Natural Disaster Related Video*

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMm0yU8Z37M

Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental

factors that result in significant damage or destruction. Here is a list of
various types of natural disasters:

1. Earthquake: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by movements

along faults in the Earth's crust.
2. Tornado: A violently rotating column of air extending from a
thunderstorm to the ground.
3. Hurricane (or Typhoon or Cyclone): A powerful tropical storm with
strong winds and heavy rain, occurring over warm ocean waters.
4. Flood: Overflow of water onto normally dry land, often caused by
heavy rainfall, storm surges, or the rapid melting of snow and ice.
5. Wildfire: Uncontrolled fire spreading rapidly through vegetation, often
fueled by dry conditions, wind, and human activities.
6. Volcanic Eruption: The release of magma, ash, and gases from a
volcano, potentially causing lava flows, ash clouds, and pyroclastic
flows.
7. Tsunami: A series of ocean waves with extremely long wavelengths
and high energy, usually triggered by undersea earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions.
8. Drought: Prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation leading to
water shortages and crop failures.
9. Blizzard: Severe snowstorm characterized by strong winds, low
visibility, and a substantial amount of falling or blowing snow.
10. Landslide: Downward movement of rock, soil, and debris on a
slope, often triggered by heavy rainfall or earthquakes.
11. Avalanche: Rapid descent of a large mass of snow down a
mountainside, often triggered by factors like heavy snowfall or human
activity.
12. Sinkhole: A depression or hole in the ground caused by the
collapse of a surface layer, typically formed in areas with soluble
bedrock.
13. Tropical Storm: A storm system with strong winds and
organized convection that forms over tropical or subtropical waters.
14. Hailstorm: Severe weather condition with strong winds that
carry hailstones, causing damage to crops, structures, and vehicles.
15. Heatwave: Prolonged period of excessively hot weather, often
with high humidity, that can pose health risks.
16. Snowstorm: Heavy snowfall accompanied by strong winds,
leading to reduced visibility and potential disruptions.
 17. Sandstorm: Strong winds carrying large amounts of sand and
dust, reducing visibility and causing respiratory issues.
18. Ice Storm: A weather condition where freezing rain falls,
creating a coating of ice on surfaces and causing hazardous conditions.
19. Mudslide (or Mudflow): Rapid movement of a large amount of
mud down a slope, often triggered by heavy rainfall on loose soil.
20. Forest Fire: Uncontrolled fire in wooded areas, often
exacerbated by dry conditions and wind.

It's important to note that some events, such as earthquakes and tsunamis,
can trigger secondary disasters like landslides or flooding, adding complexity
to the impact of these natural events.

Direct and indirect speech are two ways to report what someone has said. Here’s an
explanation of both with examples and their translations in Vietnamese:

Direct Speech
Direct speech involves quoting the exact words spoken by someone. Quotation marks
are used to enclose the spoken words.

Example:
 English: She said, "I am going to the market."
 Vietnamese: Cô ấy nói, "Tôi đang đi chợ."

Indirect Speech
Indirect speech involves reporting what someone has said without quoting their exact
words. The structure often changes, including tense, pronouns, and time expressions.

Example:
 English: She said that she was going to the market.
 Vietnamese: Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy đang đi chợ.

More Examples and Their Translations:

Example 1: Asking a question
 Direct Speech:
 English: He asked, "Where are you going?"
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy hỏi, "Bạn đang đi đâu?"
 Indirect Speech:
 English: He asked where I was going.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy hỏi tôi đang đi đâu.
Example 2: Giving an order or request

 Direct Speech:

 English: She said, "Please close the door."

 Vietnamese: Cô ấy nói, "Làm ơn đóng cửa lại."

 Indirect Speech:

 English: She asked me to close the door.

 Vietnamese: Cô ấy yêu cầu tôi đóng cửa lại.
Example 3: Making a statement

 Direct Speech:

 English: He said, "I have finished my homework."

 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói, "Tôi đã làm xong bài tập về nhà."

 Indirect Speech:

 English: He said that he had finished his homework.

 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy đã làm xong bài tập về nhà.

Changes from Direct to Indirect Speech

1. Tenses: Present tenses usually change to past tenses.

 Direct: "I am happy."

 Indirect: He said that he was happy.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy hạnh phúc.

2. Pronouns: Pronouns are adjusted according to the context.

 Direct: "I will call you."

 Indirect: He said that he would call me.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy sẽ gọi cho tôi.

3. Time expressions: Words indicating time often change.

 Direct: "I will see you tomorrow."

 Indirect: He said that he would see me the next day.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy sẽ gặp tôi vào ngày hôm sau.

Common Time Expression Changes

  today → that day

 Direct: "I will finish it today."

 Indirect: He said he would finish it that day.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy sẽ hoàn thành nó vào ngày hôm đó.

 yesterday → the day before

 Direct: "I saw her yesterday."

 Indirect: He said he had seen her the day before.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy đã gặp cô ấy vào ngày hôm trước.

 tomorrow → the next day

 Direct: "I will call you tomorrow."

 Indirect: He said he would call me the next day.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy sẽ gọi cho tôi vào ngày hôm sau.

By understanding the differences and how to transform direct speech into indirect
speech, you can effectively report what others have said in both English and
Vietnamese.

To convert direct speech into indirect speech, you need to follow a specific set of rules,
which often involve changes in tense, pronouns, and time expressions. Here is a formula
to guide you through the process:

General Formula for Indirect Speech

1. Change the Reporting Verb
 Reporting verbs like "say" or "tell" in direct speech may change to "said" or "told"
(if specifying the listener).
2. Change the Pronouns
 Pronouns need to be adjusted to match the perspective of the speaker.
3. Change the Tense
 The tense of the verbs in the reported clause usually shifts one step back in time.
4. Change Time Expressions
 Time expressions change to reflect the change in the perspective of time.

Example Changes
1. Statements
 Direct Speech: She said, "I am going to the market."
  Indirect Speech: She said that she was going to the market.
2. Questions
 Direct Speech: He asked, "Where are you going?"
 Indirect Speech: He asked where I was going.
3. Commands/Requests
 Direct Speech: She said, "Please close the door."
 Indirect Speech: She asked me to close the door.

Tense Changes
Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech Tense
Simple Present Simple Past
"I go" "he went"
Present Continuous Past Continuous
"I am going" "he was going"
Present Perfect Past Perfect
"I have gone" "he had gone"
Simple Past Past Perfect
"I went" "he had gone"
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I was going" "he had been going"
Future Conditional
"I will go" "he would go"
Pronoun Changes
 First person pronouns (I, we) in direct speech become third person (he, she,
they) in indirect speech.
 Second person pronouns (you) change based on the subject/object in the
reporting clause.
Time Expression Changes
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
today that day
tomorrow the next day/the following day
yesterday the day before/the previous day
now then
ago before
this that
these those
here there
Examples and Translation in Vietnamese
1. Statements
 Direct Speech: "I am studying."
 Indirect Speech: He said that he was studying.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy đang học.
2. Questions
 Direct Speech: "Where are you?"
 Indirect Speech: She asked where I was.
 Vietnamese: Cô ấy hỏi tôi đang ở đâu.
3. Commands/Requests
 Direct Speech: "Close the door."
 Indirect Speech: He told me to close the door.
 Vietnamese: Anh ấy bảo tôi đóng cửa lại.

By following these formulas and rules, you can systematically convert direct speech to
indirect speech in both English and Vietnamese.

Here's a short English conversation between two students

discussing natural disasters using reported speech:

Conversation 1: Earthquake Preparedness

Student 1: Have you ever experienced an earthquake?

Student 2: Fortunately, no. But someone told me about the

earthquake drill they had in school.

Student 1: I heard on the radio that it's essential to know what to

do in case of an earthquake.

Student 2: Absolutely, staying calm and following safety guidelines

can save lives.
Conversation 2: Tsunami Warning

Student 1: Did you see the tsunami warning for coastal areas?

Student 2: Yeah, a classmate mentioned that there was an alert

due to an undersea earthquake.

Student 1: I read that people were advised to move to higher

ground as a precaution.

Student 2: It's scary how quickly things can escalate. Preparedness

is key.

Conversation 3: Cyclone Impact

Student 1: Have you heard about the cyclone hitting the southern
provinces?

Student 2: Yes, my cousin called and said the strong winds caused
a lot of damage.

Student 1: I saw a post on social media showing the aftermath – so

many fallen trees.

Student 2: Hopefully, the local government is providing assistance

to those affected.
Conversation 4: Flash Floods

Student 1: There were reports of flash floods in the central region,

right?

Student 2: Yes, someone mentioned that heavy rain caused rivers

to overflow suddenly.

Student 1: I read that residents were surprised by how quickly the

water levels rose.

Student 2: It emphasizes the importance of early warning systems.

Conversation 5: Hailstorm in the Highlands

Student 1: Did you see the photos of the hailstorm in the

highlands?

Student 2: Yeah, a friend shared pictures of hail-covered fields and

damaged crops.

Student 1: I heard on the news that farmers are facing significant

losses.

Student 2: It's unfortunate. Weather extremes can have a big

impact on agriculture.

Conversation 6: Wildfire Awareness

Student 1: I saw a video about wildfires in the news. It's spreading
fast.

Student 2: Yeah, someone interviewed a firefighter who mentioned

the challenges they're facing.

Student 1: It's brave of them to combat such intense fires. We

should appreciate their efforts.

Student 2: Absolutely, and raising awareness about preventing

wildfires is crucial.

Conversation 7: Landslide

Student 1: Hey, have you heard about the recent landslide in the
northern part of Vietnam?

Student 2: Yeah, someone mentioned that heavy rainfall triggered

it.

Student 1: I read on the news that several houses were buried, and
there were casualties.

Student 2: That's really sad. Did they say how the local authorities
are responding?

Student 1: According to a report, rescue teams have been

deployed, and they are helping the affected families.

Student 2: It's crucial for people to be aware of the risks, especially

during the rainy season.

Student 1: Absolutely, being prepared and having early warning

systems can make a huge difference.
These conversations touch on various natural disasters and highlight
the importance of preparedness, early warnings, and community
support in facing such challenges.

Regular Verbs:

1. Work
 Past Simple: Worked
 Past Perfect: Had worked
2. Play
 Past Simple: Played
 Past Perfect: Had played
3. Jump
 Past Simple: Jumped
 Past Perfect: Had jumped
4. Talk
 Past Simple: Talked
 Past Perfect: Had talked
5. Dance
 Past Simple: Danced
 Past Perfect: Had danced
6. Cook
 Past Simple: Cooked
 Past Perfect: Had cooked
7. Help
 Past Simple: Helped
 Past Perfect: Had helped
8. Clean
 Past Simple: Cleaned
 Past Perfect: Had cleaned
9. Visit
 Past Simple: Visited
 Past Perfect: Had visited
10. Call
 Past Simple: Called
 Past Perfect: Had called

Irregular Verbs:

11. Go - Past Simple: Went - Past Perfect: Had gone

12. See
 Past Simple: Saw
 Past Perfect: Had seen
13. Eat
 Past Simple: Ate
 Past Perfect: Had eaten
14. Take
 Past Simple: Took
  Past Perfect: Had taken
15. Speak
 Past Simple: Spoke
 Past Perfect: Had spoken
16. Break
 Past Simple: Broke
 Past Perfect: Had broken
17. Drive
 Past Simple: Drove
 Past Perfect: Had driven
18. Write
 Past Simple: Wrote
 Past Perfect: Had written
19. Read
 Past Simple: Read (pronounced red)
 Past Perfect: Had read (pronounced red)
20. Sleep
 Past Simple: Slept
 Past Perfect: Had slept
21. Buy
 Past Simple: Bought
 Past Perfect: Had bought
22. Give
 Past Simple: Gave
 Past Perfect: Had given
23. Fly
 Past Simple: Flew
 Past Perfect: Had flown
24. Break
 Past Simple: Broke
 Past Perfect: Had broken
25. Choose
 Past Simple: Chose
 Past Perfect: Had chosen
26. Swim
 Past Simple: Swam
 Past Perfect: Had swum
27. Begin
 Past Simple: Began
 Past Perfect: Had begun
28. Think
 Past Simple: Thought
 Past Perfect: Had thought
29. Lose
 Past Simple: Lost
 Past Perfect: Had lost
30. Meet
 Past Simple: Met
 Past Perfect: Had met
:
10 More Regular Verbs:

1. Study
 Past Simple: Studied
 Past Perfect: Had studied
2. Travel
 Past Simple: Traveled
 Past Perfect: Had traveled
3. Play
 Past Simple: Played
 Past Perfect: Had played
4. Listen
 Past Simple: Listened
 Past Perfect: Had listened
5. Ask
 Past Simple: Asked
 Past Perfect: Had asked
6. Live
 Past Simple: Lived
 Past Perfect: Had lived
7. Shop
 Past Simple: Shopped
 Past Perfect: Had shopped
8. Visit
 Past Simple: Visited
 Past Perfect: Had visited
9. Like
 Past Simple: Liked
 Past Perfect: Had liked
10. Dance
 Past Simple: Danced
 Past Perfect: Had danced

10 More Irregular Verbs:

11. Fall - Past Simple: Fell - Past Perfect: Had fallen

12. Hold
 Past Simple: Held
 Past Perfect: Had held
13. Bring
 Past Simple: Brought
 Past Perfect: Had brought
14. Forgive
 Past Simple: Forgave
 Past Perfect: Had forgiven
15. Build
 Past Simple: Built
 Past Perfect: Had built
16. Hide
  Past Simple: Hid
 Past Perfect: Had hidden
17. Think
 Past Simple: Thought
 Past Perfect: Had thought
18. Fight
 Past Simple: Fought
 Past Perfect: Had fought
19. Wear
 Past Simple: Wore
 Past Perfect: Had worn
20. Ring
 Past Simple: Rang
 Past Perfect: Had rung

These additional examples should provide you with a more comprehensive list of
regular and irregular verbs in both past simple and past perfect tenses.