Z-transform

Lecture 2

 Properties of ROC
 Characteristic families of signals along with ROCs
 Z-transform on sequences with examples and exercises
 Numerical Problem and solution

Properties of ROC for Z-transform:

1. The shape of ROC is disc or ring type in z-plane.

2. ROC must be connected region in z-plane.
3. ROC can not contain any pole.
4. For finite duration and causal signal, ROC is entire z plane except z=0 .
5. For finite duration and anti-causal signal, ROC is entire z plane except z=∞.
6. For finite duration and non-causal signal, ROC is entire z plane except z=0∧z=∞ .
7. For infinite duration, causal signal, ROC is exterior of a circle with radius r 1 in z-plane,
i.e., |z|>|r 1| .
8. For infinite duration, anti-causal signal, ROC is interior of a circle with radius b in z-
plane, i.e., |z|<|r 2|.
9. For infinite duration, non-causal signal, ROC is the intermediate region between two
circle with radius a and b wherer 1 <r 2 , i.e., ROC:|r 1|<|z|<|r 2|.
10. For a BIBO stable system, ROC must include the unit circle in z-plane.

Z-transform of any arbitrary signals and standard signals:

Problem 1:

Find the Z-transform and ROC of the following signals:

i. x ( n )=δ (n) ---Unit impulse or sample signal

ii. x ( n )=δ (n−k ) ---Time shifted unit impulse or sample signal
n
iii. x (n)=a u (n) ----single sided exponential signal
|n|
iv. x (n)=a ----double sided exponential signal
v. x (n)=u (n) ------unit step signal
vi. x (n)=u (n−k) ------time shifted unit step signal
vii. x ( n )=cos ( ω o n ) , whenn ≥ 0----- Cosinusoidal signal

()
n
1
viii. x (n)= u (n+2)
2
 ()
|n−1|
1
ix. x (n)=
2

Solution:

i) The given discrete time signal: x ( n )=δ (n)

Now, Z- Transform of the signal x(n),

∞
Z [ x ( n ) ] =X ( z )= ∑ x (n)z −n
n =−∞

As δ ( n )= {1;0 ; forfor n=0

n≠0

|
∞
∴ X ( z )= ∑ 1 . z−n
n=0
=1
n=−∞

Z [ δ ( n ) ] =1( Ans .)

ii) The given discrete time signal: x ( n )=δ (n−k )

Now, Z- Transform of the signal x(n),

∞
Z [ x ( n ) ] =X ( z )= ∑ x (n)z −n
n =−∞

As δ ( n−k )= {1;0 ; for n=k

for n ≠ k

|
∞
∴ X ( z )= ∑ 1 . z−n
n=k
=z −k
n=−∞

Z [ δ ( n−k ) ] =z ( Ans .)
−k

iv) The given discrete time signal: x ( n )=a|n| for|a|<1[Double exponential signal]

Now, When n> 0∧|a|<1 , then x ( n )=an u (n)

Also , when n<0∧|a|<1 , then x ( n )=a u (−n−1)

−n

Therefore, we can write the given signal,

|n|
x ( n )=a (for|a|<1)=a u (n)+a u(−n−1)(for|a|<1)
n −n
 ∴ x ( n )=a u(n)+ a u(−n−1)for|a|<1
n −n

Now, Z-Transform of the signal x(n),

∞ ∞
Z [ x ( n ) ] =X ( z )= ∑ x (n)z −n= ∑ [ an u(n)+a−n u (−n−1) ] z−n
n =−∞ n=−∞

∞ ∞
∴ X ( z )= ∑ a u(n) z + ∑ a−n u(−n−1)z−n
n −n

n=−∞ n=−∞

{
As ,u ( n )= 1 , for n ≥ 0 ∧u (−n−1 )= 1, for n<0
0 , for n<0 0 , for n ≥ 0 {
∞ −1
∴ X ( z )=∑ a n .1 . z−n + ∑ a−n .1 . z−n
n=0 n=−∞

∞ −1
∴ X ( z )=∑ ( az−1 ) + ∑ ( az )
n −n

n=0 n=−∞

Let, −n= p ; so , n=− p∧, whenn →−∞ then p → ∞∧whenn →−1then p → 1

[ ]
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∴ X ( z )=∑ ( a z ) + ∑ ( az ) =∑ ( a z ) + ∑ ( az ) p −1
−1 n −1 p n

n=0 p=1 n=0 p=0

1
When, |a z −1|< 1,∨|z|>|a|; and |az|< 1 ,∨|z|< .
|a|
1
As a< 1then the Resultant ROC :|a|<|z|<
|a|

As|a|< 1then X ( z )=
1
1−a z
−1
+
1
1−az [
−1 =
1
1−a z
−1
+
az
1−az ]
=
( 1−a z−1 ) ( 1−az )
=[
( 1−az )+ az ( 1−a z−1 ) 1−az+ az−a 2
−1 2 ]
=
1−a z −az+ a 1−

2
1−a 1
Z [ a ]=
|n|
for|a|<1∧ROC :|a|<|z|< (Ans .)
1−a { z + z } +a
−1 2
|a|

v) The given discrete time signal: x ( n )=u( n)

Now, Z-Transform of the signal x(n),

∞ ∞
Z [ x ( n ) ] =X ( z )= ∑ x (n)z −n= ∑ u(n) z −n
n =−∞ n=−∞
As , u ( n )= {10,,forfor nn<≥ 00
∞ ∞
∴ X ( z )=∑ 1 . z −n=∑ ( z −1 )
n

n=0 n=0

Now, when, |z−1|<1 ,∨|z|>1

∞ ∞
1 z
X ( z )=∑ 1 . z−n=∑ ( z−1) =
n
−1
=
n=0 n=0 1−z z−1

1 z
Z [ u ( n ) ]= = ∧ROC :| z|>1( Ans .)
1−z
−1
z−1

vi) The given discrete time signal: x ( n )=u( n−k)

Now, Z-Transform of the signal x(n),

∞ ∞
Z [ x ( n ) ] =X ( z )= ∑ x (n)z = ∑ u(n−k )z −n
−n

n =−∞ n=−∞

As , u ( n−k )= {10,,forfor nn<≥ kk

∞ ∞ ∞ k−1
∴ X ( z )=∑ 1 . z−n=∑ ( z −1 ) =∑ ( z−1 ) −∑ ( z−1 )
n n n

n=k n=k n=0 n=0

Now, when, |z−1|<1 ,∨|z|>1, then,

−1 k −1 k −1 k
1−( z ) 1−1+ ( z ) (z )
∞ k−1
1 z−k z
X ( z )=∑ ( z ) −∑ ( z ) =
−1 n −1 n −k
− = = = = .z
n=0 n=0 1−z
−1
1−z
−1
1−z
−1
1−z
−1
1−z
−1
z−1

z
Z [ u ( n−k ) ] =
−k
. z ∧ROC :|z|>1( Ans .)
z−1