12 A Healthy Body 中/EN

Flipped classroom

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 1/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Do you know how food is changed into

nutrients in our bodies?

Food needs to be broken down into small,

simple and soluble substances by a
process called digestion.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 2/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

large, complex food

substances

Digestion
absorbed and used
broken down into by body cells
small, simple food
substances
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 3/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Food is broken down into small, simple

and soluble substances that can be
absorbed and used by our body cells.
digestion
This process is called ______________.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 4/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

A. Human digestive system

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 5/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Digestion and
absorption of food take
place in our
digestive system.

3D model
(Human digestive
system)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 6/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.4

Human digestive system

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 7/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.4
(a)mouth cavity
___________
(b) oesophagus
___________
alimentary stomach
(c)___________
canal
(d)small intestine
___________
(e)large intestine
___________
(f) anus
___________
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 8/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.4
salivary glands
digestive
glands (g) liver
__________

(h) pancreas
__________

gall bladder
(i) ___________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 9/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

The digestive system is

made up of:

alimentary canal

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 10/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

The digestive system is

made up of:

digestive glands

The digestive glands

produce
digestive juices.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 11/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

B. Types of digestion

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 12/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

There are two types of digestion…

Mechanical Chemical
digestion digestion

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 13/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

1. Mechanical digestion

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 14/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In mechanical digestion…
Food is broken into smaller pieces
without changing to a new substance.

mechanical
digestion
e.g.
large piece chewing smaller pieces
of food of food

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 15/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

2. Chemical digestion

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 16/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In chemical digestion…
Complex food substances are broken down
into simple food substances by chemical
reactions (require digestive enzymes).

chemical
starch digestion

enzyme
enzyme
glucose
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 17/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

• In ___________
mechanical digestion, food is
broken into smaller pieces without
forming a new substance.
• In ___________
chemical digestion, complex
food substances are broken down
into simple food substances by
chemical reactions.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 18/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

C. The process of
digestion and absorption

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 19/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

1. Digestion

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 20/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the mouth cavity

In the mouth cavity,

food is digested by:
• chewing (mechanical)
• the enzyme in saliva
(chemical)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 21/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the mouth cavity

Chewing:
• Chew with our teeth to
break food into smaller
pieces.
• Increases surface area
of the food for digestive
enzymes to work on.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 22/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the mouth cavity

Enzymes in saliva:
• Food mixed with saliva
secreted by the
salivary glands.
• Saliva makes food moist
(easier to swallow).
• Contains enzyme: breaks
down starch into sugar.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 23/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the oesophagus
• When we swallow, food
enters the
oesophagus.
• Peristalsis pushes food
down to the stomach.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 24/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the stomach

In the stomach, food is

digested by:
• churning (mechanical)
• the enzymes in gastric
juice (chemical)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 25/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the stomach
Churning:
• Muscles of stomach wall
contract and relax to
churn the food.
• Breaks food into smaller
pieces.
• Helps mix food with
gastric juice.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 26/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the stomach
Gastric juice:
• Secreted by the glands
in the stomach wall.
• Contains enzymes:
break down proteins

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 27/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the stomach
Gastric juice:
• Contains hydrochloric
acid:
1. kills bacteria in food
2. provides acidic
environment for
enzymes to work in.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 28/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

In the small intestine,
food is digested by:
• peristalsis
• action of bile (mechanical)
• enzymes in pancreatic
juice and intestinal
juice (chemical)
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 29/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

Peristalsis:
• Pushes food along the
small intestine.
• Helps mix the food with
digestive juices.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 30/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

Bile:
• Produced in the liver
and stored in the gall
bladder.
• Does not contain enzymes.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 31/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

Bile:
• Emulsifies lipids into
smaller oil droplets—
increases surface area
for enzymes to work on.
Lipid bile
small oil
droplets
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 32/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

Pancreatic juice and
intestinal juice:
• Pancreatic juice is secreted
by the pancreas.
• Intestinal juice is secreted
by the glands in the walls
of the small intestine.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 33/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

Pancreatic juice and
intestinal juice:
• Contain enzymes that
break down
carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 34/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

All carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins
Digestion completed
in the small intestine
Small, simple, soluble
substances

Ready to be absorbed
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 35/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

2. Absorption

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 36/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

Absorption takes place mostly in

the small intestine.

A small amount of food

substances are absorbed
in the stomach.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 37/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

complex food small, simple,
substances soluble
substances
digestion

cannot pass
through
wall
of small
intestine can pass through
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 38/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

mineral
complex food water
substances vitamin

digestion

cannot pass
through
wall
of small
intestine can pass through
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 39/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

small, simple food
substances and water

pass through
wall of small
intestine

enter blood
capillaries
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 40/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the small intestine

absorbed food carried to all parts

substances and water of the body via the
transport system

used by body cells

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 41/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

The human transport system

Consists of two systems:
• Circulatory system— transport water-
soluble substances (e.g. glucose)
• Lymphatic system— transport lipids
The lymphatic systems joins the
circulatory system near the heart.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 42/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the large intestine

The undigested
food (e.g. dietary
fibre) enters the
large
intestine.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 43/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

In the large intestine

Undigested food faeces
temporarily
minerals and most stored in the
of the remaining large intestine
water absorbed
passed out of the
a semi-solid waste body through the
called faeces anus
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 44/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

• Digestion of food takes place in the mouth

cavity, stomach and small intestine.
Mechanical Chemical
Location
digestion digestion
mouth chewing by starch broken
cavity teeth
___________ down by enzymes
in saliva

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 45/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Mechanical
Location Chemical digestion
digestion
stomach churning proteins broken
down by enzymes
gastric juice
in __________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 46/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Mechanical
Location Chemical digestion
digestion
small emulsification carbohydrates, lipids
intestine of lipids by and proteins broken
bile
___________ down by enzymes in
pancreatic juice
___________
intestinal juice
and _________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 47/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

• Digested food substances pass

through the wall of the
small intestine
________________ into the blood.
absorption
This is called ______________.
• Absorbed food substances are
carried to all parts of the body via
transport system
the ______________.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 48/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Organization of the human digestive system

• Many organs work together in a
coordinated way.
• As food passes through the digestive
system, various food substances are
gradually digested in different parts of the
system.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 49/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Organization of the human digestive system

• Digestive system is closely connected to
the transport system.
• Digested substances can be quickly
absorbed and carried to all parts of the
body.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 50/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

1. True or false
(a)Saliva makes food moist and easier T
to swallow.
(b)Bile is produced by the gall bladder. F

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 51/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

1. True or false
(c) Starch can pass through the wall of F
the small intestine into the blood.
(d)Most digested food substances are F
absorbed in the large intestine.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 52/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

2. Identify each part of

the human digestive
system and match with
the correct function.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 53/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

A. 5 ii B. 1 iv A
B
(5) mouth cavity (1) oesophagus
(ii) chewing of (iv) pushes food
food takes down to the
place here stomach by
peristalsis

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 54/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

C. 7 v D. 4 iii
(7) gall bladder (4) small intestine
(v) stores bile (iii) digestion of
food is C
completed D
here

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 55/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

E. 10 i F. 3 vi
(10) large intestine (3) anus
(i) absorbs most of (vi) an opening
the remaining where faeces
water; faeces are passed E
are formed here out of the F
body
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 56/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

G. 8 viii H. 2 vii G
(8) salivary glands (2) liver
(viii) secrete saliva (vii) produces H
with an bile which
enzyme that emulsifies
breaks down lipids
starch
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 57/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.4 e-Checkpoint 12.4

I. 9 ix J. 6 x
(9) stomach (6) pancreas
(ix) churns food (x) secretes
and secretes pancreatic juice I
gastric juice with with enzymes that J
enzymes that break down
break down carbohydrates,
proteins lipids and proteins
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 58/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

D. The role of enzymes

in chemical digestion

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 59/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Different digestive juices contain

different enzymes.
Enzymes are involved in the
chemical digestion of food.

Complex food Simple food

substances substances
enzymes

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 60/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food
Different digestive juices contain
different enzymes.
Digestive Contains enzymes
Produced by
juice mainly for digesting
salivary
saliva starch
glands
gastric walls of
proteins
juice stomach

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 61/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food
Different digestive juices contain
different enzymes.
Digestive Contains enzymes
Produced by
juice mainly for digesting
pancreatic carbohydrates,
pancreas
juice lipids and proteins
walls of
intestinal carbohydrates and
small
juice proteins
intestine
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 62/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

Studying the chemical

digestion of starch by
enzymes

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 63/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

1. Set up two test tubes A and B.

2 cm3 starch 2 cm3 starch

solution + solution +
2 cm3 distilled 2 cm3 amylase
water (enzyme)
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 64/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

2. Put the test tubes in a beaker of warm

water at 37 °C for 15 minutes.

Why 37 °C ?

warm water
(37 °C)
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 65/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

3. Add 2 drops of iodine

solution to each test
tube and mix gently.

Observe any colour

change in the iodine
solution.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 66/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

3. (a)When iodine solution is added to test

tube A, its colour
changes to blue-black This shows
____________________.
that starch _______
is (is/is not) present.
(b)When iodine solution is added to test
remains brown This
tube B, its colour _____________.
is not (is/is not)
shows that starch ________
present.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 67/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. Is there any difference between your
observations in Steps 3(a) and 3(b)? If so,
explain what causes this difference.
Yes.
__________________________________
The amylase in test tube B has broken
down
__________________________________
the starch. Therefore, starch is not
present
__________________________________
in test tube B. Test tube A does not
have
__________________________________
amylase and so starch is still present.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 68/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.8 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
2. What is the purpose of setting up test
tube A?
It act as a control to show that the
_________________________________
result in test tube B is due to the
_________________________________
presence of amylase.
_________________________________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 69/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Different digestive juices contain

enzymes
____________ for the chemical
digestion of different food substances.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 70/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.5 e-Checkpoint 12.5

How does the bread It starts to

change when you taste sweet.
chew it? It becomes
soft.

It becomes
moist.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 71/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.5 e-Checkpoint 12.5

1. (a)Which student’s answer suggests that

chemical digestion has taken place?
A
________________________________
(b)Which digestive juice is involved in (a)?
Saliva
________________________________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 72/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.5 e-Checkpoint 12.5

2. Which of the following statements

about digestive enzymes is/are correct?
(1) Digestive enzymes break down complex food
substances into simple food substances.
(2) Mechanical digestion requires digestive
enzymes.
(3) Gastric juice contains enzymes for digesting
lipids.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 73/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.5 e-Checkpoint 12.5

2. Which of the following statements

about digestive enzymes is/are correct?
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
A
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 74/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

E. Our teeth and oral health

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 75/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

1. Types and functions

of human teeth

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 76/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Humans have four types of teeth:

incisor
• chisel-shaped
• sharp edge
• for biting and cutting food
canine
• pointed
• for tearing food
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 77/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Humans have four types of teeth:

premolar
• broad chewing surface
• have cusps
• for crushing and
grinding food

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 78/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Humans have four types of teeth:

molar
• broader chewing
surface than premolar
• the largest in size
• have more cusps
• for crushing and
grinding food
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 79/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

We have four types of teeth: incisor,

canine
_____________, premolar
_____________and
_____________.
molar They have different
shapes and functions.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 80/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Extension
2. Structure of teeth

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 81/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.5

Extension
Studying a human
tooth model

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 82/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.5

Identify and label the main

parts of a human tooth.

Extension
3D model
(Human teeth)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 83/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.5
crown
(a) __________

Extension
neck
(b) __________

root
(c) __________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 84/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Activity 12.5
enamel
(d) __________
dentine
(e) __________

Extension
pulp cavity
(f) __________
gum
(g) __________
nerve
cementum
(h)periodontal membrane
________________
jawbone
(i) ___________
blood vessel
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 85/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

A tooth is divided into three parts:

• The crown (exposed

part)

Extension
• The neck (surrounded
by gum)

• The root (embedded

inside the jawbone)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 86/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Enamel: non-living tissue; hardest material;

protects the tooth from damage
enamel

Extension
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 87/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Dentine: a bone-like living tissue

enamel

Extension
dentine

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 88/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Pulp cavity: centre of the tooth; contains

blood vessels and nerves
enamel

Extension
dentine
pulp cavity

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 89/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Cementum : attaches root to jawbone

through periodontal membrane
enamel

Extension
dentine
pulp cavity

Cementum

periodontal membrane
(with fibres)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 90/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

enamel
dentine
pulp cavity

Extension
gum

cementum
nerve
periodontal membrane
(with fibres)
jawbone
blood vessel

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 91/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Extension
Different types of teeth have
different shapes and functions
but similar structures.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 92/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Extension
3. Oral diseases

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 93/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Tooth decay

Tooth decay is caused by the

Extension
action of bacteria in our mouth.
After eating,
bacteria + food debris
 form plaque (sticky layer) on
the surface of the teeth.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 94/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Tooth decay
Bacteria in plaque
act on sugar

Extension
Produce acid

Damage the
enamel and
1 make a hole
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 95/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Tooth decay

Tooth decay
spreads to dentine

Extension
The hole becomes
larger and deeper

2
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 96/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Tooth decay

Tooth decay
reaches pulp cavity

Extension
Irritates the nerve
causes toothache
3
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 97/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Our saliva is slightly alkaline,

which helps neutralize the acid in
our mouth.

Extension
pH value in our mouth returns to
normal in about 30 minutes after
eating.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 98/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

What does snacking

Frequent snacking
lead to tooth decay?

Environment in

Extension
mouth frequently
becomes acidic

Higher risk of
tooth decay!!
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 99/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

Extension
Studying the effects
of soft drinks on a
pig’s tooth

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 100/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

1. Observe the pig’s teeth. Record their

appearance (colour, texture and shape)

Extension
You may take a photo for reference.
2. Measure and record the mass of the
teeth.

Wear gloves.
Animal specimen may carry germs.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 101/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

3.

Extension
25 cm3 soft drink 25 cm3 distilled water
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 102/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

3. (b)Put a pig’s tooth in each beaker

(totally immersed). Leave for

Extension
24 hours.
pig’s
tooth

25 cm3 soft drink 25 cm3 distilled water

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 103/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

4. Pick up the pig’s teeth with a pair of

forceps and leave to dry for five minutes.

Extension
Repeat Steps 1 and 2.

5. Put the pig’s teeth back into their

corresponding beaker for another 24
hours. Repeat Step 4.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 104/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

Results
In soft drink In distilled water

Extension
Appearance Mass Appearance Mass
of tooth (g) of tooth (g)
Before white/pale white/pale
immersing yellow, (may yellow, (may
smooth, vary.) smooth, vary.)
(hard) (hard)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 105/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

Results
In soft drink In distilled water

Extension
Appearance Mass Appearance Mass
of tooth (g) of tooth (g)
After stained
immersing brown, (may (may
for 24 no change
rougher, vary.) vary.)
hours
(softer)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 106/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

Results
In soft drink In distilled water

Extension
Appearance Mass Appearance Mass
of tooth (g) of tooth (g)
After stained
immersing brown, (may (may
for 48 no change
rougher, vary.) vary.)
hours (softer)

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 107/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

Results
What effects does soft drink have on the

Extension
pig’s tooth?
It stains and damages the surface of the
___________________________________
pig’s tooth. (It may also cause it to
___________________________________
become softer and decrease in mass.)
___________________________________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 108/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Experiment 12.9 Watch the Expt. video

After the experiment:

Extension
• Clean the bench with disinfectant.
• Wash your hands thoroughly with
soap.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 109/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Periodontal disease
If we do not brush our teeth properly

Extension
Plaque accumulate
between teeth and
gums

Gradually hardens
to form calculus calculus
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 110/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Periodontal disease

Bacteria secretes toxins

Extension
Gums become red
and swollen

Periodontal
disease swollen gum
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 111/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Periodontal disease

1. Plaque gums

Extension
accumulates become
and hardens red and
to form swollen
calculus.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 112/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Periodontal disease

2. Calculus

Extension
spreads and
pushes gums
away from
tooth.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 113/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Periodontal disease

Extension
3. Periodontal Tooth
membrane is becomes
destroyed. loose and
(serious case) fall out.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 114/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Extension
4. Oral care

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 115/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

How to protect our teeth and gums?

1
Brush our teeth twice a
day.

Extension
2
Use toothpaste that
contains fluoride.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 116/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

How to protect our teeth and gums?

3
Use dental floss to
remove plaque

Extension
between teeth.

4
Chew sugar-free gum
after meals to stimulate
secretion of saliva.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 117/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

How to protect our teeth and gums?

5
Have a balanced diet
including calcium and

Extension
vitamin D.

6
Avoid frequent
snacking.
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 118/123
12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

How to protect our teeth and gums?

7
Have dental check-ups

Extension
at least once a year.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 119/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

Extension
Taking good care of our teeth and gums
can prevent oral diseases such as tooth
periodontal disease.
decay and _____________

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 120/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.6 e-Checkpoint 12.6

1. True or false

Extension
(a)Incisors are used for cutting food. T

(b)Canines have broad chewing

F
surfaces.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 121/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.6 e-Checkpoint 12.6

1. True or false

Extension
E (c) Dentine is made up of living T
tissues.

E (d)The nerves in teeth supply the

F
teeth with nutrients.

Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 122/123

12.3 Digestion and absorption of food

12.6 e-Checkpoint 12.6

E 2. Which of the following habit(s) can help

prevent tooth decay?

Extension
(1)Avoid frequent snacking.
(2)Brush our teeth twice a day.
(3)Use toothpaste that contains fluoride.
A. (1) only B. (1) and (2) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) D
Aristo 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Slide 123/123