817 Missionary to Africa– Robert Moffat
 1827 Ellen Harmon (later White) born near Portland, Maine

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 1831 William Miller, Joseph Wolff and others begin to preach on

Second Advent
 1833 Falling of the stars
 1839 Joshua V. Himes joins Miller; preaching enters the large cities
 1840 Himes publishes first Advent periodical; Livingstone sails for
Cape Town, Africa
 1842 Charles Fitch produces prophetic charts; James White begins
preaching
 1843 ―Midnight cry‖ message proclaimed in preparation for second
coming

(1844-1852)
 1844 The ―great disappointment,‖ the Sabbath (Washington, New
Hampshire) and sanctuary
(Hiram Edson) truths discovered; the gift of prophecy given to the remnant;
first public telegraph message sent by Samuel Morse: ―What hath God
wrought!‖
 1845 Joseph Bates, J. N. Andrews and others accept the Sabbath
 1846 Whites accept Sabbath doctrine
 1847 Sabbath vision given to Ellen White
 1848 First general meetings of Sabbath-keepers: ―Six Sabbath
Conferences‖; vision to start a small paper
 1849 First periodical published: Present Truth; Review and Herald
Publishing begins here
 1850 First edition of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald
 1852 Youth‘s Instructor first published; first Sabbath School lessons
(written by James White)

(1853-1863)
 1853 Identity cards issued to ministers; first Sabbath School
organized; first church school established, with Martha Byington as
teacher; Uriah Smith joins the Review office
 1854 First tent meetings held by Loughborough and Cornell
 1855 Headquarters moved to Battle Creek, Michigan, and first
building erected for Review
 1859 ―Systematic Benevolence‖ plan of giving adopted
 1860 Name ―Seventh-day Adventist‖ adopted

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 1861 First conference formed in Michigan; Review and Herald

incorporated in Battle Creek
 1863 General Conference organized and first session held; first steps
in health reform taken

(1864-1873)
 1864 Adventists given noncombatant status in Civil War
 1866 First sanitarium (hospital) at Battle Creek; first health journal,
The Health Reformer
 1868 First workers sent to California; first camp meeting (Wright,
Michigan)
 1869 First tract and missionary society formed; John Erzberger asks
for a missionary to Europe
 1872 Death of Joseph Bates; Advent Tidende published in Danish (in
the U.S.); school opens in Battle Creek and will become the first
college of the denomination.

(1874-1878)
• 1880 the membership stands at 15,570
• 1874 J. N. Andrews goes to Switzerland; Signs of the Times
published
• 1875 Pacific Press Publishing begins
• 1876 France hears the third angel‘s message; Germany organizes
their first church; Les Signes des Temps published as first European
paper
• 1877 J. G. Matteson, first missionary to Scandinavia
• 1878 First Sabbath School offerings collected for mission work; Ings
and Loughborough go to England.

(1879-1904)
• 1879 Harry Fenner and Luther Warren organize the first youth
society to work on behalf of their peers
• 1880 First baptisms in England; first conference outside N.
America– Denmark
• 1881 First colporteur, G. A. King; death of James White
• 1883 Nurses training begins at Battle Creek; death of J. N. Andrews
o 1885 First missionaries to Australia; Ellen White visits Europe

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o 1886 Work begun on Pitcairn Is.; first church organized in Russia

o 1887 First missionaries to Africa (Cape Town); first camp meeting in
Europe (Norway); colporteurs enter Guyana
o 1888 Abram LaRue goes to Hong Kong; historic General Conference
session at Minneapolis
o 1889 First missionaries to Turkey, Barbados; Religious Liberty
Association organized
o 1890 S.S. Pitcairn plies the waters of the South Pacific; first youth-
related leadership manual published: Manual of Suggestions for
Those Conducting Youth Meetings
o 1891 Ellen White goes to Australia; work established in Mexico,
Central America
o 1892 Work begins in Finland, Brazil, Jamaica; Cape Conference
organized; Steps to Christ published; first youth society in Australia
o 1893 Work enters Malawi, India, Trinidad, Falklands; first college
outside North America– now Helderberg, Cape Town
o 1894 Work opens in Chile; first Union Conference organized–
Australia
o 1896 First missionary to Japan, health work begins in Australia
o 1897 Work opens in Belgium, Iceland; Avondale College opens in
Australia
o 1898 Work enters Peru, Hungary; Desire of Ages published
o 1900 Work enters Indonesia (Sumatra), Virgin Islands
o 1901 First organized church in Scotland; work enters Puerto Rico; A.
G. Daniells elected president; Missionary Volunteer membership
cards issued
o 1902 First workers sent to China; Malamulo Mission founded; Battle
Creek: hospital and press burn
o 1903 Headquarters moves to Washington, D.C.; work enters
Tanzania, Spain; Panama mission organized
o 1904 Work begins in Romania, Portugal, Ecuador; first Korean
converts (in Japan); Manual of Young People‘s Work published.

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(1905-1923)
 1905 First resident missionary goes to Korea; first evangelist goes to
Haiti; first church in Cuba organized; Peru Mission organized; work
begins in the Philippines
 1906 Uruguay Mission organized; work enters Kenya
 1907 Young People‘s Department of Missionary Volunteers created,
with M. E. Kern as director;
Morning Watch first published– Central Union (U.S.); Standard of
Attainment introduced as precursor to Master Guide
 1908 Work begun in Papua-New Guinea, Guatemala; Junior Reading
Course introduced
 1909 First known converts in Greece; Home Study Institute opens;
JMV Societies introduced
 1911 Tent meetings held in Palestine (Israel); first precursor to
Pathfinders– ―Takoma Indians‖, Maryland
 1912 First converts in Bolivia; Communications Department begins
as ―Press Bureau‖
 1913 Ellen White sends her last message to a General Conference
session
 1914 First converts in Borneo; Junior Society Lessons introduced as
precursors to Pathfinder classes
 1915 Death of Ellen White; W. H. Branson elected president of the
Southern Union at age 28;
Senior Bible Year introduced
 1917 Junior Bible Year introduced
 1918 Home Missionary Branch becomes a General Conference
Department (today‘s Personal Ministries section of the SS&PM
Dept.); first Junior Manual published
 1919 JMV Pledge and Law adopted
 1920 Harriett Holt elected as the first junior youth leader in the youth
department
 1922 The ―Dime‖ Tabernacle in Battle Creek burns; S. N. Haskell
dies; JMV/MV classwork introduced: Friend, Companion for
JMV‘s– Comrade, Master Comrade for the ―Comrade Band,‖ a
leadership club within the MV Society; uniforms and scarves are
suggested

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 1923 Messages to Young People idea is born; Home Nursing course

developed as precursor to the Honors.

(1924-1946)
 1924 Last link to the pioneers dies– J. N. Loughborough; MV Week
of Prayer introduced
 1925 First youth camp held in Australia
 1926 H. M. S. Richards begins radio broadcasting; first youth camps
in U.S. (girls–Wisconsin, boys–Michigan)
 1927 Mwami Hospital opens in Zambia; Junior Manual in Spanish,
Chinese
 1928 16 ―vocational merits‖ introduced (Honors); C. Lester Bond
becomes Junior Youth Director at G. C.; First Youth Congress,
Germany
 1929 Southeastern California Conference opens JMV ―Pathfinder‖
Camp.
 1930 H. T. Elliot replaces Kern as G. C. Youth Director; Pre-JMV
classes added (Adventurer classes)
 1931 Leo Haliwell‘s launch, the Luzeiro I, is completed and begins
plying the Amazon River
 1932 SDA Church Manual published; Camp Leader‘s Handbook
published
 1936 Central Union adopts a complete uniform for JMV ―units‖
 1937 Theological Seminary established
 1938 Master Comrade Manual published; Ideals for juniors by Bond
published, based on the phrases of the Pledge and Law; Pathfinder
Club organized in California by Lawrence Paulson
 1939 Advent Wacht youth club forms in Switzerland; Advanced
Honors introduced; Middle East College established in Lebanon
 1941 Voice of Prophecy becomes a denominational project
 1942 Trailblazers experimented with in Pacific Northwest with
Laurence Skinner
 1945 First MV devotional book– ―Mysteries‖ by L. H. Wood; first
summer camp in Puerto Rico
 1946 First conference-sponsored Pathfinder Club, Riverside,
California, Francis Hunt, director,

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John Hancock, conference Youth Director, designs triangle; EGW

compilation Evangelism Released.

(1947-1959)
 1947 First NAD Youth Congress, San Francisco; International
Temperance Association formed;
Pathfinder song written by Henry Bergh
 1948 Pathfinder flag made by Helen Hobbs; Area Coordinators first
used in Pathfindering
 1949 First Junior Congress, La Sierra College, with John Hancock;
hospital opens in Pakistan
 1950 First television broadcasting– Faith for Today; Pathfinder Club
adopted by General Conference, Laurence Skinner becomes first
World Pathfinder Director; First Pathfinder Fair, California
 1951 Maluti Hospital opens in Lesotho; Master Comrade becomes
Master Guide
 1953 SDA Bible Commentary begins release; Pan American Youth
Congress, San Francisco; first issue of the Junior Guide comes off
the press; first Pathfinder Camporee, Massachusetts; first Pathfinder
Club in Puerto Rico, Eliezer Melendez, director
 1954 The first Pathfinder clubs organized on the island of Trinidad in
the Caribbean.
 1955 First ―Conquistadores‖ Club organized, Lima, Peru (Spanish
Pathfinders), with D. J. von Pohle, Youth Director, and Nercida
Ruiz, Club Director
 1956 MV Voice of Youth evangelism adopted by G. C.
 1958 Advanced Classes added to Pathfinder curriculum; Silver
Award introduced
 1959 World membership of the church reaches the 1 million mark;
First student missionary sent from Columbia Union College; first
Pathfinder Club in Zimbabwe and Brazil (Desbravadores); Gold
Award introduced

(1960-2000)
 1960 Andrews University takes the place of the Theology Seminary;
first union Camporee at Lone Pine, California
 1961 CME becomes Loma Linda University

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 1962 5-Day Plan to Stop Smoking introduced; new 60-hour

Pathfinder Staff Training course
 1963 John Hancock becomes World Pathfinder Director
 1966 Adventurers begun in Hartford, Connecticut, with Rita Vital
directing
 1967 Stewardship Dept. established
 1969 World Youth Congress, Zurich, Switzerland
 1970 Insight replaces Youth‘s Instructor; membership at 2 million;
Leo Ranzolin (Brazil) becomes World Pathfinder Director
 1971 First division-wide Camporee, Sweden (Northern Europe-West
Africa Division, today: TED)
 1972 First efforts at world-wide coordinated evangelism, Mission
‗72....; first Euro-Africa Division Camporee, Austria
 1974 First Antillean Union Pathfinder Camporee
 1975 First South Pacific Division Camporee, Australia
 1976 50th anniversary of MV camping; highest youth camp in the
world is realized at Ticllo, Peru, with 20 Master Guide candidates,
elevation 4,900 mts./17,000+ ft.
 1977 G. C. Annual Council launches plan for baptizing 1,000
persons/day by 1980; Youth Ministry Accent produced by G. C.
Youth Dept.
 1978 First Southern Asia Division Camporee, India; Missionary
Volunteers (MV) replaced by Adventist Youth (AY)
 1980 Africa-Indian Ocean Division organized; Mike Stevenson
(South Africa) becomes World Pathfinder Director; Leo Ranzolin
becomes World Youth Director, the first non-American to hold the
position
 1983 First Inter-American Division Camporee, Mexico
 1985 First North American Division Camporee, Colorado; the
merged Church Ministries Department begins its experiment
 1986 Malcolm Allen (Australia) becomes World Pathfinder Director,
Pan African Youth Congress in Nairobi
 1988 Special edition ―Pathfinder Bible‖ introduced; revised
Pathfinder curriculum introduced
 1989 Adventurer Club accepted by G. C. and goes world-wide

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 1990 ―Valuegenesis‖ survey of youth begun in NAD, followed by

SPD and other divisions, provides a base of over 50,000 respondents
to questions on moral and spiritual values
 1993 World Youth Evangelism Convention in Prague
 1994 First East African Division Camporee at Victoria Falls
 1995 Baraka G. Muganda from EAD (Tanzania) becomes the World
Youth Director, first in the ―new‖ Youth Department and first Black
African to hold this position
 1996 First SPD Youth Congress in Brisbane
 1998 First Division Master Guide Camporee, SAD– Chile; first
Division Master Guide Convention, NAD– California; a major
revision of the Honors begins including the introduction of a new
eighth category: Health and Science
 1999 Discover the Power Camporee, Wisconsin, celebrating 50 years
of Pathfindering, with 22,000 participants from all continents; there
are now as many Pathfinders as there were total church members in
1959 (40 years ago); world church membership passes 11 million
 2000 Impact Toronto 2,000 Project in Toronto, Canada
 2001 World Youth Leadership Conference in Brazil
 2003 World Youth Conference on Evangelism and Service,
Bangkok, Thailand

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Section 7
Life enrichment

Chapter outline

Proper usage of the uniform 160

Insignia 161
Pathfinder Class Pins 165
Nature of Pathfinder/ Master Guide Uniform 166
Staff Uniform 168
Photo stream 169
Placement of Insignias and patches on the Pathfinder Uniform 171

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Chapter objective

As we continue our work for God, one of the main priorities

is to make certain we are all working together towards the
same goals.

This means that as club ministries grow, we need to continue

pulling together even more as we lead children and teens
into the different stages of ministry.

Mainly, our organizational paradigms need to be so clear

that we work in a way that there are no questions about the
responsibilities of each ministry towards each other.

These are some of the recommendations by every head of

ministry (Adv., PF, MG) that we will ask you to follow and
understand as we continue working to be better leaders:

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Adventist youth ministries uniform.

EPHESIANS 6:11
Put on the whole armor of God that ye may be able to stand against the
wiles of the devil.
A uniform is a set of clothes that one wears to identify himself as part
of a particular organization. The Pathfinder uniform helps make the
Pathfinder program real and visible. It is emblematic and
representative of the worldwide club‗s ideals and standards.
Each individual member becomes a very vital representative of the
organization, and wearing the uniform will help to provide a
consciousness of belonging to a club that rightly represents the
Adventist Youth of today. If the uniform is worn as ordinary clothing
it will have failed in its purpose.
Proper Usage of a Pathfinder Uniform
It is recommended that uniforms be worn on the following occasions:
1. At all Pathfinder meetings
2. At any public gathering when any or all act as:
Messengers
Ushers
Guard of honor
Color Guard
3. On occasions as specified by Pathfinder director
4. At special Pathfinder services
5. While engaging in witness activity, or community service such as
ingathering, distributing food, baskets, flowers, literature, etc.

Uniforms should not be worn:

 . By nonmembers
 . When engaged in selling or solicitation for personal profit, or
for commercial or political purposes.
 . At any time or place when it‗s wearing discounts the
organization or casts reflection upon the uniform, lowers its
dignity and esteem, and makes it common place.

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The uniform.
The official uniform for the Adventurer, Pathfinders, Master Guide, and
Ambassador is stipulated by the General Conference of the Seventh-Day
Adventist Youth Ministries Department. Any deviation or changes,
including, but not limited to, the uniforms style and color, must first be
authorized by the General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist
Youth Department.
Source:gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecific
ations

The insignia.
While the uniform of the Pathfinder Club varies in regions or even
countries around the world, the insignia and where they are placed are
well-nigh universally the same. Designing and setting the position of the
insignia and/or working any changes or additions is the responsibility of
the world pathfinder Director and the General Conference in consultation
with the Divisions. Clubs, conferences, unions and divisions may make
no exceptions or variations without the definite permission from the
World Pathfinder Director.
*gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications*

Insignia are divided into two categories. These are

1. Identification Insignia
2. Recognition Insignia

Description of Identification and recognition Insignias

These are the group of emblems that signify the organization to which
a person (a group of people) belongs.
Examples of identification insignia include:
Pathfinder world emblem
Pathfinder emblem (triangle)
Pathfinder club (society) name tag
 Staff-office sleeve strips (office tag)
 Neckerchief, pathfinder, master guide.

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 Pathfinder class chevrons

 Master Guide star
 Pathfinder class pins
 Class pocket strip.
 Advanced pathfinder class ribbons/ bars.
 Pathfinder excellence ribbon
 Captain and scribe badges
 Pathfinder honor sash.
 Pathfinder staff service stars

Some issues that need to be addressed from the identification and

recognition insignias.

1. PATHFINDER WORLD EMBLEM.

The Pathfinder World Insignia is a required

insignia of the basic Pathfinder Uniform. How worn: The Pathfinder
World Insignia is to be worn on the wearers left sleeve,
It is positioned ½-inch (1.2-cm) below the shoulder seam. The
Pathfinder World Insignia is to be centered on the crease of the Pathfinder
Uniform shirt sleeve.
NB. It is not to be worn on head gears (cap, beret, safari hat, e.t.c.)

NB. Because we don‟t have conference/ union/ division patch, we

measure ½ inch not 3 ½ inch.

Pictures relating to conference/ union/ division patches are shown below.

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Florida conference patch Michigan conference patch.

Source: Pathfinder-uniform-insignia-manual, August 2013

2. Neckerchief, pathfinder, Master Guide.

This neckerchief is yellow in color and has the Master Guide or
pathfinder emblem as the logo on the back.
Invested Master Guides that have completed all of the Pathfinder
classes (Friend, Companion, Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and Guide) will
wear the Master Guide scarf with the ribbon in the colors of the
Pathfinder classes.

Invested Master Guides that have not completed all of the Pathfinder
classes will wear the Master Guide scarf with the red color border and no
ribbon.

Non-Invested Master Guides

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This neckerchief is yellow in color and has the Pathfinder world emblem
as the logo on the back. All other pathfinder classes from friend to guide
are required to use this neckerchief.

Source: master-guide-uniform-guidelines, 2015.

3. Pathfinder honor sash.

This is worn over the right shoulder and under the left arm, the lower
point of the sash resting against the left side of the body. It serves as the
collecting point for Honor patches and all other pathfinder related
emblems that the wearer has earned. (Traded items are not to be
included here.)
Source:gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications

According to the pathfinder staff manual (page 81), ―the sash is used for
holding a), staff identification (i.e., the name tag, etc.), b), A.Y honors
(emphasis added). Insignias such as class name tags, class pins, chevrons,
ribbons, etc. are all allowed to be placed on the sash.
Source:gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications
Source: pathfindersonline.com

4. Class Chevrons
The class chevrons are given when you complete the
Pathfinder class requirements. The order from left to right is : Friend,
Companion, Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and Guide. All members
(invested Master Guides Included) should wear only the class insignia
in which they have been invested. Each chevron must be
accompanied by the questioned pin.
NB. The order is from friend to guide NOT guide to friend.

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Correct order

Incorrect order
NB. Same principle applies to the pins and ribbons. ( friend to guide,
not guide to friend)

5. Pathfinder Class Pins

Upon Investiture for each class, the Pathfinder obtains a pin of
recognition to be worn on the uniform. The order from left to right is:
Friend, Companion, Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and Guide. Only pins for
completed classes should be worn. To avoid gaps for incomplete classes,
all other pins should be spaced out evenly. Each pin must be accompanied
by the corresponding chevron.

6. Advanced Pathfinder Class Ribbon Bar

This is worn only by those who have completed the basic and advanced
requirements of each class. The order from left to right is: Friend,
Companion, Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and Guide. Each ribbon bar must
be accompanied by the corresponding pin and chevron. The advanced
ribbon bar is not required, and the candidate should wear only the bars for
the levels in which all of the requirements have been met.

7. Pathfinder Excellence Award

The Pathfinder Excellence Award has been developed to recognize
individual achievement over a one-year period of time. The Pathfinder
Excellence Award should be awarded only to those who have reached a
high standard of excellence, as outlined in the criteria. Because all Master

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Guides are expected to perform excellently in all things, the Pathfinder

Excellence Award (or Good Conduct Ribbon) should only be worn.

The Nature of Pathfinder/MG Uniform

The basic Pathfinder uniform should include the Pathfinder world
emblem and the Pathfinder scarf.
. The Pathfinder/Master Guide uniform has been grouped into two:
Class A and Class B

CLASS ‘A’ Uniform

The "Class A" uniform is the Pathfinder dress uniform. The
specifications of this uniform are:
Shirt/ Blouse……………………………white
Pants/ Shirt……………………………..forest Green

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Hat……………..free between Hats/ caps/ berets/ garrison cap.

Scarf…………………………………….yellow

Socks…………………………………….white
Shoes……………………………………..Black

Sash……………………………………….green
Neck tie……………………………………black.

Male Female

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Pathfinder Class B uniform

The pathfinder class B uniform is the field uniform. The field uniform
is used during most club meetings and on camp-outs.
Shirt/Blouse……………………………….khaki
Pants/ skirts………………………………..green or Khaki
Hat……… free between Hats/ caps/ berets/ garrison cap.
Scarf………………………………………..yellow
Socks……………………………………….Black/Dark colors
Shoes……………………………………….Black.
Neck tie ……………………………………..Black.
Source: master-guide-uniform-guidelines, 2015
Source: gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications

STAFF UNIFORM
Staff uniforms are very similar to Pathfinders uniforms except for the
following adjustments:

Years of service pin

(Just to the right of the Pathfinder pin on the top left of left flap)

Baptismal pin
(On the top right of left pocket flap–close to heart)
Patches:
Rank strip (right sleeve)

Staff may also be qualified to wear the following:

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Gold Stars
(Per shoulder epaulet):
6 stars ****** General conference Youth Director
5 stars ***** Division Youth Director
4 stars **** Union Youth Director.
3 stars *** Conference Youth director.
2 stars ** Area Coordinator (district youth leaders and district pathfinder
directors, sector coordinators, federation presidents)
1 star * Club Director (Local church youth and pathfinder leaders,
Institutional Club Directors)
Source: Florida conference Pathfinder/Adventurer department
***THE COAT*** ***THE COAT***
MALE FEMALE

All Conference staff, including Directors, Coordinators, and other council

members, must wear a Coat. This is not optional.
All invested Master Guides may wear the coat as an option.
No non-invested Master Guide may wear the coat.
www.masterguides.org............ Revised 1/21/2015 - Page 21 /5 www.guiasmayores.org

Photos of officers from various conferences, unions, and

divisions.

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Placement of insignias and patches on the pathfinder

uniform.

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NB. Not all Master Guides are Staff.

A CLOSER LOOK AT THE PLACEMENT OF CLASS PINS,

SPECIALTY/EXCEPTIONAL/SERVICE PINS, AND CLASS
RIBBONS ON THE UNIFORM.

Left pocket

1. Induction 2. Friend-good conduct-P.F emblem pin,

Baptismal pin.

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3, companion-Good conduct, 4.explorer-Good conduct, Baptismal pin,

Baptismal pin, P.F emblem pin. P.F emblem pin

5, Ranger-Good conduct, baptismal pin, 6. Voyager-Good conduct, baptismal pin,

P.F emblem pin P.F emblem pin.

7, Guide-Good conduct, baptismal pin, 8. Master Guide-Good conduct, baptismal

P.F emblem pin pin, P.F emblem pin

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9, Master Guide staff-Good conduct, baptismal 10. Master Guide staff-Good conduct,
Pin, P.F emblem pin, service star. Baptismal pin, P.F emblem pin, service
Star pin, PLA pin.

11, Master Guide staff-Good conduct, baptismal 12. Master Guide staff-Good conduct, baptismal
Pin, P.F emblem pin, service star pin, PLA pin, pin, P.F emblem pin, service star pin, PLA pin,
PIA pin. PIA pin, Pastoral pin.

Source: Pathfinder uniform instructions page 5

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Selected references:
Adventist Pathfinder Administrative manual, General Conference Youth
Ministries department (2004 Revision)

Pathfinder Basic Staff training manual, General Conference Youth

Ministries department (2004)

Master Guide Curriculum Manual, General Conference Youth Ministries

department.

Pathfinder Leadership Award manual, General Conference Youth

department (2003)

Administrative Manual, Ambassador, General Conference of Seventh-

Day Adventists, Youth Ministries department (2006)

Church Heritage Manual, General Conference Youth department (2005)

Fundamental beliefs, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

www.adventist.org

Ellen G. White Estate, Messages to Young Peoples (MYP)

The pathfinder Story, General Conference Youth Ministries department

The A.Y. Story, General Conference Youth Ministries department

Youth Ministry Handbook and Leadership Training Manual (2005)

www.ducsters.com
pathfinders.adventistconnect.org./document (South Pacific Division)
pathfindersonline.org (North American Division)
gc.youthministries.org/leadership/MasterGuide/UniformSpecifications

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Master Guides Uniform Manual (www.masterguides.org)

Wear and Appearance of Pathfinder Uniforms and Insignia, Florida
Conference Pathfinder/ Adventurer department, August 2012, Eric
Stillwell, I.A.D

Revised Uniform Specifications (Caribbean Union Conference)

www.animatedknots.com

The Happy Path, Lawrence Maxwell

Uniform Instructions 2014.

Night Stars and Constellations.

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