MA 201 Complex Analysis

Lecture 7: Complex Integration

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration

Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:

Definition: Let f : [a, b] → C be a function. Then f (t) = u(t) + iv (t)

where u, v : [a, b] → R.Define,
Z b Z b Z b
f (t)dt = u(t)dt + i v (t)dt.
a a a

0 0
If U = u and V = v and F (t) = U(t) + iV (t) then by fundamental
Z b
theorem of calculus f (t)dt = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
e iαb − e iαa
Z
For α ∈ R, e iαt dt = .
a iα
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 + it)2 dt = (1 − t 2 ) dt + i 2t dt = + i.
0 0 0 3
Z b
If f : [a, b] → C piecewise continuous then f (t)dt exists.
a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Z b  Z b
Re f (t)dt = Re (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b  Z b
Im f (t)dt = Im (f (t))dt.
a a

Z b Z b Z b
[f (t) ± g (t)]dt = f (t)dt ± g (t)dt.
a a a

Z b Z b
αf (t)dt = α f (t)dt, α∈C
a a

Z b Z a
f (t)dt = − f (t)dt.
a b

Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt.
a a c

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration
Z b Z b
f (t)dt ≤ |f (t)|dt
a a

Z b
Proof: Let f (t)dt = Re iθ then,
a
Z b Z b
R = e −iθ f (t)dt = e −iθ f (t)dt
a a
Z b  Z b
−iθ
= Re e f (t)dt = Re (e −iθ f (t))dt.
a a

Therefore,
Z b Z b
f (t)dt = R= Re (e −iθ f (t))dt
a a
Z b Z b
−iθ
≤ |e f (t)|dt ≤ |f (t)|dt.
a a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration
Z b Z b
f (t)dt ≤ |f (t)|dt
a a

Z b
Proof: Let f (t)dt = Re iθ then,
a
Z b Z b
R = e −iθ f (t)dt = e −iθ f (t)dt
a a
Z b  Z b
−iθ
= Re e f (t)dt = Re (e −iθ f (t))dt.
a a

Therefore,
Z b Z b
f (t)dt = R= Re (e −iθ f (t))dt
a a
Z b Z b
−iθ
≤ |e f (t)|dt ≤ |f (t)|dt.
a a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex Integration
Z b Z b
f (t)dt ≤ |f (t)|dt
a a

Z b
Proof: Let f (t)dt = Re iθ then,
a
Z b Z b
R = e −iθ f (t)dt = e −iθ f (t)dt
a a
Z b  Z b
−iθ
= Re e f (t)dt = Re (e −iθ f (t))dt.
a a

Therefore,
Z b Z b
f (t)dt = R= Re (e −iθ f (t))dt
a a
Z b Z b
−iθ
≤ |e f (t)|dt ≤ |f (t)|dt.
a a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Definition: A curve is a continuous function γ : [a, b] → C. So

γ(t) = x(t) + iy (t) with x, y : [a, b] → R.

A curve γ is called a smooth curve if γ is differentiable and γ 0 is

continuous and nonzero for all t.

A contour/piecewise smooth curve is a curve that is obtained by

joining finitely many smooth curves end to end.

γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 1]; γ2 (t) = (1 − t)a + tb, t ∈ [0, 1].

Definition: A curve γ is simple if it does not intersect itself except

possibly at end points. That means γ(t1 ) 6= γ(t2 ) when a < t1 < t2 < b.

Definition: A curve γ is said to be a closed curve if γ(a) = γ(b).

Definition: A curve γ is simple and closed the we say that γ is a simple

closed curve or Jordan curve.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Orientation: Let γ be a simple closed contour with parametrization

γ(t), t ∈ [a, b]. As t moves from a to b, the curve γ moves in a specific
direction called the orientation of the curve induced by the
parametrization.

Convention:If the interior bounded domain of γ is kept on the left as t

moves from a to b, then we say the orientation is in the positive sense
(counter clockwise or anticlockwise sense). Otherwise γ is oriented
negatively (clockwise direction).

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve then the curve with the reverse orientation
is denoted as −γ and is defined as

−γ : [a, b] → C, ; −γ(t) = γ(b + a − t).

γ(t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Positive orientation)

where as γ(t) = e i(2π−t) , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Negative orientation)

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Orientation: Let γ be a simple closed contour with parametrization

γ(t), t ∈ [a, b]. As t moves from a to b, the curve γ moves in a specific
direction called the orientation of the curve induced by the
parametrization.

Convention:If the interior bounded domain of γ is kept on the left as t

moves from a to b, then we say the orientation is in the positive sense
(counter clockwise or anticlockwise sense). Otherwise γ is oriented
negatively (clockwise direction).

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve then the curve with the reverse orientation
is denoted as −γ and is defined as

−γ : [a, b] → C, ; −γ(t) = γ(b + a − t).

γ(t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Positive orientation)

where as γ(t) = e i(2π−t) , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Negative orientation)

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Orientation: Let γ be a simple closed contour with parametrization

γ(t), t ∈ [a, b]. As t moves from a to b, the curve γ moves in a specific
direction called the orientation of the curve induced by the
parametrization.

Convention:If the interior bounded domain of γ is kept on the left as t

moves from a to b, then we say the orientation is in the positive sense
(counter clockwise or anticlockwise sense). Otherwise γ is oriented
negatively (clockwise direction).

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve then the curve with the reverse orientation
is denoted as −γ and is defined as

−γ : [a, b] → C, ; −γ(t) = γ(b + a − t).

γ(t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Positive orientation)

where as γ(t) = e i(2π−t) , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Negative orientation)

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Orientation: Let γ be a simple closed contour with parametrization

γ(t), t ∈ [a, b]. As t moves from a to b, the curve γ moves in a specific
direction called the orientation of the curve induced by the
parametrization.

Convention:If the interior bounded domain of γ is kept on the left as t

moves from a to b, then we say the orientation is in the positive sense
(counter clockwise or anticlockwise sense). Otherwise γ is oriented
negatively (clockwise direction).

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve then the curve with the reverse orientation
is denoted as −γ and is defined as

−γ : [a, b] → C, ; −γ(t) = γ(b + a − t).

γ(t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Positive orientation)

where as γ(t) = e i(2π−t) , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Negative orientation)

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Orientation: Let γ be a simple closed contour with parametrization

γ(t), t ∈ [a, b]. As t moves from a to b, the curve γ moves in a specific
direction called the orientation of the curve induced by the
parametrization.

Convention:If the interior bounded domain of γ is kept on the left as t

moves from a to b, then we say the orientation is in the positive sense
(counter clockwise or anticlockwise sense). Otherwise γ is oriented
negatively (clockwise direction).

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve then the curve with the reverse orientation
is denoted as −γ and is defined as

−γ : [a, b] → C, ; −γ(t) = γ(b + a − t).

γ(t) = e it , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Positive orientation)

where as γ(t) = e i(2π−t) , t ∈ [0, 2π] (Negative orientation)

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Let γ be a piecewise smooth curve defined on [a, b]. The length of γ is

given by Z b
L(γ) = |γ 0 (t)|dt.
a

Definition: Let γ(t); t ∈ [a, b], be a contour and f be complex valued

continuous function defined on a set containing γ then the line integral
or the contour integral of f along the curve γ is defined by
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 (t)dt.
γ a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Let γ be a piecewise smooth curve defined on [a, b]. The length of γ is

given by Z b
L(γ) = |γ 0 (t)|dt.
a

Definition: Let γ(t); t ∈ [a, b], be a contour and f be complex valued

continuous function defined on a set containing γ then the line integral
or the contour integral of f along the curve γ is defined by
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 (t)dt.
γ a

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Example: Let f (z) = z̄.

If γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, π] then,

Z Z π Z π
z̄dz = γ1 (t)γ10 (t)dt = e −it (i)e it dt = iπ.
γ1 0 0

If γ2 (t) = 1(1 − t) + t.(−1) = 1 − 2t, t ∈ [0, 1] then,

Z Z 1 Z 1
z̄dz = γ2 (t)γ20 (t)dt = [1 − 2t](−2)dt = 0.
γ2 0 0

In the above example γ1 and γ2 are two paths joining 1 and −1. But the
line integral along the paths γ1 and γ2 are NOT same.

Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on path?

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Example: Let f (z) = z̄.

If γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, π] then,

Z Z π Z π
z̄dz = γ1 (t)γ10 (t)dt = e −it (i)e it dt = iπ.
γ1 0 0

If γ2 (t) = 1(1 − t) + t.(−1) = 1 − 2t, t ∈ [0, 1] then,

Z Z 1 Z 1
z̄dz = γ2 (t)γ20 (t)dt = [1 − 2t](−2)dt = 0.
γ2 0 0

In the above example γ1 and γ2 are two paths joining 1 and −1. But the
line integral along the paths γ1 and γ2 are NOT same.

Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on path?

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Example: Let f (z) = z̄.

If γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, π] then,

Z Z π Z π
z̄dz = γ1 (t)γ10 (t)dt = e −it (i)e it dt = iπ.
γ1 0 0

If γ2 (t) = 1(1 − t) + t.(−1) = 1 − 2t, t ∈ [0, 1] then,

Z Z 1 Z 1
z̄dz = γ2 (t)γ20 (t)dt = [1 − 2t](−2)dt = 0.
γ2 0 0

In the above example γ1 and γ2 are two paths joining 1 and −1. But the
line integral along the paths γ1 and γ2 are NOT same.

Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on path?

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Example: Let f (z) = z̄.

If γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, π] then,

Z Z π Z π
z̄dz = γ1 (t)γ10 (t)dt = e −it (i)e it dt = iπ.
γ1 0 0

If γ2 (t) = 1(1 − t) + t.(−1) = 1 − 2t, t ∈ [0, 1] then,

Z Z 1 Z 1
z̄dz = γ2 (t)γ20 (t)dt = [1 − 2t](−2)dt = 0.
γ2 0 0

In the above example γ1 and γ2 are two paths joining 1 and −1. But the
line integral along the paths γ1 and γ2 are NOT same.

Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on path?

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

Example: Let f (z) = z̄.

If γ1 (t) = e it , t ∈ [0, π] then,

Z Z π Z π
z̄dz = γ1 (t)γ10 (t)dt = e −it (i)e it dt = iπ.
γ1 0 0

If γ2 (t) = 1(1 − t) + t.(−1) = 1 − 2t, t ∈ [0, 1] then,

Z Z 1 Z 1
z̄dz = γ2 (t)γ20 (t)dt = [1 − 2t](−2)dt = 0.
γ2 0 0

In the above example γ1 and γ2 are two paths joining 1 and −1. But the
line integral along the paths γ1 and γ2 are NOT same.

Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on path?

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

(The fundamental integral) For a ∈ C, r > 0 and n ∈ Z

(
n 6= −1
Z
n 0 if
(z − a) dz =
Ca,r 2πi if n = −1

where Ca,r denotes the circle of radius r centered at a.

Let f , g be piecewise continuous complex valued functions then
Z Z Z
[αf ± g ](z)dz = α f (z)dz ± g (z)dz.
γ γ γ

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve and a < c < b. If γ1 = γ|[a,c] and

γ2 = γ|[c,b] then
Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz.
γ γ1 γ2

Z Z
f (z)dz = − f (z)dz.
−γ γ

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

(The fundamental integral) For a ∈ C, r > 0 and n ∈ Z

(
n 6= −1
Z
n 0 if
(z − a) dz =
Ca,r 2πi if n = −1

where Ca,r denotes the circle of radius r centered at a.

Let f , g be piecewise continuous complex valued functions then
Z Z Z
[αf ± g ](z)dz = α f (z)dz ± g (z)dz.
γ γ γ

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve and a < c < b. If γ1 = γ|[a,c] and

γ2 = γ|[c,b] then
Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz.
γ γ1 γ2

Z Z
f (z)dz = − f (z)dz.
−γ γ

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

(The fundamental integral) For a ∈ C, r > 0 and n ∈ Z

(
n 6= −1
Z
n 0 if
(z − a) dz =
Ca,r 2πi if n = −1

where Ca,r denotes the circle of radius r centered at a.

Let f , g be piecewise continuous complex valued functions then
Z Z Z
[αf ± g ](z)dz = α f (z)dz ± g (z)dz.
γ γ γ

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve and a < c < b. If γ1 = γ|[a,c] and

γ2 = γ|[c,b] then
Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz.
γ γ1 γ2

Z Z
f (z)dz = − f (z)dz.
−γ γ

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

(The fundamental integral) For a ∈ C, r > 0 and n ∈ Z

(
n 6= −1
Z
n 0 if
(z − a) dz =
Ca,r 2πi if n = −1

where Ca,r denotes the circle of radius r centered at a.

Let f , g be piecewise continuous complex valued functions then
Z Z Z
[αf ± g ](z)dz = α f (z)dz ± g (z)dz.
γ γ γ

Let γ : [a, b] → C be a curve and a < c < b. If γ1 = γ|[a,c] and

γ2 = γ|[c,b] then
Z Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz.
γ γ1 γ2

Z Z
f (z)dz = − f (z)dz.
−γ γ

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

ML-inequality:

Let f be a piecewise continuous function and let γ be a contour. If

|f (z)| ≤ M for all z ∈ γ and L =length of γ then
Z Z b Z b
f (z)dz ≤ |f (γ(t)||γ 0 (t)|dt ≤ M |γ 0 (t)|dt = ML.
γ a a

z +4
Let γ(t) = 2e it , t ∈ [0, π2 ] and f (z) = . Then by ML-ineuqality
z3 − 1
Z
6π
f (z) dz ≤ .
γ 7

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

ML-inequality:

Let f be a piecewise continuous function and let γ be a contour. If

|f (z)| ≤ M for all z ∈ γ and L =length of γ then
Z Z b Z b
f (z)dz ≤ |f (γ(t)||γ 0 (t)|dt ≤ M |γ 0 (t)|dt = ML.
γ a a

z +4
Let γ(t) = 2e it , t ∈ [0, π2 ] and f (z) = . Then by ML-ineuqality
z3 − 1
Z
6π
f (z) dz ≤ .
γ 7

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Complex integration

ML-inequality:

Let f be a piecewise continuous function and let γ be a contour. If

|f (z)| ≤ M for all z ∈ γ and L =length of γ then
Z Z b Z b
f (z)dz ≤ |f (γ(t)||γ 0 (t)|dt ≤ M |γ 0 (t)|dt = ML.
γ a a

z +4
Let γ(t) = 2e it , t ∈ [0, π2 ] and f (z) = . Then by ML-ineuqality
z3 − 1
Z
6π
f (z) dz ≤ .
γ 7

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Answer to the Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on

path?

Definition: The antiderivative or primitive of a continuous function f in

a domain D is a function F such that F 0 (z) = f (z) for all z ∈ D. The
primitive of a function is unique up to an additive constant.

Theorem: Let f be a continuous function defined on a domain D and

f (z) has antiderivative F (z) in D. Let z1 , z2 ∈ D. Then for any contour C
lying in D starting from z1 , and ending at z2 the value of the integral
Z
f (z)dz
C

is independent of the contour.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Answer to the Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on

path?

Definition: The antiderivative or primitive of a continuous function f in

a domain D is a function F such that F 0 (z) = f (z) for all z ∈ D. The
primitive of a function is unique up to an additive constant.

Theorem: Let f be a continuous function defined on a domain D and

f (z) has antiderivative F (z) in D. Let z1 , z2 ∈ D. Then for any contour C
lying in D starting from z1 , and ending at z2 the value of the integral
Z
f (z)dz
C

is independent of the contour.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Answer to the Question: When a line integral of f does not depend on

path?

Definition: The antiderivative or primitive of a continuous function f in

a domain D is a function F such that F 0 (z) = f (z) for all z ∈ D. The
primitive of a function is unique up to an additive constant.

Theorem: Let f be a continuous function defined on a domain D and

f (z) has antiderivative F (z) in D. Let z1 , z2 ∈ D. Then for any contour C
lying in D starting from z1 , and ending at z2 the value of the integral
Z
f (z)dz
C

is independent of the contour.

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Proof. Suppose that C is given by a map γ : [a, b] → C. Then

d
dt
F (γ(t)) = F 0 (γ(t))γ 0 (t). Hence
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 (t)dt
C a
Z b
d
= F (γ(t))dt
a dt
= F (γ(a)) − F (γ(b)) = F (z2 ) − F (z1 ).

When such F exists we write

Z Z z2 Z z2
f (z)dz = f (z)dz = F 0 (z)dz = F (z1 ) − F (z2 ).
C z1 z1

Z
In particular, f (z)dz = 0 if C is a closed contour.
C

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Proof. Suppose that C is given by a map γ : [a, b] → C. Then

d
dt
F (γ(t)) = F 0 (γ(t))γ 0 (t). Hence
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 (t)dt
C a
Z b
d
= F (γ(t))dt
a dt
= F (γ(a)) − F (γ(b)) = F (z2 ) − F (z1 ).

When such F exists we write

Z Z z2 Z z2
f (z)dz = f (z)dz = F 0 (z)dz = F (z1 ) − F (z2 ).
C z1 z1

Z
In particular, f (z)dz = 0 if C is a closed contour.
C

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Proof. Suppose that C is given by a map γ : [a, b] → C. Then

d
dt
F (γ(t)) = F 0 (γ(t))γ 0 (t). Hence
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 (t)dt
C a
Z b
d
= F (γ(t))dt
a dt
= F (γ(a)) − F (γ(b)) = F (z2 ) − F (z1 ).

When such F exists we write

Z Z z2 Z z2
f (z)dz = f (z)dz = F 0 (z)dz = F (z1 ) − F (z2 ).
C z1 z1

Z
In particular, f (z)dz = 0 if C is a closed contour.
C

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

Proof. Suppose that C is given by a map γ : [a, b] → C. Then

d
dt
F (γ(t)) = F 0 (γ(t))γ 0 (t). Hence
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 (t)dt
C a
Z b
d
= F (γ(t))dt
a dt
= F (γ(a)) − F (γ(b)) = F (z2 ) − F (z1 ).

When such F exists we write

Z Z z2 Z z2
f (z)dz = f (z)dz = F 0 (z)dz = F (z1 ) − F (z2 ).
C z1 z1

Z
In particular, f (z)dz = 0 if C is a closed contour.
C

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

z2
z23 − z13
Z
1 z 2 dz = .
z1 3

Z iπ
2 cos zdz = sin(iπ) − sin(−iπ) = 2 sin(iπ).
−iπ

Z i
1 iπ −iπ
3 dz = Log (i) − Log (−i) = − = iπ.
−i z 2 2

4 The function z1n , n > 1 is continuous on C∗ . If γ is a contour joining

nonzero complex numbers z1 , z2 not passing through origin then
Z  
dz 1 1
= −(n − 1) − .
γ z
n
z2n−1 z1n−1

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

z2
z23 − z13
Z
1 z 2 dz = .
z1 3

Z iπ
2 cos zdz = sin(iπ) − sin(−iπ) = 2 sin(iπ).
−iπ

Z i
1 iπ −iπ
3 dz = Log (i) − Log (−i) = − = iπ.
−i z 2 2

4 The function z1n , n > 1 is continuous on C∗ . If γ is a contour joining

nonzero complex numbers z1 , z2 not passing through origin then
Z  
dz 1 1
= −(n − 1) − .
γ z
n
z2n−1 z1n−1

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

z2
z23 − z13
Z
1 z 2 dz = .
z1 3

Z iπ
2 cos zdz = sin(iπ) − sin(−iπ) = 2 sin(iπ).
−iπ

Z i
1 iπ −iπ
3 dz = Log (i) − Log (−i) = − = iπ.
−i z 2 2

4 The function z1n , n > 1 is continuous on C∗ . If γ is a contour joining

nonzero complex numbers z1 , z2 not passing through origin then
Z  
dz 1 1
= −(n − 1) − .
γ z
n
z2n−1 z1n−1

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

z2
z23 − z13
Z
1 z 2 dz = .
z1 3

Z iπ
2 cos zdz = sin(iπ) − sin(−iπ) = 2 sin(iπ).
−iπ

Z i
1 iπ −iπ
3 dz = Log (i) − Log (−i) = − = iπ.
−i z 2 2

4 The function z1n , n > 1 is continuous on C∗ . If γ is a contour joining

nonzero complex numbers z1 , z2 not passing through origin then
Z  
dz 1 1
= −(n − 1) − .
γ z
n
z2n−1 z1n−1

Lecture 7 Complex Integration

Antiderivatives

z2
z23 − z13
Z
1 z 2 dz = .
z1 3

Z iπ
2 cos zdz = sin(iπ) − sin(−iπ) = 2 sin(iπ).
−iπ

Z i
1 iπ −iπ
3 dz = Log (i) − Log (−i) = − = iπ.
−i z 2 2

4 The function z1n , n > 1 is continuous on C∗ . If γ is a contour joining

nonzero complex numbers z1 , z2 not passing through origin then
Z  
dz 1 1
= −(n − 1) − .
γ z
n
z2n−1 z1n−1

Lecture 7 Complex Integration