12 A Healthy Body 中/EN

Flipped classroom

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12.4 Diet and health

A. Balanced diet

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12.4 Diet and health

To stay healthy, we should have a

balanced diet that:
• includes six main types of food
substances
• in the right amounts and proportions

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12.4 Diet and health

1. Food pyramid

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12.4 Diet and health

The food pyramid

is designed to help us
plan a balanced diet.

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12.4 Diet and health

EAT THE LEAST 1 Fat/oil, salt and sugar

2 Dairy products
(2 glasses)

3 Fish, meat,
EAT eggs, beans
MODERATELY (4–6 portions)
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12.4 Diet and health

EAT MORE 4 Vegetables

(1.5 bowls)
5 Fruits
(2 medium)
6 Grains
(4–6
bowls)

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12.4 Diet and health

7 Fluids
(6–8 glasses)
e.g. water, milk, tea or soup

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12.4 Diet and health

Balanced diet on a plate

A balanced diet can also
be presented in the shape
of a plate.
It helps us decide what to
eat in each meal.

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12.4 Diet and health

A balanced diet should include the six

main types of food substances in the
right amounts and proportions.

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12.4 Diet and health

2. Energy values of food

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12.4 Diet and health

Different foods have different

energy values.
Units of energy value:
Kilojoules per gram (kJ/g)
or
kilocalories per gram (kcal/g)

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.6

Comparing the energy

value of different foods

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.6
Study the food labels.

crackers butter cookies potato chips

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.6
1. Complete the table.
Food Carbohydrate Protein Fat Energy
(100g) (g) (g) (g) (kJ/100g)
crackers 70.1 10.1 11.6 1797.4
butter
cookies 60.1 6.3 27.1 2131.8
potato
chips 54.8 5.2 36.0 2290.6

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.6
2. (a)Which food has the highest energy
value per 100 g?
Potato chips
__________________________________
(b)Suggest why this food has a higher
energy value than the others.
It contains the largest amount of
______________________________
fat/lipids.
______________________________

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

Comparing the energy

value of different snacks

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

I. Prediction
(Answers may vary.) has the highest
___________________
energy value.

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

II. Variable table

Independent variable Dependent variable

increase in water
type of snack
temperature

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

II. Variable table

Controlled variables
type of snack
mass of snack ✓
volume of water ✓
Increase in water temperature

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

III. Procedure
1. Fill a boiling tube
with water (one-
third full).

Thermometer
(should not touch
the boiling tube) Do not clamp too tightly.
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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

2. Measure the temperature of the water.

Record your reading.
3. (a) Measure and record the mass of
the snack.

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

3. (b) Put the snack on

a burning spoon
and heat it in a
Bunsen flame.
snack

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

4. When the snack

starts to burn,
quickly put it
under the
boiling tube.

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

5. When the snack is completely burned,

record the temperature of the water.

If the flame goes out before the

snack is completely burned, heat
again and repeat Step 4.

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

6. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 using different

snacks.

You may also carry out this

experiment using a
calorimeter.

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

IV. Results
Increase in
Water Water Increase in
Type water
Mass of temperature temperature water
of temperature
snack (g) before after heating temperature
snack per gram of
heating (°C) (°C) (°C)
snack (°C/g)

(Answers may vary.)

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12.4 Diet and health

Experiment 12.10 Watch the Expt. video

V. Conclusion
(Name of snack) has the highest energy
__________________________________
value.
__________________________________

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12.4 Diet and health
Energy values of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins…

Food substance Energy value (kJ/g)

carbohydrates 17
lipids 39
proteins 18

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12.4 Diet and health
Why does Menu B have higher energy
value than Menu A?

MENU A MENU B

Boiled potatoes: 320 kJ French fries: 1310 kJ

Grilled chicken: 1000 kJ Fried chicken: 1240 kJ

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12.4 Diet and health

Energy of Energy of 1g
1g lipids ≈ 2X carbohydrates (17 kJ)
(39 kJ) or proteins (18 kJ)

Therefore, food rich in lipids have

higher energy values
Simulation
(Energy value of
food)

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12.4 Diet and health

The energy value of food is determined

carbohydrates
by the amounts of ________________,
lipids
______________ proteins
and ______________
it contains.

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12.4 Diet and health

3. Energy requirement
for different people

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12.4 Diet and health

Who requires more energy?

Final exam is It’s summer

coming. I have holiday. I play
to revise for tennis and go
the whole day. swimming
every day!
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12.4 Diet and health
Energy requirements of different
activities…
Energy per Energy per
Activity Activity
minute (kJ) minute (kJ)
sleeping 4 cycling 32
sitting 6 football 35
writing 7 tennis 35
studying 8 running 44
walking 12 swimming 46

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12.4 Diet and health

The more active we are,

the more energy we need.

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7

Energy requirements of
people of different age,
gender and occupation

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7
1. Daily energy requirement by age group
and gender:
Daily energy requirement (kJ)
7–10 11–14 15–18 19–50
years years years years
Male 8190 11 130 12 180 11 340
Female 7770 9660 10 080 9660

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7
1. (a)Compare the daily energy
requirements of males and females in
the same age group. Suggest a reason
for the difference.
Males generally have more muscles
________________________________
than females, thus require more
________________________________
energy to support muscle contraction.
________________________________

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7
1. (b)Which age group has the highest daily
energy requirement? Suggest a
possible reason.
Age group 15–18 years. They are
________________________________
more active and are growing rapidly.
________________________________

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7
2. Daily energy requirement by occupation:
Daily energy
Occupation Gender Age
requirement (kJ)
office worker female 28 9660
breastfeeding
female 28 11 340
mother
office worker male 30 12 000
construction
male 30 16 000
worker
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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7
2. (a)Why does a breastfeeding mother
need more energy than a female
office worker?
She needs extra energy to make
______________________________
breast milk for the baby.
______________________________

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.7
2. (b)Why does a male construction worker
need more energy than a male office
worker?
He needs more energy to do physical
________________________________
activities at work.
________________________________

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12.4 Diet and health

Daily energy requirement depends on:

Age
Who requires more
energy? Why?

Children/
teenagers:
More active and
growing rapidly

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12.4 Diet and health

Daily energy requirement depends on:

Gender
Who requires more
energy? Why?
Men: generally
have more
muscles, more
energy needed
for contraction Men Women
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12.4 Diet and health

Daily energy requirement depends on:

Activity level and occupation
Who requires more
energy? Why?
Construction
worker:
More energy
needed for
physical work
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12.4 Diet and health

Other factors affecting daily energy

requirement
• E.g., during pregnancy and
breastfeeding, extra energy needed to
support growth of the baby.

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12.4 Diet and health

The daily energy requirement of a

person depends on age, gender,
activity level and occupation.

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12.4 Diet and health

B. Unbalanced diet

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12.4 Diet and health

To stay healthy, we need to balance the

energy input (from food) and
energy output (activities).

ENERGY
= OUTPUT
same as

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12.4 Diet and health

1. Effects of over-eating
on body mass and health

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12.4 Diet and health

If we take in
more energy than we need
(eating too much), the energy will not
be used up.

ENERGY
> OUTPUT
is greater
than
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12.4 Diet and health

Excess energy:
stored in the
body as fats

Increase in
body mass

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12.4 Diet and health

Body mass exceeds normal level

 overweight
Seriously overweight  obese
Overweight/obese increases the risks
of many healthy problems:
• high blood pressure
• cardiovascular diseases
• diabetes
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12.4 Diet and health

2. Effects of under-eating
on body mass and health

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12.4 Diet and health

If we take in
less energy than we need
(eating too little):

ENERGY < ENERGY

INPUT OUTPUT
is less
than
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12.4 Diet and health

Body uses
stored fats to
release energy

Decrease in
body mass

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12.4 Diet and health

Body mass below normal level

 underweight

Underweight  possible health problems:

• poor growth
• weak muscles and bones
• weak immune system
• deficiency diseases

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12.4 Diet and health

May lead to serious

health problems and
even death.

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12.4 Diet and health

3. Body mass index

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12.4 Diet and health

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is

used to determine whether a person’s
body mass is within the normal range.

Body mass (kg)

BMI =
Height2 (m2)
Simulation
(The Body Mass
Index)

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12.4 Diet and health
BMI ranges of Chinese adults
living in Hong Kong

<18.5 18.5-22.9 23.0-24.9 = or >25.0

underweight normal overweight obese
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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.8

Calculating your BMI

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12.4 Diet and health

Activity 12.8
1. Measure your body mass and height.
Body mass:(Answers depend kg
______________
on the student.) m
Height: _________________
2. Calculate your BMI.
(Answers depend
Body mass (kg)
BMI = = on the student.)
_____________
Height2 (m2)

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12.4 Diet and health

• To stay healthy, we need to balance

the energy we obtain from food and
the energy we use for activities.
• Over-eating leads to an ___________
increase
in body mass, while under-eating
decrease in body mass.
leads to a ___________

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

Kate is 16 years old. The average daily

energy requirement of a girl of her age is
10 080 kJ.

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

Breakfast
Scrambled eggs 490 kJ

Chicken sausages 960 kJ

(2 pcs)
Toast 810 kJ
(with butter)
Milk tea 470 kJ
(with sugar)

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

Lunch
Cheeseburger 1300 kJ

Baked apple pie 1700 kJ

French fries 1340 kJ

(medium)
Soft drink 600 kJ
(1 cup)

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

Dinner
Rice 1900 kJ
(2 bowls)

Fried pork chop 1400 kJ

(2 pcs)

Chicken cream 580 kJ

soup

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

Snack
Ice-cream 1120 kJ
(1 cup)
Biscuits 230 kJ
(2 pieces)

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

(a)How much energy does Kate take in from

the above foods? Does her energy intake
match her daily energy requirement?
12 900 kJ. Her energy intake is too high.
__________________________________
(b)What type(s) of food does Kate’s diet lack?
Her diet lacks fruits and vegetables.
__________________________________

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12.4 Diet and health

12.7 e-Checkpoint 12.7

(c) What health problems may result if Kate

does not change her eating habits?
Becoming overweight/obese,
__________________________________
constipation, scurvy.
__________________________________

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