cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem
solving, judgment, language, and memory.
cognition is an essential feature of human consciousness, yet not all aspects of cognition are consciously experienced.
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to other cognitive processes.
Language is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another. While language is a form of communication, not all communication is language.
Language, be it spoken, signed, or written, has specific components: a lexicon and grammar. Lexicon refers to the words of a given language. Thus, lexicon is a language’s vocabulary. Grammar refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon (
LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT When we speak one language, we agree that words are representations of ideas, people, places, and events. The given language that children learn is connected to their culture and surroundings whether language shapes thoughts and actions, or whether our thoughts and beliefs shape our language.
Method Description Example
Trial and error Continue trying different Restarting phone, turning off solutions until problem is solved Wi-Fi, turning off Bluetooth in order to determine why your phone is malfunctioning Algorithm Step-by-step problem-solving Instruction manual for installing formula new software on your computer Heuristic General problem-solving Working backwards; breaking a framework task into steps
Working backwards is a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result.
A mental set is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.
Functional fixedness is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. Bias Description Anchoring Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving Confirmation Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs Hindsight Belief that the event just experienced was predictable Representative Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something Availability Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty
intelligence is the ability to think rationally, understand the world,, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behaviors
1. Musical-Rhythmic According to Gardner, people who possess a high degree of musical intelligence have good thinking in rhythms, sounds, or patterns. Therefore, a person with higher musical rhythmic intelligence can be a good musician, conductor, composer, singer, etc.
2. Visual-Spatial People who possess better visual-spatial intelligence can visualize objects better, such as images, illustrations, maps, charts, videos, and the like.
3. Verbal-Linguistic This type of intelligence enables people to master the use of words, both verbally and in written form.
4. Logical-Mathematical A high degree of logical-mathematical intelligence makes it possible for some
people to be good at logical and mathematical skills, ranging from scientists to mathematicians and accountants.
5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Farmers, mechanics, carpenters, dancers, and athletes possess good hand-eye coordination and agility. According to Gardner’s model, such people have high bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
6. Interpersonal This type of intelligence enables better public dealing, as these people can better evaluate other people’s emotions, moods, desires, and motivations.
7. Intrapersonal People with better intrapersonal intelligence like to better understand and evaluate their own emotions, motivations, and relationship with others. Someone with a high degree of intelligence can be a good author, philosopher, or entrepreneur.
8. Naturalistic Biologists, gardeners, farmers, animal trainers, and geologists have an in-depth understanding of nature. These people have real intelligence that allows them to be in tune with nature. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences and Education Gardner believes that people should be taught in school to help them reach their vocational and a vocational goals following their spectrum of intelligence. Gardner, in an interview, mentioned that he is now considering adding teaching-pedagogical intelligence, which is the ability to teach other people successfully.
