# Handling NA values in vectors
order_detail <-c (10,20,30,NA,50,60)
order_detail
names(order_detail) <-c ("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat")
order_detail
order_detail + 5 #Any operation peformed on vector, will be applied to
all the values of vector
#To add two vectors
new_order <- c(5,10)
order_detail + new_order
update_order <- order_detail+new_order
update_order
#Creating subset of vector
firsttwo<-order_detail[1:2]
firsttwo
l<-length(order_detail)
l
v1<-order_detail[(l-1):l]
v1
v2<-order_detail[(l-1):2]
v2
v3<-order_detail[l:1]
v3
v4<-order_detail[(l-2):l]
v
#Extract all the values below 30
order_detail<30
order_detail[order_detail<30]
#To omit NA vaue from the vector
na.omit(order_detail[order_detail<30])
#To find the order details that are multiple of 3
(order_detail %% 3)==0
order_detail[(order_detail %% 3)==0]
na.omit(order_detail[(order_detail %% 3)==0])
sum(order_detail) #Returns NA because there is an NA value in the order
detail vector
# Use na.rm to remove the NA value
sum(order_detail,na.rm=T)
mean(order_detail,na.rm=T)
max(order_detail,na.rm=T)
min(order_detail,na.rm=T)
sd(order_detail,na.rm=T)
sqrt(order_detail) # returns the square root
##-----------Matrix in R-------------------##
# We use function matrix() to create a matrix
v <- 20:30
v
matrix(v)
mat1<-matrix(0,3,3)
mat1
mat2<-matrix(1:9,3,3)
mat2
mat3<-matrix(1:9,nrow=3,byrow=T)
mat3
mat3<-matrix(1:9,3,3,byrow=T)
mat3
# Creating matrix from vectors
stock1 <- c(450,451,452,445,468)
stock2 <- c(230,231,232,236,228)
stocks <- c(stock1,stock2) # Merge both the vectors
stocks
stock.matrix <- matrix(stocks,byrow=TRUE,nrow=2)
stock.matrix
# Naming a matrix using colnames() and rownames()
days <- c('Mon','Tue','Wed','Thu','Fri')
st.names <- c('stock1','stock2')
colnames(stock.matrix) <- days
rownames(stock.matrix) <- st.names
stock.matrix
# Functions associated with matrix
nrow(mat3) #returns no. of rows
ncol(mat3) #returns no. of columns
dim(mat3) #returns no. of rows and columns
rownames(stock.matrix) #returns row names
colnames(stock.matrix) #returns column names
dimnames(stock.matrix) #returns row and column names
# Arithmetic operations in Matrix
mat1 <- matrix(1:50,byrow=TRUE,nrow=5)
mat1
# Matrix addition
5+mat1
# Matrix multiplication
5*mat1
# Division of matrix
2/mat1 # returns the reciprocal
# Division of matrix
mat1/2 # returns the quotient
# Exponent
mat1 ^ 2
# Matrix arithmetic with multiple matrices
mat1 + mat1
mat1-mat1
mat1*mat1
# Matrix operations
colSums(stock.matrix) # Returns the sum for each column
rowSums(stock.matrix) # Returns the sum for each row
rowMeans(stock.matrix) # Returns the mean for each row
# Adding rows and columns to a matrix using rbind() and cbind() function
stock3 <- c(150,151,149,120,114)
total_stock <- rbind(stock.matrix,stock3)
total_stock
avg <- rowMeans(total_stock)
avg
total_stock <- cbind(total_stock,avg)
total_stock
# Matrix selection and indexing
student<-
matrix(c(20,30,NA,70,22,28,36,80,24,26,32,75,26,24,NA,50),nrow=4,ncol=4,b
yrow=T)
dimnames(student)<-
list(c("John","Mathew","Sam","Alice"),c("Phy","Chem","Bio","Maths"))
student
# Extraction of columns
student[,1]
student[,1:2]
student[,c(1,3)]
# Extraction of rows
student[1,]
student[1:2,]
student[c(1,3),]
student[2,2]
student[2,2:4]
student[3:4,2:3]
student[2:4,c(1,4)]
#Find John's score in Chem and Bio
student["John",2:3]
#Find John's and Sam's score in maths
student[c("John","Sam"),4]
#Find maths & Bio score of Sam and Alice
student[c("Sam","Alice"),3:4]
#Find average score of John
mean(student[c("John"),],na.rm=T)
#Find the average and the total score for all the students
apply(student,1,mean,na.rm=T) #here 1 stands for the row and 2 is for
columns
help(apply)
apply(student,1,sum,na.rm=T)
passing_score<-c(25,25,25,70)
passing_score
#Find in how many subjects Alice has passed
pass<-(student[c("Alice"),]>passing_score)
pass
sum(pass, na.rm = T)
#Find in how many subjects Sam has passed
pass1<-(student[c("Sam"),]>passing_score)
pass1
sum(pass1, na.rm = T)
#----------DataFrames in R---------------#
# Check the list of pre-loaded dataset
data()
data(AirPassengers)
head(AirPassengers)
data(iris)
head(iris)
View(iris)
View(state.x77)
View(USPersonalExpenditure)
tail(USPersonalExpenditure)
# Check the statistical summary of a dataset
summary(iris)
# Check the structure of a dataset
str(iris)
# Creating a data frame using data.frame() function
days <- c('mon','tue','wed','thu','fri')
temp <- c(25.6,30.1,45,37.3,41.2)
rain <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)
df <- data.frame(days,temp,rain)
print(df)
summary(df)
str(df)
# Dataframe indexing
df[1,] # Extract the first row
df[,2] # Extract the second row
# Selecting using column names
df[,'temp'] # Extracts all the temperature values
df[2:4,c('days','temp')] # extracts the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rows for days
and temp
# Use dollar sign if you want all the values of a particular column
df$days
df$rain
# Use bracket notation to return a data frame format of the same
information
df['rain']
df['temp']
# Filtering dataframes using a subset function
subset(df,subset=rain==TRUE) # Returns all the columns where it rained
subset(df,subset= temp>25) # Returns all the columns where temperature>25
# Sorting dataframes using order function
sorted.temp <- order(df['temp'])
df[sorted.temp,] # Returns the all the columns with temp sorted in
ascending order
sorted.temp
desc.temp <- order(-df['temp']) # Returns the all the columns with temp
sorted in descending order
df[desc.temp,]
# Another method to sort
sort.temp <- order(df$temp)
df[sort.temp,]
# Merging Data Frames
authors <- data.frame(
surname = I(c("Tukey", "Venables", "Tierney", "Ripley", "McNeil")),
nationality = c("US", "Australia", "US", "UK", "Australia"),
deceased = c("yes", rep("no", 4)))
books <- data.frame(
name = I(c("Tukey", "Venables", "Tierney",
"Ripley", "Ripley", "McNeil", "R Core")),
title = c("Exploratory Data Analysis",
"Modern Applied Statistics ...",
"LISP-STAT",
"Spatial Statistics", "Stochastic Simulation",
"Interactive Data Analysis",
"An Introduction to R"),
other.author = c(NA, "Ripley", NA, NA, NA, NA,
"Venables & Smith"))
authors
books
(m1 <- merge(authors, books, by.x = "surname", by.y = "name"))
# Example to manipulate a dataframe
salesreport<-data.frame(Id=101:110,
Product=c("A","B"),
Unitprice=as.integer(runif(10,100,200)),
Qty=as.integer(runif(10,10,20))
)
salesreport
#1.Transpose data frame
transpose.salesreport<-t(salesreport)
View(transpose.salesreport)
head(transpose.salesreport)
#2.Sorting of data frame
salesreport[order(salesreport$Unitprice),]
salesreport[order(salesreport$Unitprice,decreasing = T),]
salesreport[order(salesreport$Product,-salesreport$Unitprice),]
#3.Subsetting data frame
subset.ProductA<-subset(salesreport,Product=="A")
subset.ProductA
# Extact the rows for which Product is A and Unitprice > 150
subset.salesreport<-subset(salesreport,Product=="A" & Unitprice>150)
subset.salesreport
# Extract only the first and the fourth column Product is A and Unitprice
> 150
subset.salesreport<-subset(salesreport,Product=="A" &
Unitprice>150,c(1,4))
subset.salesreport
#4.Merging of data frame
setA<-subset(salesreport,Product=="A")
setB<-subset(salesreport,Product=="B")
setA
setB
cbind(setA,setB)
rbind(setA,setB)
#5.Aggregate function
#Total quantity sold for each product
aggregate(salesreport$Qty,list(salesreport$Prod),sum,na.rm=T)
#----------------------Lists in R------------------#
list_1<-list(x=c(10,20,30),
y=c("a","b","c"),
z=c(TRUE,FALSE))
list_1
list2<-list(vec=seq(1:10),
mat=matrix(1:9,3,3),
lis=list(a=10,b=20))
list2
# Recursive variable->Variable that can store values of its own type.
is.recursive(list2)
# Indexing of list
list2[2] # By index
list2$mat # By dollar notation
list2['vec'] # By name
list2$lis[2] #3rd element 2nd value
list2[[3]][2] #3rd element 2nd value
length(list2)
class(list2)
#Conversion of vectors to list
price<-c(10,20,30)
pricelist<-as.list(price)
pricelist
price
#Conversion of list to vector
newPrice<-unlist(pricelist)
newPrice
# Use dim function to convert vectors to matrix
price1<-c(10,20,30,40)
dim(price1)<-c(2,2)
price1
#----------Basic data type functions------------#
n1<-10
class(n1) # Returns the datatype of the variable
typeof(n1)
n2<-10.5
class(n2)
typeof(n2)
is.numeric(n1) #is.numeric() function returns True if given value is
numeric else false
is.numeric(n2)
I1<-as.integer(10) #as.integer converts the given value into integer
I1
I2<-as.integer(10.5)
I2
I3<-as.integer("10")
class(I2)
class(I1)
class(I3)
#All integers are numeric but all numerics are not integers.
is.numeric(I1) #TRUE
is.integer(I1) #TRUE
c1<-"John"
c2<-"Rob"
class(c1)
class(c2)
is.character(c1)
is.character(c2)
toupper(c1) # Converts to uppercase
substr(c1,1,2) # Extract set of characters
name<-paste(c1,c2)
name
name1<-paste0(c1,c2)
name1
name<-paste(c1,c2,sep=",")
name
newname<-sub("Rob","Cena",name) # Replaces set of characters
newname
length(c1)
nchar(c1)
