5/27/2023

Dr. Papia Sultana

Professor, Dept. of Statistics
University of Rajshahi

Graphical plot
 Introduce to graphing in python with Matplotlib,
which is arguably the most popular graphing and data
visualization library for Python.
 The easiest way to install matplotlib is to use pip. Type
following command in terminal:
pip install matplotlib

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Getting started (plotting a line)

 # importing the required module
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 # x axis values
 x = [1,2,3]
 # corresponding y axis values
 y = [2,4,1]

 # plotting the points
 plt.plot(x, y)

 # naming the x axis

 plt.xlabel('x - axis')
 # naming the y axis
 plt.ylabel('y - axis')
 # giving a title to my graph
 plt.title('My first graph!')

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

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 Output:

 The code seems self-explanatory. Following steps were

followed:
 Define the x-axis and corresponding y-axis values as
lists.
 Plot them on canvas using .plot() function.
 Give a name to x-axis and y-axis
using .xlabel() and .ylabel() functions.
 Give a title to your plot using .title() function.
 Finally, to view your plot, we use .show() function.

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Plotting two or more lines on

same plot
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 # line 1 points
 x1 = [1,2,3]
 y1 = [2,4,1]
 # plotting the line 1 points
 plt.plot(x1, y1, label = "line 1")

 # line 2 points
 x2 = [1,2,3]
 y2 = [4,1,3]
 # plotting the line 2 points
 plt.plot(x2, y2, label = "line 2")

 # naming the x axis

 plt.xlabel('x - axis')
 # naming the y axis
 plt.ylabel('y - axis')
 # giving a title to my graph
 plt.title('Two lines on same graph!')

 # show a legend on the plot
 plt.legend()

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

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 Output

Customization of Plots
 mport matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 # x axis values
 x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
 # corresponding y axis values
 y = [2,4,1,5,2,6]

 # plotting the points
 plt.plot(x, y, color='green', linestyle='dashed', linewidth = 3,
 marker='o', markerfacecolor='blue', markersize=12)

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 # setting x and y axis range

 plt.ylim(1,8)
 plt.xlim(1,8)

 # naming the x axis
 plt.xlabel('x - axis')
 # naming the y axis
 plt.ylabel('y - axis')

 # giving a title to my graph
 plt.title('Some cool customizations!')

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

 Output

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Bar Chart
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 # x-coordinates of left sides of bars
 left = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

 # heights of bars
 height = [10, 24, 36, 40, 5]

 # labels for bars
 tick_label = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five']

 # plotting a bar chart
 plt.bar(left, height, tick_label = tick_label,
 width = 0.8, color = ['red', 'green'])

 # naming the x-axis

 plt.xlabel('x - axis')
 # naming the y-axis
 plt.ylabel('y - axis')
 # plot title
 plt.title('My bar chart!')

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

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 Output

Histogram
 plt.hist() function is used to plot a histogram.

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Histogram
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 # frequencies
 ages = [2,5,70,40,30,45,50,45,43,40,44,
 60,7,13,57,18,90,77,32,21,20,40]

 # setting the ranges and no. of intervals
 range = (0, 100)
 bins = 10

 # plotting a histogram
 plt.hist(ages, bins, range, color = 'green',
 histtype = 'bar', rwidth = 0.8)

 # x-axis label
 plt.xlabel('age')
 # frequency label
 plt.ylabel('No. of people')
 # plot title
 plt.title('My histogram')

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

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 Output

Scatter plot
 plt.scatter() function is used to plot a scatter plot.

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 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


 # x-axis values
 x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
 # y-axis values
 y = [2,4,5,7,6,8,9,11,12,12]

 # plotting points as a scatter plot
 plt.scatter(x, y, label= "stars", color= "green",
 marker= "*", s=30)

 # x-axis label
 plt.xlabel('x - axis')
 # frequency label
 plt.ylabel('y - axis')
 # plot title
 plt.title('My scatter plot!')
 # showing legend
 plt.legend()

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

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 Here, we use plt.scatter() function to plot a scatter

plot.
 As a line, we define x and corresponding y-axis values
here as well.
 marker argument is used to set the character to use as
a marker. Its size can be defined using the s parameter.

 output

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Pie-chart
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 # defining labels
 activities = ['eat', 'sleep', 'work', 'play']
 # portion covered by each label
 slices = [3, 7, 8, 6]
 # color for each label
 colors = ['r', 'y', 'g', 'b']
 # plotting the pie chart
 plt.pie(slices, labels = activities, colors=colors,
 startangle=90, shadow = True, explode = (0, 0, 0.1, 0),
 radius = 1.2, autopct = '%1.1f%%')
 # plotting legend
 plt.legend()
 # showing the plot
 plt.show()

 Here, we plot a pie chart by using plt.pie() method.

 First of all, we define the labels using a list
called activities.
 Then, a portion of each label can be defined using another
list called slices.
 Color for each label is defined using a list called colors.
 shadow = True will show a shadow beneath each label in
pie chart.
 startangle rotates the start of the pie chart by given
degrees counterclockwise from the x-axis.
 explode is used to set the fraction of radius with which we
offset each wedge.
 autopct is used to format the value of each label. Here, we
have set it to show the percentage value only upto 1 decimal
place.

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 Output

Plotting curves of given equation

 # importing the required modules
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 # setting the x - coordinates
 x = np.arange(0, 2*(np.pi), 0.1)
 # setting the corresponding y - coordinates
 y = np.sin(x)
 # plotting the points
 plt.plot(x, y)
 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

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 Here, we use NumPy which is a general-purpose array-

processing package in python.

 To set the x-axis values, we

use the np.arange() method in which the first two
arguments are for range and the third one for step-wise
increment. The result is a NumPy array.
 To get corresponding y-axis values, we simply use the
predefined np.sin() method on the NumPy array.
 Finally, we plot the points by passing x and y arrays to
the plt.plot() function.

 output

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Subplots
 Subplots are required when we want to show two or
more plots in same figure. We can do it in two ways
using two slightly different methods.

 # importing required modules

 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
 # function to generate coordinates
 def create_plot(ptype):
 # setting the x-axis values
 x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.01)
 # setting the y-axis values
 if ptype == 'linear':
 y=x
 elif ptype == 'quadratic':
 y = x**2
 elif ptype == 'cubic':
 y = x**3
 elif ptype == 'quartic':
 y = x**4
 return(x, y)

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 # setting a style to use

 plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')

 # create a figure
 fig = plt.figure()

 # define subplots and their positions in figure
 plt1 = fig.add_subplot(221)
 plt2 = fig.add_subplot(222)
 plt3 = fig.add_subplot(223)
 plt4 = fig.add_subplot(224)

 # plotting points on each subplot

 x, y = create_plot('linear')
 plt1.plot(x, y, color ='r')
 plt1.set_title('$y_1 = x$')

 x, y = create_plot('quadratic')
 plt2.plot(x, y, color ='b')
 plt2.set_title('$y_2 = x^2$')

 x, y = create_plot('cubic')
 plt3.plot(x, y, color ='g')
 plt3.set_title('$y_3 = x^3$')

 x, y = create_plot('quartic')
 plt4.plot(x, y, color ='k')
 plt4.set_title('$y_4 = x^4$')

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 # adjusting space between subplots

 fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=.5,wspace=0.5)

 # function to show the plot
 plt.show()

 output

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