MODULE 8 : GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Sex and Gender Differentiated (pg.132-133)
Sex vs. Gender: Key Differences
1. Sex: Biological characteristics (chromosomes, hormones, anatomy)
typically categorized as female or male.
2. Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities
(masculine, feminine, diverse).
Key Points
1. Sex is biological; gender is cultural and social.
2. Gender identity exists on a spectrum, not just binary (male/female).
3. Gender influences self-perception, interactions, and societal power
dynamics.
4. Gender roles and expectations vary across cultures and individuals.
Simple Example
- Sex: Your biological characteristics (e.g., female, male)
- Gender: How you identify (e.g., woman, man, non-binary,
genderqueer)
Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation (pg.133)
Gender Identity vs. Sexual Orientation
1. Gender Identity: Your internal sense of being male, female, both,
neither, or something else. It may or may not match your birth sex.
2. Sexual Orientation: Who you're attracted to romantically, emotionally,
or sexually (e.g., gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, asexual).
Key Differences
1. Gender identity is about who you are.
2. Sexual orientation is about who you're attracted to.
Gender Expression
1. How you show your gender through appearance, behavior, and
choices (e.g., name, pronouns, dress).
2. External expression of your gender identity.
Examples
1. Gender identity: "I am a woman/man/non-binary."
2. Sexual orientation: "I'm attracted to men/women/both/neither."
3. Gender expression: Using pronouns, clothing, or hairstyles to express
your gender.
Understanding Gender (pg.133-134)
Gender affects individuals' and societies' economic, social, and
private lives. It influences:
Social and Economic Inequalities
1. Poverty: Women (12.9%) more than men (10.6%) live in poverty
(2018).
2. Education: Women have less access to basic and higher education.
3. Health: Women face greater health risks.
4. Politics: Women have less representation.
Defining Gender
1. Socially constructed norms and expectations for men and women.
2. Influences behavior, access to resources, and opportunities.
Why Understanding Gender Matters
1. Identifies barriers to services and economic resources.
2. Targets interventions effectively.
3. Promotes equality and social development.
Key Takeaway: Recognizing gender differences helps address
inequalities and promote fair access to resources and opportunities.
Defining Gender and Development (GAD) (pg.134)
What is Gender and Development (GAD)?
GAD is an approach that:
Key Principles
1. Promotes gender equality
2. Empowers women and men
3. Encourages participation and self-determination
4. Respects human rights
5. Fosters sustainable development
Goals
1. Transform societal norms and structures
2. Challenge traditional gender roles
3. Recognize women as active agents of change
4. Strengthen women's legal rights and political participation
Overall Objective
Achieve gender equality and inclusive development.
Gender and Development's 0bjectives (pg.134)
Gender and Development (GAD) has the following goals:
(1) It aims to equalize men's and women's status and conditions, as well
as their relationships, by influencing the processes and outcomes of
policy-making, planning, budgeting, implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation to address gender issues and concerns affecting women's full
development;
(2) It promotes gender equality as a core value that should reflect in
development decisions, and it asserts that women are active agents of
Development rather than passive recipients and beneficiaries;
(3) It focuses on Gender Mainstreaming, which is a strategy to integrate
the concerns and experiences of women and men in the design,
implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies, programs, and
projects across all social, political, civil, and economic spheres so that
women and men benefit equally; and
(4) It assesses the impact of any planned action, including legislation,
policy, or program, on women and men in all areas and levels.
History of Gender and Development (GAD) (pg.135-136)
1980s
1. GAD emerges: Replaces Women in Development (WID) approach,
focusing on gender roles and societal expectations.
1989, February 17
1. Philippine Development Plan for Women: President Corazon Aquino
signs Executive Order 348.
1995
1. Fourth World Conference on Women: Beijing, China. Identifies 12 key
areas for gender equality.
Key Areas for Action (Fourth World Conference)
1. Poverty and inequality
2. Education and training
3. Health care
4. Violence against women
5. Conflict effects
6. Economic inequality
7. Power sharing
8. Advancement mechanisms
9. Human rights
10. Media representation
11. Environmental management
12. Girl child rights
2. Philippine Plan for Gender and Development: Approved by President
Fidel V. Ramos (Executive Order 273).
2009, August 14
1. Magna Carta of Women: RA 9710 passed to eliminate discrimination
and promote women's rights.
2011, October 21
1. GAD Focal Point System: Memorandum Circular 2011-01 issued to
strengthen GAD guidelines.
Key GAD Objectives
1. Equalize opportunities
2. Empower women
3. Mainstream gender concerns
4. Assess impact on women and men
Constitutional Basis of Gender and Development (GAD)
(pg.136-137)
Key Provisions
1. Equality: The State ensures equal rights for women and men (Article
II, Section 14).
2. Women's Protection: Safe working conditions, maternal care, and
welfare support (Article XIII, Section 14).
3. Healthcare: Priority access for underprivileged groups, including
women, children, elderly, and disabled (Article XIII, Section 11).
Summary
The 1987 Philippine Constitution guarantees:
1. Gender equality
2. Special protection for working women
3. Accessible healthcare for vulnerable groups
(pg.137-139)
Gender and Development (GAD) related laws and issuances in the
Philippines:
Constitutional Basis
1. 1987 Philippine Constitution (Art. II, Sec. 14): Ensures equal rights for
women and men.
2. 1987 Philippine Constitution (Art. XIII, Sec. 14): Protects working
women.
3. 1987 Philippine Constitution (Art. XIII, Sec. 11): Prioritizes healthcare
for vulnerable groups.
Anti-Discrimination Laws
1. RA 6725 (1989): Prohibits employment discrimination against women.
2. RA 7877 (1995): Declares sexual harassment unlawful.
3. RA 11313 (2019): Defines gender-based sexual harassment.
4. Senate Bill 689 (pending): Prohibits SOGIE-based discrimination.
Women's Welfare Laws
1. RA 6949 (1990): Declares March 8 as National Women's Day.
2. RA 6955 (1990): Prohibits mail-order bride practices.
3. RA 6972 (1990): Establishes day care centers.
4. RA 7322 (1992): Increases maternity benefits.
5. RA 7655 (1993): Increases minimum wage for house helpers.
6. RA 10361 (2013): Protects domestic workers.
7. RA 9710 (2009): Magna Carta of Women.
Violence Against Women Laws
1. RA 8353 (1997): Expands definition of rape.
2. RA 8505 (1998): Provides assistance to rape victims.
3. RA 9262 (2004): Defines violence against women and children.
4. RA 11596 (2021): Prohibits child marriage.
Other Laws
1. EO 227 (1987): Amends Family Code provisions.
2. EO 273 (1995): Approves Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development.
3. Joint Circular No. 2012-01 (2012): Guidelines for GAD plans and
budgets.
4. RA 7192 (1991): Promotes women's integration in development.
5. RA 8171 (1995): Allows repatriation of Filipino women who lost
citizenship.
6. RA 8972 (2000): Provides benefits for solo parents.
Gender Concepts (pg.139-142)
Bullying comprises of behavior that attacks and diminishes another by
subjecting the recipient to unjustified criticism and trivial fault-finding,
humiliating the recipient (especially in front of others), or ignoring,
overruling, isolating, and excluding the recipient.
Discrimination occurs when a person receives adverse treatment or
impact, whether intentional or unintentional, as a result of their gender
identity. It can be direct and obvious or subtle and hidden, but it is always
harmful. It can also occur on a larger systemic level, such as
organizational rules or policies that appear neutral but end up excluding
gender-diverse people.
Gender Analysis. A framework for comparing the relative advantages
and disadvantages women and men face in various areas of life, such as
the family, workplace, school, community, and political system. It also
considers how class, age, race, ethnicity, culture, social status, and other
factors interact with gender to produce discriminatory outcomes.
Gender Audit. A type of social or quality audit that determines whether
an organization's internal gender mainstreaming practices and related
support systems are effective, mutually reinforcing, and being followed.
This tool or process assists organizations in developing a baseline,
identifying critical gaps and challenges, and recommending solutions.
Gender-based violence (GBV). Violence aimed directly at a pe based
on their gender. GBV affects both men and women, but women and girls
are the majority of victims.
Gender Discrimination. Treating people differently is based solely on
their gender rather than their abilities or skills.
Gender Equality. It occurs when people of all genders have equal
rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. Gender inequality affects
everyone: men, women, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex,
queer/questioning, and asexual. Gender equality does not advocate for
all people to become the same, but rather that they should have equal
rights, responsibilities, and opportunities as individuals that are not
determined by their gender at birth.
Gender Equity. It involves treating men and women equally based on
their individual needs.
Gender Gap. The disparity between men and women in areas such as
health, education, political empowerment, and economic empowerment.
Gender Mainstreaming. A strategy for incorporating all peoples
concerns and experiences into all areas and levels of legislation,
policies, and programs, so that men, women, lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, intersex, queer, and asexual all benefit equally.
Gender Parity. It refers to men and women having equal access to
resources, which is frequently used in education.
Gender Roles. Social constructs dictate how we should act, speak,
dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based on our assigned sex.
Women and girls, for example, are expected to dress traditionally, and
they should act feminine, polite, accommodating, and nurturing. On the
other hand, men and boys are stereotyped as being strong, aggressive,
and daring.
Harassment is any unwanted physical, verbal, or implied behavior that
causes a reasonable person to feel uneasy, humiliated, or mentally
distressed. Racial or sexual slurs, name-calling, racist or sexist jokes,
negative stereotyping, physical assault, bullying, threats, demeaning
pictures, posters, and graffiti are all examples of harassment.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Domestic violence committed by a
partner or ex - partner in an intimate relationship against the other
partner or ex - partner.
Marginalization. A condition in which an entire group of people is
denied from useful and meaningful participation in political, social,
economic, and cultural life.
Marginalized. An individual or group of people who have limited access
to basic services or opportunities.
Objectification. This occurs when a person is treated as a commodity or
an object without regard for their personality or dignity. For example, it is
common in the media for women to be photoshopped and airbrushed,
putting much more emphasis and value on their external appearance
over other capacities. This impacts girls' body image, self-esteem, and
ultimately the value they place on themselves.
Patriarchy. A societal structure that institutionalized men's physical,
social, and economic dominance over women.
Sex and Gender. Sex refers to biological characteristics that distinguish
someone as female or male, whereas gender refers to socially
determined ideas and practices about what it means to be female or
male.
Social Justice. A political and philosophical theory that emphasizes
fairness in interpersonal relationships and equal access to wealth,
opportunities, and social privileges.
Social Protection. Policies and programs that seek to reduce poverty
and vulnerability to risks and enhance the social status and rights of all
women, especially the marginalized by promoting and protecting
livelihood and employment, protecting against hazards and sudden loss
of income, and improving people's capacity to manage risk. Its
components are labor market programs, social insurance, social welfare,
and social safety nets (RA 9710, 2009)
Trans or transgender people have gender identities and expressions
that differ from stereotypical gender norms. Transgender people include
trans women (male-to-female), trans man (female-to-male),
transsexuals, cross-dressers, gender nonconforming, gender variants,
and gender queers.
Violence Against Women. Any act of gender-based violence that
causes or is likely to cause physical, sexual, or psychological harm or
suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty, whether committed in public or private life (RA
9710, 2009)
Women's Empowerment. The process and condition in which women
mobilize to understand, identify, and overcome gender discrimination to
achieve welfare equality and equal access to resources. In this context,
women become development agents rather than beneficiaries, allowing
them to make decisions based on their own opinions and perspectives.
Women>s empowerment is both a desired outcome and a necessary
process in the advancement of women.
Women's Human Rights. The acceptance that women's rights are
human rights and that women face discrimination solely because of their
gender.
REMEMBER
1 Corinthians 11:11-12: "Nevertheless, in the Lord, woman is not
independent of man, nor is man independent of woman. For as woman
came from man, so also man is born of woman. But everything comes
from God."
1 Corinthians 11:11-12:
"Men and women are equal and interconnected in God's eyes.
Woman came from man,
but men are born from women.
Ultimately, everything comes from God."
THANK YOU!
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NAKAABOT KA DITO MAG ANGRY REACT KA DON.
