Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com Current Opinion in

ScienceDirect Electrochemistry

Review Article

Recent progress on V2O5 based electroactive

materials: Synthesis, properties, and supercapacitor
application
Abdudin G. Temam1,2, Adil Alshoaibi3, Seyoum A. Getaneh1,
Chawki Awada3, Assumpta C. Nwanya4,5,
Paul M. Ejikeme1 and Fabian I. Ezema4,5,6

Abstract Available online 9 February 2023

The concerns of sustainable energy rely on highly efficient https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101239
renewable energy sources and effective storage devices. 2451-9103/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Supercapacitor is practically reliable energy storage devices
with rapid charging rate, high power density, simple setup, and
Keywords
good stability. Electrode materials have significant impacts on
Capacitance, Electrode, Energy density, Power density, Super-
the performance of supercapacitors. Therefore, finding high- capacitor, V2O5.
performing electroactive material is a critical concern of the
area. Herein, the recent progress of vanadium pentoxide-
based electroactive materials for supercapacitor application Introduction
has been reviewed. Vanadium pentoxide is a potential elec- The concerns of sustainable energy and anxieties of
troactive material for supercapacitor due to its mixed oxidation greenhouse gas-induced global warming need highly
states, eco-friendliness, low cost, high capacitance, and high efficient renewable energy sources and effective storage
energy density. But, poor conductivity and low cyclic stability devices to attain the global energy demand without
are major drawbacks of the oxide which affect its electro- disrupting the environment. A number of successful
chemical properties. This review points out different strategies initiatives have been made to switch from non-
of mitigating such limitations. Finally, future perspectives on renewable fossil fuels to other non-conventional
V2O5-based electroactive materials for supercapacitor appli- energy sources in response to the increasing need for
cation have been highlighted. green energy [1,2]. The issue of sustainable energy
Addresses
relies on its generation from renewable sources and
1
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria storage after production. A pleased use of renewable
Nsukka, Nigeria energy requires effective storage devices. Fuel cells,
2
Department of Chemistry, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Postal batteries, and supercapacitors are decisive energy stor-
code: 05, Ethiopia age devices [3,4]. Recently, supercapacitors have
3
Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University,
P.O. Box 400, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
received significant attention owing to their rapid
4
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, charging rate, high power density, simple setup, and
Nigeria good stability [5]. It is proverbial that electrode mate-
5
African Centre of Excellence, ACE-SPED, University of Nigeria, rials have a significant impact on the performance of
Nsukka, Nigeria
6 supercapacitors [6e8]. Suitable electroactive materials
UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology,
College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk can be used to assemble high-performing super-
Ridge, South Africa capacitors [9e11].

Corresponding authors: Ezema, Fabian I. (Fabian.ezema@unn.edu. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is among the potential
ng); Awada, Chawki (chinwe.nwanya@unn.edu.ng); Alshoaibi, Adil
(adshoaibi@kfu.edu.sa)
electroactive electrode for supercapacitor as a result of
its mixed oxidation states, low cost, low toxicity, wide
voltage window, high capacitance, and high energy
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2023, 38:101239 density [12]. The supercapacitive performance of V2O5-
This review comes from a themed issue on Energy Storage: Batteries based electrodes reported so far is better than other
and Supercapacitors (2023) oxides of vanadium due to its layered structure and
Edited by Kenneth Ozoemena firmness [13]. Vanadium pentoxide is a promising ma-
For complete overview about the section, refer Energy Storage:
terial for energy storage capable to store more electron
Batteries and Supercapacitors (2023) per formula unit. The poor conductivity and low cyclic
stability of V2O5-based electrodes impair their

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2 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors (2023)

electrochemical characteristics and prevent them from milling. During the milling process kinetic energy is
being used in supercapacitors [1,14]. Consequently, transferred from the grinder to the material [26]. As
several structural, morphological, and electronic prop- displayed in Figure 1c, the chemical reduction process
erties modifications, as well as doping and nano- involves reduction of the metallic salt solution into its
composite formation, were introduced to enhance the oxide in the presence of reducing agents then pro-
conductivity and stability of V2O5-based electrodes ceeding to stabilization of the ionic complex and con-
[15e17]. In this review, the recent progress of V2O5- trolling the size of material using capping agent [27].
based electroactive materials for supercapacitor appli- This review present the recent progress and application
cation has been summarized. Synthesis, properties, and of nanostructured V2O5 based electroactive materials for
supercapacitive application of V2O5 and V2O5-based supercapacitor application. Survey of literature revealed
electroactive materials have been discussed. Lastly, that the two main limitations of V2O5-based electrodes
future research outlooks on V2O5-based nanomaterials which have hindered their widespread application are
have been emphasized. poor conductivity and poor cycling stability. A lot of
value-added articles that introduced different synthesis
strategies to fill these research gaps have been published
Synthesis and properties of V2O5 based online. Many researchers are still working on these
electroactive materials electroactive electrode materials for super-
Synthesis and preparation methods have a significant capacitors application.
effect on the morphological, structural, optical, elec-
tronic, and electrochemical properties of electroactive In the development of suitable V2O5-based electro-
materials. Several methods, such as hydrothermal active material for supercapacitor applications, steps,
method [18], microwave-assisted hydrothermal [19], such as material selection, synthesis methods identifi-
co-precipitation [20], electrospinning [21], solegel cation, characterization, fabrication, and electro-
method [22], chemical reduction, chemical vapor chemical studies, are general experimental steps, as
deposition (CVD), mechanical milling, and biological displayed in Figure 2 [17]. The synthesis processes play
synthesis [12], have been used to synthesize V2O5 and an important role to control the morphology and prop-
V2O5-based materials in different morphologies. In the erties of the material. Nano-porous V2O5 synthesized via
broad sense, these synthesis methods can be classified solegel process attained 214 F/g capacitance, but it
into physical, chemical, and biological methods provided 349 F/g when synthesized through co-
[23,24]. Physical methods are the fast technique to precipitation at the same electrolyte and concentra-
provide pure and morphologically uniform products tion. This phenomenon clearly shows the impact of
but less productivity, exposure to radiation, high synthesis strategy on electrochemical property of the
energy requirement, and waste are their limitations material [28]. Until now, several V2O5-based electrodes
[24]. Chemical synthesis is the process that mainly materials morphology and structures, such as nanorods
involves various chemical transformations in the pres- [29], nanoflowers [18], nanobelts [30], nanowires [31],
ence of chemical precursors. It has drawbacks such as nanofibers [32], hierarchical spheres [33], nanosheets
high cost and use of toxic/hazardous chemicals [23]. In [34], and nanotubes [35], have been explored to show
biological methods, materials can be synthesized using the effects of morphologies on electrochemical proper-
microorganisms or plant extract/parts through con- ties and supercapacitive performance of V2O5 based
trolling synthetic parameters, such as pH, tempera- electroactive materials with the aim of enhancing the
ture, incubation period, and mixing ratio. It is the rapid electrochemical functionality of materials.
and eco-friendly process, but it is hard to control the
shape, size, crystal growth, stability, and aggregation of Variation in the morphology of the material can modify
materials [25]. the properties of the material. This section of the review
presents the synthesis and supercapacitive performance
Synthesis process is the first cornerstone in order to of V2O5 electroactive material having different mor-
explore properties and realize the potential applications phologies. For instance, Patil et al. [36] synthesized
of materials. Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of V2O5 powder through a thermal decomposition process
biotemplated synthesis (Figure 1a), mechanical milling and deposited it on Ni foam substrate. The material
(Figure 1b), and chemical reduction (Figure 1c) tech- reserved 96.1% of its specific capacitance (1227.2 F/g) at
niques used to prepare V2O5-based nanomaterials in a 1 mV/s after 2000 GCD cycles. Li et al. [34] synthesized
different morphology for various applications, such V2O5 nanosheets through the hydrothermal method and
as photocatalysis, sensor, energy storage, and environ- exhibited 96.8% cycling capacity retention with a spe-
mental remediation. Figure 1a shows the green synthesis cific capacity (375 F/g) than V2O5 particles (318 F/g) in
protocol using plant extracts as a capping or stabilizing K2SO4 solution. The nanosheet retained 92.6% of its
agent for synthesizing nanostructured electroactive specific capacity over 500 cycles. Yang et al. [37] pre-
materials. Figure 1b shows the process that reduces the pared hollow V2O5 spheres that provided 479 F/g spe-
size of materials to the appropriate fineness through cific capacitance. The core finding of such studies has
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2023, 38:101239 www.sciencedirect.com
 Recent Progress on V2O5 based electroactive materials Temam et al. 3

Figure 1

Selected synthesis methods used for the preparation of V2O5-based electroactive nanomaterials.

Figure 2

Schematic representation on the overall process of supercapacitor development using V2O5 based electroactive materials.

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4 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors (2023)

confirmed the impact of synthesis method on the volume expansion of V2O5 during chargingedischarging
morphology and electrochemical properties of the ma- in aqueous electrolytes which cause poor cycling stability.
terials. However, none of the studies provide a consis- As a result of electrode polarization, the oxidation and
tent pattern for how the morphology of material reduction peaks shifted to higher and lower potentials,
influences its electrochemical performance. respectively. The CV curves as depicted in Figure 3e
exhibit distinct redox peaks that confirm the pseudoca-
Also, Zheng et al. [14] studied the morphology of rhom- pacitor behavior of electrode material. Therefore,
bohedral, butterfly-like, and flower-like V2O5 microcrys- morphologically controlled materials are necessary and
tals which exhibited specific capacitance 641, 556, and often advised in order to build high-performance super-
609 F/g at 0.5 A/g and almost consistent variation in capacitors [12,14].
cycling stabilities of 119.8%, 132.6%, and 70.4% over 2000
cycles, respectively. Figure 3a shows the synthesis strat-
egy to the desired morphologies of the products by Trends on V2O5 based electroactive
adjusting main parameters, such as concentration of materials supercapacitor
NH4VO3, temperature, and volume of ethanol in the Several articles have been published on developing V2O5
drowning-out crystallization process. The authors re- based electroactive materials which are combined with
ported that all these morphologies exhibited similar FTIR different materials to enhance their electrochemical
spectra (Figure 3c). The XRD plot as shown in Figure 3b properties. Researchers use carbon materials as their
reveals that all of the products are well-crystallized and primary choice to produce desired composite materials
have high crystallinity. The difference in morphology (see because of their good compatibility. For example, Ahir-
Figure 3d) is important to control the dissolution or rao et al. [16] prepared V2O5 nanowires/rGO composite

Figure 3

Synthesis (a), XRD patterns (b), SEM images (d), and Raman spectrum of butterfly, rhombohedral, and flower-like V2O5. Electrochemical properties
comparison on different morphologies of V2O5: (e) CV plot at 1 mV/s; (f) GCD plot collected at 1 A/g, and (g) Nyquist plots within range of 100 to 0.01 Hz
[14]. Copyright ©2018 American Chemical Society.

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 Recent Progress on V2O5 based electroactive materials Temam et al. 5

Figure 4

The V2O5/f-CNT/PPy composite film fabrication process (a), characterization; XRD patterns (b), FTIR (c), SEM image (d), and TGA analysis (e) of V2O5
powder, V2O5. nH2O gel, f-CNT, V2O5/f-CNT, and V2O5/f-CNT/PPy. Source: re-printed under ©2021 from Ref. [38].

using hydrothermal technique. The reduced graphene The electrochemical performance as displayed in Figure 5
oxide (rGO) increases surface area for the movement of affirmed that V2O5/f-CNT/PPy composite-based elec-
electron between electrode and electrolyte which trode exhibited 1266 mF/cm2 of areal capacitance at
enhanced conductivity. The composite exhibited gravi- 1 mA/m2 current density and retained 83.0% of it capac-
metric specific capacitance (1002 F/g) keeping 83.94% itance over 10,000 GCD cycles [38]. In Figure 5, the
of its performance over 5000 GCD cycles. The device quasi-rectangular-shaped curves with high peak current
provided 116 Wh/kg energy density at 1520 W/kg power responses for the V2O5/f-CNT and V2O5/f-CNT/PPy
density. In another study, Jincy et al. [38] prepared a electrodes show that the V2O5 and PPy contribute
composites consisting of V2O5 gel, functionalized carbon pseudocapacitance and f-CNT cause double-layer capac-
nanotubes (f-CNTs), and polypyrrole (PPy) using facile itance. Cyclic voltammetry curves confirm V2O5/f-CNT/
synthesis process, as depicted in Figure 4a. The authors PPy own improved charge storage capacity as a result of
used PPy to induce oxygen vacancies on the surface of having a large area enclosed by the curve, as shown in
V2O5 which is important to promote charge transfer ki- Figure 5e. The EIS plots confirmed that the composite
netics. Also, Figure 4bee illustrates the X-ray powder electrode made of V2O5/f-CNT/PPy showed the best
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron charge transfer characteristics. Also, it is capable to fill the
microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared gap of carbon nanotubes (CNT) which is a low-specific
spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis capacitance as well as the gaps of V2O5 which are poor
(TGA) characterization results which have confirmed cyclic stability and conductivity. In general, the lower
that the synthesized materials are desired product. For cyclic stability of V2O5-based material is due to the
example, the stretching vibrations of V]O represented dissolution and volume expansion of V2O5 during the
the peak at 1005 cm 1 in the V2O5 gel, but the depo- chargeedischarge process. The CNTs have the benefit of
sition of PPy and f-CNT reduced the intensity of this increasing chargingedischarging rate and extending their
peak (see Figure 4c). life cycle due to their excellent operational safety and
large specific surface area.

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6 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors (2023)

Figure 5

The CV plots at varying scan rates and GCD plots at varying current density for (a,b) f-CNT, (c,d) V2O5/f-CNT, and (e,f) V2O5/f-CNT/PPy-based elec-
trodes. Source: re-used under ©2021 from Ref. [38].

Furthermore, Fu et al. [39] synthesized V2O5 composite assure the material of interest. The CV curves (Figure 6e)
with graphene using facile microwave synthetic method. for the sample look a quasi-rectangular in shape along the
The authors assembled symmetric supercapacitors currentepotential axis without obvious redox peaks. The
device that possess good specific capacitances (673.2 F/g) EIS chargeedischarge curves attained a shape like an
at 1 A/g and cyclic stability (96.8%) over 10,000 GCD isosceles triangle. The film revealed 735 F/g of specific
cycles. In another study, Ramesh et al. [40] synthesized capacitance at 1 mV/s scan rate and retained 71% of its
V2O5@N-MWCNT and V2O5@N-MWCNT/CMC capacitance over 1000 cycles. Its nanocomposite with
composites using a hydrothermal technique. These ma- multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) will boost the
terials showed increased surface characteristics and electrochemical properties of the resulting electrodes
sheet-like morphology which can be a suitable compo- relative to the bare metal oxide (V2O5). The V2O5 based
nent in supercapacitor configuration. The authors re- composite with carbon materials shows enhanced elec-
ported a capacitance of 19 F/g (V2O5@N-MWCNT and trochemical performance because of the positive syner-
50 F/g (V2O5@NMWCNT/CMC) which is a better gistic effect of carbon materials which increases the
capacitance value than the binary composite. As depicted conductivity of the oxide.
in Figure 6, Pandit et al. [41] synthesized V2O5 thin film
and deposited it on stainless steel (SS) substrate via More recently, the V2O5/metal nanocomposites have
chemical bath deposition synthesis strategy. Structural received a lot of attention due to their simplicity in
properties characterization (XRD and FTIR) results preparation, controlled nanostructured morphology,
depicted in Figure 6 (b and c) have been reported to and quick reversible faradaic reactions that provide a

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 Recent Progress on V2O5 based electroactive materials Temam et al. 7

Figure 6

(a) The process of V2O5 flakes deposition on MWCNTs, (b) XRD patterns, and FTIR (c) of bare MWCNTs, bare V2O5, and V2O5/MWCNT thin films. Their
electrochemical properties CV curve (d) and GCD plot (f) at 100 mV/s, CV curve at varying scan rates (e), and GCD(g) plot of V2O5/MWCNTat varying specific
currents [41].

desired performance. Lee et al. [42] introduced micro- ascribed VeOeV bond asymmetric stretching. In
supercapacitor power cells device with confined MnO2, Figure 7def, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic
V2O5, and conductive PEDOT on graphene flakes chargeedischarge (GCD), and Nyquist plots were used
composite as sandwich structure. The material provide to analyze the electrochemical characteristics of the
an aerial capacitance (89.29 mF/cm2), energy density synthesized V2O5 nanobelts. The V2O5-1MNa nano-
(0.024 mWh/cm2), and power density of 0.35 mW/cm2. belt was used as both anode and cathode in the con-
Also, Peng et al. [30] synthesized V2O5 nanobelts from struction of symmetric solid-state supercapacitor
V2O5 powder for supercapacitor application. The XRD device which provided 13.9 Wh/kg energy density at
characterization plot of Figure 7a indicates that V2O5- 1250 W/kg of power density. From Figure 7d-f, the
1MNa has an orthogonal crystal structure. The Raman V2O5-1MNa has the highest peak current intensity on
spectra analysis in Figure 7b affirmed that the V2O5- CV plot, and it exhibits the best ion diffusion behavior
1MNa show spectral peaks at 97.6 and 146.9 cm 1 and lowest charge transfer resistance in low-frequency
attributed to shear-like distortions, and 997 cm 1 region [30].

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8 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors (2023)

Figure 7

X-ray diffraction patterns (a) and Raman spectrum (b) of V2O5, V2O5-0.5MNa, and V2O5-1MNa. (c) Interlayer structure of V2O5-1MNa. (e) CV plot of
nanobelts, (d) CV plots of V2O5-1MNa at varying scan rates, and (f) Nyquist plots of nanobelts of varying Na + concentration [30].

Conclusion and future outlooks Declaration of competing interest

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a potential electroactive The authors declare that they have no known competing
material for supercapacitor application. But, its wide- financial interests or personal relationships that could have
spread application is hindered by its poor conductivity appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
and inadequate cycling stability. Several structural,
morphological, and electronic properties modifications, Data availability
as well as doping and nanocomposite formation, were No data were used for the research described in
introduced to enhance performance activities of V2O5- the article.
based electrodes by resolving aforementioned limita-
tions. Nanocomposite systems exhibited better super- Acknowledgements
capacitive performance than the oxide due to some Authors AGT and SAG acknowledge ESIMSAD project (Ref. No. 624175-
PANAF-1-2020-ET-PANAF-MOBAF) for academic mobility fund at the
synergistic effect, and they can resist the volume University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Also, this work was supported by the
expansion of the oxide. The same materials synthesized Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and
through different methods possess different perfor- Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [Grant No. 2,454].
mances, and this indicates that synthesis methods have References
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2018, 107:379–390. * * nanostructures anchored on 3D Ni-foam for supercapacitor
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drothermal synthesis and structural properties of V2O5 Introduced a simple, scalable and cost-effective synthesis approach for
nanoflowers at low temperatures. J Phys Conf 2018, 1083, preparation of C powder. Finally reported V2O5/Ni foam as a best
012036. performing electrode for supercapacitor application

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10 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors (2023)

37. Yang J, Lan T, Liu J, Song Y, Wei M: Supercapacitor electrode cellulose composite for two-electrode configuration of
of hollow spherical V2O5 with a high pseudocapacitance in supercapacitor applications. Ceram Int 2022, 48:
aqueous solution. Electrochim Acta 2013, 105:489–495. 29247–29256.
This study had show the influences of material’s structure, morphology
38. Jyothibasu JP, Chen MZ, Tien YC, Kuo CC, Chen EC, Lin YC, and composition modification on the performance of the supercapacitor
* * Chiang TC, Lee RH: V2O5/Carbon nanotube/polypyrrole based and reported that ultrathin sheets V2O5@N-MWCNT/CMC
freestanding negative electrodes for high-performance composite with large surface area performs better than pristine V2O5
supercapacitors. Catalysts 2021, 11:980. materials.
designed best performing V2O5/f-CNT/PPy composite based electrode
which could effectively mitigate the drawbacks of the low specific 41. Pandit B, Dubal DP, Gómez-Romero P, Kale BB, Sankapal BR:
capacitance of CNTs and the poor cycling life of V2O5. V2O5 encapsulated MWCNTs in 2D surface architecture:
complete solid-state bendable highly stabilized energy effi-
39. Fu M, Zhuang Q, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Chen W, Liu Q, Yu H: Facile cient supercapacitor device. Sci Rep 2017, 7, 43430.
* synthesis of V2O5/graphene composites as advanced electrode
materials in supercapacitors. J Alloys Compd 2021, 862, 158006. 42. Lee HU, Jin J-H, Chung BG: High-capacity three-dimensional
This study has reported the fabrication of a V2O5/graphene composites * solar rechargeable micro-supercapacitor using MnO2/V2O5-
material for supercapacitor. These composites are assembled into based binary metal oxide nanocomposite ink. J Ind Eng Chem
symmetrical that exhibit superior performance and stability. 2022, 115:544–553.
This paper was one of the first studies to introduce solar rechargable
40. Ramesh S, Yadav HM, Bathula C, Palem RR, Arumugam S, A K, V2O5 based supercapacitor which is useful perspective on designing
* Kim H-S, Kim HS: V2O5 nano sheets assembled on nitrogen photoassisted supercapacitor as emerging technology.
doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes/carboxy methyl

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