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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies, which are relevant
to the present study. The researcher gathered this literature and studies from professional
books, journals, pamphlets, magazines, and other supplementary sources from the
internet, public and private school libraries. They serve as a frame of reference in the
study conducted.
Foreign
Numerous studies have been conducted to enhance agricultural performance
(Shiraz, 2017), which detailed a microcontroller-based automatic watering system. They
were also able to avoid watering at the wrong time of day, which could have damaged or
destroyed the crop, and to avoid overwatering already wet soils. Other contemporary
controllers, like Arduino, which are much more functional but far less expensive and do
not require an ADC, can readily be added to this microcontroller-based system to
improve it. Additionally, there is no user-controlled application on this straightforward
but functional system.
(Rajeshwari, 2016), within the parameters of his suggested framework. A
monitoring unit placed on the farm, a control unit placed in the pump house, a server
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28
mobile stationed close to the control unit, and a remote client mobile stationed close to
the server mobile station are its four main parts. Critical agricultural parameters like soil
moisture, pH, temperature, and humidity are continuously monitored by the field-
installed monitoring unit, which sends the data to the mobile server. The server mobile
analyzes the detected data and determines the best irrigation strategy. It is situated close
to the pump house's control unit. Additionally, there are four main parts to the proposed
system's architecture: a server mobile near the control unit, a remote client mobile, a
monitoring unit placed in the farm, and a control unit placed in the pump house.
Important agricultural parameters like soil moisture, pH, temperature, and humidity are
tracked by the field-based monitoring unit, which sends the data to a mobile server. The
server mobile, which is positioned near the control unit in the pump house, interprets the
sensed data and determines the proper irrigation schedule.
An Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation System was designed and implemented by
(Singh and Saikia ,2016). In order to simplify the function, application, maintenance, and
cost, Arduino-based communication was developed. The machine is dependable and
completely automated. In nanoseconds, sensors communicate with the website
communication system from a great distance, increasing user productivity. The entire
system is based on the Arduino, which makes use of a low-cost microcontroller; for a
comparatively small investment, this system can be implemented in large areas.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
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An Android-based automatic irrigation system with a WSN and GPRS module is
provided by (Reddy and Rao, 2016). The user and the Arduino microcontroller
communicate via SMS. The motor pump can be turned on or off from any location while
the user receives an SMS alert via the GSM/GPRS module thanks to the Android
automatic system, which continuously displays sensor data in an Android application and
on a webpage.
A wireless sensor-based smart irrigation system for agriculture was developed by
Gavali et al. (2016). A sensor for soil temperature and moisture is part of their approach.
A temperature probe, a soil moisture probe, and a data-gathering device made up each
wireless sensor node.
In order to effectively manage the drip irrigation system's operations, Hambarde
(2016) developed an Android-based Automated Irrigation System on the Raspberry Pi.
Furthermore, Ata et al. (2016) used an embedded Linux board and a wireless sensor
network to create a web-based automatic irrigation system. The goal of their study was to
use a web page to remotely control components and monitor the system.
Local
Ecija, Medalla, Morales, et al (2015), developed a wireless irrigation system that
involvesthe development and formation of an automatic irrigation system that uses a sens
or thatdetermines soil moisture (by soil moisture sensor), water level indicator also it's a
pumping system that aims to deliver the needed water based on the assigned soil moisture
value. Their system is a prototype design of a microcontroller based on water irrigation
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which detects soil if watering is required then the water will be maintained at a constant
level. If the specific area is irrigated too much with water, there are possibilities that the
plant may die due to excessive irrigation. The proposed system uses a microcontroller a
platform device called ARDUINO where sensors are connected in its internal and
external ports. Whenever there is a variation in moisture content of the soil these sensors
will determine the change and will give an interrupt signal to the microcontroller and
eventually will send the signal to the relay driver and thus the water pump is now
activated. The irrigation system also includes a water level indicator in the water tank
which will indicate the water capacity of the reservoir itself whether it is low level or
high level
Moreover, the project mentioned above is limited to a small area garden design
focuses primarily on soil moisture content as the basis for the irrigation system, no other
sensor will be implemented, maintenance of the system still requires human intervention
to keep irrigation on course, sensitive to weather condition which may interrupt the
effectiveness of the soil moisture sensor, manual refill of the water tank to store and
establish the adequate amount of water enough for irrigation also study will not cover
about Fluid Mechanics.
Related Studies
Foreign
Nolz et al (2015) integrated the sensors into a wireless monitoring network
to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors, and compare
University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28
the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil layer during
drying. The integration of the sensors into the telemetry network worked well. Data were
transmitted over several kilometers and made available via Internet access.
Khriji et al (2014) presented a complete irrigation solution for the farmers based
on WSN. The automated irrigation system using low-cost sensor nodes having reduced
power consumption can reduce the water waste and is cost-effective. A node is deployed
using Telos B mote and adequate sensors/actuators. Field nodes are used to detect the
level of moisture and temperature in the soil. Weather nodes monitor the climatic
changes, and the nodes connected to actuators are used to control the opening of the
irrigation valve when needed. Patil (2014), developed the system that was integrated with
sensors into a wireless
monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sen
sors. The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor
types in a soil layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several kilometers and
made available via Internet access.
Patil (2014), developed the system that was integrated with sensors into a
wireless monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the
integrated sensors. The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time
of both sensor types in a soil layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several
kilometers and made available via Internet access.
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, involves pouring water onto the
soil at extremely low rates (2-20 litres/hour) through a network of small diameter plastic
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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pipes equipped with emitters or drippers. Water is applied near to the plants, wetting only
the soil profile in which the roots grow, as opposed to surface and spray irrigation, which
wets the entire soil profile. Drip irrigation water is applied more frequently (typically
every 1-3 days) than other systems, which results in a very desirable high moisture
content in the soil for plants to thrive (Patil, 2014).
Drip irrigation is ideal for a wide variety of soil types. Water must be
administered gently on clay soils to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. Higher
emitter discharge rates will be required on sandy soils to guarantee appropriate lateral
wetting of the soil.
Xin et al (2013) described an autonomous precision irrigation system through the
integration of a center pivot irrigation system with wireless underground sensor
networks. The wireless underground sensor-aided center pivot system will provide
autonomous irrigation management capabilities by monitoring the soil conditions in real-
time using wireless underground sensors. Experiments were conducted with a hydraulic
drive and continuous-move center pivot irrigation system.
Singh et al (2012) present a solution for an irrigation controller for the
cultivation of vegetable plants based on the fuzzy logic methodology. In this
system, the amount of water given to the plants depends on its size, moisture control
of soil, which is affected by the temperature of the environment, evaporation due to
wind velocity, and water budget. The system feed water to plants in a controlled and
optimal way. Solar energy conversion technology is used to feed power to the pump
controller.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28
Local
According to Sebastian (2015), stated that the water supply is the process of
providing water in a systematic early through installed pumps and pipelines. Before water
is provided to a specific area it undergoes approximately sanitation to ensure that the
quality of water received is made for human consumption. The Philippines water supply
system dates back to 1946 after the country achieved independence from government
agencies.
A manual irrigation system does not promote water conservation that results in
too much water or a too-small amount of water in the soil thus poor plant growth.
Automated irrigation systems are capable of determining and maintaining the right
amount of water for the soil. Two TEGS were used as the soil moisture sensors (one as
the control and the other in the plant area) that produced voltage differentials proportional
to the relative wetness or dryness of the compared to control the uses of the
thermoelectric generator as the soil moisture sensor that uses the temperature difference
between the air and the soil as a basis for irrigation. Thermoelectric generator as soil
moisture requires a relatively constant heat source and have slow technology progression
and have limited applications. But irrigates according to the proper needs of the soil, thus,
saving water consumption and improving water efficiency and use.
According to Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr., UPLB’s project leader, WAISS is
composed of a field unit and computer software. The field unit comprises three pieces of
equipment: a set of soil moisture sensors, a transmitting data logger, and a 5-volt solar
panel. “The sensors are installed underground where crops are planted and are connected
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28
to the transmitting data logger, which sends the measurement to the software via text
message.”
Furthermore, Dr. Luyun said that in the software, “the real-time monitoring of the
soil moisture status of the farm is shown. If the moisture content is within the green area,
the soil moisture condition is at optimum. If in the yellow area, the plant experiences
stress, while if the moisture reaches the red area, the plant is under extreme stress.
Negative effects may be irreversible and productivity is highly affected. WAISS will
send irrigation alerts once the moisture reaches the yellow area. WAISS will continue to
send daily irrigation alerts until the farm has been irrigated.”The farmer, wherever he is,
can know if his farm needs irrigation. Aside from receiving daily irrigation advisories, he
can text WAISS for the STATUS of his farm and the system will respond accordingly.
Belonio (2011), stated the windpump irrigation system is suitable either for
individuals, groups of farmers, large corporate farms, or even government experiment
stations. He said that the windpump irrigation system is environmentally friendly. No
manual operation during stormy periods and there is no risk of losing the machine even if
it is installed and left in the field. The researcher learned that the Farmers will benefit
from using wind pumps for irrigation purposes. It eliminates the use of imported fossil
fuel which is generally expensive. Also, it ensures a year-round supply of, water,
especially during windy periods.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
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