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Vatican Library
The Vatican Apostolic Library (Latin:
Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Italian: Vatican Apostolic Library
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), more commonly Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana
known as the Vatican Library or informally as
the Vat,[1] is the library of the Holy See, located
in Vatican City, and is the city-state's national
library. It was formally established in 1475,
although it is much older—it is one of the oldest
libraries in the world and contains one of the
most significant collections of historical texts. It
has 75,000 codices from throughout history, as
well as 1.1 million printed books, which include
some 8,500 incunabula.[2]

The Vatican Library is a research library for

history, law, philosophy, science, and theology.
The Vatican Library is open to anyone who can
document their qualifications and research needs.
Photocopies for private study of pages from books
published between 1801 and 1990 can be
requested in person or by mail.

Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455) envisioned a new Pope Sixtus IV Appoints Bartolomeo Platina
Rome, with extensive public works to lure Prefect of the Vatican Library, fresco by
pilgrims and scholars to the city to begin its Melozzo da Forlì, 1477, now in the Vatican
transformation. Nicolas wanted to create a Museums
"public library" for Rome that was meant to be
seen as an institution for humanist scholarship.
His death prevented him from carrying out his
plan, but his successor Pope Sixtus IV (1471–
1484) established what is now known as the
Vatican Library.

In March 2014, the Vatican Library began an

initial four-year project of digitising its collection
of manuscripts, to be made available online.
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

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The Vatican Apostolic Archive was separated 41°54′17″N 12°27′16″E

from the library at the beginning of the 17th
Location Vatican City
century; it contains another 150,000 items.
Type Research library
Established 1475
Historical periods Collection
Size 75,000 codices
Scholars have traditionally divided the history of
the library into five periods: Pre-Lateran, Lateran, 1.1 million printed books

Avignon, Pre-Vatican and Vatican.[3] Other information

Director Angelo Vincenzo Zani

Pre-Lateran Website www.vaticanlibrary.va (http://www

.vaticanlibrary.va)
The Pre-Lateran period, comprising the initial
days of the library, dating from the earliest days Location on a map of Vatican City
of the Church. Only a handful of volumes survive
from this period, though some are very significant.

At the Lateran
The Lateran era began when the library moved to the Lateran Palace and lasted until the end of
the 13th century and the reign of Pope Boniface VIII, who died in 1303, by which time he
possessed one of the most notable collections of illuminated manuscripts in Europe. However,
in that year, the Lateran Palace was burnt and the collection plundered by Philip IV of
France.[4]

At Avignon
The Avignon period was during the Avignon Papacy, when seven successive popes resided in
Avignon, France. This period saw great growth in book collection and record-keeping by the
popes in Avignon, between the death of Boniface and the 1370s when the papacy returned to
Rome.

Prior to establishment at the Vatican

The Pre-Vatican period ranged from about 1370 to 1447. The library was scattered during this
time, with parts in Rome, Avignon, and elsewhere. Pope Eugenius IV possessed 340 books by
the time of his death.[5]

At the Vatican

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In 1451, bibliophile Pope Nicholas V sought to establish a public library at the Vatican, in part to
re-establish Rome as a destination for scholarship.[6][7] Nicholas combined some 350 Greek,
Latin and Hebrew codices inherited from his predecessors with his own collection and extensive
acquisitions, among them manuscripts from the imperial Library of Constantinople. Pope
Nicholas also expanded his collection by employing Italian and Byzantine scholars to translate
the Greek classics into Latin for his library.[7] The knowledgeable pope already encouraged the
inclusion of pagan classics.[1] Nicolas was important in saving many of the Greek works and
writings during this time period that he had collected while traveling and acquired from others.

In 1455, the collection had grown to 1200 books, of which 400 were in Greek.[8]

Nicholas died in 1455. In 1475 his successor Pope Sixtus IV founded the Palatine Library.[7]
During his papacy, acquisitions were made in "theology, philosophy and artistic literature".[4]
The number of manuscripts is variously counted as 3,500 in 1475[4] or 2,527 in 1481, when
librarians Bartolomeo Platina and Pietro Demetrio Guazzelli produced a signed listing.[9][10][11]
At the time it was the largest collection of books in the Western world.[8]

Pope Julius II commissioned the expansion of the building.[7] Around 1587, Pope Sixtus V
commissioned the architect Domenico Fontana to construct a new building for the library,
which is still used today. After this, it became known as the Vatican Library.[7]

During the Counter-Reformation, access to the library's collections was limited following the
introduction of the Index of banned books. Scholars' access to the library was restricted,
particularly Protestant scholars. Restrictions were lifted during the course of the 17th century,
and Pope Leo XIII was to formally reopen the library to scholars in 1883.[6][7]

In 1756, the priest Antonio Piaggio, curator of ancient manuscripts at the Library used a
machine he had invented[12] to unroll the first Herculaneum papyri, an operation which took
him months.[13]

In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte arrested Pope Pius VII and had the contents of the library seized
and removed to Paris. They were returned in 1817, three years after Napoleon's defeat and
abdication.[7]

The library's first major revitalization project took place in the period between the two World
Wars at the instigation of Pope Pius XI, himself a scholar and former librarian, with the
cooperation of librarians from around the world. Until this point in time, while it had drawn on
the expertise of numerous experts, the Vatican Library was dangerously lacking in organization
and its junior librarians were undertrained.[14] Foreign researchers, particularly Americans,
noticed how inadequate the facilities were for such an important collection. Several American
organizations, including the American Library Association and the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, offered to assist in implementing a modern cataloguing system.[15] Along
with this, librarians from the Vatican Library were invited to visit several libraries in the United

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States to receive training on the functioning of a modern library. They visited the Library of
Congress, and libraries in Princeton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Chicago, Champaign,
Toronto, and Ann Arbor. Once back in Rome, a reorganization plan was implemented. The main
goals were to create a summary index by author of each manuscript, and likewise a catalogue for
the incunabula. Once the project was completed, the Vatican Library was one of the most
modern in all of Europe. This joint effort highlighted the importance of international
relationships in the field of librarianship and led to the founding in 1929 of the International
Federation of Library Associations, still at work.[14]

In 1992 the library had almost 2 million catalogued items.[6]

Among a number of thefts from the Library committed in modern times, in 1995 art history
teacher Anthony Melnikas from Ohio State University stole three leaves from a medieval
manuscript once owned by Francesco Petrarch.[16][17] One of the stolen leaves contains an
exquisite miniature of a farmer threshing grain. A fourth leaf from an unknown source was also
discovered in his possession by U.S. Customs agents. Melnikas was trying to sell the pages to an
art dealer, who then alerted the library director.[17]

Location and building

The library is located inside the Vatican Palace, and the entrance
is through the Belvedere Courtyard.[18] When Pope Sixtus V
(1585-1590) commissioned the expansion and the new building of
the Vatican Library, he had a three-story wing built right across
Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere, thus bisecting it and changing
Bramante's work significantly.[1] At the bottom of a grand
staircase a large statue of Hippolytus decorates the La Galea
entrance hall.[19]

In the first semi-basement there is a papyrus room and a storage

area for manuscripts.[19] The first floor houses the restoration
laboratory, and the photographic archives are on the second
floor.[19]

The library has 42 kilometres (26 mi) of shelving.[20]

The library closed for renovations on 17 July 2007[21] and

Ancient Roman sculpture,
maybe of Saint Hippolytus of reopened on 20 September 2010.[22] The three-year, 9 million
Rome, found in 1551 at Via euro renovation involved the complete shut down of the library to
Tiburtina, Rome, and now at install climate controlled rooms.[23]
the Vatican Library

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Architecture and art

In the Sala di Consultazione or main reference room of the Vatican Library looms a statue of St
Thomas Aquinas (c. 1910), sculpted by Cesare Aureli. A second version of this statue (c. 1930)
stands under the entrance portico of the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas,
Angelicum.[a][25]

The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Golden Rose stored in the

Library Vatican Library

Ceiling fresco of the Sistine Hall

(photograph by Jean-Pol
Grandmont)

Library organization

Catalogue
The collection was originally organized through notebooks used to index the manuscripts. As
the collection grew to more than a few thousand, shelf lists were used.[7] The first modern
catalogue system was put in place under Father Franz Ehrle between 1927 and 1939, using the

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Library of Congress card catalogue system. Ehrle also set up the first program to take
photographs of important works or rare works.[7] The library catalogue was further updated by
Rev. Leonard E. Boyle when it was computerized in the early 1990s.[7]

Reading and lending

Historically, during the Renaissance era, most books were
not shelved but stored in wooden benches, which had tables
attached to them. Each bench was dedicated to a specific
topic. The books were chained to these benches, and if a
reader took out a book, the chain remained attached to it.
Until the early 17th century, academics were also allowed to
borrow books. For important books, the pope himself would
issue a reminder slip.[7] Privileges to use the library could be
withdrawn for breaking the house rules, for instance by
climbing over the tables. Most famously Pico Della
Mirandola lost the right to use the library when he
published a book on theology that the Papal curia did not
approve of.[26] In the 1760s, a bill issued by Clement XIII
heavily restricted access to the library's holdings.[1] Bookcase in the Vatican Library

The Vatican Library can be accessed by 200 scholars at a

time,[27] and it sees 4,000 to 5,000 scholars a year, mostly academics doing post-graduate
research.[23]

Collections
While the Vatican Library has always included Bibles, canon law texts, and theological works, it
specialized from the beginning in secular books. Its collection of Greek and Latin classics was at
the center of the revival of classical culture during the Renaissance.[8] The oldest documents in
the library date back to the first century.[20]

The library was founded primarily as a manuscript library, a fact reflected in the comparatively
high ratio of manuscripts to printed works in its collection. Such printed books as have made
their way into the collection are intended solely to facilitate the study of the much larger
collection of manuscripts.[28]

The collection also includes 330,000 Greek, Roman, and papal coins and medals.[6]

Every year about 6,000 new books are acquired.[6]

The library was enriched by several bequests and acquisitions over the centuries.

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In 1623, in thanks for the adroit political maneuvers of Pope

Gregory XV that had sustained him in his contests with
Protestant candidates for the post of Elector, the hereditary
Palatine Library of Heidelberg, containing about 3,500
manuscripts, was given to the Holy See by Maximilian I,
Duke of Bavaria. He had just acquired it as loot in the Thirty
Years' War. A token 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts were
sent to Paris in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the
Peace of Paris in 1815. A gift of 852 others was made in 1816
by Pope Pius VII to the University of Heidelberg, including
the Codex Manesse. Aside from these cases, the Palatine
Library remains in the Vatican Library to this day.

In 1657, the manuscripts of the Dukes of Urbino were

acquired. In 1661, the Greek scholar Leo Allatius was made
librarian. A miniature from the Syriac Gospel
Lectionary (Vat. Syr. 559), created
Queen Christina of Sweden's important library (mostly c. 1220 near Mosul and exhibiting a
amassed by her generals as loot from Habsburg Prague and strong Islamic influence
German cities during the Thirty Years' War) was purchased
on her death in 1689 by Pope Alexander VIII. It represented,
for all practical purposes, the entire royal library of Sweden at the time. Had it remained where
it was in Stockholm, it would all have been lost in the destruction of the royal palace by fire in
1697.

Among the most famous holdings of the library is the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, the oldest
known nearly complete manuscript of the Bible. The Secret History of Procopius was
discovered in the library and published in 1623.

Pope Clement XI sent scholars into the Orient to bring back manuscripts, and is generally
regarded as the founder of the library's Oriental section.[7]

A School of library science is associated with the Vatican Library.

In 1959, the Vatican Film Library was established.[29] This is not to be confused with the
Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library, which was established in 1953 at Saint Louis
University in St. Louis, Missouri.

The library has a large collection of texts related to Hinduism, with the oldest editions dating to
1819.[30]

During the library's restoration between 2007 and 2010, all of the 70,000 volumes in the library
were tagged with electronic chips to prevent theft.[23]

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Manuscripts
Notable manuscripts in the library include:

Manuscripts relating to Christianity

Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, one of the oldest extant

Bibles in Greek language
Barberini Gospels
Gelasian Sacramentary, one of the oldest books on
Christian liturgy The Abyss of Hell, coloured drawing
on parchment by Sandro Botticelli
Joshua Roll (1480s)
Lorsch Gospels, an illuminated gospel book written and
illustrated from 778 to 820, which is spread up between
various museums. The carved ivory rear cover and the
Gospels of Luke and John are kept in the Vatican Library
Menologion of Basil II[31]
Vatican Croatian Prayer Book
Three fragments of the Old Saxon Genesis and one
fragment of Heliand comprise the Palatinus Latinus
1447[32]
Libri Carolini Wandalbert von Prüm, July,
Martyrologium (c860)
Classic Greek and Latin texts

Vergilius Vaticanus
Vergilius Romanus
Vergilius Augusteus, four leaves are at the Vatican Library with three leaves at Berlin State
Library[33]
Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829, an important 14th-century manuscript of
Catullus' poems
Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3868, a 9th-century facsimile of Terence's comedies[34]
Parts of Euclid's Elements, most notable Book I, Proposition 47, one of the oldest Greek
texts on the Pythagorean Theorem[1]

Medieval Greek and Latin texts

Codex Vaticano Rossi 215, fragments of the Rossi Codex[35]

Vaticanus Graecus 1001, the original manuscript of the Secret History[36]
De arte venandi cum avibus, a Latin treatise on falconry in the format of a two-column
parchment codex of 111 folios written in the 1240s

Others

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Codex Borgia, an extensive Mesoamerican manuscript that depicts mythology and

foundational rituals in the hieroglyphic texts and iconography made of animal skins
Codex Vat. Arabo 368, the sole manuscript of the Hadith Bayad wa Riyad, an Arabic love
story[37]
Codex Vaticanus 3738, the Codex Ríos,[38] an accordion folded Italian translation of a
Spanish colonial-era manuscript, with copies of the Aztec paintings from the original Codex
Telleriano-Remensis, believed to be written by the Dominican friar Ríos in 1566
Borgiani Siriaci 175, a manuscript scroll of the Diwan Abatur, a Mandaean text[39]

Qurans
The library contains over 100 Quran manuscripts from various collections, cataloged by the
Italian Jewish linguist Giorgio Levi Della Vida: Vaticani arabi 73; Borgiani arabi 25;
Barberiniani orientali 11; Rossiani 2. The largest manuscript in the library, Vat. Ar. 1484,
measures 540x420mm. The smallest, Vat. Ar. 924, is a circle of 45mm diameter preserved in an
octagonal case.[40]

Digitization projects
In 2012, plans were announced to digitize, in collaboration with the Bodleian Library, a million
pages of material from the Vatican Library.

On 20 March 2014, the Holy See announced that NTT Data Corporation and the library had
concluded an agreement to digitize approximately 3,000 of the library's manuscripts within
four years.[41] NTT is donating the equipment and technicians, estimated to be worth 18 million
Euros.[42] It noted that there is the possibility of subsequently digitizing another 79,000 of the
library's holdings. These will be high-definition images available on the library's Internet site.
Storage for the holdings will be on a three petabyte server provided by EMC.[43] It is expected
that the initial phase will take four years.[44]

DigiVatLib is the name of the Vatican Library's digital library service. It provides free access to
the Vatican Library's digitized collections of manuscripts and incunabula.[45]

The scanning of documents is impacted by the material used to produce the texts. Books using
gold and silver in the illuminations require special scanning equipment.[27] Digital copies are
being served using the CIFS protocol, from network-attached storage hardware by Dell
EMC.[20]

Gallery of holdings

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Gospel of Matthew in Persian, the Manuscript page with the five-

first Persian manuscript to enter voice "Kyrie" of the Missa Virgo
the Vatican Library Parens Christi by Jacques
Barbireau

Mappamondo Borgiano, also Month of May from in the

known as "Tavola di Velletri", Chronography of 354 by the 4th
consisting of two copper tablets century calligrapher Filocalus
(1430)

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Anton Raphael Mengs, The Illumination from the legend of

Triumph of History over Time Saint Emeric of Hungary, c. 1335
(Allegory of the Museum
Clementinum), ceiling fresco in
the Camera dei Papiri, Vatican
Library

Battle between David and Goliath, The ivory panels from the back
Book of Psalms, c. 1059 cover of Codex Aureus of Lorsch

Related libraries

Vatican Apostolic Archive

The Vatican Apostolic Archive, located in Vatican City, is the central archive for all of the acts
promulgated by the Holy See, as well as the state papers, correspondence, papal account
books,[46] and many other documents which the church has accumulated over the centuries. In
the 17th century, under the orders of Pope Paul V, the Archives were separated from the Vatican
Library, where scholars had some very limited access to them, and remained absolutely closed
to outsiders until 1881, when Pope Leo XIII opened them to researchers, more than a thousand
of whom now examine its documents each year.[47]

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Vatican Film Library

The Vatican Film Library in St. Louis, Missouri is the only collection, outside the Vatican itself,
of microfilms of more than 37,000 works from the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, the Vatican
Library in Europe. It is located in the Pius XII Library on the campus of Saint Louis
University.[48] The library was created by Lowrie J. Daly (1914–2000), with funding from the
Knights of Columbus.[49] The goal was to make Vatican and other documents more available to
researchers in North America.[50]

Microfilming of Vatican manuscripts began in 1951, and according to the library's website, was
the largest microfilming project that had been undertaken up to that date.[51] The library
opened in 1953, and moved to the St. Louis University campus, in the Pius XII Memorial
Library, in 1959. The first librarian was Charles J. Ermatinger, who served until 2000. As of
2007, the library has microfilmed versions of over 37,000 manuscripts, with material in Greek,
Latin, Arabic, Hebrew and Ethiopic, as well as several more common Western European
languages. There are reproductions of many works from the Biblioteca Palatina and Biblioteca
Cicognara at the Vatican, as well as Papal letter registers from the Archivio Segreto Vaticano
(Vatican Secret Archives) from the 9th to 16th centuries, in the series Registra Vaticana and
Registra Supplicationium.[52]

Staff
The nominal head of the library has often over the centuries been made a cardinal and hence
given the title Cardinal Librarian.[7] The effective directors, often distinguished scholars, were
in an earlier period called "Custodians.[7] After the reopening of the library in 1883, Pope Leo
XIII changed the title to Prefect.[7][53][54]

The library currently has some 80 staff who work in five departments: manuscripts and archival
collections, printed books/drawings, acquisitions/cataloguing, coin collections/museums and
restoration/photography.[6]

List of librarians
(P) Indicates time spent as pro-librarian, that is acting librarian, often a librarian who is not a
cardinal.[55]

Name Lifetime Title Duration as librarian[56][57]

Marcello Cervini 1501–1555 Bibliothecarius I 24 May 1550–9 April 1555

Roberto de' Nobili 1541–1559 Bibliothecarius II 1555–18 January 1559

Alfonso Carafa 1540–1565 Bibliothecarius III 1559–29 August 1565

Marcantonio da Mula 1506–1572 Bibliothecarius IV 1565–17 March 1572[58]

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Guglielmo Sirleto 1514–1585 Bibliothecarius V 18 March 1572–16 October 1585

Antonio Carafa 1538–1591 Bibliothecarius VI 16 October 1585–13 January 1591

Marco Antonio Colonna 1523 ca.–1597 Bibliothecarius VII 1591–13 March 1597

Cesare Baronio 1538–1607 Bibliothecarius VIII May 1597–30 June 1607[59]

Ludovico de Torres 1552–1609 Bibliothecarius IX 4 July 1607–8 July 1609

Scipione Borghese
Caffarelli
1576–1633 Bibliothecarius X 11 June 1609–17 February 1618[60]

Scipione Cobelluzzi 1564–1626 Bibliothecarius XI 17 February 1618–29 June 1626

Francesco Barberini 1597–1679 Bibliothecarius XII 1 July 1626–13 December 1633

Antonio Barberini 1569–1646 Bibliothecarius XIII 13 December 1633–11 September 1646

Orazio Giustiniani 1580–1649 Bibliothecarius XIV 25 September 1646–25 July 1649

Luigi Capponi 1583–1659 Bibliothecarius XV 4 August 1649–6 April 1659

Flavio Chigi 1631–1693 Bibliothecarius XVI 21 June 1659–19 September 1681[61]

Lorenzo Brancati 1612–1693 Bibliothecarius XVII 19 September 1681–30 November 1693

Girolamo Casanate 1620–1700 Bibliothecarius XVIII 2 December 1693–3 March 1700

Enrico Noris 1631–1704 Bibliothecarius XIX 26 March 1700–23 February 1704

Benedetto Pamphili 1653–1730 Bibliothecarius XX 26 February 1704–22 March 1730

Angelo Maria Querini 1680–1755 Bibliothecarius XXI 4 September 1730–6 January 1755

10 July 1741–12 January 1755(P)

Domenico Passionei 1682–1761 Bibliothecarius XXII
12 January 1755–5 July 1761

Alessandro Albani 1692–1779 Bibliothecarius XXIII 12 August 1761–11 December 1779

Francesco Saverio de
1717–1801 Bibliothecarius XXIV 15 December 1779–29 December 1801
Zelada

Luigi Valenti Gonzaga 1725–1808 Bibliothecarius XXV 12 January 1802–29 December 1808

Giulio Maria della

1744–1830 Bibliothecarius XXVI 26 January 1827–2 April 1830
Somaglia

Giuseppe Albani 1750–1834 Bibliothecarius XXVII 23 April 1830–3 December 1834

Luigi Lambruschini 1776–1854 Bibliothecarius XXVIII 11 December 1834–27 June 1853

Angelo Mai 1782–1854 Bibliothecarius XXIX 27 June 1853–9 September 1854

Antonio Tosti 1776–1866 Bibliothecarius XXX 13 January 1860–20 March 1866

Jean Baptiste François

Pitra
1812–1889 Bibliothecarius XXXI 19 January 1869–9 February 1889[62]

Placido Maria Schiaffino 1829–1889 Bibliothecarius XXXII 20 February 1889–23 September 1889

Alfonso Capecelatro 1824–1912 Bibliothecarius XXXIII 29 August 1890–14 November 1912[63]

Mariano Rampolla del

1843–1913 Bibliothecarius XXXIV 26 November 1912–16 December 1913
Tindaro

Francesco di Paola

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Cassetta 1841–1919 Bibliothecarius XXXV 3 January 1914–23 March 1919

Aidan [Francis Neil]

1845–1929 Bibliothecarius XXXVI 9 May 1919–5 April 1929
Gasquet

Franz Ehrle 1845–1934 Bibliothecarius XXXVII 17 April 1929–31 March 1934

Giovanni Mercati 1866–1957 Bibliothecarius XXXVIII 18 June 1936–23 August 1957

Eugène Tisserant 1884–1972 Bibliothecarius XXXIX 14 September 1957–27 March 1971

Antonio Samoré 1905–1983 Bibliothecarius XL 25 January 1974–3 February 1983

7 September 1983–27 May 1985(P)

Alfons Maria Stickler 1910–2007 Bibliothecarius XLI
27 May 1985–1 July 1988

Antonio María Javierre

1921–2007 Bibliothecarius XLII 1 July 1988–24 January 1992
Ortas

9 April 1992–29 November 1994(P)

Luigi Poggi 1917–2010[64] Bibliothecarius XLIII
29 November 1994–25 November 1997

Jorge María Mejía 1923–2014 Bibliothecarius XLIV 7 March 1998–24 November 2003

Jean-Louis Tauran 1943–2018 Bibliothecarius XLV 24 November 2003–25 June 2007

Raffaele Farina 1933– Bibliothecarius XLVI 25 June 2007–9 June 2012

Jean-Louis Bruguès 1943– Bibliothecarius XLVII 26 June 2012–1 September 2018

José Tolentino de
1965– Bibliothecarius XLVIII 1 September 2018–26 September 2022
Mendonça

Angelo Vincenzo Zani 1950– Bibliothecarius XLIX 26 September 2022–

See also
Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Vatican City portal
The Vatican Splendors
Catholicism portal

Notes
a. This sculpture is described in the following words: "S. Tommaso seduto, nella sinistra tiene il
libro della Summa theologica, mentre stende la destra in atto di proteggere la scienza
cristiana. Quindi non siede sulla cattedra di dottore, ma sul trono di sovrano protettore;
stende il braccio a rassicurare, non a dimostrare. Ha in testa il dottorale berretto, e
conservando il suo tipo tradizionale, rivela nel volto e nell'atteggiamento l'uomo
profondamente dotto. L'autore non ha avuto da ispirarsi in altr'opera che esistesse sul
soggetto, quindi ha dovuto, può dirsi, creare questo tipo, ed è riuscito originale e felice nella
sua creazione."[24]

References
1. Mendelsohn, Daniel (3 January 2011). "God's Librarians" (http://www.newyorker.com/magaz
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1. Mendelsohn, Daniel (3 January 2011). "God's Librarians" (http://www.newyorker.com/magaz

ine/2011/01/03/gods-librarians). The New Yorker. Vol. 86, no. 42. p. 24. ISSN 0028-792X (ht
tps://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140808
041633/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/01/03/gods-librarians) from the original
on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
2. "The Vatican Library Goes Online and Digitizes Tens of Thousands of Manuscripts, Books,
Coins, and More" (https://www.openculture.com/2020/01/the-vatican-library-goes-online-and
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tm#Poggi). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002118/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mi
randas/bios-p.htm#Poggi) from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October
2013.

Works cited
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Miranda, Salvador. "The Cardinals of the Holy
Roman Church" (http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm). Florida International
University Libraries.

Further reading
Hanson, James Christian Meinich. “Cataloguing Rules of the Vatican Library.” Library
Quarterly 1 (January 3, 1931): 340–46.
Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture (https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vati
can/), an online exhibition from the Library of Congress.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Library Page 20 of 21
Vatican Library - Wikipedia 31/12/2024, 23:15

Vatican to digitize Apostolic Library of 1.6 million volumes for general perusal,
PCWorld.com, 29 October 2002 (https://web.archive.org/web/20060529170056/http://www.p
cworld.com/news/article/0,aid,106485,00.asp). A joint effort between the Vatican and
Hewlett-Packard.

External links
Official website (https://www.vaticanlibrary.va/)
Vatican Library old home page (https://web.archive.org/web/20040202105927/http://bav.vati
can.va/en/v_home_bav/home_bav.shtml), with online catalog search
History of the Vatican Library, from the Library's site (http://www.vatlib.it/home.php?pag=stor
ia)
Treasures of the Vatican Library (https://search.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/en/libraryTreas
ures.html?libraryid=47) Exposed via The European Library
Toward On-line, worldwide access to Vatican Library materials (1996) (http://www.research.i
bm.com/journal/rd/402/mintzer.html). A collaborative effort (pioneered by Fr. Leonard Boyle
OP Prefect of the Vatican Library) between the Vatican Library and IBM, the primary goal of
which is to "provide access via the Internet to some of the Library's most valuable
manuscripts, printed books, and other sources to a scholarly community around the world."
Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library (https://web.archive.org/web/20071113051059/htt
p://www.slu.edu/libraries/vfl/about.html). Saint Louis University library that focuses on the
collection of the Vatican Library.
"The Secret History of Art" by Noah Charney on the Vatican Library and Procopius (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20140222070232/http://blogs.artinfo.com/secrethistoryofart/2011/11/16/v
atican-mysteries-whats-so-secret-about-procopius-secret-history-2/). An article by art
historian Noah Charney about the Vatican Library and its famous manuscript, Historia
Arcana by Procopius.
The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome (http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/com
poundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107497), a book from The Metropolitan Museum of
Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the library (p. 280-
290)

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