East Java

East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur, Javanese: ꦙꦮꦶꦮꦺꦠꦤ꧀, romanized: Jawa Wétan, Madurese:
Jhâbâ Tèmor) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a
land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean
border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east
separates Java from Bali by around 2.29 kilometres (1.42 mi). Located in eastern Java, the
province also includes the island of Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in
Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge), as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups
located further east (in the northern Bali Sea) and the Masalembu archipelago to the north. Its
capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a
major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the
island of Java.[7]

The province covers an area of 48,036.84 square kilometres (18,547.13 sq mi), and according to
the 2010 Census, there were 37,476,757 people residing there,[8] making it Indonesia's second-
most-populous province; the 2020 Census showed an increase to 40,665,696 people,[9] while the
official estimate for mid 2023 was 41,527,930 (comprising 20,711,680 males and 20,816,260
females).[1] Almost a quarter of the population lives inside greater Surabaya metropolitan
area.[10] East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, such as the Javanese, Madurese
and Chinese. Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam, forming around 94% of the total
population. Other religions are also practiced, such as Christianity, Buddhism and Confucianism
which are mostly practised by Tionghoa people and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and
North Sumatra, and also Hinduism which are practised by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo
Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the
province bordering Bali as well as the dominant minority Indian Indonesians in Surabaya city.

The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation, but
Javanese and Madurese are most frequently used, especially the Surabaya dialect (Javanese:
Suroboyoan or Surabayaan — the Javanese dialect of Surabaya) used mainly in the capital
Surabaya. Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes.

East Java offers different types of tourist attractions. There are a variety of natural attractions,
including mountains, beaches, caves, and waterfalls. Almost every regency or city in East Java
has its own unique tourist destinations, such as the Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi, Baluran National
Park in Situbondo, and Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in Malang, Pasuruan, Lumajang,
and Probolinggo.
History East Java
Jawa Timur

Prehistory Province

Province of East Java

East Java has been inhabited by humans since Provinsi Jawa Timur
prehistoric times. This was proven by the
discovery of fossils remains of the
Pithecanthropus mojokertensis in Kepuhlagen,
Mojokerto;[11] Pithecanthropus erectus on
Trinil, Ngawi;[12] and Homo wajakensis in
Coat of arms
Wajak, Tulungagung.[13]
Motto(s): Jer Basuki Mawa Beya (Javanese)
ꦗꦼꦂꦧꦱꦸꦏꦶꦩꦮꦧꦺꦪ
"Success Requires Sacrifice"
Pre-Islamic era

East Java in Indonesia

OpenStreetMap [show]

Coordinates: 7.7°S 112.5°E (https://geohack.t

oolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_J
ava&params=7.7_S_112.5_E_region:ID-JI_type:
adm1st)

Established 25 February 1950

Capital Surabaya
and largest city

Government
Gadjah Mada is a warlord
and Mahapatih (Prime • Body East Java Provincial
Minister) who was very Government
influential during the
• Governor Adhy Karyono
Majapahit Empire.
(acting)

The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of • Vice Governor Vacant
Malang are the oldest written sources in East
Area
Java, dating from 760 CE. It tells of many
• Total 48,036.84 km2
political and cultural events in the Kingdom of
(18,547.13 sq mi)
Kanjuruhan. The name Malang is thought to
• Rank 14th in Indonesia
come from the name of a sacred building
called Malangkuseswara. This name is Highest elevation 3,676 m (12,060 ft)
(Mount Semeru)
contained in the Mantyasih inscription written
[1]
in 907 CE. Population (mid 2023 estimate)

• Total 41,527,930
In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of
Singhasari, which he ruled until 1292. Before • Rank 2nd in Indonesia

coming to power, Ken Arok seized power in • Density 860/km2

(2,200/sq mi)
Tumapel (Kediri) from Tungul Ametung. Ken
Arok's descendants became kings of Demographics

Singhasari and Majapahit from the 13th until • Ethnic groups 80.69% Javanese
the 15th century. 17.53% Madurese

0.66% Chinese
In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later
1.12% Others[2]
became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power
only lasted 20 years, before he was killed by • Religion 97.26% Islam

Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed 1.64%

Protestanism
in an uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son
0.66% Roman
of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died,
Catholic
and he was succeeded by Kertanegara (1268–
0.25% Hinduism
1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a
0.17% Buddhism
rebel named Jayakatwang, ending the
0.01% Others
Singhasari. (including
Confucianism,
In 1293, Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan Kejawen,
Kapitayan, etc.)[3]
dynasty, sent a large invasion fleet to Java with
• Languages Indonesian
20,000 to 30,000 soldiers, beginning the
(official)
Mongol invasion of Java.[14] This was a
Javanese
punitive expedition against King Kertanegara
Madurese
of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute
Osing
to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers.
Tenggerese
However, it ended with failure for the Mongols.
Kangean

In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit was Time zone UTC+7 (Indonesia

founded by Raden Wijaya. The Majapahit Western Time)

reached its peak during the reign of Hayam ISO 3166 code ID-JI

Wuruk. He was accompanied by the GDP (nominal) 2022[4]

Mahapatih Gajah Mada. Together they
- Total Rp 2,730.9 trillion
managed to unite the archipelago under the (2nd)
name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to US$ 183.9 billion
Int$ 573.9 billion
(PPP)
become one of the strongest empires in - Per capita Rp 66.37 million
(11th)
Southeast Asia.
US$ 4,469
Int$ 13,946 (PPP)
In 1357, the Battle of Bubat occurred, starting
- Growth 5.34%[5]
a war between the Sunda Kingdom and the
Majapahit. The event stemei from the desire of HDI (2024) 0.754[6] (12th) –
high
king Hayam Wuruk to take a Sundanese
princess. Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, Website jatimprov.go.id (htt
p://jatimprov.go.id)
because of a misunderstanding about the
procedure of marriage, leading to a battle in
Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada capturud Pajajaran. In 1389, Hayam
Wuruk died, and was succeeded by Wikramawardhana. This resulted in the beginning of the
decline of the Majapahit Empire. As the Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late 1300s,
Islam moved to fill the vacuum.[15]

Islamic era

The Ampel Mosque in Surabaya, the

oldest surviving mosque in Java and
second oldest in Indonesia, was built
in 1421.

The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a
definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, according to some experts, it is
estimated that Islam entered Java around the 11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti
Maimun in the village of Leran in Gresik Regency which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb
also shows that by the 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by Arab traders
from the Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan, located in
what is now part of the Mojokerto Regency, near the site of the former Majapahit palace.[16]

In the 15th century, a Chinese Hui voyager named Ma Huan visited East Java. He then wrote the
book Yingya Shenglan, which tells the story of the countries he visited over the course of the
Ming treasure voyages. He mentioned that at that time, there were three different peoples
inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern Arab
Indonesians; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day Guangdong province, and the native
Javanese people.[17]

By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in
the exile of many Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of Bali.[18] Those who
remained in Java were forced to convert to Islam, while a small pocket of isolated people living in
the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park spread around Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Malang, and
Lumajang Regencies remains adhered to Hinduism to this day. They are known as the
Tenggerese people. Their population of roughly 100,000 is centered in 30 villages in the isolated
Tengger mountains.[19]

When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing,
becoming thriving ports. One of them was the town of Tuban, which was a wealthy and important
port with many Chinese settlers. Being a port of the Majapahit and the point of departure for the
Moluccas, it exported an abundant supply of foodstuffs and imported a rich variety of products
from the Moluccas.[20] At the end of the 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and
Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. At first, the spread of Islam was very rapid and was
accepted by ordinary people, until the da'wah entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the
island.

European colonization

The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with the
signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the Portuguese Empire in Malacca. After the
failure of the treaty, the Portuguese presence was then limited to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula
and the Maluku Islands. An expedition under the leadership of the Dutch explorer Cornelis de
Houtman consisting of four ships in 1596 became the beginning of Dutch presence in the
island.[21] At the end of the 18th century, the Dutch had succeeded in expanding their influence
on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the island of Java.

At the onset of the Napoleonic Wars, the British conquered Java in 1811. Java briefly became
part of the British Empire, with Sir Stamford Raffles as its Governor-General. In 1814, Britain
returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.[22]
Japanese occupation and revolution

Operation Transom, destroyed

Tanjung Perak in 1944.

During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, there was persistent resistance
against the Japanese rule. In Blitar, an uprising by Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) led by Supriyadi,
Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the
Japanese.

Two weeks after the proclamation of independence, Surabaya established its own government
under, Raden Sudirman. The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between the
republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting in various skirmishes across the city. This was
because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in power until the allied
forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly
established government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major battle
between the Surabayan residents led by Sutomo and allied forces.

The battle forced the governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the
seat of the government to Mojokerto. A week later, the government retreated again to a more
secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947,
the East Java provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in
Malang, Governor Soerjo was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who was in turn replaced again by Dr.
Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement, a ceasefire
agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch commenced a military action, Operation
Product, which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial
government moved again to Blitar.

This military action ended after the Renville Agreement. However, this agreement reduced the
territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then turned the
areas under its control into new federal states, the State of Madura and the State of East Java.
Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, Front
Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18
September 1948. However, eventually this revolt was defeated by the Indonesian Army. On 19
December 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai. Blitar, the seat of the East Java provincial
government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and
joined the guerrillas on the slopes of Mount Wilis. Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–Van
Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949.

Following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, at which the Netherlands agreed to
transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia, the Dutch withdrew its troops from East
Java. East Java changed its status from a province into a state. However, on 25 February 1950,
this was dissolved and became part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The State of
Madura also decided to join Indonesia.

Contemporary era

Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java, the governments could not satisfy the
population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the
rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed
into "better" housing.[23]

East Java has twice hosted the Indonesian National Games (Indonesian: Pekan Olahraga
Nasional) (PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became the overall champions in
2000 and 2008.

Geography

Eastern Salient of Java mountain

range view from Bromo Tengger
Semeru National Park at early
morning

East Java province borders the Java Sea in the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, and the Indian
Ocean in the south, as well as the Central Java province in the west. The length of the east–west
stretch of about 400 km. The width of the stretch of the north–south in the west about 200 km,
but in the eastern part of narrower by about 60 km. Madura is the largest island in East Java,
separated from the mainland Java by the Strait of Madura. Bawean Island is located about
150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are clusters of islands, the easternmost are
the Kangean Islands and the northernmost are the Masalembu Islands. Off the south coast of
Java there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong and Sempu Island.

Geology

In physiographic of geology, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones: the southern
zone (plato), the middle zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands
in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part
( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur Utara mountains and the Kendeng
mountains which are relatively barren.

In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On the border with Central
Java is Mount Lawu (3,265 metres). Southeast from Madiun is Mount Wilis (2,169 metres), and
Mount Liman (2,563 metres). In the middle of the corridor lies the Anjasmoro mountains with
peaks Mount Arjuno (3,339 metres), Mount Welirang (3,156 metres), Mount Anjasmoro (2,277
metres), Mount Kawi (2,551 metres), and Mount Kelud (1,731 metres); The mountains are located
in most Kediri, Blitar, Malang, Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Jombang. The group has the peak of
Mount Bromo Tengger (2,329 metres), and Mount Semeru (3,676 metres). Mount Semeru, which
is also called Mahameru is the highest mountain in the island of Java. In the easternmost part if
the province, there are two groups of mountains: the Iyang mountains with the peak Mount
Argopuro (3,088 metres), the Ijen mountains with the peak Mount Raung (3344 metres) In the
south there is a series of hills, that of the south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar,
Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of a series of the Sewu mountains in
Yogyakarta.

Water

Light snow and frost are common at

East Java highlands over 2,000
meters above sea level in middle of
year during late night until morning.

Two of the most important rivers in East Java are the Brantas River (290 kilometres), and the
Solo River (548 kilometers). The Brantas River has headwaters on the slopes Mount Arjuno near
Batu, and flows through most areas in East Java, like Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri,
Jombang and Mojokerto. In Mojokerto, the Brantas River split into two: Kali Mas, and Porong;
both empty into the Madura Strait. The Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of Mount Lawu
which lies on the border between East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the
eastern part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties into the sea at Gresik. The
Brantas River and Bengawan Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount
Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a natural lake. The main dam in East Java,
among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which is used for irrigation, fish farming and tourism.

Climate

East Java has a tropical monsoon and savanna climate at lower elevation and subtropical at
higher elevation. Compared with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less
rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a rainy season during the 100 days. The
average temperature ranges between 19–34 °C. Temperatures in the lower mountain areas, and
even in areas Ranu Pani (slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach –4 °C, causing a
frost and fall of light snow.[24]

Government and administrative divisions

2nd-level Administrative map of East

Java Province
East Java is divided into 29 kabupaten (or regencies), and 9 kotamadya (or cities). This division
has remained unchanged since the creation of the province, except for the creation of the new
city of Batu on 21 June 2001 (by separation from Malang Regency). These regencies and cities
with their areas and populations at the 2000, 2010[8] and 2020[9] Censuses, together with the
official estimates as at mid 2023,[1] are listed below, grouped geographically into five (unofficial)
sub-regions entirely for convenience of access. The sub-regions have no official status. These
regencies and cities are divided as at 2023 into 666 districts (kecamatan) which are in turn
composed of 8,494 administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan):
 Pop'n
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Name of Area HDI[25]
Kode mid
City or Seat 2000 2010 2020 2014
Wilayah (km2) 2023
Regency Census Census Census estimate
Estimate

Pacitan 0.638
35.01 Pacitan 1,433.59 525,758 540,881 586,110 597,390
Regency (Medium)

Ponorogo 0.674
35.02 Ponorogo 1,418.62 841,449 855,281 949,320 959,500
Regency (Medium)

Trenggalek 0.661
35.03 Trenggalek 1,249.23 649,883 674,411 731,125 756,109
Regency (Medium)

Tulungagung 0.694
35.04 Tulungagung 1,144.53 929,833 990,158 1,089,775 1,132,144
Regency (Medium)

Blitar 0.668
35.05 Kanigoro 1,745.16 1,064,643 1,116,639 1,223,745 1,252,242
Regency (Medium)

0.752
35.72 Blitar City 33.20 119,372 131,968 149,149 159,701
(High)

Kediri 0.684
35.06 Ngasem 1,523.56 1,408,353 1,499,768 1,635,294 1,684,454
Regency (Medium)

0.746
35.71 Kediri City 67.23 244,519 268,507 286,796 298,830
(High)

Malang 0.655
35.07 Kepanjen 3,473.44 2,412,570 2,446,218 2,654,448 2,711,103
Regency (Medium)

0.789
35.73 Malang City 111.08 756,982 820,243 843,810 847,182
(High)

(a)
0.718
35.79 Batu City 194.17 190,184 213,046 221,714
(High)

Southern
sub-regional 12,393.81 8,953,362 9,534,258 10,362,618 10,620,369
totals

Lumajang 0.623
35.08 Lumajang 1,797.10 965,192 1,006,458 1,119,251 1,108,487
Regency (Medium)

Jember 0.626
35.09 Jember 3,313.46 2,187,657 2,332,726 2,536,729 2,600,663
Regency (Medium)

Banyuwangi 0.673
35.10 Banyuwangi 3,592.90 1,488,791 1,556,078 1,708,114 1,780,015
Regency (Medium)

Bondowoso 0.634
35.11 Bondowoso 1,554.99 688,651 736,772 776,151 796,911
Regency (Medium)

Situbondo 0.639
35.12 Situbondo 1,653.72 603,705 647,619 685,967 684,343
Regency (Medium)
 Pop'n
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Name of Area HDI[25]
Kode mid
City or Seat 2000 2010 2020 2014
Wilayah (km2) 2023
Regency Census Census Census estimate
Estimate

Probolinggo 0.630
35.13 Kraksaan 1,724.51 1,004,967 1,096,244 1,152,537 1,163,859
Regency (Medium)

0.704
35.74 Probolinggo City 54.68 191,522 217,062 239,649 246,980
(High)

Tapal Kuda
("horseshoe")
13,691.36 7,130,485 7,592,959 8,218,398 8,381,258
sub-regional
totals

0.788
35.78 Surabaya City 350.6 2,599,796 2,765,487 2,874,314 3,009,286
(High)

Gresik
Regency
0.728
35.25 (includes Gresik 1,256.36 1,005,445 1,177,042 1,311,215 1,296,688
(High)
Bawean
Island)

Lamongan 0.694
35.24 Lamongan 1,752.71 1,181,660 1,179,059 1,344,170 1,371,510
Regency (Medium)

Mojokerto 0.702
35.16 Mojosari 984.64 908,004 1,025,443 1,119,209 1,145,400
Regency (High)

0.750
35.76 Mojokerto City 20.22 108,938 120,196 132,424 141,785
(High)

Pasuruan 0.643
35.14 Bangil 1,493.29 1,366,605 1,512,468 1,605,969 1,634,022
Regency (Medium)

0.732
35.75 Pasuruan City 39.00 168,323 186,262 208,006 212,466
(High)

Sidoarjo 0.767
35.15 Sidoarjo 724.04 1,563,015 1,941,497 2,082,800 1,996,825
Regency (High)

Surabaya
sub-regional 6,606.19 8,901,786 9,907,454 10,664,525 10,807,982
totals

Bojonegoro 0.652
35.22 Bojonegoro 2,312.63 1,165,401 1,209,973 1,301,635 1,363,058
Regency (Medium)

Jombang 0.690
35.17 Jombang 1,109.84 1,126,930 1,202,407 1,318,062 1,370,510
Regency (Medium)

Madiun 0.686
35.19 Caruban 1,113.63 639,825 662,278 744,350 747,589
Regency (Medium)
 Pop'n
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Name of Area HDI[25]
Kode mid
City or Seat 2000 2010 2020 2014
Wilayah (km2) 2023
Regency Census Census Census estimate
Estimate

0.788
35.77 Madiun City 36.13 163,956 170,964 195,175 202,544
(High)

Magetan 0.702
35.20 Magetan 706.44 615,254 620,442 670,812 691,618
Regency (High)

Nganjuk 0.695
35.18 Nganjuk 1,289.07 973,472 1,017,030 1,103,902 1,144,508
Regency (Medium)

Ngawi 0.677
35.21 Ngawi 1,395.80 813,228 817,765 870,057 904,094
Regency (Medium)

Tuban 0.645
35.23 Tuban 1,973.50 1,051,999 1,118,464 1,198,072 1,258,368
Regency (Medium)

Northwest
sub-regional 9,937.04 6,550,065 6,819,323 7,402,065 7,682,289
totals

East Java
(excluding
42,628.39 31,535,693 33,853,994 36,661,132 37,467,217
Madura)
Totals

Bangkalan 0.607
35.26 Bangkalan 1,301.03 805,048 906,761 1,060,377 1,047,306
Regency (Medium)

Sampang 0.569
35.27 Sampang 1,228.25 750,046 877,772 969,694 988,360
Regency (Medium)

Pamekasan 0.626
35.28 Pamekasan 795.15 689,225 795,918 850,057 882,837
Regency (Medium)

Sumenep 0.614
35.29 Sumenep 2,084.02 985,981 1,042,312 1,124,436 1,142,210
Regency (Medium)

Madura
5,408.45 3,230,300 3,622,763 4,004,564 4,060,713
Totals

Total for 0.681

48,036.84 34,765,993 37,476,757 40,665,696 41,527,930
Province (Medium)

Note: (a) the 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which
it was separated on 21 June 2001.

The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to
the People's Representative Council.[26] The province's 87 elected members are comprised as
follows:
 The East Java I Electoral District consists of the regency of Sidoarjo and the city of Surabaya,
and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java II Electoral District consists of the regencies of Probolinggo and Pasuruan,
together with the cities of Probolinggo and Pasuruan, and elects 7 members to the People's
Representative Council.

The East Java III Electoral District consists of the regencies of Banyuwangi, Bondowoso and
Situbondo, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java IV Electoral District consists of the regencies of Lumajang and Jember, and
elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java V Electoral District consists of the regency of Malang, together with the cities of
Batu and Malang, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java VI Electoral District consists of the regencies of Blitar, Kediri and Tulungagung,
together with the cities of Blitar and Kediri, and elects 9 members to the People's
Representative Council.

The East Java VII Electoral District consists of the regencies of Pacitan, Ponorogo, Trenggalek,
Magetan and Ngawi, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java VIII Electoral District consists of the regencies of Mojokerto, Jombang, Nganjuk
and Madiun, together with the cities of Madiun and Mojokerto, and elects 10 members to the
People's Representative Council.

The East Java IX Electoral District consists of the regencies of Bojonegoro and Tuban, and
elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java X Electoral District consists of the regencies of Gresik and Lamongan, and
elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.

The East Java XI Electoral District consists of the regencies of Bangkalan, Pamekasan,
Sampang and Sumenep (all on Madura Island), and elects 8 members to the People's
Representative Council.

Demography

According to the 2000 census, East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757
people at the 2010 Census,[27] and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census,[9] making it the second
most populous Indonesian province after West Java. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was
41,527,930.[1]

Akin to Central Java, the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java,
however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic
eruptions or droughts, the region has varying rates of
Historical population
population growth that are generally lower than national
average. Ethnic Javanese dominate the Java mainland as well Year Pop. ±%

as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic 1971 25,516,999 —

Madurese inhabit Madura and the Kangean and Masalembu 1980 29,188,852 +14.4%
archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the 1990 32,503,991 +11.4%
Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese 1995 33,844,002 +4.1%
people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct 2000 34,783,640 +2.8%
Javanese ethnicities such as the Tengger people in the Mount
2010 37,476,757 +7.7%
Bromo region, and the Samin and the Osing people in
2015 38,828,061 +3.6%
Banyuwangi. East Java also hosts a significant population of
2020 40,665,696 +4.7%
foreign ethnic groups, such as Chinese, Indians, and Arabs.
2023 41,527,930 +2.1%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2011,
2021 and 2024.[1]
Ethnic and linguistic composition

Ethnic Groups in East

Java[28]
Javanese (80.69%)
Madurese (17.53%)
Chinese (0.66%)
Others (1.12%)

Besides the national language (Indonesian), the people of East Java predominantly use the
Javanese in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java (Kulonan) is a similar
dialect to the one spoken in Central Java, with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In
the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is
spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable
for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram
dialect spoken around Surakarta and Yogyakarta, which is renowned for its smoothness) and
contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and
"loud".[29] Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former
utilizing a Balinese-influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter
speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-
innovative Javanese dialects.[30] Other than Javanese, minority language includes Madurese,
spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting the Madura Islands; though they
live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to
Balinese, and Sundanese.[31]

Religion

A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until Islam gradually supplanted
Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century. The last nobles and people of the fallen Majapahit fled to
Bali. Islam spread from northern cities in Java where many Muslim traders from Gujarat, India
stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and the cities along the
coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the eastern salient, or "Kawasan Tapal
Kuda" (the Horseshoe Region).

A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism
acculturation in Java.

Islamic Ampel Kayutangan Catholic Traditional East Java Tengger (Hindu

Mosque, Surabaya Church, Downtown Christian Church, temple) Pura Luhur
(circa 1920s) Malang (circa 1935) Mojowarno, Jombang Poten, near Bromo
Crater

Buddhist Maha Kwan Sing Bio

Vihara Mojopahit, Chinese Temple,
Trowulan, Mojokerto Tuban
Economy

East Java GDP share by

sector (2022)[32]
Agriculture (11.11%)
Manufacturing (30.60%)
Other Industrial (13.78%)
Service (44.51%)

Surabaya is one of the industrial,

transportational, commercial, and
financial center of Indonesia.

East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia,[33] and has
a high economic significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of
Indonesia.[34]

Industry

East Java has a number of large industries,[35] including the largest shipbuilding shipyard in
Indonesia, PT PAL in Surabaya, military industrial by Pindad in Southern Malang, largest railway
industry in Southeast Asia, Industri Kereta Api (INKA) in Madiun, PT Tjiwi Kimia, a paper mill
company based in Sidoarjo, Kertas Leces based in Probolinggo); cigarette factories (Wismilak in
Surabaya, Gudang Garam in Kediri, Sampoerna in Surabaya and Bentoel in Malang). In Gresik
there are Semen Gresik, and Petrokimia Gresik. In Tuban there are the largest cement factories in
Indonesia, namely Semen Indonesia (ex-Semen Gresik), and Semen Holcim and the
Petrochemical Refinery Area. The government has established 12 industrial estate companies,
including Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Pasuruan Industrial Estate
Rembang (PIER) in Pasuruan Regency, Madiun Industrial Estate Balerejo (MIEB) in Madiun, Ngoro
Industrial Park (NIP) in the Mojokerto Regency, Jabon Industrial Zone in Sidoarjo Regency, and
Lamongan Integrated Shorebase (LIS) in Lamongan Regency. Small industrial centers are spread
throughout the districts / cities, and some of them have penetrated exports; The leather craft
industry in the form of bags and shoes at Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo is one of the very famous small
industries.[35]

Energy and power plant

The Cepu Block, one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia, is refined in Bojonegoro. The power
plant in East Java is managed by PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali (PJB), which includes hydroelectricity
power plant (Ir. Sutami, Selorejo, Bening), thermal power station in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency;
which provides electricity to the Java-Bali system. Some regions develop micro hydro power
plants, and solar energy.[36]

Transportation

Roads

The Highway of Surabaya–

Mojokerto Toll Road

East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including the northern
coastal national road or locally known as pantura road (Anyer-Jakarta-Surabaya-Banyuwangi),[37]
and inland national roads (Jakarta-Bandung-Yogyakarta-Surabaya). The expressway network in
East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road; Gempol-Pandaan; Pandaan-Malang; Gempol-
Pasuruan; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions
with the southern and eastern salient (tapal kuda), the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road that connects
the middle and southern East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road;
Mojokerto-Kertosono; Ngawi-Kertosono; and Solo-Ngawi which connects East Java with Central
Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and Madura Island. In
the near future, the construction of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which
is the final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road, the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that
connects the industrial estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency; and Gresik Regency, as
well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road that connects East Java with cities on the northern
coast of Java.[38]

Railways

Jenggala train of Greater Surabaya

Commuter Line passing by Sidoarjo
station. This train serves the
easternmost rail route in East Java
specially in Greater Surabaya

The railway system in East Java has been built since the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies.
The railway line in East Java consists Surabaya Commuterline of the northern line (Surabaya
Pasar Turi-Semarang-Cirebon-Jakarta), the middle lane (Surabaya Gubeng-Yogyakarta-Bandung-
Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng-Malang-Blitar-Kertosono-Surabaya),
and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo-Jember-Ketapang). East Java also has a commuter
train transportation system with Bojonegoro-Surabaya-Sidoarjo, Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Porong,
Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Malang, and Jember-Banyuwangi routes.[39]

At present, the Surabaya Gubeng-Kertosono-Madiun line is being developed into a double track
and is planned to be completed by the end of 2018 or early 2019 and ready for use in mid-
2019.[40]

Harbors

Tanjung Perak is the second busiest sea

port in Indonesia after Tanjung Priok

Tanjung Perak International Port is Indonesia's main hub port in Northern Surabaya.[41] Other
international ports in East Java include Gresik Port and Java Integrated Industrial and Port Estate
in Gresik Regency, Tanjung Tembaga Probolinggo Port and Banyuwangi Port.[42] National ports
are Bawean Port in Gresik Regency, Pasuruan Port in Pasuruan City, Sapudi Port in Sumenep
Regency, Kalbut Port and Anchor Port in Situbondo Regency, Sapeken Port in Sumenep Regency,
Kangean Port in Sumenep Regency, and Muncar Port in Banyuwangi Regency. East Java has a
number of ferry ports, including Ujung Port (Surabaya), Kamal (Bangkalan, Madura) Port,
Ketapang Port (Banyuwangi), Kalianget Port (Sumenep), and Jangkar Port (Situbondo). Ujung-
Kamal route connects Java island (Surabaya) with Madura island, Ketapang Ferry Port connects
Java Island with Bali, Jangkar-Kalianget Route connects Java (Situbondo) with Madura Island,
and Kalianget also connects Madura Island with small islands in the Java Sea (Kangean and
Masalembu).[42]

Airports

Terminal 1 of Juanda International

Airport

Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency, located in the suburb of Surabaya and connects
the city with major cities in Indonesia and most major cities outside Indonesia. Other
international airport is Banyuwangi International Airport and Dhoho International Airport, which
connects the city in Indonesia. In Malang, there is a regional airport that connects the city with
Jakarta and Bali, namely Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport. In addition, there are other public airports
in the province such as Notohadinegoro Airport in Jember Regency, Iswahyudi Air Force Base in
Madiun Regency, Dhoho Airport in Kediri Regency, and Trunojoyo Airport in Sumenep Regency.[43]

Art and culture

Art

Reog, famous Ponorogoan dance

East Java has a number of distinctive art. Ludruk is one of the East Javanese art is quite well
known, namely the art of the stage that generally all the players are male. Unlike the Ketoprak
which tells the life of the palace, ludruk tells the daily life of ordinary people, often spiced with
humor and social criticism, and generally opened with Dance Remo, and parikan. Currently
traditional ludruk groups can be found in the area of Surabaya, Mojokerto and Jombang; although
its presence increasingly defeated by modernization.

Reog from Ponorogo is a typical art that has been patented since 2001, and has now also
become the icon of East Javanese art. Staging reog accompanied by horse braid (kuda lumping)
are accompanied by elements of the occult.[44] Famous arts of East Java include puppet purwa
East Javanese style, mask mastermind in Madura, and made. In the area Mataraman Middle
Javanese arts such as Ketoprak, and shadow puppets are quite popular. Famous legend of East
Java, among others Damarwulan, Angling Darma, and Sarip Tambak-Oso.

Gandrung, iconic Banyuwangi dance

Traditional dance in East Java can be generally grouped into Middle Javanese style, East
Javanese style, Osing style and Madurese styles. Classical dances include gandrung, gambyong
dance, dance srimpi, dance bondan, and wanderer. There is also a sort of lion dance culture in
East Java. Art exists in two districts namely, Bondowoso, and Jember. Singo Wulung is a
distinctive culture Bondowoso. While Jember have the tiger kadhuk. Both are art that is rarely
encountered.

Culture

Islamic Santri students celebrate

Santri day in Southern Malang

Culture and customs of Javanese in the western part of East Java received a lot of influence
from the Middle Javanese, so this area is known as Mataraman, indicating that the area was
once the territory of the Sultanate of Mataram. The area includes the former residency of Madiun
(Madiun, Ngawi, Magetan, Ponorogo, Pacitan), ex-residency Kediri (Kediri, Tulungagung, Blitar,
Trenggalek, Nganjuk), and part of Bojonegoro. As is the case in Central Java, wayang kulit, and
Ketoprak quite popular in this region.

East Java's west coast region is heavily influenced by the Islamic culture. This area covers an
area of Tuban, Lamongan and Gresik. In the past the north coast of East Java is the entry area,
and the center of the development of Islam. Five of the nine members of the walisongo are
buried in this area.

In the area of ex-residency of Surabaya (including Sidoarjo, Mojokerto and Jombang), and ex-
residency Malang, had little cultural influence Mataraman, considering this region is an area arek
(the term for offspring Kenarok), especially in the area of Malang that make this area difficult to
be affected by Mataraman culture.

Customs in horse hooves region heavily influenced by the culture of Madura, given the magnitude
of Madura tribe population in the region. Osing social mores of the culture is a blend of Java,
Madura and Bali. While the Tenggerese tribe is heavily influenced by Hindu culture.[45]

Villagers in East Java, as well as in Central Java, has ties based on friendship, and territorial.
Various ceremonies were held, among others: tingkepan (ceremony gestational age of seven
months for the first child), babaran (ceremony before the birth of the baby), sepasaran (ceremony
after the baby was five days), Pitonan (ceremony after the baby was seven months old),
circumcision, fiancé.

East Java's population generally embraced monogamy. Prior to application, the men doing the
show nako'ake (ask if the girl already had a husband), once that is done peningsetan
(application). The wedding ceremony was preceded by a gathering or kepanggih. Communities
on the west coast: Tuban, Lamongan, Gresik, even Bojonegoro has a habit of women's families
applying common man (Ganjuran), different from the usual habits of other regions in Indonesia,
where the men apply for women. And generally men will then be entered into the family of the
woman.

To pray for the deceased person, usually a family party did send donga on day 1, 3rd, 7th, 40th,
100th, 1 year and 3 years after death.

Education
 Airlangga University

Brawijaya University

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of

Technology

Campus Building

East Java is the province with the highest number of public universities in Indonesia.[46] Three
major cities for universities are Surabaya, Malang, and Jember; there is also a university at
Bangkalan on Madura island. Among them, notable university which are:

Airlangga University

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

Brawijaya University

State University of Surabaya

State University of Malang

Trunojoyo University

University of Jember

UIN Sunan Ampel

UIN Malang

University of Surabaya
 Wijaya Kusuma University

Widya Mandala Catholic University

Petra Christian University

Another important form of education that is available in most cities in East Java is the pesantren.
This is a kind of socio-education organized by Islamic clerics, and associated with local or
national Muslim organizations. Jombang and Ponorogo is a famous region for its pesantren.[47]
and the Indonesian Naval Academy (Akademi Angkatan Laut) located in Surabaya.

Media

East Java supports several regional media outlets. Local newspapers with provincial news reach
their readers earlier than their competitors from Jakarta. In the spirit of "providing more news
from around readers", most newspapers even issue municipal sections which are different
among their distribution areas. More startups media also develop for younger generation.

Jawa Pos Group, one of the major newspaper groups in Indonesia, based in Surabaya

Surya, newspaper based in Surabaya (owned by Kompas Group)

Suara Surabaya (E100 FM), most famous local radio and internet news in Surabaya and East
Java

IDN Times (https://www.idntimes.com/about-us) , multiplatform media for millennials and

generation z people

Tourism

Malang metropolitan region is a famous tourist destination in Indonesia with the City of Batu as
its center.[48]

East Java has a number of interesting sights. One of the tourist icon is Mount Bromo in East
Java, which is inhabited by the Tengger tribe, where the ceremony is held every year Kasada. In
the mountainous region of Tengger also there is a waterfall that is Madakaripura which is the last
hermitage Mahapatih Gajah Mada before serving in the kingdom of Majapahit. Madakaripura
Waterfall has a height of about 200 meters, which makes it the highest waterfall on the island of
Java and the second highest in Indonesia. East Java also has some other mountainous tourist
area of which is Malang Raya mountainous area known as the natural mountain tourist area that
includes Malang and Batu. Tretes and Trawas mountainous areas, are also known to have
characteristics such as Puncak area in West Java province. Other natural attractions in East Java
is the National Park (4 of 12 National Parks in Java) and Taman Safari Indonesia II in Prigen.
East Java is also contained relics of history in the classical era. Trowulan sites in Mojokerto,
once the center of the Majapahit Kingdom, there are dozens of temples and tombs of the kings
of Majapahit. Other temples spread throughout much of East Java, including Penataran temple in
Blitar.[49] In Madura, Sumenep is the center of the kingdom of Madura, where there are Kraton
Sumenep, museums, and the tombs of the kings of Madura (Asta Tinggi Sumenep).

East Java is known for its coastal scenery.[50] On the south coast there is the Prigi Beach, Pelang
Beach and Pasir Putih Beach in Trenggalek, Popoh Beach in Tulungagung, Ngliyep Beach, and
tourism areas such as the Jatim Park, Museum Angkut, Batu Secret Zoo, Batu Night Spectacular,
Eco Green Park in Batu, and the Watu Ulo Beach in Jember. East Java also has a beach that the
waves is one of the best in the world, namely the Plengkung Beach located in Banyuwangi. In
addition there Kenjeran Beach in Surabaya, and the White Sand Beach in Situbondo. Lake in East
Java, among others Sarangan in Magetan, Ir. Sutami Dam in Malang, and Selorejo Dam in Blitar.

In the coastal area of the north there are a number of tombs of the saints, which are places of
pilgrimage for Muslims.[51] Five of the nine walisongo are buried in East Java: Sunan Ampel in
Surabaya, Sunan Giri, and Maulana Malik Ibrahim in Gresik, Sunan Drajat in Paciran (Lamongan),
and Sunan Bonang in Tuban. In the northern coastal region, there are a number of caves,
including Maharani Cave in Lamongan and Tuban Akbar Cave and Cave Gong located in Pacitan.
Other pilgrimage sites include the tomb of Indonesia's first president Sukarno, in Blitar, as well as
the tomb of the fourth Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid, known as Gus Dur, in
Jombang.

Malang Metropolitan Region is a leading tourist destination in Indonesia with the City of Batu as
its center. Malang has various tourist areas including volcanoes to beaches, as well as man-
made tour of the history of travel to an international-class theme park with the support of inter-
provincial transportation via trains, buses, and airplanes are available in Malang. Surabaya is the
center of government, entertainment, financial, and business center of East Java, where there are
Tugu Pahlawan, the Museum MPU Tantular, Surabaya Zoo, Submarine Monument, Ampel Region,
and the Downtown Tunjungan area.
Jawa Timur Park in Madakaripura Ijen crater in Kedung Tumpang
Batu waterfall in Banyuwangi beach in Tulungagung
Probolinggo

House of Sampoerna, Trowulan, the capital Maulana Malik Sempu Island,

Surabaya of the Majapahit Ibrahim tomb located in the south
Empire, is one of the complex of Malang
largest
archaeological sites
in East Java

National parks

Deer in Baluran National Park

Meru Betiri National Park – Between Jember and Banyuwangi districts, this park covers
580 km2 (224 sq mi). Hard to get to, it contains coastal rainforest and scenery and is home to
abundant wildlife.

Alas Purwo National Park – This 434 km2 (168 sq mi) park is formed by the Blambangan
Peninsula (southeastern Java). Comprising mangrove, savanna, lowland monsoon forests and
 beaches, the park's name means First Forest in Javanese. Javanese legend says that the earth
first emerged from the ocean here.

Baluran National Park – This 250 km2 (97 sq mi) national park is located in northeastern Java,
known as The Little Africa, formerly extensive savanna has been largely replaced by Acacia.

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park – Located in East Java at the region of Probolinggo and
Pasuruan, 70 km (43 mi) from Surabaya the capital city of East Java province. Mount Bromo is
one of the great hiking and trekking destinations for overseas tourists. The scenic view of
Bromo also attracts hundreds of photo enthusiasts to see the views there.

Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park—This is located between Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Batu.
Covered Mount Arjuna, Mount Welirang, Mount Penanggungan, Mount Anjasmoro, Mount Kawi,
and Mt. Kelud.

Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a research centre in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. It has an
area of 85 hectares (210 acres) and more than 10,000 types of trees and many plant
collections. Callus cultures of Agave amaniensis by Setia Dewi were taken in 1988.[52]

Cuisine

Rujak Cingur, traditional dish from

East Java

Some typical East Javanese dishes include Bakso Malang, Rawon, and Tahu Campur
Lamongan.[53] Surabaya is famous for Rojak Cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clam satay,
mussels, and rice cakes.[54] Malang is popular for a variety of processed fruits (especially
apples), tempeh crisps, Bakpao telo, Bakso Malang, rawon, and Cwie noodles.[55] Kediri is
famous for tahu takwa, tahu pong, tungku fried rice and getuk pisang.[56][57] Madiun is known for
pecel madiun, and as a producer of Brem.[58] The subdistrict of Babat, Lamongan is famous as a
producer of wingko.[59] Bondowoso is also well known as a producer of tape. Gresik famous is
for nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, and bonggolan. Sidoarjo is famous for shrimp crackers,
shrimp paste, and petis. Ngawi is famous[60] for tempeh chips, tahu tepo, and nasi lethok. Blitar
has the typical food that is pecel. Rambutan is also native to Blitar. Banyuwangi is famous[61] for
sego tempong, salad soup, and pecel rawon. Jember have special food made of tape that is
Suwar-suwir and tape proll that is very sweet. Corn is known as one of the staple food of the
Madurese, while cassava is processed into gaplek, a staple food used to be a part of the
population in Pacitan and Trenggalek. Tulungagung is famous for its lodho, goat satay and pati
rice.[62] Ponorogo is famous for Satay Ponorogo, Tiwul Goreng and Dawet Jabung, Probolinggo is
famous for Ketan Kratok, Olok Crab, Glepungan Rice and Kraksaan Soto.

Sports

CLS Knights, most famous

professional basketball club in
Indonesia.

East Java is the province with the highest number of professional football clubs in Indonesia and
also province with clubs in top division league.[63] By 2023–24 Liga 1 (Indonesia), Indonesian
First League clubs from East Java are Persik, Madura United, Arema, and Persebaya. Arema and
Persebaya are football clubs from East Java who have become top teams in Indonesia by
repeatedly winning championships and national competitions and often as representatives of
Indonesia in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup between clubs in Asia.

East Java once hosted the Indonesian National Games (Indonesian: Pekan Olahraga Nasional),
namely PON VII in 1969, and PON XV in 2000, and became the overall champion of PON in 2000,
and 2008. Since 1996 the East Java Football Team always won medals gold was included in
2008, and was recorded as the fourth gold medal received consecutively.

East Java has several professional basketball clubs, mainly in Surabaya. The famous basketball
clubs namely CLS Knights Indonesia and Pacific Cesar Surabaya. East Java is also the venue for
several bicycle racing events namely Tour de East Java and Tour de Ijen.[64][65]

International relations

East Java is twinned with:

Western Australia, Australia – 1993.[66]

Shanghai, China – 2006.[67]

See also

Indonesia portal

Districts of East Java

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External links

East Java travel guide from Wikivoyage

Official website (http://www.jatimprov.go.id/) (in Indonesian)