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19 views4 pages

MF Case Study

Ds

Uploaded by

Shubham Wagh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune.

Case Study: Traffic Control Using Linear Algebra.

Vedant Anil Gaikwad. 246527


Ruturaj Rameshrao Pawar. 246417
Omkar Mukund Kevate. 246513
Prasad Rajendra Sonawane. 246545

Department of Computer Science.


FY MSc Data Science.
Fergusson College [Autonomous], Pune.

CSD-503: Mathematical Foundation-I.


Introduction:

Traffic management in cities has been one of the biggest issues nowadays with increased populations,
transportation systems, and congestion problems. There is a great demand to minimize congestion,
reduce accidents, and optimize vehicle flow. The complexity of the problem cannot be solved through
conventional traffic management practices, which continue to increase due to chaos. Linear algebra
presents a powerful method to handle multivariate systems and real-world interaction, hence the use
of this technique in the control of traffic. We take up the case study about how linear algebra actually
applies to traffic control systems. It helps control road networks much better and more effectively.
Intersections in the urban traffic system often serve as bottlenecks that cause congestion, pollution,
and delay. The problem is to control traffic light and vehicular flow at various intersections such that
the overall flow conditions of the traffic are maximized. Probably, the most critical issue is the
reduction in waiting times for each intersection with free flow in the network.

Linear algebra can be used to model traffic flow, especially at intersections, as a network of
equations to represent the flow of cars. Some of the models include using variables like:
Traffic flow rates: Flow rate for each intersection of passing a number of vehicles per unit of time.
Capacity constraints: The maximum number of vehicles that can pass through a road segment or an
intersection.
Signal timings: The duration for which the light coming from the intersection is green, yellow or red.

1.Matrix Representation of Traffic Flow


In traffic flow control, intersections are the nodes whereas the roads connecting intersections are
edges. Using this analogy, one can represent the traffic flow between intersections as a matrix in
which each element of the matrix indicates how many cars are traveling from one intersection to
another.

Let us consider we have a four-node network with the nodes A, B, C and D. We denote that the traffic
flow from the intersections can be described by the following matrix:
𝑓𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝐴𝐵 𝑓𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝐴𝐷
𝑓𝐵𝐴 𝑓𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝐵𝐶 𝑓𝐵𝐷
F=
𝑓𝐶𝐴 𝑓𝐶𝐵 𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝐶𝐷
𝑓𝐷𝐴 𝑓𝐷𝐵 𝑓𝐷𝐶 𝑓𝐷𝐷

Here, f AB indicates flow from junction A to junction B, and so on.

2. Balancing in Terms of Equilibrium.


The idea here in traffic regulation is to find some sort of balance among flows such that there is not a
piling up at intersections-the inflow is balanced by the outflow at each node, that is, at every junction.
This is represented as a system of linear equations. Let the inflow into a node be represented by a
column vector X = number of cars passing along an axis, and outflow from a node be another vector
Y. At the state of equilibrium, we should then have the following relation:
AX = Y

Here, A is the matrix of flow coefficients between roads, while X and Y represent the inflow and
outflow, respectively.
Since this is a system of equations, we can decide on the traffic signal timings and others in such a
manner that inflows and outflows from every intersection will balance with each other, reducing the
congestion.

3. Eigen Value Analysis for Traffic Stability.


Another very important concept in linear algebra is the idea of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, used to
probe the stability of a system. In the analysis of traffic control, it would be possible to use an
eigenvalue analysis to understand how small changes in flow at one intersection propagate through
the network.
For example, suppose that an eigenvalue of the traffic flow matrix F is greater than 1. This may
indicate that congestion is likely to build up exponentially within the system. Conversely, eigenvalues
less than 1 may indicate stability in the traffic system and that congestion may dissipate with time. In
this approach, examining the eigenvalues of the traffic flow matrix may help the concerned city
planners identify likely trouble-spots and alter signal timings or road designs accordingly.

Real-World Application: New York City's Traffic Control


It's one city in the United States, New York City, that has a gigantic number of automobiles crossing
into intersections daily: Therefore, control of traffic is the major concern. After intense studies, that
city's Department of Transportation established a system using linear algebra to optimize the
controlling of every signal at each traffic point in real time. It accumulates traffic flow data through
sensors used on intersections and roadways, proceeds to populate a traffic flow matrix, which it uses
by applying linear algebra rules to make the necessary adjustments on the traffic lights and
consequently reduce waiting time at intersections, especially during peak hours.

Results:
Overall traffic congestion reduction significantly, especially during rush hours.
Some of the key benefits of implementing such models are: The time spent on transportation vehicles
that use some of the main corridors in the city could be reduced. The carbon footprint associated with
idling of vehicles is lesser in these cases.

Limitations and Challenges


Even though linear algebra becomes a great tool for traffic management and control, several
challenges are encountered when it comes to real-world applications:
1. The whole effectiveness of these models based on linear algebra can be realized only if the data on
traffic flow in actually encountered with accurate conditions. Inconsistent or incomplete data may
result in a suboptimal solution.
2. Change Dynamics: Accidents, roadwork, and weather may alter traffic conditions; hence models in
linear algebra must adapt in real-time to dynamic changes.
3. Large Scale Complexity: A hundred intersections spread over large urban areas will exponentially
increase the number of variables and equations, which may demand a lot of computational strength.

Conclusion:
Linear algebra has come to be an extremely important element in the modern traffic systems.
This is because it provides a mathematical framework for modelling and analysing vehicle
flows under complex urban networks, allowing city planners to reduce congestion through
efficient means of traffic flow. Although it faces problems in data collection and real-time
adaptability, the application of linear algebra has already been discovered to be rather
effective in cities such as New York, so there is even more scope for usage in traffic
management systems around the world.

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