KATARA , BHOPAL
SESSION 2024 - 25
PHYSICS
PROJECT FILE
SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO :
SHAMBHAVI MALVIYA Er. SACHIN GUPTA SIR
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics teacher
Er. Sachin Gupta Sir for his vital support , guidance and encouragement without which this
Practical file would not have been completed from my side.
I have a deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr. Rajesh Sharma and teachers who
always extend help to us. I am grateful for all the help and guidance provided by our school.
NAME OF STUDENT : SHAMBHAVI MALVIYA
CLASS : XII
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that_________________________________ of class 12th of Roll. No
____________________ of The Ivy Global School , Bhopal during the academic year
2024-2025 has successfully completed the project of Physics on _________________
under the guidance of ________________________during the Year 2024-25.
Teacher In-Charge
--------------------------
Examiner’s Signature Principal’s Signature
------------------------- --------------------------
TITLE: Study of phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
CONTENT
o Aim of project
o Introduction
o Theory
o Principle
o Applications of EMI
o Observations
o Conclusion
o Bibliography
AIM
TO STUDY THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDCTION
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRO MAGNET:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by electric
current. The magnetic field disappears when current is turned off.
INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing
magnetic field is called induction.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a
conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecule in another object
to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a
radio transmitter).
Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic flux
linking a conductor change.
PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a conductor
placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current -- it is said to induce the
current.
THEORY
INVENTION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831 though it may
have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832,
Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.
MAGNETIC FLUX(φ ):
Total number of magnetic field lines passing perpendicular to the surface is called Magnetic
Flux.
ɸ=BAcosɵ
ɸ=B.A
INDUCED EMF:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be generated in the coil. This
effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.
LENZ’S LAW:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the
polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts
to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.
FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT:
➢ FARADAY’S FIRST EXPERIMENT:-
(To generate electric current)
In conclusion to this faraday stated his first law:
▪ FARADAY’S FIRST LAW:
As there is change in magnetic flux emf induces in it. And is lasts long as there is
change in magnetic flux.
➢ FARADAY’S SECOND EXPERIMENT:-
In his second experiment he noticed that, due to change in current in primary coil
magnetic field line linking with the secondary coil also change due to which emf
induces in it.
in conclusion to this he stated his second law:
▪ FARADAY’S SECOND LAW:
emf induced is directly proportional to rate of change of flux.
e α dɸ/dt
e= -dɸ/dt
if there are N number of turns in a coil then,
e= -Ndɸ/dt
➢ APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
ELECTRICAL GENERATOR:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement of a circuit and a
magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a permanent
magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If
the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy
is generated, converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.
ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical transformers. When the
electric current in a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic
field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, dB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive force is set
up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this
loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
➢ SELF INDUCTANCE:
When current is flowing in a coil, it opposes the change in flux in it by inducing the
opposite direction of current.
If ɸ flux is linking with the coil when I current is passing through it,
ɸαI
ɸ = LI
L = ɸ/I
Here L is coefficient of self induction.
Its unit is Henry.
If the rate of change of current is 1 Ampere per second then self inductance is equal to the
magnitude of emf.
➢ MUTAL INDUCTANCE:
It is the phenomenon that causes an induced EMF to be generated in a coil of circuit
due to the change in the flow of current in the neighbouring coil or circuit.
It is the property of a pair of coils.
For a pair of coils, mutual inductance depends on their dimensions as well as
respective orientations.
ɸαi
ɸ = Mi
M = ɸ/i
ɸ = Mi
dɸ/dt = Mdi/dt
-e = M di/dt
e = -M di/dt
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil and observe the changes in
the galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number of turns and the variation
in the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
OBSERVATIONS:
I. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of galvanometer gets deflected
in different directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil, the deflection is towards
right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying speed, the speed of
deflection changes accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current in the coil.
RESULT:
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in number of turns in the coil
more the number of turns in the coil greater is the deflection.
.
CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is relative motion between a
conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil changes and this change in flux
induces a voltage across a coil.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
* Physics NCERT class XII
* [Link]
* Google search engine
* Learn cbse
