Rubella (German Measles)
1. Introduction
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection caused by the rubella virus.
While generally a mild illness in children, rubella can have serious consequences for
pregnant women and their unborn babies.
2. Causes
The rubella virus is the causative agent of rubella. It spreads through respiratory droplets.
3. Pathophysiology
After inhalation, the rubella virus replicates in the respiratory tract and then spreads to the
lymph nodes and bloodstream. The virus can infect various organs, including the skin, eyes,
and nervous system.
4. Clinical Features
The incubation period for rubella is typically 14-21 days. Symptoms of rubella are often mild
and may include:
● Low-grade fever
● Mild headache
● Sore throat
● Runny nose
● Characteristic Rash: A fine, pinkish rash that starts on the face and spreads to the
trunk and extremities. It often fades quickly.
● Lymphadenopathy: Particularly suboccipital and posterior auricular nodes.
● Arthralgia and Arthritis: More common in adults, especially women.
5. Diagnosis & Investigations
Diagnosis of rubella is usually based on clinical presentation. However, laboratory tests may
be helpful in certain cases, such as:
● Viral culture: To isolate the rubella virus from throat swabs or nasopharyngeal
aspirates
● Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): To detect rubella virus RNA in clinical
specimens
● Serological tests: To detect rubella antibodies in the blood
6. Treatment Plan
There is no specific treatment for rubella. Treatment is primarily supportive and focuses on
symptom relief:
● Antipyretics: To reduce fever
● Rest: To allow the body to recover
7. Prevention
The rubella vaccine is highly effective in preventing rubella and is recommended for all
children. Adults who have not had rubella or been vaccinated should also consider
vaccination.
8. References
1. Sara Bode; Contagious Exanthematous Diseases. Quick References 2022;
10.1542/aap.ppcqr.396150
2. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/hcp.html
3. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/hcp.html
