Experiment No 2
TITLE: To study the Frequency Modulation and Frequency Demodulation to observe and
measure Frequency Deviation and Modulation Index of FM.
OBJECTIVES: (i) To Observe and measure frequency deviation and modulation index
of FM.
(ii) To study frequency modulation using varactor modulator and
measure the frequency deviation.
EQUIPMENTS: (i) Modules ACL-03 (ii) Power Supply
(iii) Function Generator (iv) Voltmeter
(v) Oscilloscope (CRO) (vi) Connecting Wires
THEORY:
FREQUENCY MODULATION: It is a type of in which the frequency of the high frequency
(Carrier) is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
FREQUENCY DEVIATION F AND MODULATION INDEX (Mf): The instantaneous frequency
F (t) of the carrier modulated by a sine wave,
Results:
F (t) = Ω / 2π = (Ω / 2π) +K*B*sin (ω*t)
And oscillates between a minimum Fmin and a maximum value F max :
F min = (Ω / 2π) - (K*B/2π) F min = (Ω / 2π) + (K*B/2π)
The frequency deviation (delta)F represents the maximum shift between the modulated
signal frequency, over and under the frequency of the carrier:
F = (F max – F min)/2
We define as modulation index mf the ratio between (delta) F and the modulating
frequency f:
Mf= F/f
FREQUENCY MODULATION GENERATION: The circuits used to generate a frequency
modulation must vary the frequency of a high frequency signal (carrier) as function of the
amplitude of a low frequency signal (modulating signal).
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Refer to the above given figure and carry out the following connections.
2. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit ACL-03 while connecting this;
ensure that the power supply is OFF.
3. Connect the output of function generator OUT post to the modulation IN of FREQUENCY
MODULATOR MOD IN post.
4. Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting.
FUNCTION GENERATOR: sine wave (JP1); LEVEL about 100mV. Frequency about 1KHz
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2Vpp; freq on the center; switch on 1500
KHz.
5. Connect the oscilloscope to the output of the modulator FM/RF OUT
6. The frequency deviation F can be calculated as follows:-
From the oscilloscope evaluate FM and Fm, detecting the periods of the respective
sine waves.
The frequency deviation F is defined as: F=(FM-Fm)/2
You can note that if the modulator operates in a linear zone so FM and Fm are F,
otherwise thisover and under the central frequency F of the same quantity does not
occur.
7. The value of the modulation index Mf is calculated by the relation Mf= F/f, where f is
the frequency of the modulating signal
8. Then observe the FM signal
9. To observe the FM at lower frequencies apply sine wave of 1KHz and 1Vpp from external
function generator to MOD IN post of onboard Function Generator and keep JP4 at 10-
100KHz position and adjust the frequency at about 20-25KHz and output level of Function
generator at 2Vpp.
Observation:
Observed Waveform-
Observation Table –
Modulating Signal Maximum Minimum F Mf = F/ fm
Sl No. Frequency(fm) Frequency Frequency
(Fmax) (Fmin)
