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12 – Mathematics
Special Guide 2024-25

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jpUkjp. m. NuZfh, M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil
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jpUkjp. T. ehd;rp M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil., jpU.K. nry;tf;Fkhh; M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed
H.M.G(G) HSS HM. G.H.SS.
kJiu – 625016 M. Rg;GyhGuk;> kJiu - 625702
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nr. jkpo;f;Fkud; MA., M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed.,
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K.S. yjh> M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., S. gpUe;jh M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.,

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jpahfuhrh; ed;Kiw Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> tpy;Yhh;.
njg;gf;Fsk;> kJiu.9.

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Question Paper Design

Questions asked Question to be answered Marks

One Mark - 20 20 20 x 1 = 20
2 Mark - 10 7 7 x 2 = 14

et
3 Mark - 10 7 7 x 3 = 21
5 Mark - 14 7 7 x 5 = 35

i.N
Total 90
Internal Marks 10

la
Total Marks 100

sa
 Write the Exam with focus and confidence
 Write the question number correctly
 One Mark to write the correct option and the corresponding answer
da
 Give more importance to one mark questions
 Suitable marks will be given to formula and Diagrams
 Answer the answers to the well-known questions first
Pa

 Try the prove that or show that questions, and finally prove that or show that.
 If you don’t know the complete answer, you can easily get step mark if you write
as much you know.
w.

 After reading the questions carefully in the exam room, you should them without
any anxiety.
 A lot of Model Exams have to be written
ww

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S.No. Content P.No.

One Mark 1
1 12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 19
2 6. APPLICATION OF VECTOR ALGEBRA 30
3 2. COMPLEX NUMBER 41
4 5. TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY – II 51

et
5 11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 59
6 4. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION 67
7 3. THEORY OF EQUATIONS 71

i.N
8 10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 80
9 8. DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 89
10 7. APPLIICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 94
11 1. APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND DETERMINTS 109

la
12 9. APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION 120

1
(1) 3
sa CHAPTER 1 – Application of Matrices and Determinants
If |adj⁡(adj⁡𝐴)| = |𝐴|9 , then the order of the square matrix 𝐴 is
(2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 5
Ans: 4

2 If A is a 3 x 3 non-singular matrix such that 𝐴𝐴 = ⁡ 𝐴 𝐴 and 𝐵 = ⁡ 𝐴−1 ⁡𝐴𝑇 , then 𝐵𝐵𝑇 =

𝑇 𝑇
Ans: 𝑰𝟑
(1) A (2) B (3) 𝐼3 (4) 𝐵𝑇
da
3 3 5 |adj⁡𝐵| 𝟏
If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = adj⁡𝐴 and 𝐶 = 3𝐴, then = Ans: 𝟗
1 2 |𝐶|
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
3 9 4
4 If 𝐴 [
1 −2
]=[
6 0
], then 𝐴 = Ans: [ 𝟒 𝟐
]
1 4 0 6 −𝟏 𝟏
Pa

1 −2 1 2 4 2 4 −1
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
1 4 −1 4 −1 1 2 1
5 7 3
If 𝐴 = [ ], then 9𝐼 − 𝐴 =
4 2 Ans: 𝟐𝑨−𝟏
𝐴−1
(1) 𝐴−1 (2) (3) 3𝐴−1 (4) 2𝐴−1
2
6 2 0 1 4
If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] then |adj⁡(𝐴𝐵)| =
w.

1 5 2 0 Ans: −𝟖𝟎
(1) −40 (2) −80 (3) −60 (4) −20
7 1 𝑥 0 Ans: 11
If 𝑃 = [1 3 0 ] is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix 𝐴 and |𝐴| = 4, then 𝑥 is
2 4 −2
(1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 11
ww

8 3 1 −1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 Ans: -1

If 𝐴 = [2 −2 0 ] and 𝐴−1 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then the value of 𝑎23 is
1 2 −1 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
(1) 0 (2) −2 (3) −3 (4) −1
9 If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are invertible matrices of some order, then which one of the following is not Ans: ⁡𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡(𝑨𝑩) =
true? (𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡𝑨)(𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡𝑩)
(1) adj⁡𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1 (2) adj⁡(𝐴𝐵) = (adj⁡𝐴)(adj⁡𝐵)
−1 −1
(3) det⁡𝐴 = (det⁡𝐴) (4) (𝐴𝐵𝐶)−1 = 𝐶 −1 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
1

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10 If (𝐴𝐵)−1 = [ 12 −17
] and 𝐴−1 = [
1 −1
], then 𝐵−1 = Ans:
27 −19 −2 3 𝟐 −𝟓
[ ]
2 −5 8 5 3 1 8 −5 −𝟑 𝟖
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
−3 8 3 2 2 1 −3 2
11 If 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 is symmetric, then 𝐴2 = Ans:
(1) 𝐴−1 (2) (𝐴𝑇 )2 (3) 𝐴𝑇 (4) (𝐴−1 )2 (𝑨𝑻 )
𝟐

12 If 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix such that 𝐴−1 = [ 5 3

], then (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = Ans:
−2 −1 𝟓 −𝟐
[ ]
−5 3 5 3 −1 −3 5 −2 𝟑 −𝟏
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]

et
2 1 −2 −1 2 5 3 −1
13 3 4
5 5
If 𝐴 = [ 3] and 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1, then the value of 𝑥 is Ans:
−⁡𝟒
𝑥 5
𝟓

i.N
−⁡4 −⁡3 3 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 5 5
14 𝜃 Ans:
1 tan⁡2
If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼, then 𝐵 = 𝜽
𝜃 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ⁡ ) 𝑨𝑻
−tan⁡2 1 𝟐
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
(1) (cos2 ⁡2 ) 𝐴 (2) (cos 2 ⁡2 ) 𝐴𝑇 (3) (cos 2 ⁡𝜃)𝐼 (4) (sin2 ⁡2 ) 𝐴

la
15 If 𝐴 = [ cos⁡𝜃 sin⁡𝜃
] and 𝐴(adj⁡𝐴) = [
𝑘 0
], then 𝑘 = Ans: 1
−sin⁡𝜃 cos⁡𝜃 0 𝑘
(1) 0 (2) sin⁡𝜃 (3) cos⁡𝜃 (4) 1
16 2 3 Ans: 19
If 𝐴 = [
sa ] be such that 𝜆𝐴−1 = 𝐴, then 𝜆 is
5 −2
(1) 17 (2) 14 (3) 19 (4) 21
17 2 3 1 −2 Ans:
If adj⁡𝐴 = [ ] and adj⁡𝐵 = [ ] then adj⁡(𝐴𝐵) is
4 −1 −3 1 −6 5
−7 −1 −7 7 −6 −2 [ ]
−6 5 −2 −10
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
7 −9 −2 −10 −1 −9 5 −10
da
18 1 2 3 4 Ans: 1
The rank of the matrix [ 2 4 6 8 ] is
−1 −2 −3 −4
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 3
19 𝑚 𝑏 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 𝑏 Ans:
If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑚 , 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 = 𝑒 𝑛 , Δ1 = | |,Δ = | | , Δ3 = | |, then the values of
𝑛 𝑑 2 𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑑 𝒆 (𝚫𝟏 /𝚫𝟑 )
, 𝒆(𝚫𝟐/𝚫𝟑)
Pa

𝑥 and 𝑦 are respectively,

(1) 𝑒 (Δ2 /Δ1 ) , 𝑒 (Δ3 /Δ1 ) (2) log⁡(Δ1 /Δ3 ), log⁡(Δ2 /Δ3 )
(3) log⁡(Δ2 /Δ1 ), log⁡(Δ3 /Δ1 ) (4) 𝑒 (Δ1 /Δ3 ) , 𝑒 (Δ2 /Δ3 )
20 Which of the following is/are correct? Ans:
(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix. (i), (ii) and (iv)
w.

(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a diagonal matrix.

(iii) If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 𝑛 and 𝜆 is a scalar, then adj⁡(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑛 adj⁡(𝐴).
(iv) 𝐴(adj⁡𝐴) = (adj⁡𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼
(1) Only (i) (2) (ii) and (iii)
(3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i), (ii) and (iv)
ww

21 If 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌([𝐴 ∣ 𝐵]), then the system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 of linear equations is Ans:

(1) consistent and has a unique solution (2) consistent consistent
(3) consistent and has infinitely many solution (4) inconsistent
22 If 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 and the system of equations 𝑥 + (sin⁡𝜃)𝑦 − (cos⁡𝜃)𝑧 = 0, Ans:
(cos⁡𝜃)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, (sin⁡𝜃)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 has a non-trivial solution then 𝜃 is 𝜋
2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 4 6 4

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23 1 2 7 3
The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations is [0 1 4 6 ]. The Ans:
0 0 𝜆−7 𝜇+5 𝝀 = 𝟕, 𝝁 = −𝟓
system has infinitely many solutions if
(1) 𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5 (2) 𝜆 = −7, 𝜇 = 5
(3) 𝜆 ≠ 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5 (4) 𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 = −5
24 2 −1 1 3 1 −1
Let 𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] and 4𝐵 = [ 1 3 𝑥 ]. If 𝐵 is the inverse of 𝐴, then the value
1 −1 2 −1 1 3 Ans: 1

et
of 𝑥 is
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 1
25 3 −3 4
If 𝐴 = [2 −3 4], then adj⁡(adj⁡𝐴) is Ans:

i.N
0 −1 1 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒
3 −3 4 6 −6 8 −3 3 −4 3 −3 4 [𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒]
(1) [2 −3 4] (2) [4 −6 8] (3) [−2 3 −4] (4) [0 −1 1] 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
0 −1 1 0 −2 2 0 1 −1 2 −3 4

CHAPTER 2 – Complex Numbers

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
1 𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖 is Ans: 0

la
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) −1 (4) 𝑖

 i  i n 1  is
13
2 The value of n

i 1 Ans:⁡𝟏 + 𝒊

3
sa
(1) 1 + 𝑖 (2) 𝑖 (3) 1 (4) 0
The area of the triangle formed by the complex numbers 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 in the Argand's
diagram is
1
Ans:⁡2 |𝑧|2

1 3
(1) 2 |𝑧|2 (2) |𝑧|2 (3) 2 |𝑧|2 (4) 2|𝑧|2
1
da
4 The conjugate of a complex number is . Then, the complex number is Ans:
𝑖−2
1 −1 −1 1 −𝟏
(1) (2) (3) (4) 𝒊+𝟐
𝑖+2 𝑖+2 𝑖−2 𝑖−2
5 (√3+𝑖)3 (3𝑖+4)2
If 𝑧 = , then |𝑧| is equal to
(8+6𝑖)2 Ans: 2
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
Pa

6 If 𝑧 is a non zero complex number, such that 2𝑖𝑧 2 = 𝑧‾ then |𝑧| is Ans:
1 𝟏
(1) (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
2 𝟐
7 If |𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| ≤ 2, then the greatest value of |𝑧| is Ans:
(1) √3 − 2 (2) √3 + 2 (3) √5 − 2 (4) √5 + 2 √5 + 2
3 Ans:
8 If |𝑧 − 𝑧| = 2, then the least value of |𝑧| is
w.

1
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 5
1+𝑧
9 If |𝑧| = 1, then the value of is
1+𝑧‾
1
Ans: 𝑧
(1) 𝑧 (2) 𝑧‾ (3) (4) 1
𝑧
ww

10 The solution of the equation |𝑧| − 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 is Ans:

3 3 3 3 3
(1) − 2𝑖
2
(2) −2 + 2𝑖 (3) 2 − 2
𝑖 (4) 2 + 2
𝑖 − 2𝑖
2
11 If |𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 and |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 12, then the value of
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | is Ans:
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 2
1
12 If 𝑧 is a complex number such that 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 ∖ 𝑅 and 𝑧 + ∈ 𝑅, then |𝑧| is
𝑧
Ans: 1
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
3

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13 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 0 and |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 1
then 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 is Ans: 0
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 0
𝑧−1 Ans: 1
14 If is purely imaginary, then |𝑧| is
𝑧+1
1
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
15 If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that |𝑧 + 2| = |𝑧 − 2|, then the locus of 𝑧 is Ans:
(1) real axis (2) imaginary axis (3) ellipse (4) circle imaginary axis

et
3 Ans:
16 The principal argument of is
−1+𝑖 −3𝜋
−5𝜋 −2𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4) 4
6 3 4 2
17 The principal argument of (sin⁡40∘ + 𝑖cos⁡40∘ )5 is Ans:

i.N
(1) −110∘ (2) −70∘ (3) 70∘ (4) 110∘ -110∘
18 If (1 + 𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖)(1 + 3𝑖) ⋯ (1 + 𝑛𝑖) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 10 ⋯ (1 + 𝑛2 ) is Ans:
(1) 1 (2) 𝑖 (3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (4) 1 + 𝑛2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
19 If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cubic root of unity and (1 + 𝜔)7 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝜔, then (𝐴, 𝐵) equals Ans:
(1) (1,0) (2) (−1,1) (3) (0,1) (4) (1,1) (1,1)
20 The principal argument of the complex number (1+𝑖√3)2 Ans:

la
is 𝜋
4𝑖(1−𝑖√3)
2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 6 6 2
2 2020 2020
21 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0, then 𝛼
sa +𝛽 is Ans: -1
(1) −2 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 2
3
22 𝜋 𝜋 4 Ans: 1
The product of all four values of (cos⁡ + 𝑖sin⁡ ) is
3 3
(1) −2 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 2
23 1 1 1 Ans:
da
If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cubic root of unity and |1 −𝜔2 − 1 𝜔2 | = 3𝑘, then 𝑘 is equal to -√3𝑖
1 𝜔2 𝜔7
(1) 1 (2) −1 (3) √3𝑖 (4) −√3𝑖
10 Ans:
24 1+√3𝑖
The value of ( ) is 2𝜋
1−√3𝑖
2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡
Pa

(1) 𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ 3 (2) 𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ 3 (3) −𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ 3 (4) −𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ 3 3

25 2𝜋
𝑧+1 𝜔 𝜔2 Ans:
If 𝜔 = cis⁡ ,
3
then the number of distinct roots of | 𝜔 𝑧 + 𝜔2 1 |=0 1
𝜔2 1 𝑧+𝜔
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
w.

CHAPTER 3 – Theory of Equations

3
1 A zero of 𝑥 + 64 is Ans:
(1) 0 (2) 4 (3) 4𝑖 (4) −4 -4
2 If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are polynomials of degrees 𝑚 and 𝑛 respectively, and if ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥), Ans:
then the degree of ℎ is 𝑚𝑛
ww

(1) 𝑚𝑛 (2) 𝑚 + 𝑛 (3) 𝑚𝑛 (4) 𝑛𝑚

3 A polynomial equation in 𝑥 of degree 𝑛 always has Ans:⁡𝑛
(1) 𝑛 distinct roots (2) 𝑛 real roots imaginary roots
(3) 𝑛 imaginary roots (4) at most one root
1
4 If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟, then ∑ 𝛼 is Ans:
𝑞 𝑝 𝑞 𝑞
𝑞
(1) − (2) − (3) (4) − −
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑝 𝑟

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5 According to the rational root theorem, which number is not possible rational root of Ans:
4𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 − 5? 4
5 4 5
(1) −1 (2) (3) (4) 5
4 5
3 2
6 The polynomial 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑥 + 9𝑥 has three real roots if and only if, 𝑘 satisfies Ans:
(1) |𝑘| ≤ 6 (2) 𝑘 = 0 (3) |𝑘| > 6 (4) |𝑘| ≥ 6 |𝑘| ≥ 6
4 2
7 The number of real numbers in [0,2𝜋] satisfying sin ⁡𝑥 − 2sin ⁡𝑥 + 1 is Ans:
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) ∞ 2
3 2
8 If 𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 10𝑎𝑥 + 1999 definitely has a positive root, if and only if Ans:

et
(1) 𝑎 ≥ 0 (2) 𝑎 > 0 (3) 𝑎 < 0 (4) 𝑎 ≤ 0 𝑎<0
3
9 The polynomial 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 has Ans:
(1) one negative and two real roots (2) one positive and two imaginary roots one negative and

i.N
(3) three real roots (4) no solution two real roots
10 The number of positive roots of the polynomial n n  1r x r is Ans:
c r 0
r
𝑛
(1) 0 (2) 𝑛 (3) < 𝑛 (4) 𝑟

CHAPTER 4 – Inverse Trigonometric Functions

la
−1 (cos
1 The value of sin 𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋⁡ is Ans:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 𝜋 − 𝑥 (2) 𝑥 − 2 (3) 2 − 𝑥 (4) 𝑥 − 𝜋 −𝑥
2
2𝜋 Ans:
2 𝐼𝑓⁡sin−1 ⁡𝑥 + sin−1 ⁡𝑦 =
sa 3
; then cos−1 ⁡𝑥 + cos−1 ⁡𝑦 is equal to
𝜋
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4) 𝜋 3
3 3 6
3 12 5 13 Ans:
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ⁡5 − cos−1 ⁡13 + sec −1 ⁡3 − cosec −1 ⁡12 is equal to
12 0
(1) 2𝜋 (2) 𝜋 (3) 0 (4) tan−1 ⁡65
da
4 If sin−1 ⁡𝑥 = 2sin−1 ⁡𝛼 has a solution, then Ans:
1 1 1 1 1
(1) |𝛼| ≤ (2) |𝛼| ≥ (3) |𝛼| < (4) |𝛼| > |𝛼| <
√2 √2 √2 √2
√2
−1 𝜋
5 sin ⁡(cos⁡𝑥) = − 𝑥 is valid for Ans:
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 0≤𝑥≤𝜋
(1) −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 (2) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 (3) − ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (4) − ≤ 𝑥 ≤
Pa

2 2 4 4
3𝜋
6 If sin−1 ⁡𝑥 + sin−1 ⁡𝑦 + sin−1 ⁡𝑧 = , the value of
2
9 Ans: 0
𝑥 2017 + 𝑦 2018 + 𝑧 2019 − 101 101 101 𝑖𝑠
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
2𝜋 Ans:
7 If cot −1 ⁡𝑥 = 5
for some 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, the value of tan−1 ⁡𝑥 is
𝜋
w.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) − (2) (3) (4) − 10
10 5 10 5
−1 Ans:
8 The domain of the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = sin ⁡√𝑥 − 1 is
(1) [1,2] (2) [−1,1] (3) [0,1] (4) [−1,0] [1,2]
1
9 If 𝑥 = 5, the value of cos⁡(cos−1 ⁡𝑥 + 2sin−1 ⁡𝑥) is Ans:
ww

1
24 24 1 1 −
(1) −√ (2) √ (3) (4) − 5
25 25 5 5

10 tan−1 ⁡(1) + tan−1 ⁡(2) is equal to Ans:

4 9 1
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 tan−1 ⁡( )
(1) cos−1 ⁡( ) (2) sin−1 ⁡( ) (3) tan−1 ⁡( ) (4) tan−1 ⁡( ) 2
2 5 2 5 2 5 2

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11 If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1⁡(𝑥 2 − 3), then 𝑥 belongs to Ans:

(1) [−1,1] (2) [√2, 2] [−2, −√2]
(3) [−2, −√2] ∪ [√2, 2] (4) ⁡[−2, −√2] ∩ [√2, 2] ∪ [√2, 2]
−1
12 If cot ⁡2 and cot −1 ⁡3 are two angles of a triangle, then the third angle is Ans:
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 6 3 4
13 𝜋 3 𝜋 Ans:
sin−1 ⁡(tan⁡ ) − sin−1 ⁡(√ ) = . Then 𝑥 is a root of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 = 0
4 𝑥 6

et
(1) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 (2) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12 = 0
2
(3) 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 (4) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
14 sin−1 ⁡(2cos2 ⁡𝑥 − 1) + cos −1 ⁡(1 − 2sin2 ⁡𝑥) = Ans:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4)

i.N
2 3 4 6 2
15 If cot −1 ⁡(√sin⁡𝛼) + tan−1 ⁡(√sin⁡𝛼) = 𝑢, then cos⁡2𝑢 is equal to Ans: −1
2
(1) tan ⁡𝛼 (2) 0 (3) −1 (4) tan⁡2𝛼
−1 2𝑥 Ans:
16 If |𝑥| ≤ 1, then 2tan ⁡𝑥 − sin−1 ⁡1+𝑥 2 is equal to
0
(1) tan−1 ⁡𝑥 (2) sin−1 ⁡𝑥 (3) 0 (4) 𝜋
17 The equation tan−1 ⁡𝑥 − cot −1⁡𝑥 = tan−1⁡( 1 ) has

la
Ans:
√3
unique solution
(1) no solution (2) unique solution
(3) two solutions (4) infinite number of solutions
18 If sin−1 ⁡𝑥 + cot −1⁡(1) = 𝜋, then 𝑥 is equal to
sa Ans:
2 2
1
1 1 2 √3
(1) (2) (3) (4) √5
2 √5 √5 2
19 If sin−1 ⁡𝑥 + cosec −1 ⁡5 = 𝜋, then the value of 𝑥 is Ans:
5 4 2
3
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3
da
20 sin⁡(tan−1 ⁡𝑥), |𝑥| < 1 is equal to Ans:
𝑥 1 1 𝑥 𝑥
(1) (2) (3) (4)
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 √1+𝑥2 √1+𝑥 2
√1 + 𝑥 2

CHAPTER 5 – Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry-II

Pa

1 The equation of the circle passing through (1,5) and (4,1) and touching 𝑦-axis is Ans:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 + 𝜆(4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 19) = 0 where 𝜆 is equal to 40
0, −
40 40 −40 9
(1) 0, − (2) 0 (3) (4)
9 9 9
2 The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is 8 and conjugate axis is equal to Ans:
half the distance between the foci is 2
w.

4 4 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) √3
3 √3 √3 2
3 The circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5 intersects the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑚 at two distinct points Ans:
if −35 < 𝑚 < 15
(1) 15 < 𝑚 < 65 (2) 35 < 𝑚 < 85 (3) −85 < 𝑚 < −35 (4) −35 < 𝑚 < 15
ww

4 The length of the diameter of the circle which touches the 𝑥-axis at the point (1,0) and Ans:
passes through the point (2,3) is 10
6 5 10 3 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 3 3 5
5 The radius of the circle 3𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 6𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 2 = 0 is Ans:
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) √10 (4) √11 √10

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6 The centre of the circle inscribed in a square formed by the lines 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 12 = 0 and Ans:
𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 + 45 = 0 is (4,7)
(1) (4,7) (2) (7,4) (3) (9,4) (4) (4,9)
2 2
7 The equation of the normal to the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 which is parallel to Ans:
the line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3 is 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
(1) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 (2) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
(3) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 (4) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
8 If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on 16𝑥 + 25𝑦 2 = 400 with foci 𝐹1 (3,0) and 𝐹2 (−3,0) then
2 Ans:

et
𝑃𝐹1 + 𝑃𝐹2 is 10
(1) 8 (2) 6 (3) 10 (4) 12
9 The radius of the circle passing through the point (6,2) two of whose diameters are Ans:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 is 2√5

i.N
(1) 10 (2) 2√5 (3) 6 (4) 4
10 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 Ans:
The area of quadrilateral formed with foci of the hyperbolas 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 and 𝑎2
−
2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑦2
𝑏2
= −1 is
1
(1) 4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (2) 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (3) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (4) (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
2

la
11 If the normals of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 drawn at the end points of its latus rectum are Ans:
tangents to the circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2 , then the value of 𝑟 2 is 2
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 4
2
12 If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘 is a normal to the parabola 𝑦 = 12𝑥, then the value of 𝑘 is
sa Ans:
(1) 3 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 9 9
13 𝑥2 𝑦2 ns:
The ellipse 𝐸1 : + = 1 is inscribed in a rectangle 𝑅 whose sides are parallel to the
9 4 1
coordinate axes. Another ellipse 𝐸2 passing through the point (0,4) circumscribes the
2
rectangle 𝑅. The eccentricity of the ellipse is
da
√2 √3 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 4
14 𝑥2 𝑦2 Ans:
Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola − = 1 parallel to the straight line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1.
9 4 9 1
( , )
One of the points of contact of tangents on the hyperbola is 2√2 √2

9 −1 −9 1 9 1
(1) (2 , ) (2) (2 , ) (3) (2 , ) (4) (3√3, −2√2)
Pa

√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
15 𝑥2 𝑦2 Ans:
The equation of the circle passing through the foci of the ellipse + = 1 having centre
16 9 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 7
at (0,3) is =0
(1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 7 = 0 (2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 7 = 0
(3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 5 = 0 (4) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
w.

16 Let 𝐶 be the circle with centre at (1,1) and radius = 1. If 𝑇 is the circle centered at (0, 𝑦) Ans:
passing through the origin and touching the circle 𝐶 externally, then the radius of 𝑇 is equal 1
to 4
√3 √3 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
√2 2 2 4
ww

17 Consider an ellipse whose center is of the origin and its major axis is along 𝑥-axis. If its Ans:
3 40
eccentrcity is 5
and the distance between its foci is 6 , then the area of the quadrilateral
inscribed in the ellipse with diagonals as major and minor axis of the ellipse is
(1) 8 (2) 32 (3) 80 (4) 40
18 𝑥2 𝑦2 Ans:
Area of the greatest rectangle inscribed in the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 is
𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎
(1) 2𝑎𝑏 (2) 𝑎𝑏 (3) √𝑎𝑏 (4)
𝑏

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19 An ellipse has 𝑂𝐵 as semi minor axes, 𝐹 and 𝐹 ′ its foci and the angle 𝐹𝐵𝐹 ′ is a right angle. Ans:
Then the eccentricity of the ellipse is 1
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) √2
√2 2 4 √3
20 𝑦2 Ans:
The eccentricity of the ellipse (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 9
is
1
√3 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 3
2 3 3√2 √3
21 If the two tangents drawn from a point 𝑃 to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 are at right angles then Ans:

et
the locus of 𝑃 is 𝑥 = −1
(1) 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (2) 𝑥 = −1 (3) 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 (4) 𝑥 = 1
22 The circle passing through (1, −2) and touching the axis of 𝑥 at (3,0) passing through the Ans:
point (5, −2)

i.N
(1) (−5,2) (2) (2, −5) (3) (5, −2) (4) (−2,5)
23 2 Ans:
The locus of a point whose distance from (−2,0) is times its distance from the line 𝑥 =
3
−9
an ellipse
is
2
(1) a parabola (2) a hyperbola (3) an ellipse (4) a circle
24 The values of 𝑚 for which the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 2√5 touches the hyperbola

la
16𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 144 are the roots of 𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − 4 = 0, then the value of (𝑎 + 𝑏) is Ans:
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 0 (4) −2 0
25 If the coordinates at one end of a diameter of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 are Ans: (2, −5)
sa
(11,2), the coordinates of the other end are
(1) (−5,2) (2)(2, −5) (3) (5, −2) (4) (−2,5)

CHAPTER 6 – Applications of Vector Algebra

1 If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are parallel vectors, then [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗] is equal to Ans: 0
da
(1) 2 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 0
2 ⃗
If a vector 𝛼⃗ lies in the plane of 𝛽 and 𝛾⃗, then Ans:
(1) [𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 1 (2) [𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = −1 (3) [𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 0 (4) [𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗ , 𝛾⃗] = 2 (3) [𝛼⃗, 𝛽⃗, 𝛾⃗] = 0
3 If 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐⃗ ⋅ 𝑎⃗ = 0, then the value of [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] is Ans:
1
(1) |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗||𝑐⃗| |𝑎⃗|⁡|𝑏⃗⃗|⁡|𝑐⃗| |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗||𝑐⃗|
Pa

(2) (3) 1 (4) −1

3
4 If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗⃗, and is parallel to 𝑐⃗ then Ans: 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) is equal to
(1) 𝑎⃗ (2) 𝑏⃗⃗ (3) 𝑐⃗ (4) ⃗0⃗
5 ⃗⃗ ×𝑐⃗)
𝑎⃗⃗⋅(𝑏 ⃗⃗⋅(𝑐⃗×𝑎⃗⃗)
𝑏 ⃗⃗ )
𝑐⃗⋅(𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏
If [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 1, then the value of + + ⃗⃗ is Ans: 1
(𝑐⃗×𝑎⃗⃗)⋅𝑏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
(𝑎⃗⃗×𝑏)⋅𝑐⃗ (𝑐⃗×𝑏)⋅𝑎⃗⃗
w.

(1) 1 (2) −1 (3) 2 (4) 3

6 The volume of the parallelepiped with its edges represented by the vectors 𝑖ˆ + Ans: 𝜋
𝑗ˆ, 𝑖ˆ + 2𝑗ˆ, 𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ + 𝜋𝑘ˆ is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) 𝜋 (4)
ww

2 3 4
7 𝜋
If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are unit vectors such that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗] = 4 , then the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is Ans: 𝜋6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 4 3 2
8 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ, 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖ˆ and (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ = 𝜆𝑎⃗ + 𝜇𝑏⃗⃗, then the value of 𝜆+𝜇 Ans: 0
is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 6 (4) 3

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9 If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are non-coplanar, non-zero vectors such that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 3, then Ans: 81
{[𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗]}2 is equal to
(1) 81 (2) 9 (3) 27 (4) 18
10 𝑏+𝑐⃗ ⃗⃗
If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three non-coplanar vectors such that 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 2 , then the angle
√
Ans: 3𝜋
between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is 4
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4) 𝜋
2 4 4
11 If the volume of the parallelepiped with 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗ as coterminous edges is 8 cubic Ans:

et
units, then the volume of the parallelepiped with (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗), (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) 64 cubic untis

and (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) as coterminous edges is,

(1) 8 cubic units (2) 512 cubic units (3) 64 cubic units (4) 24 cubic units

i.N
12 ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
Consider the vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑 such that (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑) = 0. Let 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 be the planes Ans: 0∘
determined by the pairs of vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ respectively. Then the angle between 𝑃1
and 𝑃2 is
(1) 0∘ (2) 45∘ (3) 60∘ (4) 90∘
13 If 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗, where 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors such that 𝑏⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑐⃗ ≠ 0 and Ans:

la
𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ ≠ 0, then 𝑎⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are parallel
(1) perpendicular (2) parallel
𝜋 𝜋
(3) inclined at an angle (4) inclined at an angle
3 6
14 sa
If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖ˆ + 3𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖ˆ + 2𝑗ˆ − 5𝑘ˆ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖ˆ + 5𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ, then a vector perpendicular to 𝑎⃗
and lies in the plane containing 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ is
(1) −17𝑖ˆ + 21𝑗ˆ − 97𝑘ˆ (2) 17𝑖ˆ + 21𝑗ˆ − 123𝑘ˆ
Ans:
−17𝑖ˆ − 21𝑗ˆ − 97𝑘ˆ

(3) −17𝑖ˆ − 21𝑗ˆ + 97𝑘ˆ (4) −17𝑖ˆ − 21𝑗ˆ − 97𝑘ˆ

15 𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑥−1 2𝑦+3 𝑧+5
Ans:
da
The angle between the lines = , 𝑧 = 2 and = = is
3 −2 1 3 2 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4) 2
6 4 3 2
16 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+2
If the line = = lies in the plane 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝛼𝑧 + 𝛽 = 0, then (𝛼, 𝛽) is Ans:
3 −5 2
(−6,7)
(1) (−5,5) (2) (−6,7) (3) (5, −5)
(4) (6, −7)
Pa

17 The angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖ˆ + 2𝑗ˆ − 3𝑘ˆ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ − 2𝑘ˆ ) and the plane Ans:
𝑟⃗ ⋅ (𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ) + 4 = 0 is 45∘
(1) 0∘ (2) 30∘ (3) 45∘ (4) 90∘
18 The coordinates of the point where the line 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖ˆ − 𝑗ˆ − 3𝑘ˆ ) + 𝑡(−𝑖ˆ + 4𝑘ˆ ) meets the Ans:
plane 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ ) = 3 are (5, −1,1)
(1) (2,1,0) (2) (7, −1, −7) (3) (1,2, −6) (4) (5, −1,1)
w.

19 Distance from the origin to the plane 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 7 = 0 is Ans: 1

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
20 The distance between the planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 7 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 7 = 0 is Ans:
√7 7 √7 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) √7
ww

2√2 2 2 2√2
2√2
21 1 1 1
If the direction cosines of a line are , , , then Ans:
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑐 = ±√3
(1) 𝑐 = ±3 (2) 𝑐 = ±√3 (3) 𝑐 > 0 (4) 0 < 𝑐 < 1
22 The vector equation 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖ˆ − 2𝑗ˆ − 𝑘ˆ ) + 𝑡(6𝑖ˆ − 𝑘ˆ ) represents a straight line passing Ans:
through the points (1, −2, −1) and
(1) (0,6, −1) and (1, −2, −1) (2) (0,6, −1) and (−1, −4, −2) (1,4, −2)
(3) (1, −2, −1) and (1,4, −2) (4) (1, −2, −1) and (0, −6,1)
9

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23 If the distance of the point (1,1,1) from the origin is half of its distance from the plane Ans:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0, then the values of 𝑘 are 3, −9
(1) ±3 (2) ±6 (3) −3,9 (4) 3, −9
24 If the planes 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (2𝑖ˆ − 𝜆𝑗ˆ + 𝑘ˆ ) = 3 and 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (4𝑖ˆ + 𝑗ˆ − 𝜇𝑘ˆ ) = 5 are parallel, then the value Ans:
of 𝜆 and 𝜇 are 1
1 1 1 1
− , −2
(1) , −2 (2) − ,2 (3) − , −2 (4) ,2 2
2 2 2 2
25 If the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 1, 𝜆> Ans:

et
1
0 is , then the value of 𝜆 is 2√3
5
(1) 2√3 (2) 3√2 (3) 0 (4) 1

i.N
CHAPTER 7 – Application of Differential Calculus
1 The volume of a sphere is increasing in volume at the rate of 3𝜋cm3 /sec. The rate of Ans:
1
change of its radius when radius is cm 3 cm/s
2
1
(1) 3 cm/s (2) 2 cm/s (3) 1 cm/s (4) cm/s
2
A balloon rises straight up at 10 m/s. An observer is 40 m away from the spot where the

la
2
balloon left the ground. Find the rate of change of the balloon's angle of elevation in radian Ans:
per second when the balloon is 30 metres above the ground. 4
radians /sec
3 4 1 1 25
(1) sa radians /sec (2) radians /sec (3) radians /sec (4) radians /sec
25 25 5 3
3 The position of a particle moving along a horizontal line of any time 𝑡 is given by Ans:
𝑠(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 8. The time at which the particle is at rest is 1
1 𝑡=
(1) 𝑡 = 0 (2) 𝑡 = (3) 𝑡 = 1 (4) 𝑡 = 3 3
3
4 A stone is thrown up vertically. The height it reaches at time 𝑡 seconds is given by Ans:
da
𝑥 = 80𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 . The stone reaches the maximum height in time 𝑡 seconds is given by 2.5
(1) 2 (2) 2.5 (3) 3 (4) 3.5
3
5 Find the point on the curve 6𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 at which 𝑦-coordinate changes 8 times as fast as Ans:
𝑥-coordinate is (4,11)
(1) (4,11) (2) (4, −11) (3) (−4,11) (4) (−4, −11)
Pa

6 The abscissa of the point on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = √8 − 2𝑥 at which the slope of the tangent Ans:
is −0.25 ? −4
(1) −8 (2) −4 (3) −2 (4) 0
𝜋
7 The slope of the line normal to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2⁡cos4𝑥 at 𝑥 = 12 is Ans:
√3 √3
(1) −4√3 (2) −4 (3) (4) 4√3
w.

12 12
8 The tangent to the curve 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 9 = 0 is vertical when Ans:
1
(1) 𝑦 = 0 (2) 𝑦 = ±√3 (3) 𝑦 = (4) 𝑦 = ±3 𝑦 = ±3
2
2 2
9 Angle between 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 at the origin is Ans:
3 4 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 ⁡(4) tan−1 ⁡(3)
ww

(1) (2) (3) (4)

2 4
2
10 1
What is the value of the lim (cot⁡𝑥 − 𝑥) ?
𝑥→0
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) ∞ Ans: 0
4 4
11 The function sin ⁡𝑥 + cos ⁡𝑥 is increasing in the interval Ans:
(1)
5𝜋 3𝜋
[8 , 4] (2)
𝜋 5𝜋
[2 , 8 ] (3)
𝜋 𝜋
[4 , 2] (4)
𝜋
[0, 4 ] 𝜋 𝜋
[ , ]
4 2

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12 The number given by the Rolle's theorem for the function 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,3] is Ans: 2
3
(1) 1 (2) √2 (3) 2
(4) 2
13 1
The number given by the Mean value theorem for the function 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [1,9] is Ans: 3
(1) 2 (2) 2.5 (3) 3 (4) 3.5
14 The minimum value of the function |3 − 𝑥| + 9 is Ans: 9
(1) 0 (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 9
15 The maximum slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0,2𝜋] is at Ans:
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋

et
(1) 𝑥 = (2) 𝑥 = (3) 𝑥 = 𝜋 (4) 𝑥 = 𝑥=
4 2 2
2
16 The maximum value of the function 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 is Ans:
1 1 1 4 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
𝑒 2𝑒 𝑒2 𝑒4
𝑒2

i.N
17 One of the closest points on the curve 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4 to the point (6,0) is Ans:
(1) (2,0) (2) (√5, 1) (3) (3, √5) (4) (√13, −√3) (3, √5)
18 The maximum product of two positive numbers, when their sum of the squares is 200, is Ans: 100
(1) 100 (2) 25√7 (3) 28 (4) 24√14
4 2
19 The curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 with 𝑎𝑏 > 0 Ans:

la
(1) has no horizontal tangent (2) is concave up has no points of
(3) is concave down (4) has no points of inflection inflection
20 The point of inflection of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)3 is Ans: (1, 0)
(1) (0,0)
sa (2) (0,1) (3) (1,0) (4) (1,1)

CHAPTER 8 – Differentials and Partial Derivatives

1 A circular template has a radius of 10 cm. The measurement of radius has an approximate
error of 0.02 cm. Then the percentage error in calculating area of this template is Ans: 0.4%
da
(1) 0.2% (2) 0.4% (3) 0.04% (4) 0.08%
2 The percentage error of fifth root of 31 is approximately how many times the percentage Ans:
error in 31? 1
1 1
(1) (2) (3) 5 (4) 31 5
31 5
3 2 +𝑦 2 ∂𝑢
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then is equal to Ans:
Pa

∂𝑥
2 +𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑢
(1) 𝑒 𝑥 (2) 2𝑥𝑢 (3) 𝑥 2 𝑢 (4) 𝑦 2 𝑢
4 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑣
If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = log⁡(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 ), then + is equal to Ans: 1
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
1
(1) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (2) (3) 2 (4) 1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑦
5 ∂𝑤
Ans:
w.

If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑥 > 0, then is equal to

∂𝑥
𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
(1) 𝑥 𝑦 ⁡log⁡𝑥 (2) 𝑦⁡log⁡𝑥 (3) 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 (4) 𝑥⁡log⁡𝑦
6 ∂2 𝑓 Ans:
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , then is equal to
∂𝑥 ∂𝑦
(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦
(1) 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (2) (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (3) (1 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (4) (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥𝑦
ww

7 If we measure the side of a cube to be 4 cm with an error of 0.1 cm, then the error in our Ans:
calculation of the volume is 4.8 cu.cm
(1) 0.4 cu.cm (2) 0.45 cu.cm (3) 2 cu.cm (4) 4.8 cu.cm
2
8 The change in the surface area 𝑆 = 6𝑥 of a cube when the edge length varies from 𝑥0 to Ans:
𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 is 12𝑥0 𝑑𝑥
(1) 12𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 (2) 12𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (3) 6𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (4) 6𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥

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9 The approximate change in the volume 𝑉 of a cube of side 𝑥 metres caused by increasing Ans:
the side by 1% is 0.03𝑥 2 𝑚3
(1) 0.3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑚3 (2) 0.03𝑥⁡⁡𝑚3 (3) 0.03𝑥 2 𝑚3 (4) 0.03𝑥 3 𝑚3
10 𝑑𝑔
If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 ⁡ and 𝑦(𝑡) = cos𝑡, then is equal to Ans:
𝑑𝑡 2𝑡
6𝑒 + 5 sin 𝑡
(1) 6𝑒 2𝑡 + 5 sin 𝑡 − 4⁡cos𝑡⁡sin𝑡 (2) 6𝑒 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝑡 + 4⁡cos𝑡⁡sin𝑡
− 4⁡cos𝑡⁡sin⁡𝑡
(3) 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 5sin𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin𝑡 (4) 3𝑒 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝑡 + 4⁡cos𝑡⁡sin𝑡

𝑥
11

et
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1, then its differential is given by Ans:
−1 1 1 −1 1
(1) 𝑑𝑥 (2) 𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑑𝑥 (4) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)2 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)2
12 ∂𝑢
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2019, then ∂𝑥 | is equal to Ans: -7
(4,−5)

i.N
(1) −4 (2) −3 (3) −7 (4) 13
𝜋
13 Linear approximation for 𝑔(𝑥) = cos⁡𝑥 at 𝑥 = is Ans:
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 𝑥 + (2) −𝑥 + (3) 𝑥 − (4) −𝑥 −2 −𝑥 +
2 2 2 2
14 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤 ∂𝑤
If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦), then + ∂𝑦 + is Ans: 0
∂𝑥 ∂𝑧

la
(1) 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 (2) 𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧) (3) 𝑦(𝑧 + 𝑥) (4) 0
15 If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, then 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑧 is equal to Ans:
(1) 𝑧 − 𝑥 (2) 𝑦 − 𝑧 (3) 𝑥 − 𝑧 (4) 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑧−𝑥

1
sa 2
3
dx
CHAPTER 9 – Applications of Integration
Ans:
The value of 
0 4  9 x2
is 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 6
da
(1) (2) (3) (4) 𝜋
6 2 4
2
2 Ans:
The value of 
1
x dx
5
1 3 5 7 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 2
𝜋 2
Pa

3 For any value of 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, ∫0 𝑒 cos ⁡𝑥 cos3 ⁡[(2𝑛 + 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥 is Ans: 0

𝜋
(1) 2
(2) 𝜋 (3) 0 (4) 2

4 2
The value of  sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
Ans:

2
2
3 1 2
w.

(1) (2) (3) 0 (4) 3

2 2 3
4
5 𝑥2 𝑥 4 +1 Ans:
The value of 
4
[tan−1 ⁡(𝑥 4 +1) + tan−1 ⁡( 𝑥2
)] 𝑑𝑥 is
4𝜋
(1) 𝜋 (2) 2𝜋 (3) 3𝜋 (4) 4𝜋

ww

6 4
2𝑥 7 −3𝑥 5 +7𝑥 3 −𝑥+1 Ans: 2
The value of 

( cos2 ⁡𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 is

4

(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 0

7 𝑥 𝑑𝑓
If 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑡⁡cos𝑡⁡𝑑𝑡, then = Ans:
𝑑𝑥
𝑥⁡cos𝑥
(1) cos 𝑥 − 𝑥⁡sin𝑥 (2) sin𝑥 + 𝑥⁡cos𝑥 (3) 𝑥⁡cos𝑥 (4) 𝑥⁡sin𝑥

12

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8 The area between 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and its latus rectum is Ans:

2 4 8 5 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3
3
1
9 Ans:
The value of 
0
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)99 𝑑𝑥 is
1
1 1 1 1 10100
(1) (2) (3) (4)
11000 10100 10010 10001

10 𝑑𝑥 Ans:
The value of  is 𝜋

et
1+5cos⁡𝑥
0
𝜋 3𝜋 2
(1) (2) 𝜋 (3) (4) 2𝜋
2 2
11 Γ(𝑛+2)
If = 90 then 𝑛 is Ans: 9
Γ(𝑛)

i.N
(1) 10 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 9

12 6 Ans:
The value of 
0
cos3 3𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 is 2
2 2 1 1 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 9 9 3


la
13 Ans:
The value of 
0
sin4 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 is
3𝜋
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
10 8 4 2
14

(1)
sa
The value of

7



0
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 is

(2)
5
(3)
4
(4)
2
Ans:
2
27
27 27 27 27
15 a
1 𝜋 Ans: 2
If  𝑑𝑥 = 8 then 𝑎 is
da
4+𝑥 2
0

(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 2

16 The volume of solid of revolution of the region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥) about 𝑥-axis Ans:
is 𝜋𝑎3
𝜋𝑎3 𝜋𝑎3 𝜋𝑎3
(1) 𝜋𝑎3 (2) (3) (4) 6
Pa

4 5 6
3 2
17 𝑥 𝑒 sin⁡𝑢 𝑒 sin⁡𝑥 1 Ans: 9
If 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢, 𝑥 > 1 and 
1
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑓(𝑎) − 𝑓(1)], then one of the

possible value of 𝑎 is
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 9 (4) 5
1
18 Ans:
w.

The value of 
0
(sin−1 ⁡𝑥)2 ⁡𝑑𝑥 is
𝜋2
−2
𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 4
(1) 4
−1 (2) 4
+2 (3) 4
+1 (4) 4
−2
19 a
3 Ans:
The value of  (√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 is
3𝜋𝑎4
ww

𝜋𝑎3 3𝜋𝑎4 3𝜋𝑎2 3𝜋𝑎4 16

(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 16 8 8
1
20 x
Ans:
If  f  t  dt  x   t f  t  dt , then the value of 𝑓(1) is
0 x
1
1 3 2
(1) (2) 2 (3) 1 (4)
2 4

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CHAPTER 10 – Ordinary Differential Equations

1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1/3 Ans: 2, 3
The order and degree of the differential equation + (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑥1/4 = 0 are
𝑑𝑥 2
respectively
(1) 2,3 (2) 3,3 (3) 2,6 (4) 2,4
2 The differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴⁡cos⁡(𝑥 + 𝐵), where 𝐴 Ans:
and 𝐵 are parameters, is 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥 +𝑦=0
(1) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 (2) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 (3) 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0 (4) 𝑑𝑦2 = 0 𝑑𝑥 2

et
3 The order and degree of the differential equation Ans: 1, 1
√sin⁡𝑥(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = √cos⁡𝑥(𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦) is
(1) 1,2 (2) 2,2 (3) 1,1 (4) 2,1

i.N
4 The order of the differential equation of all circles with centre at (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius '𝑎' is Ans: 3
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
5 The differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = A𝑒 𝑥 + B𝑒 −𝑥 , where A and B are Ans:
arbitrary constants is 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑦=0
(1) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 (2) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 (3) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (4) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑥 2

la
6 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
The general solution of the differential equation = 𝑥 is Ans:
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
(1) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑘⁡log⁡𝑥 (3) 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 (4) log⁡𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
7 𝑑𝑦
The solution of the differential equation 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 represents
sa Ans:
(1) straight lines (2) circles (3) parabola (4) ellipse parabola
8 𝑑𝑦
The solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 0 is Ans:
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 −∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 −∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 (4) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 −∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥

9 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦
Ans:
da
The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥
is
𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
(1) (2) (3) 𝜆𝑒 𝑥 (4) 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
10 𝑑𝑦
The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) is 𝑥, then 𝑃(𝑥) is Ans:
𝑥2 1 1 1
(1) 𝑥 (2) (3) (4) 𝑥
Pa

2 𝑥 𝑥2
11 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑦 3 Ans: 1
The degree of the differential equation 𝑦(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑑𝑥 + 1⋅2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1⋅2⋅3 (𝑑𝑥 ) + ⋯ is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 4
12 If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are the order and degree of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 = cos⁡𝑥, when, Ans:
w.

(1) 𝑝 < 𝑞 (2) 𝑝 = 𝑞 𝑝>𝑞

(3) 𝑝 > 𝑞 (4) 𝑝 exists and 𝑞 does not exist
13 𝑑𝑦 1
The solution of the differential equation + √1−𝑥2 = 0 is Ans:
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 + sin−1 ⁡𝑥 = 𝑐
(1) 𝑦 + sin−1 ⁡𝑥 = 𝑐 (2) 𝑥 + sin−1 ⁡𝑦 = 0
ww

(3) 𝑦 2 + 2⁡sin−1 ⁡𝑥 = 𝐶 (4) 𝑥 2 + 2⁡sin−1 ⁡𝑦 = 0

14 𝑑𝑦
The solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 is Ans:
2
(1) 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥2
(2) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
2
(3) 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
15 𝑑𝑦
The general solution of the differential equation log⁡( ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 is Ans:
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
(1) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶 (2) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
(3) 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶 (4) 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
14

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16 𝑑𝑦
The solution of = 2𝑦−𝑥 is Ans:
𝑑𝑥
1 1
1 1
(1) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (2) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (3) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (4) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐶 − =𝐶
2𝑥 2𝑦
𝑦
17 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝜙( )
𝑥 Ans:
The solution of the differential equation =𝑥+ 𝑦 is 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝜙′ ( ) 𝜙 ( ) = 𝑘𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
(1) 𝑥𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (2) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑥 (3) 𝑦𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (4) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑦
18 𝑑𝑦
If sin⁡𝑥 is the integrating factor of the linear differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, then 𝑃 is Ans:

et
(1) log⁡sin⁡𝑥 (2) cos⁡𝑥 (3) tan⁡𝑥 (4) cot⁡𝑥 cot⁡𝑥
19 The number of arbitrary constants in the general solutions of order 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 are Ans:
respectively 𝑛, 𝑛 + 1
(1) 𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 (2) 𝑛, 𝑛 + 1 (3) 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 + 2 (4) 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛

i.N
20 The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of Ans: 0
third order is
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 0
21 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+1
Integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = is Ans:
𝑥+1
1 1 1
(1) (2) 𝑥 + 1 (3) (4) √𝑥 + 1
𝑥+1

la
𝑥+1 √𝑥+1
22 The population 𝑃 in any year 𝑡 is such that the rate of increase in the population is Ans:
proportional to the population. Then 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
(1) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (2) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (3) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑘𝑡 (4) 𝑃 = 𝐶
23 sa
𝑃 is the amount of certain substance left in after time 𝑡. If the rate of evaporation of the
substance is proportional to the amount remaining, then
(1) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (2) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (3) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑘𝑡 (4) 𝑃𝑡 = 𝐶
Ans:
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

24 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥+3
If the solution of the differential equation = 2𝑦+𝑓 represents a circle, then the value of Ans: -2
𝑑𝑥
da
𝑎 is
(1) 2 (2) −2 (3) 1 (4) −1
25 𝑑𝑦
The slope at any point of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 and it passes through Ans:
(−1,1). Then the equation of the curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 2
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2 (2) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4 (3) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5
Pa

CHAPTER 11 – Probability Distributions

1 Let 𝑋 be random variable with probability density function
2 Ans:
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 3 𝑥 ≥ 1 mean exists but
0 𝑥<1 variance does not
w.

Which of the following statement is correct? exist

(1) both mean and variance exist
(2) mean exists but variance does not exist
(3) both mean and variance do not exist
(4) variance exists but mean does not exist
ww

2 A rod of length 2𝑙 is broken into two pieces at random. The probability density function
of the shorter of the two pieces is Ans:
1 𝑙 𝑙2
,
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑙 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 2 12
0 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝑙
The mean and variance of the shorter of the two pieces are respectively
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
(1) , (2) , (3) 𝑙, (4) ,
2 3 2 6 12 2 12

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3 Consider a game where the player tosses a six-sided fair die. If the face that comes up is 6
, the player wins ₹36, otherwise he loses ₹𝑘 2, where 𝑘 is the face that comes up Ans:
19
𝑘 = {1,2,3,4,5}. The expected amount to win at this game in ₹ is −
19 19 3 3 6
(1) (2) − (3) (4) −
6 6 2 2
4 A pair of dice numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6 of a six-sided die and 1,2,3,4 of a four-sided die is
rolled and the sum is determined. Let the random variable 𝑋 denote this sum. Then the Ans: 4
number of elements in the inverse image of 7 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

et
5 A random variable 𝑋 has binomial distribution with 𝑛 = 25 and 𝑝 = 0.8 then standard
deviation of 𝑋 is Ans: 2
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
6 Let 𝑋 represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails Ans:

i.N
obtained when a coin is tossed 𝑛 times. Then the possible values of 𝑋 are 2𝑖 − 𝑛, 𝑖
(1) 𝑖 + 2𝑛, 𝑖 = 0,1,2 … 𝑛 (2) 2𝑖 − 𝑛, 𝑖 = 0,1,2 … 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … 𝑛
(3) 𝑛 − 𝑖, 𝑖 = 0,1,2 … 𝑛 (4) 2𝑖 + 2𝑛, 𝑖 = 0,1,2 … 𝑛
1
7 If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, represents a probability density function of a
12 Ans:
continuous random variable 𝑋, then which of the following cannot be the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏

la
16 and 24
?
(1) 0 and 12 (2) 5 and 17 (3) 7 and 19 (4) 16 and 24
8 Four buses carrying 160 students from the same school arrive at a football stadium. The
sa
buses carry, respectively, 42,36,34 and 48 students. One of the students is randomly
selected. Let 𝑋 denote the number of students that were on the bus carrying the randomly
selected student. One of the 4 bus drivers is also randomly selected. Let 𝑌 denote the
Ans:
40.75,40

number of students on that bus. Then 𝐸[𝑋] and 𝐸[𝑌] respectively are
(1) 50,40 (2) 40,50 (3) 40.75,40 (4) 41,41
da
9 Two coins are to be flipped. The first coin will land on heads with probability 0.6, the
second with probability 0.5. Assume that the results of the flips are independent, and let 𝑋 Ans: 1.1
equal the total number of heads that result. The value of 𝐸[𝑋] is
(1) 0.11 (2) 1.1 (3) 11 (4) 1
10 On a multiple-choice exam with 3 possible destructives for each of the 5 questions, the Ans:
11
Pa

probability that a student will get 4 or more correct answers just by guessing is
11 3 1 5 243
(1) (2) (3) (4)
243 8 243 243
11 If 𝑃{𝑋 = 0} = 1 − 𝑃{𝑋 = 1}. If 𝐸[𝑋] = 3Var⁡(𝑋), then 𝑃{𝑋 = 0}. Ans:
2 2 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 5 5 3 3
12 If 𝑋 is a binomial random variable with expected value 6 and variance 2.4, Ans:
w.

5
Then 𝑃{𝑋 = 5} is 10 3 2 5
( )( ) ( )
10 3 6 2 4 10 3 10 5 5 5
(1) ( ) (5) (5) (2) ( ) (5)
5 5
10 3 4 2 6 10 3 5 2 5
(3) ( ) (5) (5) (4) ( ) (5) (5)
5 5
ww

13 The random variable 𝑋 has the probability density function Ans:

1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 0 < 𝑥 < 1 1 and
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
0 otherwise
7
and 𝐸(𝑋) = 12, then 𝑎 and 𝑏 are respectively
1 1
(1) 1 and (2) and 1 (3) 2 and 1 (4) 1 and 2
2 2

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14 Suppose that 𝑋 takes on one of the values 0,1 and 2. If for some constant 𝑘, Ans: 2
1
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑖) = 𝑘𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑖 − 1) for 𝑖 = 1,2 and 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 7
. Then the value of 𝑘 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
15 Which of the following is a discrete random variable? Ans:
I. The number of cars crossing a particular signal in a day. I and II
II. The number of customers in a queue to buy train tickets at a moment.
III. The time taken to complete a telephone call.
(1) I and II (2) II only (3) III only (4) II and III

et
16 2𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 Ans: 1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a probability density function of a random variable, then
0 otherwise
the value of 𝑎 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

i.N
17 The probability function of a random variable is defined as:
Ans:
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) 3
𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 4𝑘 5𝑘

la
Then 𝐸(𝑋) is equal to:
1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
15 10 3 3
18 Let 𝑋 have a Bernoulli distribution with mean 0.4, then the variance of (2𝑋 − 3) is
sa Ans: 0.96
(1) 0.24 (2) 0.48 (3) 0.6 (4) 0.96
19 If in 6 trials, 𝑋 is a binomial variate which follows the relation 9𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2), Ans: 0.25
then the probability of success is
(1) 0.125 (2) 0.25 (3) 0.375 (4) 0.75
A computer salesperson knows from his past experience that he sells computers to one in Ans:
da
20
every twenty customers who enter the showroom. What is the probability that he will sell 57
a computer to exactly two of the next three customers? 203
57 57 193 57
(1) (2) (3) (4)
203 202 203 20
Pa

CHAPTER 12 – Discrete Mathematics

1 A binary operation on a set 𝑆 is a function from Ans:
(1) 𝑆 → 𝑆 (2) (𝑆 × 𝑆) → 𝑆 (3) 𝑆 → (𝑆 × 𝑆) (4)(𝑆 × 𝑆) → (𝑆 × 𝑆) (𝑆 × 𝑆) → 𝑆
2 Subtraction is not a binary operation in Ans:
(1) ℝ (2) ℤ (3) ℕ (4) ℚ ℕ
w.

3 Which one of the following is a binary operation on ℕ ? Ans:

(1) Subtraction (2) Multiplication (3) Division (4) All the above Multiplication
4 In the set ℝ of real numbers '*' is defined as follows. Which one of the following is not a Ans:
binary operation on ℝ ? 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
(1) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = min⁡(𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏) (2) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = max⁡(𝑎, 𝑏)
ww

(3) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 (4) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏
5 The operation ∗ defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = is not a binary operation on Ans:
7
(1) ℚ+ (2) ℤ (3) ℝ (4) ℂ ℤ

6 In the set ℚ define 𝑎 ⊙ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏. For what value of y, 3 ⊙ (𝑦 ⊙ 5) = 7 ? Ans:

2 −2 −3 −2
(1) 𝑦 = 3
(2) 𝑦 = 3
(3) 𝑦 = 2
(4) 𝑦 = 4 𝑦=
3

17

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7 If 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 on the real numbers then ∗ is Ans:

(1) commutative but not associative (2) associative but not commutative both commutative
(3) both commutative and associative (4) neither commutative nor associative and associative
8 Which one of the following statements has the truth value 𝑇 ? Ans:
(1) sin𝑥 is an even function. (2) Every square matrix is non-singular √5 is an irrational
(3) The product of complex number and its conjugate is purely imaginary number
(4) ⁡√5 is an irrational number
9 Which one of the following statements has truth value 𝐹 ? Ans:

et
(1) Chennai is in India or √2 is an integer Chennai is in
(2) Chennai is in India or √2 is an irrational number China or √2 is an
(3) Chennai is in China or √2 is an integer integer

i.N
(4) Chennai is in China or √2 is an irrational number
10 If a compound statement involves 3 simple statements, then the number of rows in the Ans: 8
truth table is
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 6 (4) 3
11 Which one is the inverse of the statement (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ? Ans:
(1) (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) (2) ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞)

la
(3) (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞) → (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (4) (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) → (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞) → (¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞)
12 Which one is the contrapositive of the statement (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑟 ? Ans:
(1) ¬𝑟 → (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (2) ¬𝑟 → (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) (3) 𝑟 → (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) (4) 𝑝 → (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) ¬𝑟 → (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞)
13 The truth table for (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ ¬𝑞 is given below
sa 𝑝 𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ∨ (¬𝑞)
Ans:
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑎)
a b c d
𝑇 𝐹 (𝑏) T T F T
da
𝐹 𝑇 (𝑐)

𝐹 𝐹 (𝑑)
Which one of the following is true? ⁡⁡(𝑎)⁡(𝑏)⁡⁡(𝑐)⁡(𝑑)
(1) 𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇
Pa

(2) 𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
(3) 𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇
(4) 𝑇⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐹
14 In the last column of the truth table for ¬(𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞) the number of final outcomes of the Ans: 3
truth value ⁡′ 𝐹 ′ are
w.

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

15 Which one of the following is incorrect? For any two propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞, we have Ans:
(1) ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 (2) ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞 ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨
(3) ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑞 (4) ¬(¬𝑝) ≡ 𝑝 ¬𝑞
16 Ans:
ww

𝒑 𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) → ¬𝒑
a b c d
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑎) F T T T
𝑇 𝐹 (𝑏)

𝐹 𝑇 (𝑐)

𝐹 𝐹 (𝑑)

18

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Which one of the following is correct for the truth value of (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → ¬𝑝 ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1)⁡𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
(2)⁡𝐹 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
(3)⁡𝐹 𝐹 𝑇 𝑇
(4)⁡𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝐹
17 The dual of ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ [𝑝 ∨ (𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑟)] is Ans:
(1) ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [𝑝 ∨ (𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑟)] (2) (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑟)] ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝

et
(3) ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑟)] (4) ¬(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∨ ¬𝑟)] ∨ ¬𝑟)]
18 The proposition 𝑝 ∧ (¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) is Ans:
(1) a tautology (2) a contradiction logically
(3) logically equivalent to 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 (4) logically equivalent to 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞

i.N
equivalent to 𝑝 ∧
𝑞
19 Determine the truth value of each of the following statements: Ans:
(a) 4 + 2 = 5 and 6 + 3 = 9 (b) 3 + 2 = 5 and 6 + 1 = 7 a b c d
(c) 4 + 5 = 9 and 1 + 2 = 4 (d) 3 + 2 = 5 and 4 + 7 = 11
F T F T
(a) (b) (c) (d)

la
(1) 𝐹⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡𝑇
(2) 𝑇⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡𝐹
(3) 𝑇⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡
sa (4) 𝐹⁡⁡⁡𝐹⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡⁡⁡𝑇
20 Which one of the following is not true? Ans:
(1) Negation of a negation of a statement is the statement itself. If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are any
(2) If the last column of the truth table contains only 𝑇 then it is a tautology. two statements
(3) If the last column of its truth table contains only 𝐹 then it is a contradiction. then 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is a
(4) If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are any two statements then 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is a tautology. tautology
da
CHAPTER : 12
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
CONCEPT : TRUTH TABLE
Pa

A table showing the relationship between truth values of simple statements and truth values of
compund statements is called truth table .
Table 1: Truth Table for 7p.
P 7P
P one statement
T F
w.

=>2 rows
F T

Table 2 : Truth Table for p^q (P cap q)

p, q two statements ⟹ 4 rows
ww

p q p^q

𝑇1 𝑇1 T

𝑇1 𝐹𝑜 F ^ - small number

⁡𝐹𝑜 𝑇1 F

𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑜 F

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Table 3 : Truth Table for p v q (p cup q)

p q p vq

𝑇1 𝑇1 T ∧ ⁡ −𝑏𝑖𝑔⁡𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑇1 𝐹𝑜 T

𝐹𝑜 𝑇1 T

et
𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑜 F

Table 4 : Truth Table for 𝒑⁡ → 𝒒 ( p implies q)

i.N
p q 𝑝⁡ → 𝑞
Note:
T T T T ∪ FF
T, FF
T F F Otherwise T.

la
F T T

F F T

sa
Table 5: Truth Table for 𝒑⁡ ↔ 𝒒
p q 𝑝⁡ ↔ 𝑞
Multiplication Rule
⁡𝑇+ ⁡𝑇+ T + ⁡ × ⁡ +⁡= ⁡ +
da
+ ⁡ × −⁡= ⁡ −
⁡𝑇+ 𝐹− F
− ⁡ × ⁡ +⁡= ⁡ −
𝐹− ⁡𝑇+ F − ⁡ × −⁡= ⁡ +

𝐹− 𝐹− T
Pa

̅ 𝒒⁡, p cup not q (or) p EOR q

Table 6: Truth Table for 𝒑⁡𝒗⁡

p q 𝑝⁡𝑣⁡
̅ 𝑞⁡
w.

T T F

T F T
F T T
ww

F F F

If Single T comes then T comes otherwise F.

NOTE :
i. A Statement is said to be tautology if the last column of the truth table is T.
ii. A Statement is said to be contradiction it its truth value is always F..
iii. A Statement which is neither a tautology nor a contradiction is called contingency.
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Concept :
Some properties of BINARY OPERATION
Let S be a non – empty set and * be the binary operation defined on it ...
1. Closure property :
a, b  s  a * b  s  a, b  s.
2. Commutative property:
a*b=b*a  a, b  s,
3. Associative property:

et
(a * b) * c = a * (b * c)  a, b, c  s,
4. Identity property :
Let e be the identity element then...

i.N
a * e = e * a = a,  a  s.
5. Inverse property :
Let inverse of a be 𝑎−1 Then.
𝑎⁡ ∗ ⁡ 𝑎−1 = ⁡ 𝑎−1 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒⁡⁡⁡∀⁡𝑎⁡ ∈ 𝑠

la
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Example 12.8 March 2023 , June 2023.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
IF A = [ ]⁡ B = ⁡[ ]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
sa
Find 𝑨⁡𝒗⁡𝑩 and ; 𝑨⁡^⁡𝑩
ANS:
𝐴⁡𝑣⁡𝐵 = ⁡ [
0 1
] ⁡𝑣⁡⁡ [
1 1
]⁡=⁡[
0⁡𝑣⁡1 1⁡𝑣⁡1
] =⁡[
1 1
]
1 1 0 1 1⁡𝑣⁡0 1⁡𝑣⁡1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0⁡^⁡1 1⁡^⁡1 0 1
𝐴⁡^⁡𝐵 = ⁡ [ ]⁡^⁡⁡[ ]⁡=⁡[ ] =⁡[ ]
da
1 1 0 1 1⁡^⁡0 1⁡^⁡1 0 1
2. Theorem: (Unique ness of Identity ) March 2020.
In an algeabraic structure , prove that the identity elements ( if exits) must be unique
identity
Proof:
Pa

If possible , let e1 and e2 be two identity elements..

If e1 is identity and e2 be any element .
Then,
𝑒1 ∗ ⁡ 𝑒2 = ⁡ 𝑒2 ⁡ ………………….(1)
If e2 is identity and e1 be any element.....
Then,
w.

𝑒1 ∗ ⁡ 𝑒2 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝑒1 ………………….(2)
From (i) and (ii) e1 = e2
 Identity element is unique …
3. Theorem : Uniqueness of inverse .
In an algebraic structure the inverse of an element (if exists ) must be unique ….
ww

Proof :
Suppose that 𝑎⁡has two inverse say 𝑎1 and 𝑎2
Let inverse of 𝑎 be 𝑎1  𝑎 ∗ ⁡ 𝑎1 = 𝑒 ........................(1)
Let inverse of 𝑎 be 𝑎2  𝑎 ∗ ⁡ 𝑎2 = 𝑒 ………………(2)
From 1 and 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎 ∗ ⁡ 𝑎1 = ⁡⁡𝑎 ∗ ⁡ 𝑎2
By left cancellation law , 𝑎1 = ⁡⁡ 𝑎2
Inverse element is unique.
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4. Example : 12.1 (1) Sep 2020

Examine the binary operation (Closure property) for the following .
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝟑⁡𝒂𝒃 − 𝟓⁡𝒃𝟐 ⁡⁡⁡  a, b  z.
Ans :
let a,b ∈ 𝑧
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ⁡⁡𝑎 + 3⁡𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑏 2 ⁡ ∈ 𝑧
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏⁡⁡ ∈ 𝑧
 * is a binary operation of z ..

et
 * has closure property …
5. Examine the binary operation (closure property ) for the following Sep 2020
𝒂−𝒃
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = ⁡ 𝒃−𝟏 ⁡∀⁡𝒂, 𝒃⁡ ∈ 𝑸.

i.N
Ans:
* does not have closure property
𝑎−𝑏
Reason If b = 1 , a*b = ⁡ 1−1 = ⋯.
𝑎−𝑏
=⁡ does not defined.
0

la
When b = 1, 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏⁡ ∉ 𝑄.
 * Is not a binary operation.
6. Exercise 12.1 – (1)

(i)
(ii)
sa
Determine whether * is a binary operation on the sets given below ...
a *b = 𝑎|𝑏| on R
a *b = min ( a, b) on A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(iii) a *b = 𝑎√𝑏 is binary on R.
Ans :
da
(i) Given a * b = 𝑎|𝑏| on R
a, b 𝜖 R  a*b⁡𝜖 R  * is binary operation
(ii) Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} a * b = min (a, b)
a, b 𝜖⁡ A = a *b 𝜖⁡A
 * is a binary operation..
Pa

iii) Given a * b = 𝑎√𝑏 a,b 𝜖 R

a, b  R  a * b = 𝑎√𝑏  R Note :
a, b  R  a * b  R -4 R but
 * is not a binary operation… √−4 ⁡ ∉ 𝑅
w.

7. Exercise 12.1( 2 )
On z, define * by m ⨂ 𝒏 = ⁡ 𝒎𝒏 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝒏𝒎 ∀⁡𝒎, 𝒏⁡ ∈ 𝒛. Is ⨂ binary on Z ?
Ans:
⨂ is not a binary operation on z.
m, n z  𝑚 ⨂ 𝑛⁡ ⁡𝑧
ww

8. Exercise 12.1 (3)

−𝟕
Let * be defined on R by a * b = a + b + ab - 7 is * binary on R? If so find 3*( 𝟏𝟓 )?
Ans:
i) * is binary on R.
a, b  R a* b  R.

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−7 −7 −7
ii) 3 ∗ ⁡ ( 15 ) = ⁡3 + ⁡ ( 15 ) + ⁡3⁡ ( 15 ) − 7
3 7 21 7
= ⁡ − ⁡⁡ ⁡ − ⁡⁡ ⁡ − ⁡⁡
1 15 15 1
45−7−21−105 45−133
= ⁡=⁡
15 15
88
= −⁡ 15
9. Exercise 12.1 ( 4)
Let A = {𝒂 + ⁡ √𝟓𝒃, 𝒂, 𝒃⁡ ∈ 𝒛} Check whether the usual multiplication is a binary

et
operation on A.
Ans:
*is binary operation on A.
Let x, y ∈ A. * is usual multiplication.

i.N
Let 𝑥 = ⁡𝑎 + ⁡ √5𝑏,⁡ 𝑦 = ⁡𝑐 + ⁡ √5𝑑
𝑥⁡. 𝑦 = ⁡ (𝑎 + ⁡ √5𝑏)⁡(𝑐 + ⁡ √5𝑑)
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑√5 ⁡ + 𝑏𝑐√5 + 5𝑏𝑑
= (𝑎𝑐 + 5𝑏𝑑) + ⁡ √5⁡(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) ⁡ ∈ 𝐴

la
𝑥, 𝑦⁡ ∈ 𝐴⁡ ⟹ 𝑥⁡. 𝑦⁡ ∈ 𝐴
 * is binary operation on A..

10.
sa
Example :12.7
Establish the equivalence property
3 MARKS
March 2020.

𝒑⁡ → 𝒒⁡ ≡ 𝟕⁡𝒑⁡ ∨ 𝒒
ANS:
da
p, q two statements  4 Rows.
p q LHS 7p RHS
pq 7⁡𝑝⁡ ∨ 𝑞
T T T F T
Pa

T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
(1) … ... …. (2)
(1) and (2) L.H.S = R.H.S.
w.

𝑝⁡ → 𝑞⁡ ≡ 7⁡𝑝⁡ ∨ 𝑞
11. Prove that ((𝟕𝒑) ⁡ ∧ 𝒑) ⁡ ∧ 𝒒 is contradictions Sep 2020
Ans:
P , q two statements  4 rows
ww

p q 7p (7𝑝) ⁡ ∧ 𝑝 ((7𝑝) ⁡ ∧ 𝑝) ⁡ ∧ 𝑞
T T F F F
T F F F F
F T T F F
F F T F F
Since the last column contains only F,
` ((7𝑝) ⁡ ∧ 𝑝) ⁡ ∧ 𝑞 is contradiction…
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12. Show that 𝒑⁡ → 𝒒⁡𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒⁡ → 𝒑 are not equivalent. March 2023

p q 𝑝⁡ → 𝑞 q p 𝑞⁡ → 𝑝
T T T T T T
T F F F T T
F T T T F F
F F T F F T

et
(1) (2)
(1), (2) and 𝑝⁡ → 𝑞 ≢ 𝑞⁡ → 𝑝

i.N
That is , 𝑝⁡ → 𝑞 and 𝑞⁡ → 𝑝 are not equivalent.
EXAMPLE : 12.16
13. Construct the truth Table for :
(𝒑⁡ ∨ ⁡𝒒) ⁡ ∧ ⁡ (𝒑⁡ ∨ ⁡𝟕𝒒)
Ans :
p, q two statements  4 rows.

la
p q 7q 𝑝⁡ ∨ ⁡𝑞 𝑝⁡ ∨ ⁡7𝑞 (𝑝⁡ ∨ ⁡𝑞) ⁡ ∧ ⁡ (𝑝⁡ ∨ ⁡7𝑞)
T T F F T F
sa T F T T F F
F T F T F F
F F T F T F

Note : since the last column contains F only, given statement is contradiction.
da
5 MARKS
14. Example : 12.18 June 2023
Establish the equivalence property connecting the bi – conditional with conditional.
𝒑⁡ ↔ 𝒒⁡ ≡ ⁡ (𝒑⁡ → 𝒒) ⁡ ∧ ⁡ (𝒒⁡ → 𝒑)
ANS:
Pa

p, q two statements  4 rows

p q LHS 𝑝⁡ → 𝑞 𝑞⁡ → 𝑝 R.H.S
𝑝⁡ ↔ 𝑞 ( 𝑝⁡ → 𝑞 ) ⁡ ∧ ⁡ (𝑞⁡ → 𝑝)
T T T T T T
T F F F T F
w.

F T F T F F
F F T T T T
(1) (2)
From (1) and ( 2) LHS = RHS
ww

𝑝⁡ ↔ 𝑞⁡ ≡ ⁡ (𝑝⁡ → 𝑞) ⁡ ∧ ⁡ (𝑞⁡ → 𝑝)

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15. Exercise 12.2 – 7 (iii) July 2022

Verify (𝒑⁡ → 𝒒) ⁡ ↔ (𝟕𝒑⁡ → 𝒒) is tautology or contradiction or contingency .
Ans :
p q (𝑝⁡ → ⁡𝑞) 7𝑝⁡ (7𝑝⁡ → 𝑞) (𝑝⁡ → 𝑞) ⁡ ↔ (7𝑝⁡ → 𝑞)
T T T F T T
T F F F T F
F T T T T T

et
F F T T F F
From last column we say , given statement is contingency....
16. Example 12.19

i.N
Using the equivalance property show that
𝒑⁡ ↔ 𝒒⁡ ≡ ⁡ (𝒑⁡ ∧ 𝒒) ⁡ ∨ ⁡ (𝟕𝒑 ∧ 𝟕𝒒)
p q LHS (𝑝 ∧ ⁡𝑞) 7p 7q (7𝑝 ∧ 7𝑞) R.H.S
𝑝⁡ ↔ 𝑞
T T T T F F F T

la
T F F F F T F F
F T F F T F F F
F F T F T T T T
sa (1) (2)
From 1 and 2 L.H.S = R.H.S
𝑝⁡ ↔ 𝑞⁡ ≡ ⁡ (𝑝⁡ ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ ∨ ⁡ (7𝑝 ∧ 7𝑞)

17. Exercise 12.2 (8) Aug -21

da
Prove that i) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝟕(𝒑⁡ ∧ 𝒒) ⁡ ≡ ⁡⁡𝟕𝒑⁡ ∨ 𝟕𝒒
ii) 𝟕(𝒑⁡ → 𝒒) ⁡ ≡ ⁡⁡𝒑⁡ ∧ ⁡𝟕𝒒
Ans: i)
p q 𝑝 ∧ ⁡𝑞 LHS 7p 7q R.H.S
7(𝑝 ∧ ⁡𝑞) 7𝑝 ∨ 7𝑞
Pa

T T T F F F F
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T
w.

(1) (2)
From (1) and (2) 7(𝑝⁡ ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ ≡ ⁡⁡7𝑝⁡ ∨ 7𝑞

ii)
ww

p q 𝑝 → ⁡𝑞 LHS 7p 7q R.H.S
7(𝑝 → ⁡𝑞) 𝑝 ∧ 7𝑞
T T T F F F F
T F F T F T T
F T T F T F F
F F T F T T F
(1) (2)
From (1) and (2) 7(𝑝⁡ ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ ≡ ⁡⁡7𝑝⁡ ∨ 7𝑞.
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18. Prove that 𝟕(𝒑⁡ ↔ 𝒒) ⁡ ≡ ⁡⁡𝒑⁡ ↔ ⁡𝟕𝒒

Proof :
p, q two statements  4 rows
p q 𝑝 ↔ ⁡𝑞 LHS 7q R.H.S
7(𝑝 ↔ ⁡𝑞) 𝑝 ↔ 7𝑞
T T T F F F
T F F T T T
F T F T F T

et
F F T F T F
(1) (2)
From (1) and (2) ..,

i.N
7(𝑝⁡ ↔ 𝑞) ⁡ ≡ ⁡⁡𝑝⁡ ↔ ⁡7𝑞
19. Using Truth Table prove that March 2022
𝒑⁡ → (𝒒⁡ → 𝒓) ⁡ ≡ (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) → 𝒓
Proof:
p, q, r Three statements  8 Rows.

la
p q r 𝑞→𝑟 L.H.S. 𝑝∧𝑞 R.H.S.
𝑝⁡ → (𝑞⁡ → 𝑟) (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ → 𝑟
T T T T T T T
sa T
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
F

F T T T T F T
da
F T F F T F T
F F T T T F T
F F F T T F T
(1) (2)
From 1 and 2 𝑝⁡ → (𝑞⁡ → 𝑟) ⁡ ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ → 𝑟
Pa

20. Using Truth Table prove that March 2023

𝒑⁡ → (𝟕𝒒⁡ ∨ 𝒓) ⁡ ≡ 𝟕𝒑 ∨ (𝟕𝒒 ∨ 𝒓)⁡
Proof:
p,q,r  8 rows
P q r 7q 7𝑞 ∨ 𝑟 L.H.S. 7𝑝 R.H.S.
w.

𝑝⁡ → (7𝑞⁡ ∨ 𝑟) 7𝑝⁡ ∨ (7𝑞⁡ ∨ 𝑟)

T T T F T T F T
T T F F F F F F
T F T T T T F T
ww

T F F T T T F T
F T T F T T T T
F T F F F T T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
(1) (2)
From (1) and (2) : 𝑝⁡ → (7𝑞⁡ ∨ 𝑟) ⁡ ≡ 7𝑝⁡ ∨ (7𝑞⁡ ∨ 𝑟)
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21. Do it yourself
Using Truth Table prove that
Associative laws
i) 𝑝⁡ ∨ (𝑞⁡ ∨ 𝑟) ⁡ ≡ (𝑝⁡ ∨ 𝑞) ⁡ ∨ 𝑟
ii) 𝑝⁡ ∧ (𝑞⁡ ∧ 𝑟) ⁡ ≡ (𝑝⁡ ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ ∧ 𝑟
22. Distributive laws:
(i) 𝑝⁡ ∨ (𝑞⁡ ∧ 𝑟) ⁡ ≡ (𝑝⁡ ∨ 𝑞) ⁡ ∧ (𝑝⁡ ∨ ⁡𝑟)
(ii) 𝑝⁡ ∧ (𝑞⁡ ∨ 𝑟) ⁡ ≡ (𝑝⁡ ∧ 𝑞) ⁡ ∨ (𝑝⁡ ∧ ⁡𝑟)

et
23. Example 12.6 July 2022
Verify (i) Closure property ( ii) Commutative Property (iii) associative property of the following
operation on a given set..

i.N
a * b = 𝒂𝒃 ;⁡ a, b  N
ANS :
Set: N. Natural numbers
a * b = 𝑎𝑏
i) Closure property:
Let a, b  N a * b = 𝑎𝑏 ⁡ N

la
2, 3  N  2 * 3 = 23 = 8⁡ N
* have closure property.
ii) saCommutative property:
a * b = 𝑎𝑏
also b * a = 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏⁡ ≠ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎
* have not commutative property..
da
iii) Associative property:
(a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c) ∀⁡𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐⁡ ∈ 𝑁
 * have not Associative property.
Note :
iv) * have not Identity Property.
Pa

v) * have not Inverse property.

24. Exercise 12.1 (5)
Define on operation * on Q as follows:
𝒂⁡+𝒃
𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 =⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡∀⁡𝒂, 𝒃⁡ ∈ 𝑸
𝟐
i) Examine the closure, commutative and associative properties satisfied by * on Q.
w.

ii) Examine the existence of identity and the existence of inverse for the operation * on Q.
Ans : Set : Q Relational numbers
𝑎+𝑏
 * Is :⁡𝑎 * b = 2 ∀𝑎, 𝑏⁡ ∈ 𝑄
i) Closure property:
ww

𝑎+𝑏
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄  a * b = 2 ⁡ ∈ Q
 * have closure property
ii) Commutative property:
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 =⁡ 2
𝑏+𝑎
=⁡ 2
=𝑏∗𝑎
 * have commutative property.
27

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iii) Associative property :

(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐⁡ ≠ 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐)⁡⁡⁡⁡∀⁡𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐⁡ ∈ 𝑄
 * have not Associative property.
iv) Identity property:
* does not satisfy uniqueness of Identity..
 * have not Identity property.
v) Inverse property :
No Identity  * have not Inverse property..

et
25. Example: 12.7
Verify (i) Closure property (ii) Commutative property (iii) associative property
Existence of identity and (V) existence of inverse for the following operation on the given set.

i.N
m * n = m + n – mn; ∀ m, n  z
ANS : set : z
* Is m * n = m + n – mn, ∀m, n  z
1) Closure property --- TRUE
2) Commutative property – TRUE
3) Associative property ---TRUE

la
4) Identity property ---TRUE e = 0  Z
5) Inverse property – Does not Exist (Inverse element does not exist)
26. Exercise 12.1 ( 10- i, ii)
sa
Let A be Q /{1} .Define * on A.
by x * y = x + y – xy. Is * binary on A? If so
i) Examine the commutative and associative property satisfied by * on A.
ii) Examine the existence of identity and existence of identity and existence of inverse
properties for the operation * on A.
da
ANS: Set A = Q – {1}
* is x * y = x + y – xy
i) Closure property – TRUE
ii) Commutative property – TRUE
iii) Associative property ---TRUE
Pa

iv) Identity property ---TRUE e=0Z

v) Inverse property -- True…
−𝑥
( inverse of x) , 𝑥 −1 = ⁡ 1−𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝐴
27. Example : 12.9
Verify ( i) Closure property (ii) Commutative property
w.

(iii) Associative property (iv) Existence of identity and

(v) existence of inverse for the operation +5 on z5
using table corresponding to addition modulo 5..
ANS:
ww

SET 𝑧5 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} * is + 5
+5 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4 0
2 2 3 4 0 1
3 3 4 0 1 2
4 4 0 1 2 3

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1. Closure property – True

2. Commutative property –True
3. Associative Property – True
4. Identity Property -True e = 0 ⁡𝑧5
5. Inverse property – True from table,
From Table, Inverse of 0 = 0  𝑧5
Inverse of 1 = 4  𝑧5
Inverse of 2 = 3  𝑧5

et
Inverse of 3= 2  𝑧5
Inverse of 4= 1  𝑧5
Note : All properties – TRUE

i.N
28. Example 12.10
Verify (i) closure property (ii) Commutative property (iii)Associative property
iv) existence of identity and v) existence of inverse for the operation x11 on a
subset A = { 1,3,4,5,9} of the set of remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}?

la
ANS:
SET A = {1, 3, 4, 5, 9}
* = X11
sa 𝑋11 1 3 4 5 9
1 (1) 3 4 5 9
3 3 9 (1) 4 5
4 4 (1) 5 9 3
5 5 4 9 3 (1)
da
9 9 5 3 (1) 4

1. Closure property – True

2. Commutative property –True
3. Associative Property – True
4. Identity Property -True e = 1  A
Pa

5. Inverse property – True ,

Inverse of 1 = 1  A
Inverse of 3 = 4  A
Inverse of 4 = 3  A
w.

Inverse of 5 = 9 A
Inverse of 9 = 5  A
NOTE : All properties ------------True
29. Exercise 12.1 (9) June 2023
𝒙 𝒙
ww

Let M = ⁡ {( ) ∶ 𝒙⁡ ∈ 𝑹 − {𝟎}} and let * be the matrix multiplication. Determine whether M

𝒙 𝒙
is closed under *. If so (i) examine the commutative and associative for the operation * on M
properties satisfied by * on M. (ii) Examine the existence of identity and existence of inverse
properties.
Ans:
𝑥 𝑥
Let M = ⁡ {( ) ∶ 𝑥⁡ ∈ 𝑅 − {0}}
𝑥 𝑥
* is matrix Multiplication…
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1. Closure property – True

2. Commutative property –True
3. Associative Property – True
4. Identify Property -True
1⁄ 1⁄
𝐸 =⁡( 2 2) ⁡ ∈ 𝑀
1⁄ 1⁄
2 2
5. Inverse property – True ,

et
1 1

Inverse element = (4𝑥

1
4𝑥
1 )⁡∈ 𝑀
4𝑥 4𝑥
Questions Closure Commutative Associate Identity Inverse

i.N
Property Property Property Property Property
23 N
a * b = 𝑎𝑏  x x x x
24 Q
𝑎+𝑏   x x x
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 =⁡

la
2
25 Z
m * n = m + n - mn     x
e=0
26
sa
Q – {1}
x * y = x + y - xy    
e=0
𝑥 −1 = ⁡

−𝑥
1−𝑥

Chapter 6. APPLICATION OF VECTOR ALGEBRA

da
5 MARKS
1. Prove by vector method 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + ⁡𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos 𝛼⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ = cos 𝛽⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Pa

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡⁡. ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = cos(𝛼 + ⁡𝛽) ………….. (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡ …….. (2)
⁡𝑏⁡⁡. ⁡𝑎⁡
From (1) and (2)
cos(𝛼 + ⁡𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡
HENCE PROVED
w.

2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − ⁡𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos 𝛼⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ = cos 𝛽⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ww

⁡𝑏⁡⁡. ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = cos(𝛼 − ⁡𝛽) ………….. (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡ …….. (2)
⁡𝑏⁡⁡. ⁡𝑎⁡
From (1) and (2)
cos(𝛼 − ⁡𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡
HENCE PROVED

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3. 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + ⁡𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos 𝛼⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ = cos 𝛽⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = sin(𝛼 + ⁡𝛽) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ ………….. (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡ …….. (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)⁡𝑘⁡
From (1) and (2)
sin(𝛼 + ⁡𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

et
HENCE PROVED
4. 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − ⁡𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos 𝛼⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ = cos 𝛽⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗

i.N
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = sin(𝛼 − ⁡𝛽) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ ………….. (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡ ….. (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)⁡𝑘⁡
From (1) and (2)
sin(𝛼 − ⁡𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
Hence Proved.

la
5.` Show that the attitudes of a triangle are concurrent by using vectors...
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡ 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑏⁡, 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
sa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡) = 0 ………….. (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡.⁡⁡(⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0 ………….. (2)
(1) + (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗. (⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑂𝐶⁡ ⊥ ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝐴𝐵⁡ Hence
da
The attitudes of a triangle are concurrent hence proved.
6. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ ⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝒋⁡ ⁡𝒃⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝒊⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟒⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡𝟑⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡𝟐⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒌⁡𝒂𝒏𝒅⁡⁡𝒅⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟓⁡⁡𝒋⁡ ⁡𝒌⁡ verify that…
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝒃⁡
(i) (⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = ⁡ [⁡𝒂⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝒅⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝒅⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝒃⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ [⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝒃⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝒅⁡
Solution: LHS (⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑑⁡
Pa

⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑖⁡ ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ = ⁡ | 1 −1 0 | ⁡ = ⁡⁡4⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 −1 −4
⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝑗⁡
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑑⁡ = ⁡ | 0 3 −1| ⁡ = ⁡⁡8⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 6⁡𝑘⁡
w.

2 5 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝑗⁡
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡𝑘⁡
(⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡) ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑑⁡) = ⁡ | 4 4 0 | ⁡ = ⁡ −24⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 24⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ……. (1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 40⁡𝑘⁡
8 −2 −6
ww

RHS [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑⁡

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑑⁡
1 −1 0
[⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑏⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑⁡] ⁡ = ⁡ |1 −1 −4| ⁡ = 28
2 5 1
1 −1 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗] ⁡ = ⁡ |1 −1 −4| ⁡ = 12
0 3 −1
[⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =⁡ −24⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑑⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 24⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ……. (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 40⁡𝑘⁡
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From (1) & (2)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡) ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑑⁡) = ⁡ [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑏⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ [⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑑⁡
Hence proved
For practice:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡) ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑐⁡ ⁡𝑑⁡) = ⁡ [⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑏⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ [⁡𝑏⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟐⁡𝒊⁡
If ⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟑⁡𝒋⁡ ⁡𝒌⁡⁡,⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝒃⁡ = 𝟑⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟓⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒌⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗;
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟑⁡𝒌⁡
Then verify that

et
(i) (⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝒃⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ =⁡ (⁡𝒂⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝒄⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝒃⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝒃⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝒂⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Solution : L H S (⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑖⁡ ⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡

i.N
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ = ⁡ | 2 3 −1| = ⁡11⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − 7⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡
3 5 2
⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡
(⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ | 11 −7 1 | = ⁡ −19⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 34⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 29⁡𝑘⁡ ………. (1)
−1 −2 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑏⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡

la
RHS (⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ −11
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ −7
sa / (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
From (1) & (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑏⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡

⃗⃗⃗⃗ =⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑏⁡) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ −19⁡𝑖⁡

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 34⁡𝑗⁡

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑏⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ………. (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 29⁡𝑘⁡

HENCE PROVED
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
da
ii. ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) =⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡)⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
LHS ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ | 3 5 2 | = ⁡19⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 11⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡
−1 −2 3
Pa

⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × (⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) = ⁡ | 2 3 −1| ⁡ = ⁡ −14⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 17⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 79⁡𝑘⁡
19 −11 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ −11
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ = ⁡19
w.

RHS (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ −14⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 17⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 79⁡𝑘⁡
From (1) & (2) ⁡(⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ −14⁡𝑖⁡⃗⃗⃗ − 17⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 79⁡𝑘⁡
Hence proved.
ww

One Point & Two vectors

Parametric vector equation : ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Non – Parametric vector equation : (⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡. (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
Cartesian equation : ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

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8. Find the non- parametricform form of vector equation and cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (0, 1, -5) and parallel to the straight line
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒓⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡⁡𝒔(𝟐⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟒⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟑⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) and
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟔⁡𝒌⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒓⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟑⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡⁡𝒕(⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟓⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒋⁡ ⁡𝒌⁡)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡𝑗⁡
Solution :⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡

et
(i) Parametric vector equation .
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (⁡𝑗⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑠(2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑘⁡

i.N
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
(ii) Cartesian equation: | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥 − ⁡0 𝑦 − ⁡1 𝑧 + 5 (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (0, 1, −5)
| 2 3 6 |=0 (𝑏 1 ⁡, 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (2,⁡⁡⁡⁡3,⁡⁡⁡6)
1 1 −1 (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (1,⁡⁡⁡1, −1)

la
(𝑥⁡ − 0)⁡(−3 − 6)⁡–⁡(𝑦 − 1)⁡(−2 − 6) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧⁡ + ⁡5)⁡(2⁡– ⁡3) ⁡ = ⁡0
𝑥(−9) ⁡ + ⁡8(𝑦⁡ − 1)⁡– ⁡1(𝑧 + ⁡5) ⁡ = ⁡0
−9𝑥⁡ + ⁡8𝑦⁡– ⁡𝑧⁡– ⁡13⁡ = ⁡0
sa / 9x – 8y + z + 13 = 0
(iii) Non – parametric vector equation..
(⁡𝑟⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). (⁡𝑏⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (9⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 8⁡𝑗⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 13 = 0
9. Find the non – parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing
da
through the point (2,3,6) and parallel to the straight lines
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛+𝟏
=⁡ =⁡ & ⁡⁡⁡⁡ =⁡ =⁡ .
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟑
Solution :
⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Pa

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3⁡𝑘⁡
(i) Parametric vector equation : ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝑟⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (2⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑠(2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡) + 𝑡(2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑗⁡ 3⁡𝑘⁡)
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
w.

(ii) Cartesian Equation : | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0

𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥 − 2 𝑦 − ⁡3 𝑧 − 6 (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (2, 3, 6)
| 2 3 1 |=0 (𝑏1 ⁡, 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (2, 3, 1)
ww

2 −5 −3 (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (2, −5, −3)

(𝑥 − 2)⁡(−9 + 5)⁡–⁡(𝑦 − 3)⁡(−6 − 2) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 6)⁡(−10 − 6) ⁡ = 0
(𝑥⁡ − 2)⁡(−4)⁡– (𝑦 − 3)⁡(−8) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 6)(−16) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥 − 2)⁡(−1) ⁡⁡ + ⁡2(𝑦 − 3)⁡– ⁡4(𝑧⁡– ⁡6) ⁡ = ⁡0
−𝑥⁡ + ⁡2𝑦⁡– ⁡4𝑧⁡ + ⁡20⁡ = ⁡0
𝑥⁡– ⁡2𝑦⁡ + 4𝑧⁡ − 20⁡ = ⁡0
(iii) Non – parametric vector equation : (⁡𝑟⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) − 20 = 0`
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10. Find the vector ( parametric and non- parametric and Cartesian equation of the plane containing
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (⁡𝒊⁡
the line ⁡𝒓⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡⁡𝒕(𝟐⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟑⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) and perpendicular to the plane
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟒⁡𝒌⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗. (⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒓⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⁡𝒌⁡) = 𝟖.
Solution : ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (1, −1, 3)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑏1 ⁡, 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (2, −1, 4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (1, 2, 1)
(i) Parametric vector equation ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝑟⁡ = ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

et
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗– ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑠(2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗– ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑘⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⁡𝑖⁡⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑘⁡
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
(iii) Cartesian equation : | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0

i.N
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
| 2 −1 4 |=0
1 2 1
(𝑥⁡ − 1)⁡(−1 − 8)⁡–⁡(𝑦⁡ + ⁡1)⁡(2 − 4) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 3)⁡(4⁡ + ⁡1) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥⁡ − 1)⁡(−9)⁡–⁡(𝑦 + 1)⁡(−2) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 3)⁡(5) ⁡ = ⁡0

la
−9𝑥⁡ + ⁡2𝑦⁡ + ⁡5𝑧⁡– ⁡4⁡ = ⁡0
/ 9𝑥⁡– ⁡2𝑦 − 5𝑧 + 4⁡ = ⁡0
(iii) Non parametric vector equation (⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0

11.
sa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (9⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 4 = 0
Find the vector (parametric and non – parametric) and Cartesian equations of the plane passing
through the point (1,-2,4) and perpendicular to the plane ;
𝒙+𝟕 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛
x + 2y – 3z = 11 and parallel to the line =⁡ = ⁡ 𝟏.
𝟑 −𝟏
da
Solution : ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (1, −2, 4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑏1 ⁡, 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (1, 2, −3)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = 3⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (3, −1, 1)
(i) Parametric vector equation : ⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Pa

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑠(⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(3⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡)
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
(ii) Cartesian equation : | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧−4
| 1 2 −3 | = 0
w.

3 −1 1
(𝑥 − 1)⁡(2 − 3)⁡–⁡(𝑦 + 2)⁡(1 + 9) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 4)⁡(−1 − 6) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥⁡– ⁡1)⁡(−1)⁡–⁡(𝑦⁡ + 2)⁡(10) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 4)⁡(−7) ⁡ = ⁡0
−𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 7𝑧 + 9 = 0
ww

/ 𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 7𝑧 − 9⁡ = ⁡0
(iii) Non – Parametric vector equation : (⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). (⁡𝑏⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 10⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) − 9 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 7⁡𝑘⁡

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12. Find the non – parametric from of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (𝟔⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒓⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡
⁡𝒌⁡) + 𝒔(−⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝒕(−𝟓⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟒⁡𝒋⁡ 𝟓⁡𝒌⁡)
Solution : ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡ = ⁡6⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (6, −1, 1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑏1 ⁡, 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 ) = (−1, 2, 1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = −5⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 4⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (−5, −4, −5)
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
(i) Cartesian equation | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

et
𝑥−6 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
| −1 2 1 |=0
−5 −4 −5
(𝑥 − 6)(−10 + 4) − (𝑦 + 1)(5 + 5) + (𝑧 − 1)(4 + 10) = 0

i.N
(𝑥 − 6)(−6) − (𝑦 + 1)(10) + (𝑧 − 1)(14) = 0
−3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 + 6⁡ = ⁡0
/ 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 7𝑧 − 6⁡ = ⁡0
(ii) Non – parametric vector equation :
(⁡𝑟⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). (⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 0

la
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (3⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 5⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) − 6 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 7⁡𝑘⁡

sa TWO POINTS AND ONE VECTORS

1. Parametric vector equation : ⁡⁡⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑠)⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
2. Non – parametric vector : (⁡𝑟⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). [(⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
3. Cartesian equation: |𝑥2 − ⁡ 𝑥1 ⁡ 𝑦2 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧2 − ⁡ 𝑧1 | = 0
da
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
13. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing
through the points ( 2,2,1) (9,3,6) and perpendicular to the plane 𝟐𝒙+6y+6z= 9.
Ans : ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (2, 2, 1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ = ⁡9⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥2 ⁡, 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) = (9, 3, 6)
Pa

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = 2⁡⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑗⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (2, 6, 6)
i. Parametric vector equation : ⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑠)⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑟⁡ = ⁡ (1 − 𝑠)(2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡) + 𝑠(9⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
ii. Cartesian equation : | 2 𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥 ⁡ 𝑦 2 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧2 − ⁡ 𝑧1 | = 0
w.

1
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
|9 − 2 3 − 2 6 − 1| = 0
2 6 6
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
ww

| 7 1 5 |=0
2 6 6
(𝑥 − 2)⁡(6 − 30)⁡–⁡(𝑦 − 2)⁡(42 − 10) ⁡ + (𝑧 − 1)⁡(42 − 2) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥 − 2)⁡(−24)⁡–⁡(𝑦 − 2)⁡(32) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 1)(40) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥 − 2)⁡(−3)⁡– (𝑦 − 2)⁡(4) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 − 1)⁡(5) ⁡ = ⁡0
−3𝑥⁡– ⁡4𝑦⁡ + ⁡5𝑧⁡ + ⁡9⁡ = ⁡0
/ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 9⁡ = ⁡0

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iii. Non – parametric vector equation : (⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). [(⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (3⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) − 9 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑘⁡

14. Find the vector parametric , vector non- parametric and carterian form of the equation of the
plane passing through the points (-1, 2, 0) (2, 2, -1) and parallel to the straight line ;
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
=⁡ =⁡ .
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
Ans : ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (−1, 2, 0)

et
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥2 ⁡, 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) = (2, 2, −1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (1, 1, −1)
i. Parametric vector equation: ⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑠)⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

i.N
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (1 − 𝑠)(−⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑠(2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑘⁡
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
ii. Cartesian equation: | 2 𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥 1 ⁡ 𝑦 2 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧2 − ⁡ 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−0
|2 + 1 2 − 2 −1 − 0| = 0

la
1 1 −1
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−0
| 3 0 −1 | = 0
sa 1 1 −1
(𝑥 + 1)(0 + 1) − (𝑦 − 2)(−3 + 1) + 𝑧(3 − 0) = 0
(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑦 − 2)(−2) + 3𝑧 = 0
/ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 3⁡ = ⁡0
iii. Non – parametric vector equation : (⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). [(⁡𝑏⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0
da
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) − 3 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑘⁡

15. Find parametric from of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing through
the points (2, 2, 1) (1, -2, 3)and parallel to the straight line passing through the points (2, 1, -3)
and (-1, 5, -8).
Pa

Ans : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡

⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (2,2,1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥2 ⁡, 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) ⁡ = (1, −2, 3)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = (2, 1, −3) − (−1, 5, −8)
⁡𝑐⁡
= (2 + 1, 1 − 5, −3 + 8)
w.

= (3, −4, 5)⁡

/ ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 4⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 5⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑐1 ⁡, 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ) = (3, −4,5)
i. Parametric vector equation: ⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑠)⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (1 − 𝑠)(2⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡) + 𝑠(⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑘⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 4⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 5⁡𝑘⁡
ww

𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
ii. Cartesian equation: | 2 𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥 1 ⁡ 𝑦2 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧2 − ⁡ 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
|1 − 2 −2 − 2 3 − 1| = 0
3 −4 5
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
| −1 −4 2 |=0
3 −4 5
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(𝑥 − 2)(−20 + 8) − (𝑦 − 2)(−5 − 6) + (𝑧 − 1)(4 + 12) = 0

(𝑥 − 2)(−12) − (𝑦 − 2)(−11) + (𝑧 − 1)(16) = 0
−12𝑥 + 11𝑦 + 16𝑧 − 14⁡ = ⁡0
/ 12𝑥 − 11𝑦 − 16𝑧 + 14⁡ = ⁡0
iii. Non – parametric vector equation : (⁡𝑟⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). [(⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⁡ × ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (12⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 11⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = −14
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 16⁡𝑘⁡

et
3 Points
1. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑠 − 𝑡)⁡𝑎⁡
Parametric vector equation: ⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2. Non – parametric vector equation : [⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0

i.N
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
3. Cartesian equation: |𝑥2 − ⁡ 𝑥1 ⁡ 𝑦2 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧2 − ⁡ 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑥3 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦3 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧3⁡ − ⁡ 𝑧1

16. Find the vector (Parametric and non – parametric) and Cartesian from of the equations of the

la
plane (3, 6, -2), (-1, -2, 6) and (6, 4, -2)
ANS: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = ⁡3⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥1 ⁡, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) = (3, 6, −2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡ = −⁡𝑖⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡ (𝑥2 ⁡, 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) ⁡ = (−1, −2, 6)
sa ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ = 6⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡
1. Parametric vector equation: ⁡𝑟⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑠 − 𝑡)⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠(−⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑥3 ⁡, 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) ⁡ = (6, 4, −2)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(6⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (1 − 𝑠 − 𝑡)3⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑘⁡
𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧1
2. Cartesian equation : |𝑥2 − ⁡ 𝑥1 ⁡ 𝑦2 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧2 − ⁡ 𝑧1 | = 0
da
𝑥3 − ⁡ 𝑥1 𝑦3 − ⁡ 𝑦1 𝑧3⁡ − ⁡ 𝑧1
𝑥−3 𝑦−6 𝑧+2
|−1 − 3 −2 − 6 6 + 2 | = 0
6−3 4 − 6 −2 + 2
𝑥−3 𝑦−6 𝑧+2
Pa

| −4 −8 8 |=0
3 −2 0
(𝑥⁡ − 3)⁡(0 + 16)⁡–⁡(𝑦 − 6)⁡(0 − 24) ⁡ + ⁡ (⁡𝑧 + ⁡2)⁡(8⁡ + ⁡24) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥⁡ − 3)⁡(16)⁡–⁡(𝑦 − 6)⁡(−24) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧⁡ + 2)⁡(32) ⁡ = ⁡0
(𝑥⁡ − 3)⁡(2)⁡–⁡(𝑦⁡ − 6)⁡(−3) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑧 + 2)⁡(4) ⁡ = ⁡0
/ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 16 = 0
w.

3. Non – parametric vector equation

[⁡𝑟⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0
⁡𝑟⁡ (2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 16
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑘⁡
17. Find the vector parametric and Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through the points
ww

(-5, 7, -4) and (13, -5, 2). Find the point where the straight line crosses the xy- plane..
Ans : A (-5, 7, -4) B (13, -5, 2)
AB (13 + 5, -5-7, 2+4) = AB (18, -12, 6)
= AB (3, -2, 1)
1. Parametric vector equation:
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (−5⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 7⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑡(3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 4⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡) and
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⁡ (13⁡𝑖⁡
⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 5⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) + 𝑠(3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑘⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡)
37

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2. Cartesian equation :
𝑥+5 𝑦−7 𝑧+4 𝑥−13 𝑦+5 𝑧−2
=⁡ =⁡ and =⁡ =⁡
3 −2 1 3 −2 1
𝑥+5 𝑦−7 𝑧+4
=⁡ =⁡ ⁡= 𝑡
3 −2 1
(x, y, z) = (3t – 5, -2t + 7, t -4)
Crosses xy plane = 0
t–4=0⟹𝑡=4

et
Crosses the xy plane (x, y, z) = (7,-1,0)
2 Marks questions
18. Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminus edges ( adjacent sides) are given by
the vectors 𝟐⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟑⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟒⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒌⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝟑⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒌⁡

i.N
2 −3 4
Ans : [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡] = ⁡ |1 2 −1| = ⁡ −7
3 −1 2
Volume of parallelepiped = |−7| = ⁡⁡7 cu.units
19. The volume of the parallelepiped whose determine edges are
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝝀⁡𝒋⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟑⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝒌⁡, −𝟑⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟕⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟓⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 90 cubic units. Find the value of 𝝀.

la
7⁡𝒊⁡
7 𝜆 −3
Ans : [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡] = ⁡ | 1 2 −1| = ⁡90
−3 7 5
sa
20. Show that the vectors ⁡𝒊⁡
𝜆 = ⁡ −5
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟑⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, 𝟐⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒋⁡
1 2 −3
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝟑⁡𝒊⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are coplanar.
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒌⁡

Ans : [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑐⁡

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡] = |2 −1 2 | = ⁡0
3 1 −1
da
⸫ Given vectors are coplanar.
21. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝒋⁡
If 𝟐⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟑⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, 𝟑⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝒌⁡, ⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝒎⁡𝒋⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟒⁡𝒌⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are coplanar find the value of m.
2 −1 3
Ans : |3 2 1| = ⁡0
1 𝑚 4
Pa

m = -3
22. For any vector ⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , prove that….
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝒂⁡
⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡ ⁡𝒋⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝒋⁡ ⁡𝒌⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝒌⁡) = 𝟐⁡𝒂⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ans : ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗) = ⁡ (⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⁡. ⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ (⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑎⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗. ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗
L.H.S.
w.

⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡ ⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡) = 3⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡ 𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 2⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ R.H.S
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡ ⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗) + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ × ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ (⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡) = 2⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Hence proved..
ww

23. Prove that [⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗–⁡⁡𝒃⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝒄⁡
⁡𝒃⁡–⁡⁡𝒄⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗–⁡⁡𝒂⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗]⁡= 0
ANS: L.H.S
1 −1 0
[⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗–⁡⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡–⁡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗,
⃗⃗⃗⃗–⁡⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] = ⁡ | 0 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−1|⁡[⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡] = 0
−1 0 1
[⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗–⁡⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑏⁡–⁡⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗–⁡⁡𝑎⁡
⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] = 0
Hence proved…

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24. For any vectors ⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⁡𝒃⁡, ⁡𝒄⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡then proved that [⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒄⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝒃⁡, ⁡𝒂⁡ ⁡𝒃⁡ + ⁡𝒄⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗] = ⁡ [⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗]
⁡𝒃⁡, ⁡𝒄⁡
Ans : L.H.S
1 0 1
[⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑏⁡
⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗] = ⁡⁡ |1 1 0| [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑏⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡]
1 1 1
= [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡]
[⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ + ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗] ⁡⁡ = ⁡ [⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡] Hence proved.

et
25. Prove that the distance from the origin to the plane 𝟑𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟔𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ + ⁡𝟕⁡ = ⁡𝟎 is 1 units..
Ans : origin (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)
3(0)+6(0)+2(0)+7 7
distance = | √32 ⁡+⁡⁡62 ⁡+⁡⁡22
| = ⁡ |7| = 1 units.

i.N
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐−𝒚 𝒛−𝟒 𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝟓−𝟐
26. Show that the lines =⁡ =⁡ and =⁡ =⁡ are parallel.
𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟔

Ans : 4⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 6⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2(−2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 12⁡𝑘⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 3⁡𝑗⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡⁡)
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 6⁡𝑘⁡
The given lines are parallel…

la
3 Marks
27. Find the magnitude and the direction cosines of the torque about the point (2, 0, -1) of a force
sa
𝟐⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒋⁡⁡ ⁡𝒌⁡⁡ whose line of action passes through the origin.
Ans: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2⁡𝑖⁡⁡
⁡𝑂𝐴⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⁡𝑘⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡⁡⁡𝑟⁡ ⁡𝐴𝑂⁡ = −2⁡𝑖⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝐹⁡ ⁡ = ⁡2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡⁡
da
⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡𝑗⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Torque ⁡𝑡⁡ = ⁡𝑟⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⁡𝐹⁡⁡ = ⁡ |−2 0 1 | = −⁡⁡𝑖⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑘⁡⁡
2 1 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗| = ⁡ √1 + 0 + ⁡ 2 = ⁡ √5
Magnitude |⁡𝑡⁡ 2 2
Pa

−1 −2
Direction cosines; ⁡, 0,
√5 √5
28. Forces of magnitudes 𝟓√𝟐 and 𝟏𝟎√𝟐 units acting in the directions
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟒⁡𝒋⁡⁡
3⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝟏𝟎⁡𝒊⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟓⁡𝒌⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟔⁡𝒋⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟖⁡𝒌⁡⁡
the point with position vector 𝟒⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟑⁡𝒋⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ to the point with position vector
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟐⁡𝒌⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ find the work done by the solution…
w.

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒋⁡⁡
𝟔⁡𝒊⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ − 𝟑⁡𝒌⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗+4⁡𝑗⁡⁡
3⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗+5⁡𝑘⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗+6⁡𝑗⁡⁡
10⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−8⁡𝑘⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ans : Force ⁡𝐹⁡ = 5√2⁡( ) + 10√2⁡( )
5√2 10√2
⁡⁡=⁡3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 10⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 5⁡𝑘⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ + 6⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 8⁡𝑘⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝐹⁡ = ⁡13⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 10⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3⁡𝑘⁡⁡
ww

Displacement ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑑⁡ = (6⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) − ⁡ (4⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ − 3⁡𝑘⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗ − 3⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 2⁡𝑘⁡⁡
= 2⁡𝑖⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑘⁡⁡
Work done by the force = 𝑊 = ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝐹⁡⁡. ⁡𝑑⁡
(13⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 10⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)⁡. (2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3⁡𝑘⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 4⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 69 units.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ − ⁡𝑘⁡⁡

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𝒙+𝟑 𝒚−𝟏
29. Find the angle between the straight lines =⁡ = ⁡ −𝒛 with coordinate axes.
𝟐 𝟐
𝑥+3 𝑦−1 −𝑧
Ans : = =⁡ =⁡
2 2 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗+2⁡𝑗⁡⁡
2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡−⁡𝑘⁡⁡ 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡⁡𝑏⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡ |2⁡𝑖⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ 3 (2⁡𝑖⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⁡ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + 2⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⁡𝑘⁡⁡)
⃗⃗⃗⃗+2⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡−⁡𝑘⁡⁡
2
𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3),⁡⁡ 𝛽 = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2⁄3),⁡ 𝛾⁡ = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−1⁄3)⁡⁡
30. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⁡𝒂⁡ ⁡𝒃⁡, ⁡𝒄⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡are coplanar. Then prove that ⁡𝒂⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝒃⁡⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝒃⁡ + ⁡𝒄⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝒄⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝒂⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are coplanar..
1 1 0

et
Ans : [⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡ + ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑎⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗] = ⁡ |0 1 1|⁡[⁡𝑎⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡]
1 0 1
=0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⁡𝑏⁡⁡, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

i.N
= {⁡𝑎⁡ ⁡𝑏⁡ + ⁡𝑐⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡, ⁡𝑐⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⁡𝑎⁡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗} are coplanar..

31. Show that the points (2, 3, 4) (-1, 4, 5) and (8, 1, 2) are collinear
2 3 4
Ans : |−1 4 5| = 0
8 1 2

la
The given points are collinear..
𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 𝒛+𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟐
32. Find the angle between the straight lines 𝟐
=⁡𝟏 =⁡ −𝟐
and 𝟒
=⁡ −𝟒
=⁡ 𝟐
and state whether
they are parallel (or) perpendicular:
Ans:
sa Angle between the two st.lines

𝑎1 𝑏1 ⁡+⁡𝑎2 𝑏2 ⁡+⁡𝑎3 𝑏3
𝜃 = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
√𝑎1 2 +⁡⁡𝑎2 2 +⁡𝑎3 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡√√𝑏1 2 +⁡⁡𝑏2 2 +⁡𝑏3 2 ⁡⁡
da
( )
𝜃 = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ⁡(0) = ⁡ 𝜋⁄2
The given lines are perpendicular
33. Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin having
3, -4, 5 as direction ratios of a normal to it ….
Pa

⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Solution : 𝑟⁡⁡⁡. ⁡𝑛⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃
(3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗−4⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗+5⁡𝑘⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡.
⁡𝑟⁡⁡ ⁡ = ⁡⁡7
√9+16+25
(3⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗−4⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗+5⁡𝑘⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡.
⁡𝑟⁡⁡ ⁡= 7
5√2
Cartesian equation is 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 35√2
w.

34. Find the distance from the point (2, 5, -3) to the plane
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡. (𝟔⁡𝒊⁡
⁡𝒓⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝟑⁡𝒋⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 𝟓
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝟐⁡𝒌⁡⁡
|⁡𝑢⁡⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⁡.⁡𝑛⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑃| |(2⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗+5⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(6⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−3⁡𝑘⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗−3⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)−5|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗+2⁡𝑘⁡⁡
Ans: 𝛿 =⁡ |⁡𝑛⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
=⁡ |(6⁡𝑖⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗−3⁡𝑗⁡⁡ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗+2⁡𝑘⁡⁡
ww

𝛿 = 2 units.
35. Find the distance between the two planes. x + 2y – 2z + 1 = 0 and 2x + 4y – 4z + 5 = 0
|𝑑 ⁡−⁡⁡𝑑2 |
Ans : 𝛿 = ⁡ √𝑎2 1
⁡+⁡⁡𝑏 2 ⁡+⁡⁡𝑐 2
2x + 4y – 4z + 5 = 0
5
x + 2y – 2z + 2 = 0
|1−⁡⁡5⁄2| 1
𝛿 = ⁡ √12 = ⁡ 2 units……
⁡+⁡⁡22 ⁡+⁡⁡22
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Chapter 2. COMPLEX NUMBERS

2 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Simplify : 𝒊−𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟒 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝒊𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝟐 = ⁡ −𝟏
ANS : 𝑖0 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝑖2 𝒊𝟑 = ⁡ −𝒊
=1−1 𝒊𝟒 = ⁡𝟏
= ⁡0
2. Simplify : Note:

et
10

i n 1
n  50
Divide the last 2 digit of the power by

4 and write the remainder as power.

Ans:

i.N
10

i
n 1
n  50
=(𝑖 51 + ⁡ 𝑖 52 + ⁡⁡ 𝑖 53 + ⁡ 𝑖 54 ) + ⁡ (𝑖 55 + ⁡ 𝑖 56 + ⁡ 𝑖 57 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝑖 58 ) + ⁡⁡ 𝑖 59 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝑖 60

= ⁡⁡0 + 0 + ⁡⁡ 𝑖 59 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝑖 60
= ⁡⁡ 𝑖 3 + ⁡ 𝑖 0
= ⁡ −𝑖 + 1

la
=1−𝑖
Do yourself:
1. Simplify:
sa 𝑖. 𝑖 2 . 𝑖 3 … … … . 𝑖 40 Ans: 1
2. 𝑖 1947 ⁡ + ⁡ 𝑖 1950 Ans: −𝑖 − 1
𝒛
3. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 and; 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 + 𝟒𝒊 find ; 𝒛𝟏 in the rectangular form …
𝟐

𝑧1 3−2𝑖
Ans: = ⁡ 6+4𝑖 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
da
𝑧2
3−2𝑖 6−4𝑖
= ⁡ 6+4𝑖 ⁡ × 6−4𝑖 ⁡𝑧⁡ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
18−12𝑖−12𝑖+8𝑖 2
=⁡ ⁡ 𝑧𝑧 = ⁡ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
36+16
Pa

18−24𝑖−8
=⁡ 𝑧𝑧 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2
52
10−24𝑖
=⁡ 52
𝑧1 10 24 5 6
= ⁡ 52 − ⁡ 52 𝑖 = ⁡ 26 − ⁡ 13 𝑖
𝑧2
w.

4. Find ; 𝒛−𝟏 , if z = (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)(𝟏 − 𝒊)

Solition :
𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
= 2 − 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 − 3𝑖 2
ww

=2+𝑖+3
𝑧 =5+𝑖
1 1 5−𝑖 5−𝑖
𝑧 −1 = ⁡ 𝑧 = ⁡ 5+𝑖 ⁡ × ⁡ 5−𝑖 = ⁡ 25+1
5−𝑖
𝑧 −1 = 26

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𝒛+⁡𝒛 𝒛⁡−⁡𝒛⁡
5. Prove the following properties;⁡⁡⁡𝑹𝒆(𝒛) = ⁡ (𝒊𝒊)⁡⁡𝑰𝒎(𝒛) = ⁡⁡ ;:
𝟐 𝟐𝒊

Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑥,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 𝑦
𝑧 ⁡ = ⁡𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧 + ⁡ 𝑧 ⁡ = 2𝑥 𝑧 − ⁡ 𝑧 = 2𝑖𝑦
𝑧+⁡𝑧 𝑧−⁡𝑧

et
𝑥 =⁡ 𝑦=
2 2𝑖
𝑧+⁡𝑧 𝑧⁡−⁡𝑧⁡
𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = ⁡ 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = ⁡⁡
2 2𝑖
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
6. Show that (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) + ⁡ (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) ⁡ is real.

i.N
Ans :
10 10
𝑧 =⁡ (2 + 𝑖√3) + ⁡ (2 − 𝑖√3)
10 10
𝑍 = ⁡ (2 − 𝑖√3) + ⁡ (2 + 𝑖√3)

𝑍=𝑍

la
10 10
/ 𝑍 = ⁡ (2 + 𝑖√3) + ⁡ (2 − 𝑖√3) 𝑖𝑠⁡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 …
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
7. Show that (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑) − ⁡ (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑) is purely imaginary
ANS :
sa𝑧 = ⁡ (2 + 𝑖√3)
10
− ⁡ (2 − 𝑖√3)
10

10 10
𝑍 = ⁡ (2 − 𝑖√3) − ⁡ (2 + 𝑖√3)
da
𝑍 = −𝑍
10 10
/ 𝑍 = ⁡ (2 + 𝑖√3) − ⁡ (2 − 𝑖√3) is purely imaginary
8. Find the square root of 6 -8i
Pa

Ans : 𝑧 = 6 − 8𝑖
|𝑧|+𝑎 |𝑧|−𝑎
√𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = ⁡ ±⁡(√ 2
⁡ − 𝑖⁡√
2
)

|𝑧| = ⁡ √62 ⁡ + ⁡ 82 ⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ √36 + 64 ⁡ = ⁡ √100

w.

|𝑧| = 10,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎 = 6,⁡⁡⁡𝑏 = ⁡ −8

10+6 10−6
√6 − 8𝑖 ⁡ = ⁡ ± ⁡(√ 2
⁡ − 𝑖⁡√ 2
)
ww

16 4
= ⁡ ± ⁡(√ 2 ⁡ − 𝑖⁡√2)

= ⁡ ± ⁡(√8⁡ − 𝑖⁡√2)
⁡= ⁡ ±⁡(2√2⁡ − 𝑖⁡√2)

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9. Find the square root of −𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊

Ans: 𝑧 = ⁡ −5 − 12𝑖
|𝑧| = ⁡ √25 + 144 = ⁡√169 = 13, 𝑎 = ⁡ −5,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏 = ⁡ −12
13−5 13+5
√−5 − 12𝑖 ⁡ = ⁡ ±⁡(√ 2
− 𝑖⁡⁡⁡√ 2
)

8 18
= ⁡ ±⁡(√2 − 𝑖⁡√ 2 )

et
= ⁡ ±(√4 − 𝑖√9)
/ ⁡= ⁡ ±(2 − 3𝑖)
10. Find the square root −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊

i.N
|𝑧|+𝑎 |𝑧|−𝑎
Ans: √𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ⁡ ±⁡(√ 2
⁡⁡ + 𝑖⁡⁡√ 2
)

|𝑧| = ⁡ √36 + 64 = ⁡ √100 = 10 > 𝑎 = ⁡ −6,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏 = 8

10−6 10+6
√−6 + 8𝑖 ⁡ = ⁡ ±⁡(√ 2
+ 𝑖⁡√ 2
)

la
4 16
= ⁡ ±⁡(√2 + 𝑖⁡⁡√ 2 )

= ⁡ ±(√2 + 𝑖√8)

11.
Ans :
sa / ⁡= ⁡ ±(√2 + 𝑖⁡2√2)
Show that the equation |𝟑𝒛 − 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊| = 𝟖⁡represent a circle and final its centre and radius..
The equation of circle
|𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑟
Centre = ⁡𝑎, radius; = ⁡𝑟
da
|3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
Divided by 3 on both side …
8
|𝑧 − (2 − 4𝑖)| =
3
8 8
/ |𝑧⁡. (⁡2 − 4𝑖)⁡| = ⁡ 3 represent a circle, centre = 2 − 4𝑖 , radius = 3
Pa

12. Find the modulus and principal arguments of √𝟑 + 𝒊

Ans: 𝑧 = ⁡ √3 + 𝑖 Frmula
2
Modulus |𝑧| = ⁡ √(√3) + ⁡ 12 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= ⁡ √3⁡ + 1 modulus⁡|𝑧| = ⁡ √𝑧 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2
w.

𝑦
= ⁡ √4 argument 𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (|𝑥 |)
|𝑧| = 2 To find principal
ww

1
Argument 𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
√3 II I
𝜋
𝛼 = ⁡⁡ 6 𝜃 = ⁡𝜋 − ⁡𝛼 𝜃 = ⁡⁡𝛼
𝜋
The principal argument 𝜃 = 𝛼 =⁡6 𝜃 = ⁡ −𝜋 + ⁡𝛼 𝜃 = ⁡ −𝛼
III IV
𝑧 = ⁡ √3 + 𝑖 is in first quadrant

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13. Find the modules and principal arguments of −√𝟑 − 𝒊

Ans : 𝑧 = ⁡ −√3 − 𝑖 is in IIIrd quadrant
2
|𝑧| = ⁡√(−√3) + (−1)2

|𝑧| = ⁡ √3 + 1 = ⁡ √4
|𝑧| = 2

et
1 𝜋
Arguments 𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = ⁡ 6
√3

Principal argument 𝜃⁡⁡ = ⁡ −𝜋 + ⁡𝛼

𝜋 −5⁡𝜋

i.N
= ⁡ −𝜋 + ⁡ 6 = ⁡ 6

3 Mark Questions
𝟏𝟗−𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎−𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐
14. Show that ( ) + ⁡ ( 𝟕−𝟔𝒊 ) is real.
𝟗+𝒊

la
Ans :
19−7𝑖 19−7𝑖 9−𝑖
⁡=⁡ ⁡ × ⁡ 9−𝑖
9+𝑖 9+𝑖
sa =⁡

=⁡
(171−7)+𝑖(−63−19)

164−82𝑖
81+1

82
19−7𝑖
⁡= 2 − 𝑖
da
9+𝑖
20−5𝑖
Similarly : =2+𝑖
7−6𝑖

19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
z=( ) + ⁡⁡ ( 7−6𝑖 )
9+𝑖
Pa

𝑧⁡ =⁡ (2 − 𝑖)12 + ⁡ (2 + 𝑖)12
⁡𝑧⁡ =⁡ (2 + 𝑖)12 + ⁡ (2 − 𝑖)12
⁡𝑧⁡ = ⁡⁡𝑧
/ z is real.......
w.

15. If |𝒛| = 𝟑⁡𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘⁡𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕⁡𝟕⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝒛 + 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊| ⁡ ≤ 𝟏𝟑 ..

ANS: ||𝑧1 | ⁡ − ⁡ |𝑧2 || ⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑧1 + ⁡ 𝑧2 | ⁡⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑧1 | + ⁡ |𝑧2 |
𝑧1 = ⁡⁡𝑧 𝑧2 = ⁡6 − 8𝑖
ww

|𝑧1 | = ⁡ |𝑧| = 3 |𝑧2 | = ⁡ √36 + 64

|𝑧2 | = ⁡ √100
|𝑧2 | = 10
|3 − 10| ⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ⁡ ≤ 3 + 10
|−7| ⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ⁡ ≤ 13
7⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ⁡ ≤ 13
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𝒛−𝟒𝒊
16. IF 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number|𝒛+𝟒𝒊| = 𝟏 such that the locus of z is real axis
𝑧−4𝑖
Proof: |𝑧+4𝑖| = 1
|𝑧 − 4𝑖| ⁡ = ⁡ |𝑧 + 4𝑖|
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 4𝑖| ⁡ = ⁡ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 4𝑖|
|𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 4)|2 ⁡ = ⁡ |𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 4)|2
𝑥 2 + ⁡ (𝑦 − 4)2 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 + ⁡ (𝑦 + 4)2
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = ⁡ 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16

et
0 = 16𝑦 ,
𝑦⁡ = ⁡0

i.N
The locus of z is real axis.
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
17. Find the Cartesian form of the complex number (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔 ) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟐 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: (cos 6 + 𝑖 sin 6 ) (cos 12 + 𝑖 sin 12)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ cos ( 6 + 12⁡) + 𝑖 sin (6 + ⁡ 12)

la
3𝜋 3𝜋
= ⁡ cos ( 12 ⁡) + 𝑖 sin ( 12 )
𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4
1 1
sa =⁡ +𝑖
√2⁡ √2
18. If (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒊𝒚𝟑 ) ………… (𝒙𝒏 + 𝒊𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 then show that
(i) (𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟏 𝟐 )⁡(𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 )⁡(𝒙𝟑 𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟑 𝟐 )…(𝒙𝒏 𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝒏 𝟐 ) = ⁡ 𝒂𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒃𝟐
n

 tan 1 𝒚 𝒃
(ii) (𝒙𝒓 ) = ⁡ 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝒌⁡ ∈ 𝒛
𝒓
da
r 1

Proof: |(𝑥1 ⁡ + 𝑖𝑦1 )⁡(𝑥2 ⁡ + 𝑖𝑦2 ) … … …⁡(𝑥𝑛 ⁡ + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 )| = ⁡ |𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏|

√𝑥1 2 + ⁡ 𝑦1 2 √𝑥2 2 + ⁡ 𝑦2 2 … … …⁡√𝑥𝑛 2 + ⁡ 𝑦𝑛 2 ⁡ = ⁡ √𝑎2 + ⁡ 𝑏 2
(𝑥1 2 + ⁡ 𝑦1 2 )⁡(𝑥2 2 + ⁡ 𝑦2 2 )…………. (𝑥𝑛 2 + ⁡ 𝑦𝑛 2 ) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (𝑎2 + ⁡ 𝑏 2 )
arg (𝑥1 ⁡ + 𝑦1 ) + arg(𝑥2 ⁡ + 𝑦2 ) + ⋯ … … + arg(𝑥𝑛 ⁡ + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 ) = arg(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)
Pa

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥1 ) + ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥2 ) + ⋯ … … … . +⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑛) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑏⁄𝑎)
1 2 𝑛
n

 tan 1 𝑦 𝑏
( 𝑟 ) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑘⁡ ∈ 𝑧
𝑥𝑟 𝑎
r 1

𝟏+𝒊 𝟑 𝟏−𝒊 𝟑
19. Simplify (𝟏−𝒊) − ⁡ (𝟏+𝒊) into rectangular form
w.

1+𝑖 1+𝑖 1+𝑖

Solution: = ⁡ 1−𝑖 ⁡ × ⁡ 1+𝑖
1−𝑖
1+2𝑖+⁡𝑖 2 1+2𝑖−1
=⁡ =
1+1 2
2𝑖
=⁡ 2
ww

1+𝑖 1−𝑖
= 𝑖⁡; = −𝑖
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
( ) −⁡( ) = ⁡ 𝑖 3 − ⁡ (−𝑖)3
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
= ⁡ 𝑖3 + ⁡ 𝑖3
= −𝑖 − 𝑖
= ⁡ −2𝑖

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20. Represent the complex number −𝟏 − 𝒊 in polar form

Solution:
−1 − 𝑖 = 𝑟⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑟 = ⁡ √(−1)2 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ (−1)2 ⁡ = ⁡ √1 + 1 ⁡ = ⁡ √2
|𝑦| 1 𝜋
𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (|𝑥|) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = ⁡ 4
−1 − 𝑖 is in 3rd quadrant.
𝜋 −3𝜋
𝜃 = ⁡ −𝜋 + ⁡𝛼⁡ = ⁡ −𝜋 + ⁡ 4 = ⁡

et
4
−3𝜋 −3𝜋
−1 − 𝑖 = ⁡ √2⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
4 4
3𝜋 3𝜋
= ⁡ √2⁡(cos − 𝑖 sin )
4 4

i.N
3𝜋 3𝜋
= ⁡ √2⁡(cos ( 4 + 2𝑘𝑚) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 + 2𝑘𝑚)) 𝑘⁡ ∈ 𝑧
21. Express 𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑⁡ in polar form
Solution:
1 + 𝑖√3 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

la
𝑟 = ⁡ √1 + ⁡ (3)2 ⁡⁡ = ⁡ √1 + 3 = ⁡ √4 = 2
𝜋
𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = ⁡ 3
𝜋 𝜋
sa 1 + 𝑖√3 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 )
𝜋 𝜋
1 + 𝑖√3 = 2 (cos (2𝑘𝜋 + ⁡ 3 ) + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑘𝜋 + ⁡ 3 ))
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏𝟖
22. Simplify : (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔 + 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔 )
𝜋 𝜋 18
da
Solution: (𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 )
18
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
=⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡ (2 − ⁡ 6 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − ⁡ 6 ))
𝜋 𝜋 18
=⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡ 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 )
Pa

𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 18⁡ ×⁡ 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡18⁡ × 3
= cos 6π + i⁡sin ⁡6π
=1
𝟏
23. If 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 , show that 𝒛𝒏 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝒛𝒏 ⁡ = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽
Proof: 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
w.

𝑧 𝑛 = ⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃⁡ + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑛𝜃

1
= cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
𝑛 1
𝑧 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝑧 𝑛 ⁡ = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
ww

𝟏
24. If 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 , show that 𝒛𝒏 − ⁡⁡ 𝒛𝒏 ⁡ = 𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽
Proof:
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑛 = ⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃⁡ + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑛𝜃
1
= cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
𝑛 1
𝑧 − ⁡⁡ 𝑧 𝑛 ⁡ = 2 i⁡sin 𝑛𝜃

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25. Simplify (𝟏 + 𝒊)𝟏𝟖

Solution: 1 + 𝑖 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑟 = ⁡ √12 + ⁡ 12 = ⁡ √1 + 1 = ⁡ √2
1 𝜋
𝜃 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = ⁡ 4
𝜋 𝜋
(1 + 𝑖) = ⁡ √2⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4
18 𝜋 𝜋 18
(1 + 𝑖)18 = ⁡ (√2) ⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4

et
𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ 29 ⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡⁡ 4 × 18 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡ 4 ⁡ × 18)
𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ 29 ⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡⁡9 2 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡9 2 ⁡)
= 29 𝑖

i.N
5 Mark Questions:
26. Given the complex number 𝒛 = ⁡𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊, represent the complex numbers z, iz, and 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛
on one Avgand diagram. Show that these complex numbers form the vertices of an isosceles
right triangle

la
Solution:
𝑧 = ⁡3 + 2𝑖⁡ ⟹ 𝐴(3, 2)
𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(3 + 2𝑖)
sa 𝑖𝑧 = ⁡ −2 + 3𝑖⁡ ⟹ 𝐵(−2, 3)
𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = 1 + 5𝑖⁡⁡ ⟹ 𝐶(1, 5)
𝐴𝐵 = ⁡ |3 + 2𝑖 + 2 − 3𝑖|
𝐴𝐵 = ⁡ |5 − 𝑖| = ⁡ √25 + 1 = ⁡ √26
da
𝐵𝐶 = ⁡ |−3 − 2𝑖| = ⁡ √9 + 4 = ⁡ √13
𝐶𝐴 = |1 + 5𝑖 − 3 − 2𝑖| = ⁡ |−2 + 3𝑖|
= ⁡ √4 + 9 = ⁡ √13
𝐴𝐵 + ⁡ 𝐵𝐶 2 + ⁡ 𝐶𝐴2
2

(√26)2 =⁡ (√13)2 + ⁡ (√13)2

Pa

26 = 13 + 13
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles right triangle.
𝟐𝒛+𝟏
27. If 𝒛 = ⁡𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number such that 𝑰𝒎 ( 𝒊𝒛+𝟏 ) = 𝟎, show that the locus of z
is 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚⁡ = 𝟎
2𝑧+1 2(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1
w.

Solution: = ⁡ 𝑖(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1
𝑖𝑧+1
(2𝑥+1)+2𝑦𝑖
=⁡ (1−𝑦)+𝑖𝑥

2𝑦(1−𝑦)−𝑥⁡(2𝑥+1)
Im = =0
(1−𝑦)2 ⁡+⁡𝑥 2
ww

2𝑧+1
𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑖𝑧+1 ) = 0

2𝑦(1 − 𝑦) − 𝑥⁡(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
2𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 0
−2𝑥 2 ⁡ − 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
(-) x 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
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𝒛−𝟏 𝝅
28. If 𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝒊𝒚 and 𝒂𝒓𝒈 (𝒛+𝟏) = ⁡ 𝟐 show that 𝒙𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏

Solution: 𝑧 = ⁡𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧−1 𝜋 𝑧−1
𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧+1) = ⁡ 2 , 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧+1) = 0
𝑧−1 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦)−1
= ⁡ (𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1
𝑧+1
(𝑥−1)+𝑖𝑦
= ⁡ (𝑥+1)+𝑖𝑦

et
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+⁡𝑦 2
𝑅𝑒⁡ = ⁡⁡ (𝑥+1)2 +⁡𝑦 2
𝑧−1
𝑅𝑒 (𝑧+1) = 0 ,⁡⁡⁡ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + ⁡ 𝑦 2 = 0

i.N
/ 𝑥 2 − 1 + ⁡⁡ 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥 2 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝑦 2 = 1
𝒛−𝒊 𝝅
29. If 𝒛 = ⁡𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒈 (𝒛+𝟐) = ⁡ 𝟒 , Then show that 𝒙𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

la
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
Solution: arg (𝑧+2) = ⁡ 4
𝑧−𝑖 𝑧−𝑖
⟹ 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧+2) = 𝐼𝑚⁡ (𝑧+2) ………………………. (1)
𝑧−𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦−𝑖 𝑥+𝑖⁡(𝑦−1)
sa ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡ 𝑥+𝑖𝑦+2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡ (𝑥+2)+𝑖𝑦
𝑧+2
da
𝑥(𝑥+2)+𝑦(𝑦−1) (𝑥+2)⁡(𝑦−1)−𝑥𝑦
𝑅𝑒 = ⁡ 𝐼𝑚 = ⁡
(𝑥+2)2 +⁡𝑦2 (𝑥+2)2 +⁡𝑦 2
(1) – Re = Im
⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1) − 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = ⁡⁡𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 − 𝑥𝑦
Pa

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0
30. Solve the equation 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟖𝒊 = 𝟎 , where 𝒛⁡ ∈ 𝑪
Solution: 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0
𝑧 3 = −8𝑖
w.

1⁄
𝑧 = ⁡ (−8𝑖) 3
1⁄
𝑧 =⁡8 3 ⁡(−𝑖)1/3

𝜋 𝜋 1/3
𝑧 = ⁡ (23 )1/3 ⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 )
ww

1/3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2 ))
𝜋 𝜋 1/3
= 2⁡ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋 − ⁡ 2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡ (2𝑘𝜋 − ⁡ 2 )]
𝜋 𝜋 1/3
= 2⁡ [𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑘 − 1) 2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(4𝑘 − 1) 2 ]
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑘 − 1) 6 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑘 − 1) 6 ]
𝑘 = 0, 1, 2
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𝜋 𝜋
If k = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2⁡ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 6 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 6 )]
√3 1
𝑧 = 2( − 𝑖 ) = ⁡ √3 − 𝑖⁡
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
If k =1 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2⁡ [cos 3⁡ × ⁡ 6 ⁡ + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡3 × ⁡ 6 ]
𝑧 = 2𝑖
7𝜋 7𝜋
If k = 2 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
6 6
𝜋 𝜋

et
𝑧 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + ⁡ 6 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 + ⁡ 6 ))
𝜋
= ⁡2 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋⁄6 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 )
−√3 1
= 2( − 𝑖 2) = ⁡ −√3 − 𝑖

i.N
2
31. Find all cube roots of √𝟑 + 𝒊
1/3
Solution: 𝑧 = ⁡ (√3 + 𝑖)
√3 + 𝑖 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2
𝑟 = ⁡ √(√3) + ⁡ 12 ⁡ = ⁡ √3 + 1 ⁡ = ⁡ √4 = 2

la
1 𝜋
𝜃 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = ⁡ 6
√3
𝜋 𝜋
sa √3 + 𝑖 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡ 6 )
1⁄ 1⁄
3 1⁄ ⁡ 𝜋 𝜋 3
𝑧 = ⁡ (√3 + 𝑖) =⁡2 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡ 6 )
6
1⁄
1⁄ ⁡ 𝜋 𝜋 3
=⁡2 3 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑘𝜋 + ⁡ 6 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑘𝜋 + ⁡ 6 )]
da
𝑘⁡ = ⁡0, 1, 2
1⁄
1 𝜋 𝜋 3
= ⁡ 2 ⁄3⁡ [cos(12𝑘 + ⁡1) 6 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(12𝑘 + ⁡1) 6 ]
1⁄ ⁡ 𝜋 𝜋
=⁡2 3 [cos(12𝑘 + ⁡1) 18 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(12𝑘 + ⁡1) 18]
𝑘⁡ = ⁡0, 1, 2
Pa

1⁄ ⁡ 𝜋 𝜋
𝑘 = 0⁡ ⟹ 𝑧⁡ = ⁡ 2 3 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 18]
18
1 13𝜋 13𝜋
𝑘 = 1⁡ ⟹ 𝑧⁡ = ⁡ 2 ⁄3⁡ [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
18 18
1⁄ ⁡ 25𝜋 25𝜋
𝑘 = 2⁡ ⟹ 𝑧⁡ = ⁡ 2 3 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 18 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 18 ]
1 7𝜋 7𝜋
= ⁡ 2 ⁄3⁡ [−𝑐𝑜𝑠 18 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 18 ]
w.

𝟑
32. Solve the Equation: 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝑥 3 + 27 = 0 1 = ⁡⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛0
𝑥 3 = −27 −1 = ⁡⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
ww

𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 3 = 27(−1) 𝑖 = cos 2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = ⁡ (27)1/3 (−1)1/3 -𝑖 = cos 2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

𝑧⁡ = 3(−1)1/3
𝑧⁡ = 3(⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)1/3
𝑧⁡ = 3⁡[𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋)]1/3

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by De Moivre’s theorem
𝜋+2𝑘𝜋 𝜋+2𝑘𝜋
= 3 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3 3
𝑘⁡ = ⁡1, 2, 0
𝜋
Values: 𝑘 = 0⁡⁡, 3𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ 3
3𝜋
𝑘 = 1 , 3𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ (𝑜𝑟)⁡3𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜋
3
5𝜋
𝑘 = 2 , 3𝑐𝑖𝑠⁡ 3

et
𝟏 𝟏
33. If 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 = 𝒙 + ⁡ 𝒙 and 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = 𝒚 + ⁡ 𝒚, show that
𝒙 𝒚
(𝒊)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ + ⁡ = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜶 − ⁡𝜷)
𝒚 𝒙
𝟏
(𝒊𝒊)⁡⁡𝒙𝒚⁡ − ⁡ = ⁡⁡𝟐𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + ⁡𝜷)

i.N
𝒙𝒚
𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)⁡ − ⁡ 𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏⁡(𝒎𝜶 − 𝒏𝜷)
𝒚𝒏
𝟏
(𝒊𝒗) 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = ⁡ 𝒎 𝒏 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒎𝜶 + 𝒏𝜷)
𝒙 𝒚
Proof:

la
1
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑥 + ⁡ 𝑥 ⁡ ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
1
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑦 + ⁡ 𝑦 ⁡ ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼⁡+𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝛼
sa 𝑖. = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽⁡+⁡𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
+ ⁡ 𝑥 = 2⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝑦
da
𝑖𝑖. 𝑥𝑦 = ⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)
1
=⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑥𝑦
1
Pa

𝑥𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑖⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 + 𝛽)

𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑥 𝑚 = ⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝛼 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑚𝛼

𝑦 𝑛 ⁡ = ⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑛𝛽
𝑥𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝛼⁡+⁡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑚𝛼
=⁡
𝑦𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛽+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑛𝛽⁡
w.

𝑥𝑚
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) + 𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
𝑦𝑛

𝑦𝑛
=⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) − 𝑖 sin(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
𝑥𝑚
ww

𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛
− ⁡ 𝑥 𝑚 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽)
𝑦𝑛

𝑖𝑣. 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = ⁡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝛼 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑚𝛼)⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑛𝛽)

𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
𝑥𝑚𝑦𝑛
1
𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 + ⁡ 𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
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Chapter – 5
Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 1), (2, -1) and (3, 2) (5.10) March
20
𝑨(𝟏, 𝟏)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑩(𝟐, −𝟏)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑪(𝟑, 𝟐)⁡
Slope of AB = ⁡ −2⁡ = 𝑚1
Slope of AC = = ⁡ 1⁄2 = ⁡ 𝑚2

et
𝑚1 𝑚2 = ⁡ −1
BC is diameter of circle (2> -1) (3> 2)
𝑥1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦1 𝑥2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦2

i.N
Equation of circle: (𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 )⁡(𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥2 ) + ⁡ (𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 )⁡(𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦2 ) = 0
𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0

2. Find the equation of circle through the points (1, 0) (-1, 0) and (0, 1) (5.1-6) June 23, Sep 23
𝑨(⁡𝟎, 𝟏)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑩(−𝟏, 𝟎)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑪(𝟏, 𝟎)
Slope of AB = 1 = 𝑚1

la
Slope of AC = −1 = ⁡ 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑚2 = ⁡ −1
BC is diameter of circle (-1> 0) (1> 0)
sa 𝑥1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦1 𝑥2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦2
Equation of circle: (𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 )⁡(𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥2 ) + ⁡ (𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 )⁡(𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦2 ) = 0
𝑥2 + ⁡ 𝑦2 = 1
3. The maximum and minimum distance of the Earth from the sun respectively are 𝟏𝟓𝟐⁡ × ⁡ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
km and 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓⁡ × ⁡ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 km. The sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the distance from
da
the sun to the other focus (5.32) Mar 22 (5m), Mar – 23 (3m)
𝑎 + 𝑐 = ⁡152⁡ × ⁡ 106 km …………. (1)

𝑎 − 𝑐 = ⁡94.5⁡ × ⁡ 106 ⁡𝑘𝑚 ……………… (2)

Pa

(1) – (2) ⟹

2𝑐 = 57.5⁡ × ⁡ 106 ⁡𝑘𝑚

Required distance = 575⁡ × ⁡ 105 ⁡𝑘𝑚

4. Assume that water issuing from the end of horizontal pipe 7.5m above the ground describes a
w.

parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the pipe at a position 2.5m below
the line of the pipe, the flow of water has curved outward 3m beyond the vertical line through
the end of the pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water strike the ground? (5.5 – 8)
Mar – 20 Mar – 24
ww

Equation of Parabola : 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦

(3, −2.5)𝑎⁡ = 9⁄10
9
𝑥 2 ⁡ = ⁡ −4⁡ × ⁡ 10 𝑦
(𝑥1 ⁡, −7.5)
Required distance = 3√3 m

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5. On lighting a rocket cracker, it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum height
of 4m when it is 6m away from the point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground 12m away
from the starting point. Find the angle of projection. (5.5 – 9) Sep – 21.
Equation of parabola: 𝑥 2 = ⁡ −4𝑎𝑦
(−6, −4)⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎 = ⁡ 9⁄4

𝑥 2 = ⁡ −9𝑦

et
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
=⁡
𝑑𝑥 9
4
Angle = 𝜃 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3)

i.N
6. Parabolic cable of a 60m portion of the road bed of a suspension bridge are positioned as shown
below. Vertical cables are to be space every 6m along the portion of the road bed. Calculate
the lengths of the first two of these vertical cables from the vertex. (5.5 - 5)
Equation of parabola:

la
𝑥 2 = ⁡4𝑎𝑦

900
(30, 13)⁡⁡⁡4𝑎 = ⁡
sa 13

900
𝑥2 = ⁡ ⁡𝑦⁡
13

(6, 𝑦1 ) Req. Distance = 3.52⁡m

da
(12, 𝑦2 ) Req. Distance = 5.08⁡m

7. A rod of length 1.2 m moves with its ends always touching the co-ordinate axes. The locus of a
point P on the rod, which is 0.3m from the end in contact with x – axis is an ellipse. Find the
Pa

eccentricity (5.5 - 7) Sep – 20

𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of Ellipse : + ⁡ 0.32 = 1
0.92

𝑏2 2√2
𝑒 = ⁡ √1 − ⁡ 𝑎2 = ⁡
w.

8. A semi elliptical archway over a one-way road has a height of 3m and a width of 12m. The
truck has a width of 3m and a height of 2.7m. Will the truck clear the opening of the arch
ww

way? (5.31)

𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of ellipse
62 +⁡ 32
=1

3
(2 ⁡, 𝑦1 ) 𝑦1 = 2.9 > 2.7

Truck will clear the archway.

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𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
9. Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is in the shape of a hyperbola with equation − ⁡ 𝟒𝟒𝟐 =
𝟑𝟎𝟐
𝟏 The tower is 150m tall and the distance from the top of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola
is half the distance from the base of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola. Find the diameter
of the top and base of the tower (5.5 – 6)
𝑥2 𝑦2
− ⁡ 442 = 1
302

(𝑥1 ⁡, 50) 𝑥1 = 45.41

et
Top diameter = 90.82 m
(𝑥2 ⁡, −100) 𝑥2 = 74.45

i.N
Bottom diameter = 148.9 m

10. A bridge has a parabolic arch that is 10m high at the centre and 30m wide at the bottom. Find
the height of the arch 6m from the centre on either sides? (5.5 – 1) June - 24

Equation of parabola : 𝑥 2 = −⁡4𝑎𝑦

la
225
(15, −10) 4𝑎⁡ = ⁡ 10

225
𝑥 2 = −⁡ 10 ⁡𝑦
sa
(6, −𝑦1 )
8
𝑦1 ⁡ = ⁡ 5 = ⁡1.6

Required height = 8.4 m

(𝒙−𝟏𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐
da
11. If the equation of the ellipse is + ⁡ 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟏⁡⁡(𝒙 and y are measured in c.m) where to the
𝟒𝟖𝟒
nearest cm, should the patient’s kidney stone be placed so that the reflected sound hits the kidney
stone) (5.39)
Pa

𝑎2 = 484 𝑏 2 = 64 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − ⁡ 𝑏 2 = 420

𝑐 = ⁡ √420⁡ = 20.5⁡⁡𝑐𝑚⁡
w.

12. Show that the line 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 is a tangent to the ellipse 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 ⁡ = 𝟏𝟐. Also find the co-
ordinates of the point of contact. (5.4 -3)
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡𝑚 = 1,⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ ⁡ = 1⁡⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡⁡ 𝑎2 ⁡ = 12,⁡⁡⁡𝑏 2 ⁡ = ⁡⁡4
ww

12 4
𝑎 𝑚 + ⁡ 𝑏 2 = 16 = ⁡ 𝑐 2
2 2

−𝑎2 𝑚 𝑏2
It is a tangent point of contact = ( ⁡, )⁡ = (−3, 1)
𝑐 𝑐

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13. Find the equations two tangents that can be drawn from (5, 2) to the ellipse 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒
(5.4 – 1)
2 2
𝑎 ⁡ = 7,⁡⁡⁡𝑏 ⁡ = ⁡⁡2

(5, 2)⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥⁡ ± √𝑎2 𝑚2 + ⁡ 𝑏 2

9𝑚2 − 10𝑚 + 1 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚⁡ = 1, 1⁄9

Equation of tangents: 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0

et
𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 13 = 0

14. The parabolic communication antenna has a focus at 2m distance from the vertex of the antenna.
Find the width of the antenna 3m from the vertex. (5.34) June 22

i.N
𝑎 = 2> Equation of parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥

(3, 𝑦1 ) 𝑦1 = 2√6

Width = 4√6 m

la
15. Show that the equation of the parabola whose focus (−√𝟐, 𝟎) and directrix 𝒙 = ⁡ √𝟐 is
𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒√𝟐𝒙 Mar. 22, Sep – 21

saFocus: (−√2, 0) ; Directrix 𝑥 = ⁡ √2 ⟹ 𝑎 = ⁡ √2

Equation of parabola : 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥

𝑦 2 = −4√2𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2
da
16. Find eccentricity, foci, vertices and centre of the ellipse +⁡ = 1. And draw approximate diagram
25 9
(created) June – 22, Sep – 21
𝑥2 𝑦2
+⁡ =1 𝑎2 ⁡ = 25, 𝑏 2 = 9
25 9
Pa

𝑐 2 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝑎2 − ⁡ 𝑏 2 ⁡ = 16

𝑒 = ⁡ 𝑐⁄𝑎 = ⁡ 4⁄5

Centre: (0, 0)

Foci: (±⁡𝑐, 0) ⁡ = ⁡ (±⁡4, 0)

w.

Vertices: (±⁡𝑎, 0) ⁡ = ⁡ (±⁡5, 0)

17. Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟖𝒙 +
𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 (𝟓. 𝟐⁡ − 𝟒(𝑽)⁡⁡𝑴𝒂𝒓⁡– ⁡𝟐𝟒
ww

2
𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 8𝑥 − 12
(𝑦 − 2)2 = 8(𝑥 − 1) 4𝑎 = 8 ; 𝑎⁡ = ⁡2⁡
Vertex:(ℎ, 𝑘) ⁡ = ⁡ (1, 2)
Focus: (ℎ⁡ + ⁡𝑎, 𝑘⁡ + ⁡0) ⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡ (3, 2)
Equation of Directrix: 𝑥⁡ = ⁡ℎ⁡– 𝑎⁡ = ⁡ −1
Length of latus rectum = ⁡⁡4𝑎⁡ = ⁡8
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18. Find the vertex, focus, directrix and length of the latus rectum of the parabola
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 (5.19)
2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 1
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 5(𝑦 + 1) 4𝑎 = 5 ⟹ 𝑎 = ⁡ 5⁄4
Vertex:(2, −1) ⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡ (ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus: ⁡(ℎ⁡ + ⁡0, 𝑘⁡ + ⁡𝑎) ⁡ = (2, −1 + ⁡ 5⁄4) = ⁡ (2, 1⁄4)

et
Equation of Directrix: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑎 = ⁡ −1 − ⁡⁡ 5⁄4 ⁡ = ⁡ −⁡ 9⁄4
Length of latus rectum = ⁡⁡4𝑎⁡ = ⁡5

i.N
19. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices and directrices of
𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 (5.2 -8(V)) Mar 23
It is an ellipse.
18𝑥 2 − 144𝑥 + ⁡12𝑦 2 + 48𝑦 = ⁡ −120

la
18(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥) + 12(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦) = ⁡ −120
(𝑥−4)2 (𝑦+2)2
+⁡ =1; 𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 − ⁡ 𝑏 2
12 18
sa𝑎2 = 18,
𝑎 = 3√2
𝑏 2 = 12 𝑐2 = 6
𝑐 = ⁡ √6
𝑒 = ⁡ 𝑐⁄𝑎 = ⁡ 1⁄
√3
da
Centre: (ℎ, 𝑘) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (4, −2)
Foci: (ℎ⁡ + ⁡0, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) = ⁡ (4, −2 ± √6)
Vertices: (ℎ + 0,⁡⁡⁡𝑘⁡ ± 𝑎) = (4, −2 ± 3√2)
Directrices: : 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 𝑎⁄𝑒
Pa

𝑦 = −2 ± 3√6
20. Find the foci, vertices and length of major and minor axis of the conic
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝒚 + 𝟓𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎 (5.22)
2 2
4𝑥 + 36𝑦 + 40𝑥 − 288𝑦 + 532 = 0
w.

4(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥) + 36(𝑦 2 − 8𝑦) = ⁡ −532

(𝑥+5)2 (𝑦−4)2
+⁡ =1; 𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 − ⁡ 𝑏 2
36 4
2
𝑎 = 36, 𝑏2 = 4 𝑐 2 = 32
ww

𝑎=6 𝑏=2 𝑐 = ⁡4√2

Centre: (ℎ, 𝑘) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (−5, 4)
Foci: (ℎ⁡ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 + 0) = ⁡ (−5 ± 4√2⁡, 4)
Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 0) = (−5 + 6, 4)&⁡(−5 − 6, 4)
= (1, 4),⁡⁡⁡(−11, 4)
Length of major axis = ⁡⁡2𝑎 = 12
Length of minor axis = 2𝑏 = 4

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21. Find the centre, foci and eccentricity of the hyperbola 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎
(𝟓. 𝟐𝟔)⁡⁡𝑺𝒆𝒑⁡– ⁡𝟐𝟎
2 2
11𝑥 − 25𝑦 − 44𝑥 + 50𝑦 − 256 = 0
11(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) − 25(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦) = 256
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−1)2
−⁡ =1 ; 𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 + ⁡ 𝑏 2
25 11
2
𝑎 = 25, 𝑏 2 = 11 𝑐 2 = 36
𝑎=6 𝑐 = ⁡6

et
Centre: (ℎ, 𝑘) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (2, 1)
Foci: (ℎ⁡ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 + 0) = ⁡ (2 + 6, 1)⁡, (2 − 6, 1)
= ⁡ (8, 1), (−4, 1)
Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 + 0) = (2 + 5, 4), (2 − 5, 1)

i.N
= (7, 1),⁡⁡⁡(−3, 1)
eccentricity = 𝑒 = ⁡ 𝑐⁄𝑎 = ⁡ 6⁄5
22. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices and directrices of
𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎 (5.2 – 8 (vi) Jun 24)

la
It is a hyperbola.
9𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −18
9(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) − (𝑦 2 + 6𝑦) = −18
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+3)2
sa −⁡ =1
1 9
𝑎2 = 1, 𝑏2 = 9 𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 + ⁡ 𝑏 2 ⁡ = 10

𝑎=1 𝑐 = ⁡ √10

𝑒 = ⁡ 𝑐⁄𝑎 = ⁡ √10
da
Centre: (ℎ, 𝑘) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (2, −3)

foci: (ℎ⁡ ± 𝑐, 𝑘 + 0) = ⁡ (2 ± √10⁡, −3)

Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎⁡⁡, 𝑘 = 0) = (2 + 1, −3)⁡(2 − 1, −3)

Pa

= (3, −3),⁡⁡⁡(1, −3)

Direction: 𝑥 = ℎ ± 𝑎⁄𝑒

𝑥 = 2 ± 1⁄
√10
w.

3 Marks:
23. A concrete bridge is designed as a parabolic arch. The road over bridge is 40m long and the
maximum height of the arch is 15m. Write the equation of the parabolic arch.
(5.33) Mar – 20
ww

Equation of parabola: 𝒙𝟐 = ⁡ −𝟒𝒂𝒚

400 80
(20, −15)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡4𝑎 = ⁡ ⁡=⁡
15 3
2 80
𝑥 =⁡− ⁡𝑦⁡ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ⁡ = ⁡ −𝟖𝟎𝒚
3

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24. A circle of area 𝟗𝝅 sq. units has two of its diameters along the lines 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 and 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏.
Find the equation of the circle (5.1 – 7) Sep -20
2
𝜋⁡𝑟 = 9𝜋⁡⁡ ⟹ 𝑟 = 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5⁡⁡,⁡⁡⁡𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
Centre: (ℎ, 𝑘) = ⁡ (𝑥, 𝑦) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (3, 2)⁡
Equation of Circle: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − 3)2 ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑦 − 2)2 ⁡ = ⁡ 32
𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0

et
25. Show that the equation of parabola whose focus (4, 0) and directrix x = 4 is 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙
(5.2-1(i)) March 21
Focus = ⁡ (4, 0)
Directrix: 𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −4 𝑎⁡ = ⁡4

i.N
Equation of Parabola : 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙
26. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (-1, -2), axis parallel to y – axis and parsing
through (3, 6) (5.18) March 23
Vertex = (-1, -2) = (h, k)
Equation of Parabola (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)

la
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 + 2)
(3, 6)⁡⁡⁡4𝑎⁡⁡ = ⁡2
sa (𝑥 + 1)2 = 2(𝑦 + 2)
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
27. Find the general equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining the
points (-4, -2) and (1, 1) (5.4) March 22
Equation of Circle: (𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 )⁡(𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥2 ) + ⁡ (𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 )⁡(𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦2 ) = 0
da
(𝑥⁡ + ⁡4)⁡(𝑥⁡– ⁡1) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑦⁡ + ⁡2)⁡(𝑦⁡– ⁡1) ⁡ = ⁡0
𝒙𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
28. Find centre and radius of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 June 22
Centre = (−𝑔, −𝑓) ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ (−3, 2)
Radius = √𝑔2 + ⁡ 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
Pa

= ⁡ √9 + 4 − 4 ⁡ = 3⁡𝑚
29. If the equation 𝟑𝒙 + (𝟑 − 𝒑)𝒙𝒚 + 𝒒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒙 = 𝟖𝒑𝒒 represents a circle, find p and q. Also
𝟐

determine the centre and radius of the circle (5.1 – 12)

2 2
3𝑥 + (3 − 𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑞𝑦 − 2𝑝𝑥 = 8𝑝𝑞
co – eff of 𝑥 2 = co. eff. of 𝑦 2 ⟹ 𝑞 = 3
co.eff of 𝑥𝑦 = ⁡0 ⇒ 𝑝 = 3
w.

3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 72 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 = 0
centre: (−𝑔, −𝑓) ⁡⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ (1, 0)
radius = √𝑔 + ⁡ 𝑓 2 − 𝑐⁡ ⁡ = ⁡⁡5
2
ww

30. Find the equation of ellipse whose foci (±𝟑, 𝟎) and eccentricity = ⁡ 𝟏⁄𝟐 (5.2-2(i) Jun 2024
Foci = (±3, 0) 𝑒 = ⁡ 1⁄2
Centre: = (0, 0),⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = 3
𝑐⁡ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 ⟹ 𝑎⁡ = ⁡6
𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 − ⁡ 𝑏 2 ⁡ ⟹ 36 − ⁡⁡ 𝑏 2 = 9
𝑏 2 = 27
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of ellipse : + ⁡ 27 = 1
36

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31. Prove that the point of intersection of the tangents at ′𝒕𝟏 ′ and ′𝒕𝟐 ′ on the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙

is (𝒂𝒕𝟏 ⁡𝒕𝟐 ⁡, 𝒂(𝒕𝟏 + ⁡ 𝒕𝟐 )) (5.4 -7) June 23

2
Equation of tangent : 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑦𝑡1 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡12 ………………. (1)
2
𝑦𝑡2 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡2 ………………. (2)
(1) - (2) 𝑦 = ⁡𝑎(𝑡1 + ⁡ 𝑡2 )
Sub in (1) , 𝑥⁡ = ⁡𝑎𝑡1 ⁡𝑡2

et
/ Printing of intersection is (𝑎𝑡1 ⁡𝑡2 ⁡, 𝑎(𝑡1 + ⁡ 𝑡2 ))
2 Marks:
32. If 𝒚⁡ = ⁡𝟒𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝒄 is a tangent to the circle 𝒙𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗, find c (5.12) March 23

i.N
𝑦⁡ = ⁡4𝑥⁡ + ⁡𝑐⁡ = ⁡𝑚𝑥⁡ + ⁡𝑐⁡⁡ ⇒ ⁡⁡⁡𝑚⁡ = 4⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑐⁡ = 𝑐⁡⁡
2 2 2
𝑥 + ⁡ 𝑦 = 9⁡ = ⁡ 𝑎
𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 ⁡(1 + ⁡ 𝑚2 ) = 9⁡(1 + 16)⁡
𝑐 = ⁡ ±3√17

la
33. Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices (𝟎,⁡⁡⁡ ± 𝟒) and foci (𝟎,⁡⁡⁡ ± 𝟔)
(𝟓. 𝟐𝟒)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑱𝒖𝒏. 𝟐𝟑
2
Vertices = (0,⁡⁡⁡ ± 4) 𝑎⁡ = ⁡4 𝑎 = 16
foci = (0,⁡⁡⁡ ± 6)
sa 𝑐⁡ = ⁡6 𝑐 2 = 36
Centre (0, 0) 𝑐 2 = ⁡ 𝑎2 + ⁡ 𝑏 2 ⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡ 𝑏 2 = 20
𝑦2 𝑥2
Equation of hyperbola : − ⁡ 20 = 1
16
34. Find the general equation of a circle with centre (−𝟑, −𝟒) and radius 3 units.
(𝟓. 𝟏) March 24
da
Centre = (ℎ, 𝑘) = ⁡ (−3, −4)⁡⁡
radius = ⁡𝑟 = ⁡3
Equation of circle : (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + ⁡ (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ⁡ 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 3)2 + ⁡ (𝑦 + 4)2 = ⁡ 32
Pa

𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 16 = 0

35. Obtain the equation of the circle for which (3, 4) and (2, -7) are the ends of a diameter.
(5.1-5) Jun 24
Equation of circle: (𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥1 )⁡(𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑥2 ) + ⁡ (𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦1 )⁡(𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦2 ) = 0

(𝑥 − ⁡3)⁡(𝑥⁡– ⁡2) ⁡ + ⁡ (𝑦⁡ − 4)⁡(𝑦 + 7) ⁡ = ⁡0

w.

𝒙𝟐 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎
36. Examine the position of the point (2, 3) with respect to the circle
𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0
ww

sub (2, 3)
= 4 + 9 − 12 − 24 + 12 = ⁡ −11 < 0
(2, 3) lies inside of the circle.

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Chapter 11. Probability Distribution

2 Marks:
1. Suppose two coine are tossed once. If X denotes the number of tails. (i) Write down the sample
space (ii) Find the inverse image of 1 (iii) the values of a random variable and number of
elements in its inverse images
Ans:
(𝑖)⁡𝑆 = (𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇,⁡⁡⁡𝑇𝐻,⁡⁡⁡𝑇𝑇} 𝑛(𝑆) = 4
−1

et
(𝑖𝑖)⁡𝑋 ⁡{1} = {𝑇𝐻,⁡⁡⁡𝐻𝑇}
(iii)
Values of the random variables 0 1 2 Total
Number of elements in inverse image 1 2 1 4

i.N
2. Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denotes the total score of two dice, write
down (i) the sample space (ii) the values taken by the random variable X (iii) the inverse image
of 10, and (iv) the number of elements in inverse image of X.

la
Ans:
(𝑖)⁡ 𝑛(𝑆) = 36
(ii) Then the random variable X takes on the values: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
(iii) The inverse images of 10 is {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
sa
(iv)
Values of the random variable 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
Number of elements in inverse image 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 36
da
3. Suppose X is the number of tails occurred when three fair coins are tossed once simultaneously.
Find the volume of the random variable X and number of points into inverse images.
Ans:
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
Pa

𝑛(𝑆) ⁡ = ⁡8
Values of the random variable 0 1 2 3 Total
Number of elements in inverse image 1 3 3 1 8

𝑲⁡𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙
w.

𝒇𝒐𝒓⁡𝒙 > 𝟎
4. The Probability density function of X is given by 𝒇(𝒙) = ⁡ { . Find the value
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓⁡𝒙⁡ ≤ 𝟎
of K?
Ans:

ww

 f ( x)dx  1


𝐾  xe2 x dx  1
0

𝐾⁡ = ⁡4

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3 Marks
5. An urn contains 5 mangoes and 4 apples. here fruits are taken at random. If the number of
apples taken is a random variable, then find the values of the random variable and number of
points in its inverse images.
Ans:
Values of the random variable 0 1 2 3 Total
Number of elements in 5𝐶3 5𝐶2 ⁡ × ⁡ 4𝐶1 5𝐶1 ⁡ × ⁡ 4𝐶2 4𝐶3 84

et
inverse image = 10 = 40 = 30 =4

6. Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously (equivalent to a fair coin is tossed twice). Find the
probability mass function for number of heads occurred.

i.N
Ans:
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇,⁡⁡⁡𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇} 𝑛(𝑆) ⁡ = 4
Values of the random variable X 0 1 2 Total
Number of elements in inverse image 1 2 1 4

la
Probability mass function:
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) 1 1 1

7.
sa 4 2 4

A pair of fair dice is tossed once. Find the probability of mass function to get the number of
forms.
Ans:
da
Values of Random variable X 0 1 2 Total
Number of elements in inverse images 25 10 1 36

The probability mass function is presented as

𝑥 0 1 2
Pa

𝑓(𝑥) 25 10 1
36 36 36

8. If X is the random variable with distribution function F(x) given by

0 , 𝑥<0
w.

𝐹(𝑥) = ⁡ {𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1 , 1≤𝑥
then find (i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii) 𝑃(0.2⁡ ≤ 𝑋⁡ ≤ 0.7)
Ans:
0 , 𝑥<0
ww

′ (𝑥)
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡⁡ 𝐹 = ⁡ {1 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
0 , 1≤𝑥
1 , 0≤𝑥<1
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ {
0 , 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(𝑖𝑖)⁡⁡⁡𝑃(0.2⁡ ≤ 𝑋⁡ ≤ 0.7) ⁡⁡ = 𝐹(0.7) − 𝐹(0.2)⁡
= 0.7 − 0.2
= 0.5

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9. If X is the random variable with distribution function 𝑭(𝒙) given by,

𝟎 , −∞ < 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐
𝑭(𝒙) = ⁡ { (𝒙 + 𝒙) ,𝟐
𝟎≤𝒙<𝟏
𝟎 , 𝟏 < 𝒙 < ⁡∞
then find (i) the probability density function 𝒇(𝒙)⁡
(ii) 𝑷(𝟎. 𝟑⁡ ≤ 𝑿⁡ ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔)
Ans:
0 , 𝑥<0

et
′ (𝑥) 1
(𝑖)⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡⁡ 𝐹 = ⁡ {2 (2𝑥 + 1) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
0 , 1<𝑥
(𝑖𝑖)⁡⁡⁡𝑃(0.3⁡ ≤ 𝑋⁡ ≤ 0.6) = 𝐹(0.6) − 𝐹(0.3) ⁡ = ⁡⁡0.285

i.N
10. Find the mean and variance of a random variable X, whose probability density function is
𝝀𝒆−𝝀𝒙 , 𝒙≥𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = ⁡⁡ {
𝟎 , 𝑶𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Ans:

Mean: 𝐸(𝑋) =⁡  xf ( x)dx

la

1
=⁡
𝜆

sa
Variance: 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) =⁡  x 2 f ( x)dx

2
=⁡ 2
𝜆
𝑉𝑎𝑟⁡(𝑋) = ⁡𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − ⁡ [𝐸(𝑋)]2
2 1 2
= ⁡ 𝜆 2 − ⁡ (𝜆 )
da
1
= ⁡ 𝜆2
1 1
Mean: > Variance = 𝜆2
𝜆

5 Marks
Pa

11. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘2’ on two of its faces, and ‘3’ on remaining three faces.
The die is rolled twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws.
(i) Find the probability mass function
(ii) Find the cumulative distribution function
(iii) Find 𝑷(𝟑⁡ ≤ 𝑿 < 𝟔)
w.

(iv) Find 𝑷(𝑿⁡ ≥ 𝟒)

Ans:
1 2 2 3 3 3
I II
ww

1 2 3 3 4 4 4
2 3 4 4 5 5 5
2 3 4 4 5 5 5
3 4 5 5 6 6 6
3 4 5 5 6 6 6
3 4 5 5 6 6 6

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(i) Probability mass function is:

𝑥 2 3 4 5 6 Total
𝑓(𝑥) 1 4 10 12 9 1
36 36 36 36 36

(ii) Cumulative distribution function

𝑥 2 3 4 5 6
𝐹(𝑥) 1 5 15 27 36

et
36 36 36 36 36

4 10 12 26
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(3⁡ ≤ 𝑋 < 6) = ⁡ 36 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 36 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 36 ⁡ = ⁡ 36

i.N
10 12 9 31
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≥ 4) = ⁡ ⁡ + ⁡⁡ ⁡ + ⁡⁡ ⁡=⁡
36 36 36 36
12. A random variable X has the following probability mass function
𝒙 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝒇(𝒙) K 2K 6K 5K 6K 10K

la
Find (𝒊) 𝑷(𝟐 < 𝑿 < 𝟔) (𝒊𝒊) 𝑷(𝟐 ≤ 𝑿 < 𝟓)
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑷(𝑿⁡ ≤ 𝟒) (𝒊𝒗) 𝑷(𝟑 < 𝑿)
Ans: Σ𝑓(𝑥) = 1
sa 𝐾⁡ + ⁡2𝐾⁡ + ⁡6𝐾⁡ + ⁡5𝐾⁡ + ⁡6𝐾⁡ + ⁡10𝐾⁡⁡ = ⁡1
30𝐾 = 1⁡ ⟹ 𝐾 = ⁡ 30
1

17
(𝑖) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 6) ⁡ = ⁡6𝐾 + 5𝐾 + 6𝐾 = 17𝐾 = ⁡ 30
13
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = ⁡2𝐾 + 6𝐾 + 5𝐾 = 13𝐾⁡ = ⁡
da
30
14
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≤ 4) = ⁡𝐾 + 2𝐾 + 6𝐾 + 5𝐾 = 14𝐾⁡ = ⁡ 30⁡
21
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋) = ⁡5𝐾 + 6𝐾 + 10𝐾 = 21𝐾⁡ = ⁡ 30
13. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces, and ‘5’ on remaining three
Pa

faces. The die is thrown twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws, find
(i) the probability mass function (ii) the cumulative distribution function
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑷(𝟒 ≤ 𝑿 < 𝟏𝟎) (𝒊𝒗) 𝑷(𝑿⁡ ≥ 𝟔)
Ans:
1 3 3 5 5 5
I II
w.

1 2 4 4 6 6 6
3 4 6 6 8 8 8
3 4 6 6 8 8 8
ww

5 6 8 8 10 10 10
5 6 8 8 10 10 10
5 6 8 8 10 10 10
(i) The probability mass function is:
𝑥 2 4 6 8 10 Total
𝑓(𝑥) 1 4 10 12 9 1
36 36 36 36 36
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(ii) Cumulative distribution function:

𝑥 2 4 6 8 10
𝐹(𝑥) 1 5 15 27 36
36 36 36 36 36
4 10 12 26 13
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(4⁡ ≤ 𝑋 < 10) = ⁡ 36 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 36 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 36 ⁡ = ⁡ 36 ⁡ = ⁡ 18
10 12 9 31
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≥ 6) = ⁡ 36 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 36 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 36 ⁡ = ⁡ 36

et
14. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by
𝟎 , −∞ < 𝒙 < −𝟏
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 , −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟎

i.N
𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 , 𝟎⁡ ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝑭(𝒙) = ⁡
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 ⁡⁡, ⁡⁡𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 < ⁡𝟐
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓⁡⁡ , 𝟐≤𝒙<𝟑
{ 𝟏 , 𝟑⁡ ≤ 𝒙 < ⁡∞
Find (i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝑷(𝑿 < 𝟏) and 𝑷(𝑿⁡ ≥ 𝟐)
Ans: (i) Probability mass function is

la
𝑥 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.15
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) ⁡ = 0.14⁡ + 0.20⁡ = 0.35
sa
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) ⁡ = 0.25 + 0.15⁡ = 0.40

15. A random variable X has the following probability mass function

𝒙 1 2 3 4 5
da
𝒇(𝒙) 𝑲𝟐 𝟐𝑲𝟐 𝟑𝑲𝟐 𝟐𝑲 𝟑𝑲

Find (i) the value of K (𝒊𝒊) 𝑷(𝟐⁡ ≤ 𝑿 < 𝟓) (𝒊𝒊𝒊)⁡𝑷(𝟑 < 𝒙)

Ans: (𝑖) Σ𝑓(𝑥) = 1
6𝐾 2 + 5𝐾 = 1 ⟹ 6𝐾 2 + 5𝐾 − 1 = 0
Pa

1
𝐾 = ⁡ −1 (𝑁𝑜𝑡⁡𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑒) 𝐾 =⁡6
(𝑖𝑖)⁡𝑃(2⁡ ≤ 𝑋 < 5) ⁡ = ⁡2𝐾 2 + 3𝐾 2 + 2𝐾 = 5𝐾 2 + 2𝐾⁡⁡⁡
5 2
= 36 + ⁡ 6⁡
5 12 17
= ⁡ 36 + ⁡ 36 ⁡ = ⁡ 36
w.

5
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⁡𝑃(3 < 𝑥) = ⁡⁡2𝐾 + 3𝐾 = 5𝐾 = ⁡ 6

16. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by

𝟎 , −∞ < 𝒙 < 𝟎
ww

𝟏
, 𝟎≤𝒙<𝟏
𝟐
𝟑
, 𝟏⁡ ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐
𝑭(𝒙) = ⁡ 𝟓𝟒
, ⁡⁡𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < ⁡𝟑
𝟓
𝟗
⁡⁡ , 𝟑≤𝒙<𝟒
𝟏𝟎
{ 𝟏 , 𝟒⁡ ≤ 𝒙 < ⁡∞
Find (i) the probability mass function (𝒊𝒊)⁡⁡⁡𝑷(𝑿 < 𝟑) and (iii) 𝑷(𝑿 ≥ 𝟐)
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Ans:
(𝑖)
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑓(𝑥) 1 1 1 1 1
2 10 5 10 10
1 1 1 8 4
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) = ⁡ 2 + ⁡ 10 + ⁡ 5 = ⁡ 10 = ⁡ 5
1 1 1 4 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = ⁡ 5 + ⁡ 10 + ⁡ 10 = ⁡ 10 = ⁡ 5

et
17. Suppose the amount of milk sold daily at a milk 600 is distribution with a minimum of 200 litres
and a maximum of 600 litres with probability density function
𝑲 , 𝟐𝟎𝟎⁡ ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = ⁡ {

i.N
𝟎 , 𝑶𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Find (i) the value of K (ii) the distribution function
(iii) the probability that daily sales will fall between 300 litres on 500 litres.
Ans:

(𝑖)  f ( x)dx  1

la

600
𝐾⁡ ∫200 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
sa 𝐾⁡ = 400
0 , 𝑥 < 200
1 𝑥
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐹(𝑥) = ⁡ {400 − ⁡ 2 , 200⁡ ≤ 𝑥⁡ ≤ 600
1 , 𝑥 > 600
500
da
 f ( x)dx
200 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) = 400 = ⁡ 2
300

18. For the random variable X with the given probability mass function as below, find the mean and
variance
𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) , 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = ⁡ {
Pa

𝟎 , 𝑶𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Ans:

Mean: 𝐸(𝑥) =⁡  xf ( x)dx

2
= ⁡2  ( x 2  x)dx
w.

1
5 5
= ⁡2 (6) ⁡ = ⁡ 3

𝐸(𝑥 2 ) =⁡  x 2 f ( x)dx
ww


2
= ⁡2  x 2 ( x  1)dx
1
17
=⁡ 6
Variance: 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑥) = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) ⁡ − ⁡ [𝐸(𝑥)]2
17 25
= ⁡ 6 ⁡ − ⁡⁡ 9
1
= ⁡ 18
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19. The mean and variance of a binomial variate 𝒙 are respectively 2 and 1.5.
Find (𝒊)⁡𝑷(𝒙 = 𝟎) (𝒊𝒊)⁡𝑷(𝒙 = 𝟏) (𝒊𝒊𝒊)⁡𝑷(𝒙 ≥ 𝟏)
Ans: Mean = 𝑛𝑝⁡ = ⁡2 Variance = ⁡𝑛𝑝𝑞⁡ = ⁡1.5
𝑛𝑝𝑞 1.5 3 1
⁡=⁡ ⁡=⁡4 = 𝑞 𝑝 =⁡4 𝑛⁡ = ⁡8
𝑛𝑝 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ⁡ = ⁡𝑛𝑐𝑥 ⁡𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
1 𝑥 3 8−𝑥
= 8𝑐𝑥 ⁡⁡(4) ⁡(4) 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . 8
1 0 3 8−0 3 8

et
(𝑖)⁡𝑃(𝑥 = 0) ⁡ = ⁡⁡8𝑐0 ⁡⁡⁡( ) ⁡⁡( ) ⁡ = ⁡⁡⁡ (4) ⁡
4 4
3 7
(𝑖𝑖)⁡𝑃(𝑥 = 1) = ⁡⁡2 ( )
4
3 8
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)⁡𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 1) = ⁡⁡1 − 𝑃(𝑥 < 1) ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡1 − ( ) ⁡

i.N
4
20. If 𝑿⁡~⁡𝑩(𝒏, 𝒑) such that 𝟒𝑷(𝑿⁡ = 𝟒) ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡𝑷(𝑿⁡ = 𝟐) and n = 6. Find the distribution, mean
standard deviation of X
Ans:
1 2
𝑛=6 𝑝 =⁡3 𝑞 =⁡3

la
𝑝(𝑥 = 𝑥) = ⁡⁡𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡𝑛𝑐𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑝 𝑥 ⁡⁡𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . 𝑛
1 𝑥 2 6−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡⁡6𝑐𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡(3) ⁡⁡(3) ⁡ 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . 6
1
Mean = ⁡𝑛𝑝 = 6⁡ × ⁡ 3 ⁡ = ⁡⁡2
sa 1 2
Standard deviation = ⁡ √𝑛𝑝𝑞 = ⁡ √6⁡ × ⁡ 3 ⁡ × ⁡ 3
2
=⁡
√3
da
21. If the probability that a fluorescent light has a useful life of at least 600 hours in 0.9, find the
probabilities that among 12 such lights
i. Exactly 10 will have a useful life of at least 600 hours;
ii. at least 11 will have useful life of at least 600 hours;
iii. at least 2 will not have a useful life of at least 600 hours.
Pa

Ans:
9 9 1
𝑝 = 0.9 = ⁡ 10 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 1 − ⁡ 10 ⁡ = ⁡ 10⁡ 𝑛 = 12
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . , 𝑛
9 10 1 12−10
(𝑖)⁡⁡𝑃(𝑋 = 10) = 12𝐶10 ( ) ( )
10 10
= 12𝐶10 (0.9)10 (0.1)12−10
w.

(𝑖𝑖)⁡⁡⁡𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≥ 11) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 11) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 12)

9 11 1 12−11 9 12 1 12−12
= 12𝐶11 (10) (10) − ⁡12𝐶12 (10) (10)
9 11 1 1 9 12
= 12 (10) (10) +⁡⁡(10)
ww

9 11 1 9
= ⁡ (10) ⁡[12⁡ × ⁡ 10 + ⁡ 10⁡]
= ⁡ (0.9)11 [1.2 + 0.9]
= 2.1(0.9)11
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)⁡𝑃⁡(𝑋 ≥ 2) = ⁡⁡1 − ⁡𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≥ 11)
= 1 − ⁡2.1(0.9)11

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22. A multiple choice examination has ten questions, each question has four distance with exactly
one correct answer. Suppose a student answers by guessing and if X denotes the number of
correct answers, find (i) binomial distribution (ii) probability that the student will get seven
correct answers (iii) the probability of getting at least one correct answer.
Ans:
1 1 3
𝑛 = 10; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 = ⁡ 4 ⁡ ⟹ 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 1 − ⁡ 4 = ⁡ 4
(𝑖)⁡⁡⁡𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ⁡ = ⁡𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . , 𝑛⁡
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = ⁡10𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞10−𝑥 ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . , 10

et
1 7 3 10−7
(𝑖𝑖)⁡⁡⁡𝑃(𝑋 = 7) ⁡ = ⁡⁡10𝐶7 ( ) ( )
4 4
1 7 3 3
=⁡ 10𝐶3 (4) (4)

i.N
10.9.8 1 7 3 3
=⁡ . (4) (4)
1.2.3
33
= 120 (410 )
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)⁡⁡𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)

la
1 0 3 10−0
= 1 − ⁡10𝐶0 ( ) ( )
4 4
3 10
= 1 − ⁡ (4)
23.
sa
On the average, 20% of the products manufactured by ABC Company are found to be defective.
If we select 6 of these products at random and X denotes the number of defective products find
the probability that (i) two products are defective (ii) at most one product is defective
(iii) at least two products are defective.
da
Ans:
20 1 1 4
𝑝 = 20%⁡ = ⁡⁡ 100 = ⁡ 5 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 1 −⁡5 =⁡5 𝑛=6
𝑥 𝑛−𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ⁡ = ⁡𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑞 ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, … … … . , 𝑛
1 2 4 6−2
(𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) ⁡ = ⁡⁡6𝐶2 (5) (5)
Pa

6.5 1 2 4 4
= ⁡ 1.2 . (5) (5)
44
= 15 ( 6 )
5
(𝑖𝑖)⁡(𝑋⁡ ≤ 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
1 0 4 6−0 1 1 4 6−1
= 6𝐶0 (5) (5) + ⁡6𝐶1 (5) (5)
w.

4 6 1 1 4 5
= (5) + 6 (5) (5)
45
= ⁡ 56 ⁡(4 + 6)
45
ww

= ⁡ 56 ⁡⁡ × 10
4 5
= 2 (5)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)⁡𝑃⁡(𝑋 ≥ 2) = ⁡⁡1 − ⁡𝑃(𝑋⁡ ≤ 1)
4 5
= 1 − ⁡2 (5)

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Chapter – 4
Inverse trigonometric Function
2 & 3 Marks:
1. Find the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅⁄𝟑)
Solution: = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 2𝜋⁄3)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(𝜋 − ⁡ 𝜋⁄3))

et
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝜋⁄3)
=𝜋⁄3 𝜀⁡[− 𝜋⁄2 ,⁡⁡⁡ 𝜋⁄2]
𝟕𝝅
2. Find the value of 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟔 ))

i.N
𝜋 𝜋
Solution: = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos(𝜋 + 𝜋⁄6)) = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ) = ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 − ⁡ 6 ))

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos 5𝜋⁄6)

= 5𝜋⁄6 𝜀⁡[0,⁡⁡⁡𝜋]

la
3. 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) in Domain
Solution: −1⁡ ≤ 2 − ⁡3𝑥 2 ⁡ ≤ 1
(−2) −3⁡ ≤ ⁡ −3𝑥 2 ⁡ ≤ ⁡ −1
sa
(÷ 3) −1⁡ ≤ ⁡ −𝑥 2 ⁡ ≤ ⁡ − 1⁄3
(−1) 1⁡ ≥ ⁡ 𝑥 2 ⁡ ≥ ⁡ 1⁄3
1⁡ ≥ |𝑥| ≥ ⁡ 1⁄
√3
1
⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑥| ⁡ ≤ 1
da
√3
1 1
𝑥⁡ ∈ ⁡ [−1, −⁡ ] ⁡ ∪ ⁡ [ ⁡, 1]
√3 √3

4. 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝝅⁄𝟔)) ≠ −𝝅⁄𝟔 True? Justify your answer:

Pa

Solution: NOT TRUE 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ⁡(cos 𝑥) = 𝑥⁡ only if 𝑥 ∈ ⁡ [0, 𝜋]

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜋⁄6)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋⁄6)) = 𝜋⁄6
/ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜋⁄6)) ≠ −𝜋⁄6
w.

5. Find the value

𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∙ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗 )
𝟗 𝟗
Solution: sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 sin 𝐵
5𝜋 𝜋
=⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( 9 + 9 ))
ww

6𝜋 2𝜋
=⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( 9 )) ⁡ = ⁡⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( 3 ))
𝜋
=⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin (𝜋 − 3 )) ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − ⁡𝜃) = sin 𝜃
𝜋
=⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 3 )
= ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝜋⁄3 ⁡𝜀[−𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]⁡

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𝟓𝝅
6. Find the value of 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 )
𝟒
Solution:
5𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan ) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 + ⁡ 4 ))
4
𝜋
= ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan 4 )
𝜋
= 4 ⁡𝜀⁡[−𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]⁡
7. 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟏⁄𝟕) ⁡ = 𝜽 Find the value of cos⁡𝜽

et
Solution:
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1⁄7)
1
cot 𝜃 = ⁡ 7 ⟹ ⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 7

i.N
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ⁡ √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = ⁡ √1 + 49 = ⁡ √50
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ⁡5√2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⁡ 5√2⁡

la
8. Find the Principal value 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)
Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = ⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 1⁄ )
√2
sa
= ⁡ −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1⁄ )
= ⁡ − 𝜋⁄4
√2
𝑥⁡𝜀⁡[−1, 1]
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = ⁡ −⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥

5 Mark:
da
|𝒙|−𝟐 𝟏−|𝒙|
9. Find Domain 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( )
𝟑 𝟒
Solution:
|𝑥|−2 1−|𝑥|
−1⁡ ≤ ⁡ ⁡ ≤ ⁡1 −1⁡ ≤ ⁡⁡ ≤ ⁡1
3 4
−3⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑥| − 2⁡ ≤ 3 −4⁡ ≤ ⁡1 − |𝑥| ≤ 4
Pa

−1⁡ ≤ ⁡ |𝑥| ⁡ ≤ 5 −5⁡ ≤ −|𝑥| ≤ 3

|𝑥| ⁡ ≤ 5 – (1) 5⁡ ≥ |𝑥| ≥ −3
−3⁡ ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 5-(2)
From (1) & (2) −5 ≤ 𝑥⁡ ≤ 5
w.

10. Find the value of

𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 )
𝟑 𝟒
Ans:
𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (π + 3 )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (π + 4 ))
ww

[cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (π − )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (π − ))⁡
3 4

= ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋⁄3)) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝜋⁄4))⁡

2𝜋 3𝜋 17𝜋
= +⁡ =⁡ ⁡
3 4 12

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11. Find the value 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏⁄𝟐)) − ⁡ 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟒⁄𝟓)

Ans:
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1⁄2 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 4⁄5 = 𝐵

et
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = ⁡ 1⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 3⁄5
√5
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = ⁡ ⁄ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 4⁄5
√5

i.N
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1⁄2) ⁡ − ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (4⁄5)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
1 4 2 3
=⁡ ∙ − ∙
√5 5 √5 5

la
−2 √5 −2√5
=⁡ × =⁡ ⁡
5√5 √5 25

12. Find the value

sa 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟏) + ⁡ 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− √𝟑⁄𝟐) − ⁡ 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)

Ans:

= ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) − ⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√3⁄2) − ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−1⁄ )⁡

da
√2
𝜋 𝜋
= ⁡ 4 − 3 − (𝜋 − 𝜋⁄4)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
=⁡ 4 − 3 − 𝜋 +⁡4
Pa

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= ⁡⁡ 4 − 3 − 4
−5𝜋
=⁡
6

13. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒛 = ⁡𝝅 and 𝟎 < 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 < 𝟏 s.t. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟏

−𝟏

Solution:
w.

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = ⁡𝜋

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 = ⁡𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 ⁡.⁡⁡√1 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑧)
ww

𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 ⁡. √1 − 𝑦 2 = ⁡ −𝑧

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 ⁡. √1 − 𝑦 2
(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = ⁡ (1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + ⁡ 𝑧 2 + ⁡⁡2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 − 𝑦 2 − ⁡ 𝑥 2 + ⁡ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1

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14. If 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑……………… 𝒂𝒏 is an AP with common difference is d Prove that

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒂 −𝒂𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 [𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒂 ) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒂 ) + ⁡ … . +𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒂 𝒏
)] = ⁡ 𝟏+𝒂
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒂𝟏

Solution:
𝑑 = ⁡ 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = ⁡ 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = ⁡ 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛−1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
LHS = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + ⁡ … … . +𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 )]
1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1

et
= ⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎3 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2 + ⋯ . . +⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎1 )
𝑎 −𝑎1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
𝑛

i.N
))
𝑛 𝑎1

𝑎 −𝑎1
𝑛
= ⁡ 1+𝑎 = RHS
𝑛 𝑎1

𝑥−1 𝑥+1
15. Solve: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥−2) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥+2) = ⁡ 𝜋⁄4

la
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 +⁡
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥−2) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥+2) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
( 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 ) = ⁡ 𝜋⁄4
1−( )( )
𝑥−2 𝑥+2

(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)+(𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)
sa = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)−(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜋⁄4
2𝑥 2 −4 2𝑥 2 −4
=1⟹ =1
𝑥 2 −4+𝑥 2 +1 −3

2𝑥 2 − 4 = −3 ⟹ ⁡ 𝑥 2 = 1⁄2

𝑥 = ± 1⁄
da
√2
16. The number at solution at the earn 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥)
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑥−1⁡+⁡𝑥+1⁡ 3𝑥−𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)) = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+3𝑥 2 )
Pa

2𝑥 2𝑥
= 1+3𝑥 2
1−(𝑥 2 −1)

𝑥(1 + 3𝑥 2 ) = ⁡𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3
w.

4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 0 which is cubic earn

no. of solution = 3
ww

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Chapter – 3: THEORY OF EQUATIONS

Concepts:
1. General form of the Quadratic equation is 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, where 𝒂⁡ ≠ 𝟎
−𝑏⁡±⁡√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Solution: 𝑥 =⁡ , Let ∆⁡= ⁡ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is called discriminant
2𝑎
(i) ∆⁡= 0⁡ if, and only if, the roots are equal.
(ii) ∆⁡> 0⁡𝑖𝑓, and only if, the roots are real and distinct
(iii) ∆⁡< 0⁡𝑖𝑓, and only if, the Quadratic equations has no real roots. (ie., the roots are

et
imaginary)
2. Vieta’s formula for Quadratic Equations:
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the roots of the Quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏

i.N
The sum of the roots 𝛼 + ⁡⁡𝛽 = ⁡ 𝑎
𝑐
The product of the roots = 𝛼⁡⁡𝛽 = ⁡ 𝑎
Converse,
The Quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼 and 𝛽 is 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + ⁡𝛽)𝑥 + ⁡𝛼⁡𝛽 = 0
3. Vieta’s formula for polynomial equation of degree 3

la
Let 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the roots of the cubic equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, then
−𝑏 𝑐
𝑖. Σ𝛼⁡ = ⁡𝛼 + ⁡𝛽 + ⁡𝛾⁡ = ⁡ 𝑖𝑖. Σ𝛼𝛽⁡ = ⁡𝛼𝛽 + ⁡𝛽𝛾 + ⁡𝛾𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑎
𝑎
−𝑑
𝑖𝑖𝑖. Σ𝛼𝛽𝛾 = ⁡𝛼𝛽𝛾 = ⁡
sa 𝑎
Converse,
The cubic equation whose roots are 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 is 𝑥 3 − (Σ𝛼)𝑥 2 + ⁡ (Σ𝛼𝛽)𝑥 − ⁡𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 0
4. DESCARTE’S RULE:
Let 𝑃(𝑥) be the polynomial of degree ‘n’.
da
i. Let ‘m’ denote the number of sign changes in coefficients of P(x)
ii. Let ‘k’ denote the number of sign changes in coefficients of P(-x)
iii. Then there are at least n-(m +k) imaginary roots for the polynomial P(x).
2 Mark Sums:
1. If 𝜶 and 𝜷 are the roots of the Quadratic equation 𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟎, construct a Quadratic
Pa

equation whose roots are 𝜶 + 𝟐 and 𝜷 + 𝟐

Solution:
(i) 17𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 73 = 0
𝑎⁡ = ⁡17, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡43⁡⁡ 𝑐⁡ = ⁡ −73
−𝑏 −43 𝑐 −73
𝛼 + 𝛽 =⁡ =⁡ 𝛼𝛽 = ⁡ 𝑎 = ⁡
w.

𝑎 17 17

(ii) The given roots are 𝛼 + 2 and 𝛽 + 2

The sum of the roots = ⁡𝛼 + ⁡𝛽 + 4
−43 25
=⁡ ⁡ + ⁡4 = ⁡ 17
ww

17
(iii) The product of the roots = ⁡𝛼𝛽 + 2⁡(⁡𝛼 + 𝛽) + 4
−73 −43 −91
= + 2 ( 17 ) + 4 = ⁡
17 17
(iv) Hence a Quadratic equation is
𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + ⁡𝛼𝛽 = 0
25 91
⟹ ⁡ 𝑥 2 − ⁡ 17 𝑥 − ⁡ 17 = 0
(x) by 17, 17𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 91 = 0
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2. If 𝜶 and 𝜷 are the roots of the Quadratic equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎, construct a Quadratic
equation whose roots are 𝜶𝟐 and 𝜷𝟐
Solution:
(i) 2𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 13 = 0
𝑎⁡ = ⁡2, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −17⁡⁡ 𝑐⁡ = ⁡13
−𝑏 7 𝑐 13
𝛼 + 𝛽 =⁡ =⁡2 𝛼𝛽 = ⁡ 𝑎 = ⁡
𝑎 2
(ii) The given roots are 𝛼 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡⁡𝛽 2 , then

et
The sum of the roots = ⁡ 𝛼 2 + ⁡ 𝛽 2
= ⁡ (𝛼 + ⁡𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
7 13 49 13 −3
= ⁡ (2)⁡2 − 2 ( 2 ) = ⁡ −⁡ =⁡
4 1 4

i.N
(iii) The product of the roots
13 2 169
𝛼 2 ⁡⁡𝛽 2 = ⁡⁡ (𝛼𝛽)2 = ⁡ ( 2 ) = ⁡ 4
(iv) Hence a Quadratic equation is
𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼 2 + ⁡ 𝛽 2 )𝑥 + ⁡ 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 = 0
−3 169
𝑥2 − ⁡ ( 4 ) 𝑥 + ⁡ =0

la
4
3 169
𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + ⁡ =0
4
(𝑥)4, 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 169 = 0
3.
sa
If 𝜶, 𝜷⁡𝒂𝒏𝒅⁡𝜸 are the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = 𝟎, find the value of 𝚺 𝜷𝜸 in
terms of the coefficients.
Solution: (i) 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 𝑎 = ⁡1, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡𝑝, 𝑐⁡ = 𝑞, 𝑑⁡⁡ = ⁡𝑟
𝟏

−𝑏
(ii) The sum of the roots ⁡= 𝛼 + ⁡𝛽 + ⁡⁡𝛾⁡ = ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑝
𝑎
da
𝑐
(iii) The product of the roots = 𝛼𝛽 + ⁡𝛽𝛾 + ⁡𝛾𝛼 = ⁡ 𝑎 = 𝑞
−𝑑
𝛼⁡𝛽⁡𝛾 = ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑟
𝑎
1 1 1 1 𝛾+⁡𝛼+⁡𝛽 −𝑝 𝑝
(iv) Σ 𝛽𝛾 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝛼𝛽 + ⁡ 𝛽𝛾 + ⁡ 𝛾𝛼 = ⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑟 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝑟 ⁡
𝛼⁡𝛽⁡𝛾
Pa

4. Show that the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 cannot be satisfied by any real values of x.
Solution: (i) (𝑖) 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0
𝑎⁡ = ⁡2, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −6⁡⁡ 𝑐⁡ = ⁡7
(ii) Δ = ⁡ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = ⁡ (6)2 − 4(2)(7) = 36 – 56
Δ = ⁡ −20 < 0
w.

(iii) The roots are imaginary numbers. Hence proved.

5. Show that, if p, q, r are rational the roots of the equation
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒙 + ⁡ 𝒑𝟐 − ⁡ 𝒒𝟐 + 𝟐𝒒𝒓 − ⁡ 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟎 are rational.
ww

Solution: (i) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + ⁡ 𝑝2 − ⁡ 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − ⁡ 𝑟 2

𝑎 = 1 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −2𝑝, 𝑐⁡ = ⁡⁡ 𝑝2 − ⁡ 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − ⁡ 𝑟 2
(ii) ∆⁡= ⁡ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= ⁡ (−2𝑝)2 − 4(1)(𝑝2 − ⁡ 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − ⁡ 𝑟 2 )
= 4(⁡𝑞 2 − 2𝑞𝑟 + ⁡ 𝑟 2 )
= ⁡ [2(𝑞 − 𝑟)]2 > 0 which is a perfect square.
Hence the roots are rational.
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6. If 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 and 𝜹 are the roots of the polynomial equation 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖 = 𝟎, find a
Quadratic equation with integer coefficients whose roots are 𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸 + ⁡𝜹 and 𝜶𝜷𝜸𝜹.
Solution: (i) 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8 = 0
𝑎 = 2,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏 = 5,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = ⁡ −7,⁡⁡⁡𝑑 = 8
−𝑏 −5 𝑑 8
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + ⁡𝛿 = =⁡ , 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = ⁡ 𝑎 = ⁡ 2 = 4
2 2
(ii) The sum of the roots are
−5 3
(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + ⁡𝛿) + ⁡ (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) = ⁡ + 4 = ⁡ 2⁡

et
2
(iii) The product of the roots are
−5
(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + ⁡𝛿)⁡(𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) = ⁡ ( ) 4 = ⁡ −10
2
(iv) Hence a Quadratic equation is

i.N
𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽 + ⁡𝛾 + ⁡𝛿)𝑥 + ⁡𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 = 0
3
𝑥 2 − ⁡ 2 𝑥 − ⁡10 = 0, (x) by 2
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
7. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 𝟐 − ⁡ √𝟑 𝒂𝒔⁡𝒂

la
root.
Solution: (i) The given roots is 2 − ⁡ √3
sa (ii)
Then 2 + ⁡ √3 is also a root.
The sum of the roots = 𝛼 + 𝛽
= (2 − ⁡ √3) + (2 + ⁡ √3) ⁡ = 4
The product of the roots 𝛼𝛽
da
2
= (2 − ⁡ √3)⁡(2 + ⁡ √3) = 22 − ⁡ (√3) = 4 − 3 = 1
(iii) Hence a Quadratic equation is
𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + ⁡𝛼𝛽 = 0
Pa

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝒑 𝒒
8. If p and q are the roots of the equation 𝒍𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒏 = 𝟎, show that √ ⁄𝒒 + ⁡ √ ⁄𝒑 + ⁡ √𝒏⁄𝒍 = 𝟎

Solution: (i) 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0, 𝑎⁡ = ⁡𝑙, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡𝑛, 𝑐⁡ = ⁡𝑛

w.

𝑏 −𝑛
(ii) The sum of the roots: 𝑝 + 𝑞 = − 𝑎 = ⁡ 𝑙
𝑐 𝑛
The product of the roots: 𝑝𝑞⁡ = ⁡ 𝑎 = ⁡ 𝑙

√𝑝⁄𝑞 + ⁡ √𝑞⁄𝑝 = ⁡ √ + ⁡ √ ⁡ = ⁡
𝑝 𝑞 𝑝+𝑞
ww

(iii) 𝑞 √ 𝑝 √ √𝑝𝑞

−𝑛⁄ −√𝑛⁄𝑙⁡.√𝑛⁄𝑙
= 𝑙
⁡=⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −√𝑛⁄𝑙
𝑛
√ ⁄𝑙 𝑛
√ ⁄𝑙

√𝑝⁄𝑞 + ⁡ √𝑞⁄𝑝 + ⁡ √𝑛⁄𝑙 = 0. Hence proved.

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9. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients having 𝟐 + ⁡ √𝟑𝒊 as a
root
Solution: (i) Given roots is 2 + ⁡ √3𝑖. Then 2 − ⁡ √3𝑖 is also a root.
(ii) The sum of the roots (𝛼 + 𝛽)
= (2 + ⁡ √3𝑖) + (+⁡2 − ⁡ √3𝑖) ⁡ = 4
The product of the roots (𝛼𝛽)

et
2
= ⁡(2 + ⁡ √3𝑖)(+⁡2 − ⁡ √3𝑖) = ⁡ 22 + ⁡ (√3) = 4 + 3 = 7
(iii) Hence a Quadratic equation is
𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + ⁡𝛼𝛽 = 0

i.N
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 0
10. If 𝜶 and 𝜷 are roots of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 then prove that 𝜶𝟐 + ⁡ 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑.
Solution: (i) 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝑎 = 1 𝑏⁡ = ⁡5 𝑐⁡ = 6
(ii) The sum of the roots are

la
5
𝛼 + ⁡𝛽 = ⁡ − 𝑏⁄𝑎 = ⁡ − = ⁡ −5 1
The product of the roots are
6
sa 𝛼⁡𝛽 = ⁡ 1 = ⁡6
(iii) 𝛼 2 + ⁡ 𝛽 2 = ⁡ (𝛼 + ⁡𝛽)2 − 2𝛼⁡𝛽
= ⁡ (−5)2 − 2(6) = 25 − 12
𝛼 2 + ⁡ 𝛽 2 = 13. Hence⁡proved
da
3 Mark Sums:
11. If the sides of a cubic box are increased by 1, 2, 3 units respectively to form a cuboid, then the
volume is increased by 52 cubic units. Find the volume of the cuboid.
Solution: (i) The volume of the cuboid
= The volume of the cubic +52
Pa

(𝑥⁡ + ⁡1)(𝑥⁡ + ⁡2)(𝑥⁡ + ⁡3) = 𝑥 3 + 52

(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)⁡(𝑥 + 3) = ⁡ 𝑥 3 + 52
6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 46 = 0⁡⁡ ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
(ii) The volume of the cuboid
= (𝑥 + 1)⁡(𝑥 + 2)⁡(𝑥 + 3) = (2 + 1)(2 + 2)(2 + 3)
w.

= 60 cubic units
12. If 𝜶, 𝜷 and 𝜸 are the roots of the cubic equation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 form a cubic equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
whose roots are ⁡,⁡⁡⁡ 𝜷 ⁡,⁡⁡⁡ 𝜸
𝜶
1 1 1 1
Solution: 𝑖) Σ 𝛼 = ⁡ 𝛼 + ⁡ 𝛽 + ⁡ 𝛾
ww

𝛽𝛾+⁡𝛼𝛾+⁡𝛼𝛽 𝑐 3 −3
=⁡ = ⁡ −𝑑 = ⁡ −4 = ⁡ [𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2,⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = 3, 𝑑 = 4]
𝛼𝛽𝛾 4
11 1 1 1
𝑖𝑖) Σ =⁡ +⁡ +⁡
𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛾 𝛾𝛼
𝛾+⁡𝛼+⁡𝛽 −𝑏 −2 1
=⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑑 = ⁡ −4 = ⁡ 2
𝛼𝛽𝛾
1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝑖𝑖𝑖) Σ 𝛼 ⁡.⁡⁡ 𝛽 . = ⁡Σ 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = ⁡ −𝑑 = ⁡ −4 = ⁡
𝛾 4

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(iv) Hence a cubic equation is

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 3 − ⁡ (Σ 𝛼) 𝑥 2 + ⁡ (Σ 𝛼 . 𝛽) 𝑥 − Σ 𝛼 ⁡.⁡⁡ 𝛽 . 𝛾 = 0
−3 1 −1
𝑥 3 − ⁡ ( 4 ) 𝑥 2 + ⁡ (2) 𝑥 − ⁡ ( 4 ) = 0, (x) by 4
4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
13. If 𝜶, 𝜷 and 𝜸 are the roots of the polynomial equation 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 = 𝟎, find the value
𝜶
of 𝚺 𝜷𝜸 in terms of the coefficients.

et
Solution: 𝑖) 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
−𝑏 𝑐 −𝑑
Σα⁡ = ⁡ ,⁡⁡ Σαβ = ⁡ 𝑎⁡, Σ𝛼𝛽𝛾 = ⁡
𝑎 𝑎
𝛼 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛼2 +⁡𝛽 2 +⁡𝛾2
(ii) Σ 𝛽𝛾 = ⁡ 𝛽𝛾 + ⁡ 𝛾𝛼 + ⁡ 𝛼𝛽 = ⁡ 𝛼𝛽𝛾

i.N
𝑏 2⁄ −2(𝑐⁄ )
(Σ𝛼)2 −2Σ𝛼𝛽 𝑎2 𝑎
=⁡ = ⁡ (−𝑑 ⁄𝑎 )
𝛼𝛽𝛾
𝛼 2𝑎𝑐−⁡𝑏 2
Σ 𝛽𝛾 = ⁡ 𝑎𝑑

√𝟐
14. Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √ as a root.

la
√𝟑

√2
Solution: (i) Let 𝑥 = ⁡ √
√3
√2
sa Squaring on both sides, 𝑥 2 = ⁡
√3
2
(ii) Again squaring on both sides, 𝑥4 = ⁡ 3
⟹ ⁡⁡3𝑥 4 = 2
3𝑥 4 − 2 = 0
da
15. Show that the polynomial 𝟗𝒙𝟗 + 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − ⁡ 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 has atleast six imaginary roots.
Solution: (i) 𝑃(𝑥) = 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − ⁡ 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2
Degree n = 9, Sign changes m = 2
(ii) 𝑃(−𝑥) ⁡ = 9(−𝑥)9 + 2(−𝑥)5 − (−𝑥)4 − 7(−𝑥)2 + 2
= −9𝑥 9 − 2𝑥 5 − ⁡ 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 sign change
Pa

for 𝑃(−𝑥) is 𝑘⁡ = ⁡1
(iii) By Descartes Rule,
𝑛⁡–⁡(𝑚⁡ + ⁡𝑘) ⁡ = ⁡9 − (2⁡ + ⁡1) ⁡ = ⁡9⁡– ⁡3⁡ = ⁡6
Hence P(x) has at least six imaginary roots.
16. If P is real, discuss the nature of the roots of the equation 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒑𝒙 + 𝒑 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, in terms of
w.

p.
Solution: (i) 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 + 2 = 0
𝑎⁡ = ⁡4, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡4𝑝, 𝑐⁡ = ⁡𝑝⁡ + ⁡2
(ii) ∆⁡= ⁡ 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = ⁡ (4𝑝)2 − 4(4)(𝑝 + 2)
2

= 16(𝑝2 − 𝑝 − 2) ⁡ = 16(𝑝 + 1)(𝑝 − 2)

ww

(iii) ∆⁡< 0 if −1⁡ < ⁡𝑝⁡ < ⁡2 then it has imaginary roots.
∆⁡= 0 if 𝑝⁡ = ⁡ −1 (or) p =2 then it has equal real roots.
∆⁡> 0 if −∞ < 𝑝 < ⁡ −1 (or) 2 < 𝑝 < ⁡∞ then it has distinct real roots.
17. Obtain the condition that the roots of 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = 𝟎 are in A.P.
Solution: (i) 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 …………………… (1)
𝑎⁡ = ⁡1, ⁡𝑏⁡ = ⁡𝑝, 𝑐⁡ = ⁡𝑞, 𝑑⁡ = ⁡𝑟. Let the roots be in A.P.
Then, we can assume them in the form a-d, a, a +d.
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(ii) The sum of the roots = −𝑏⁄𝑎 = ⁡ −𝑝

(𝑎 − 𝑑) ⁡ + ⁡𝑎⁡ + ⁡ (𝑎⁡ + ⁡𝑑) ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑝
−𝑝
3𝑎⁡ = ⁡ −𝑝⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡𝑎 = ⁄3
(iii) Sub the value of a in (1)
−𝑝 3 −𝑝 2 −𝑝
(1) ⟹ ( 3 ) + 𝑝 ( 3 ) + 𝑞 ( 3 ) + 𝑟 = 0
−𝑝3 𝑝3 𝑝𝑞
+ −⁡ +𝑟 =0 (x) by 27
27 9 3

et
2𝑝3 − 9𝑝𝑞 + 27𝑟⁡ = 0
9𝑝𝑞 = ⁡2𝑝3 + 27𝑟
18. Prove that the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 are ±𝟐, ±𝒊
Solution: (i) 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0

i.N
(ii) Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦, (𝑥 2 )2 − 3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 4) = 0
𝑦⁡ = −1, 𝑦⁡ = ⁡4
(iii) If 𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −1 then If 𝑦⁡ = ⁡4⁡then

la
2
𝑥 = −1 𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = ±𝑖 𝑥 = ±2
Hence proved.

5 Mark Sums:
19.
sa
Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial equation
𝟗𝒙𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟖 + 𝟒𝒙𝟕 − 𝟑𝒙𝟔 + 𝟐𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution: (i) 𝑃(𝑥) ⁡ =⁡ 9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2
da
There is 4 sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥), ⁡𝑚⁡ = ⁡4
(ii) 𝑃(−𝑥) ⁡ = −9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2
There is 3 sign changes for P(-x)
(iii) 𝑃(𝑥) has maximum number of real roots is 4 and hence there are 3
Pa

negative roots.
20. If 𝟐 + 𝒊 and 𝟑 − ⁡ √𝟐 are roots of the equation
𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟓 + 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎. Find all roots
Solution: (i) Given roots are 2 + 𝑖⁡ and 3 − ⁡ √2
Another roots are 2 − 𝑖⁡ and 3 + ⁡ √2
w.

(ii) The Degree of the given equation is 6

It has 6 roots. Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be 2 roots.
−𝑏
(iii) The sum of the roots (𝛼 + ⁡⁡𝛽) = ⁡⁡ = 13
𝑎
(2 + 𝑖) ⁡ + ⁡ (2 − 𝑖) ⁡ + (3 + √2) + ⁡ (3 − √2) + ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽) = 13
ww

𝛼 + 𝛽⁡ = 3
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡⁡
(iv) The product of the roots (𝛼⁡𝛽) = ⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −140
𝑎
(2 + 𝑖)⁡(2 − 𝑖)⁡ (3 + √2)⁡(3 − √2)⁡(𝛼𝛽) = −140
(22 + ⁡ 12 )⁡(32 − √2⁡2 ) 𝛼𝛽⁡ = ⁡ −140
(5)⁡ (7) 𝛼𝛽⁡ = ⁡ −140⁡ ⟹ ⁡𝛼𝛽 = ⁡ −4

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(v) The Quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡⁡𝛽 is

𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼⁡ + ⁡𝛽)𝑥⁡ + ⁡𝛼𝛽⁡ = 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑎⁡ = 1, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −3,⁡ 𝑐⁡ = ⁡ −4
−𝑏⁡±⁡√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 3±⁡√(−3)2 −4(1)⁡(−4)
𝑥 =⁡ =⁡
2𝑎 2(1)
3±√25 3⁡±5 3+5 3−5
=⁡ =⁡ =⁡ ⁡,
2 2 2 2
8 −2
=⁡2, = 4, −1
2

et
Result: Thus 2⁡ + ⁡𝑖,⁡⁡⁡2 − ⁡𝑖,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡3 + ⁡ √2,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡3 − ⁡ √2,⁡⁡⁡⁡4 and −1 are the roots of the
given polynomial equation
21. Find all zeros of the polynomial 𝒙𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝟓, if it is known

i.N
that 𝟏 + ⁡𝟐𝒊 and √𝟑 are two of its zeros.
Solution: (i) Given roots are 1 + 2𝑖 and √3
Another roots are 1 − 2𝑖 and −√3
(ii) The Degree of the given equation is 6
It has 6 roots. Let 𝛼, 𝛽 be 2 roots.

la
−𝑏
(iii) The sum of the roots (𝛼 + 𝛽) = ⁡ =3 𝑎⁡ = 1,⁡⁡⁡𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −3
𝑎
(1 + 2𝑖) ⁡ + ⁡ (1⁡– ⁡2𝑖) ⁡ + ⁡ √3 − ⁡ √3 + ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽) = 3 Constant = 135
2 + ⁡ (𝛼 + 𝛽) ⁡ = 3⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1
sa (iv) The product of the roots (𝛼𝛽) = ⁡
(1 + 2𝑖)⁡(1 − 2𝑖)⁡ (√3)⁡(−√3)⁡(𝛼𝛽) = 135
(5) ⁡(−3) 𝛼𝛽⁡ = ⁡135⁡ ⟹ ⁡𝛼𝛽 = ⁡ −9
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑎
= 135

(v) The Quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼⁡⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡⁡𝛽 is

𝑥 2 − ⁡ (𝛼⁡ + ⁡𝛽)𝑥⁡ + ⁡𝛼𝛽⁡ = 0
da
𝑥 2 − (1)𝑥 + (−9) = 0 𝑎⁡ = 1, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −1,⁡ 𝑐⁡ = ⁡ −9
−𝑏⁡±⁡√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 (−1)±⁡√(−1)2 −4(1)⁡(−9)
𝑥 =⁡ =⁡
2𝑎 2⁡×1
1⁡±⁡√37
=⁡ 2
Pa

1+⁡√37 1−⁡√37
Result: Thus 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖, √3, −√3⁡,⁡ , are the zeros of the
2 2
given polynomial equation.
𝟏
22. Solve the equation: 𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 if it is know that is a solution.
𝟑
4 3 2
Solution: (i) 𝑃(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 38𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6 𝑎⁡ = 6, ⁡𝑏⁡ = −⁡5
1
w.

(ii) The another solution of is 3. It is a Reciprocal equation.

3
1
Let 𝑥 and 𝑥 are the two solutions.
−𝑏 5
(iii) The sum of the roots = ⁡ =⁡ 6
𝑎
1 1 5
3 +⁡3 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = ⁡ 6
ww

10 1 5
+ 𝑥 +⁡𝑥 = ⁡ 6
3
1 5 10 5−20 −15 −5
𝑥 +⁡ = ⁡ −⁡ =⁡ =⁡ =⁡
𝑥 6 3 6 6 2
1 −5 1
𝑥 +⁡𝑥 =⁡ = −2 − ⁡ 2
2
1
𝑥 = −2,⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = ⁡ − 2
Result: Thus 1⁄ ,⁡⁡⁡3, −2, − 1⁄ are the solutions of the given equation.
3 2
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23. Solve the equation: 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎

Solution: (i) 2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0
(ii) The sum of the coefficients of the odd powers
= ⁡2 − 9⁡ = ⁡ −7 ………………. (1)
The sum of the coefficients of the even powers
= ⁡11 − 18⁡ = ⁡ −7 …………………(2)

et
(1) ⁡ = ⁡ (2)
(iii) 𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −1 is a root of the equation
-1 2 11 -9 -18

i.N
0 -2 -9 +18
2 9 -18 0
2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 18 = 0 as the Quotient.
(iv) Factorize: (𝑥⁡ + 6)⁡(𝑥 − ⁡ 3⁄2) = 0

la
3
𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −6, 𝑥⁡ = ⁡ 2
Result: Thus −6, −1, 3⁄2 are the roots (or) solutions of the given equation.
24.
sa
Solve the equation 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
Solution: (i) 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0, ⟹ (𝑥 2 )2 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0
(ii) Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦, then 𝑦 2 − 9𝑦 + 20 = 0
da
Factorize, (𝑦⁡ − 5)⁡(𝑦⁡ − 4) ⁡ = ⁡0
⟹ 𝑦 = 5,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 4
(iii) If 𝑦⁡ = ⁡5 then 𝑥 2 = 5⁡ ⟹ 𝑥 = ⁡ ±√5
⁡𝑦⁡ = ⁡4 then 𝑥 2 = 4 ⟹ 𝑥 = ⁡ ±2
Pa

Result: Thus ⁡√5, −√5,⁡⁡⁡2, −2 are the solutions of the given equation.
25. Solve the equation 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎
Solution: (i) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 35 = 0
(ii) The sum of the coefficients of the polynomial
w.

= 1⁡– ⁡3⁡– ⁡33⁡ + ⁡35⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡36⁡– ⁡36⁡ = ⁡0

𝑥⁡ = ⁡1 is a root of the given equation.
(iii) 1 1 -3 -33 35
ww

0 1 -2 -35
1 -2 -35 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 35 = 0 as the Quotient.
(iv) Factorize: (𝑥 − ⁡7)⁡(𝑥⁡ + ⁡5) ⁡⁡ = ⁡0
⟹ 𝑥 = 7,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = −5
Result: Thus 1, 7, −5 are the solutions of the given equation.

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26. Solve the cubic equation: 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟑, if 1 is a roots, find the other roots
(Modified)
Solution: (i) 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 0
(ii) The sum of the coefficients of the polynomial
2⁡– ⁡9⁡ + 10⁡ − 3⁡ = ⁡12⁡– ⁡12⁡ = ⁡0
⟹ 𝑥⁡ = ⁡⁡1 is a root of the given equation.
(iii) -1 2 -9 10 -3

et
0 2 -7 3
2 -7 3 0
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 as the Quotient.

i.N
1
(iv) Factorize: (𝑥 − ⁡ 2)⁡(𝑥 − 3) = 0
1
⟹ 𝑥 = ⁡ 2 ⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 3
Result: Thus, 1, 1⁄2 ⁡⁡⁡, 3 are the roots of the cubic equation.
27. Solve the equation: (𝑥 − 2)⁡(𝑥⁡– ⁡7)⁡(𝑥⁡ − 3)⁡(𝑥⁡ + ⁡2) ⁡ + ⁡19⁡ = ⁡0
we can rewriting the given equation as the coefficients of 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 are

la
Solution: (i)
equal.
[(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)]⁡[(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 2)] + 19 = 0
sa (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)⁡(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14) + 19 = 0
(ii) Let 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 𝑦
(𝑦⁡ + ⁡6)(𝑦⁡– ⁡14) + ⁡19⁡ = ⁡0
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 65 = 0
da
(iii) Factorize: (𝑦⁡– ⁡13)(𝑦⁡ + ⁡5) = 0
𝑦⁡ = ⁡13 and 𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −5
(iv) If 𝑦⁡ = ⁡13 then If 𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −5 then
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 13 2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 = −5
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 13 = 0 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
Pa

𝑎⁡ = 1, 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ −5,⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = −13 𝑎 = 1,⁡⁡⁡𝑏⁡ = −5,⁡⁡⁡𝑐 = 5

−𝑏⁡±⁡√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 5⁡±⁡√25−20
𝑥 =⁡ 𝑥 =⁡
2𝑎 2
5⁡±⁡√(−5)2 −4(1)(−13) 5⁡±⁡√5
= ⁡⁡ =⁡
2⁡×1 2
5⁡±⁡√77
=⁡
w.

2
5⁡±⁡√77 5⁡±⁡√5
Result: Thus , ⁡ are solutions of the given equation.
2 2

28. Solve the equation: (𝟐𝒙⁡ − 𝟑)⁡(𝟔𝒙⁡ − 𝟏)⁡(𝟑𝒙⁡– ⁡𝟐)⁡(𝒙⁡ − 𝟐)⁡– ⁡𝟓⁡ = ⁡𝟎
ww

Solutions: (i) We can rewriting the given equation as the coefficients

of 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 are equal.
[(2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 − 2)]⁡[(6𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)] − 5 = 0
(6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 6)⁡(6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 2) − 5 = 0
(ii) Let 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = 𝑦
(𝑦 + 6)(𝑦 + 2) − 5⁡ = ⁡0
𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 7 = 0

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(iii) Factorize: (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 + 7) = 0

𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −1,⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −7
(iv) If 𝑦⁡ = −1⁡then If 𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −7 then
2
6𝑥 − 13𝑥 = ⁡ −1 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = −7
6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + ⁡1 = 0 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 7⁡ = 0
𝑎 = ⁡6,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏⁡ = −13,⁡⁡⁡𝑐⁡ = ⁡1 Factorize
−𝑏⁡±⁡√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 =⁡ (𝑥 − 1)⁡(𝑥 − 7⁄6) = 0
2𝑎

et
13⁡±⁡√(−13)2 −4(6)(1)
=⁡ 𝑥 = 1,⁡⁡⁡⁡
2⁡×6
13⁡±⁡√145
𝑥 =⁡ 𝑥 = ⁡ 7⁄6
12

i.N
13+⁡√145 13−⁡√145
Result: Thus 1, 7⁄6 ⁡, , are the solutions of the given equation.
12 12
TRY THIS SUMS:
1. Solve: (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504
2. Solve: (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16
3. Solve: (2𝑥⁡ − 1)⁡(𝑥⁡ + ⁡3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0

la
10. Ordinary Differential Equation
2 Marks: sa
1. The order and Degree of the Differential equation 𝒚′ + ⁡ (𝒚′′ )𝟐 = 𝒙⁡(𝒙 + 𝒚′′)𝟐
Ans:
Order -2, Degree – 2
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
2. The order and Degree of the Differential equation (𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) + ⁡ (𝒅𝒙) = 𝒙⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒅𝒙𝟐 )
da
Ans:
Order – 2, Degree is not Defined.
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−⁡𝒚𝟐
3. Show that the solution of = ⁡ √𝟏−⁡𝒙𝟐 is 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 = ⁡ 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄 (OR)
𝒅𝒙
Pa

𝒅𝒚 𝟏−⁡𝒚𝟐
Solve: = ⁡ √𝟏−⁡𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Ans:
𝑑𝑦 √1−⁡𝑦 2
=⁡ √1−⁡𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ⁡ √1−⁡𝑥 2
w.

√1−⁡𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ √1−⁡𝑦 2 = ⁡ ∫ √1−⁡𝑥2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4. 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆−𝒙 is a solution of the differential equation 𝒚′′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎
ww

Ans:
𝑦 = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 …………………… (1)
′′ 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = ⁡𝑎𝑒 − 𝑏𝑒 ⁡(−1)
𝑦 ′′ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0
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5. Form the differential equation of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 where a, b and c are arbitrary
constant.
Ans:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ………………….. (1)
𝑥 2 − ⁡ 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = ⁡0
6. The Population P of a city increase at a rate proportional to the product of population and to the
difference between 5,00,000 and the population physical statements in the form of differential

et
equation.
Ans:
𝑑𝑃
⁡𝛼⁡𝑃(500000 − ⁡𝑃)
𝑑𝑡

i.N
𝑑𝑃
= 𝐾𝑃⁡(500000 − 𝑃)
𝑑𝑡
where 𝐾 is constant
7. Find the differential equation of the family of parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 where a is an arbitrary
constant.
Ans:

la
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ………………… (1)
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎 …………………. (2)
sa 𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
2𝑦⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
=⁡ =⁡
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
/ = ⁡ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Show that the solution of the differential equation 𝒚𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + ⁡ 𝒆−𝒙 ⁡𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is
da
8.
(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ⁡ + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔)⁡𝒆𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 = 𝒄
Ans:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ⁡ =0
𝑦

(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 ⁡ + 6𝑥 − 6)⁡𝑒 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = 𝑐
Pa

𝒅𝒚
9. Solve: + 𝒚 = ⁡ 𝒆−𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Ans:
𝐼. 𝐹⁡ = ⁡ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥
w.

Solution 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ = ⁡⁡𝑥 + 𝑐
10. Show that the differential equation for the function 𝒚 = ⁡ 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑴𝒙 + 𝒏 where M and n are
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
arbitrary constants 𝒆𝒙 (𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟏 = 𝟎
Ans:
ww

𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑀𝑥 + 𝑛
𝑑𝑦
= ⁡ −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑀
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=⁡ 𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡⁡ ⟹⁡ 𝑑𝑥 2 =⁡ 1⁄𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 ⁡(𝑑𝑥 2 ) − 1 = 0

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11. Show that the differential equation corresponding to 𝒚 = 𝑨⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙,⁡ where A is an arbitrary
constant is 𝒚 = 𝒚′ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
Ans:
𝑦 = 𝐴⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝐴⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦′
=𝐴
cos 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ tan 𝑥

et
3 Marks:

i.N
12. Show that each of the following expression is a solution of the corresponding given Differential
equation 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆−𝒙 ; 𝒚′′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans:
𝑦 = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 (−1) …………………… (1)

la
𝑦 ′ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡(−1)
𝑦 ′′ = ⁡𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
sa 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0
13. Solve : (𝒆𝒚 ⁡ + 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙⁡𝒅𝒙 + ⁡ 𝒆𝒚 ⁡𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙⁡𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans:
da
(𝑒 𝑦 ⁡ + 1) cos 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −𝑒 𝑦 ⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥⁡𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑥 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ − 𝑒 𝑦 ⁡+1 𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑒𝑦
∫ sin 𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 ⁡ = ⁡ −⁡ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 ⁡+1 𝑑𝑦⁡
Pa

log sinx = ⁡ − log(𝑒 𝑦 ⁡ + 1) + log 𝑐

(𝑒 𝑦 ⁡ + 1) sin 𝑥 = 𝑐
14. Form the differential equations by eliminating arbitrary constants given in bracket
𝒚 = ⁡𝒆𝟑𝒙 ⁡(𝑪⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙⁡ + 𝑫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙), {C, D}
w.

Ans:
𝑦 = ⁡𝑒 3𝑥 ⁡(𝐶⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥⁡ + 𝐷 sin 2𝑥)
𝑦⁡𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝐶⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥⁡ + 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡2𝑥
Difference W. r to x
ww

𝑦⁡𝑒 −3𝑥 (−3) + ⁡ ⁡𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 ′ = −2⁡𝐶⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 2𝐷⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

⁡𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡[−3𝑦 + 𝑦′] = ⁡ −2𝐶⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥⁡ + 2𝐷⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Difference r to x
⁡𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡[𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ ] + [𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦]𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡(−3) = ⁡ −4⁡𝐶 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐷⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0

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15. Assume that a spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. Form a
differential equation involving the rate of change of the radius of the rain drop.
Ans:
𝑉 = ⁡ 4⁄3 ⁡𝜋𝑟 3 - Volume of sphere
2
𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 - surface Area
𝑑𝑉
= −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(4⁄3⁡𝜋𝑟 3 )
∫ ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑘⁡(4⁡𝜋𝑟 2 )

et
𝑑𝑡
4⁄ ⁡𝜋⁡3𝑟 2 ⁡ 𝑑𝑣 ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑘(4⁡𝜋𝑟 2 )
3 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= −𝑘
𝑑𝑡

i.N
16. Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves represented by the equation
𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆𝟖𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆−𝟖𝒙 where A and B are arbitrary constants
Ans:
𝑦 = ⁡𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = ⁡8𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 − 8𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥

la
𝑦 ′′ = ⁡8𝐴(8)𝑒 8𝑥 − 8𝐵⁡(−8)𝑒 −8𝑥
𝑦′′ = ⁡64𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 + 64𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥
sa 𝑦′′ = ⁡64(𝑦)
𝑦 ′′ − 64𝑦 = 0

5 Marks:
da
𝒅𝒚
17. Show that the solution of the Differential equation (𝟏 + ⁡ 𝒙𝟐 ) ⁡ = 𝟏 + ⁡ 𝒚𝟐 is
𝒅𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 = ⁡ 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄 (or) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 = ⁡ 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄
Ans:
𝑑𝑦
(1 + ⁡ 𝑥 2 ) ⁡ = 1 + ⁡ 𝑦2
Pa

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ⁡ 1+⁡𝑥 2
1+⁡𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 1+⁡𝑦 2 ⁡ = ⁡ ∫ 1+⁡𝑥 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
w.

𝒅𝒚
18. Solve: = ⁡ 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 + ⁡ 𝒙𝟑 𝒆𝒚
𝒅𝒙
Ans:
𝑑𝑦
= ⁡ 𝑒 𝑦 [𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝑥 3 ]
𝑑𝑥
ww

𝑑𝑦
= ⁡ [𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝑥 3 ]𝑑𝑥
⁡𝑒 𝑦

∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦⁡ = ⁡ ∫(𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥

𝑥4
−𝑒 −𝑦 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ +𝑐
4
𝑥4
𝑒 𝑥 + ⁡ 𝑒 −𝑦 + ⁡ ⁡ = 𝑐⁡
4

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𝒅𝒚 𝒚
19. Solve the Differential equation: + ⁡ 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Ans:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+ ⁡ 𝑥 = ⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥⁡ = ⁡⁡ ∫ 1⁄𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = ⁡ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥
Solution: 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

et
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡ = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
20. If F is the constant force Generated by the motor of an automobile of mass M its velocity V is
𝒅𝑽

i.N
given by 𝑴 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑭 − 𝑲𝑽 where K is a constant, Express V interms of t given that v = 0
when t = 0
Ans:
𝑑𝑉
𝑀 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 − 𝐾𝑉

la
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡
⁡ = ⁡⁡ 𝑀
𝐹−𝐾𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝐹−𝐾𝑉 ⁡ = ⁡ ∫ 𝑀
sa log(𝐹−𝐾𝑉)
−𝐾
= ⁡ 1⁄𝑀 ⁡𝑡 + log 𝑐

log(𝐹 − 𝐾𝑉) = ⁡ − 𝑀 ⁡ + log 𝑐

𝐾𝑡

𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑉 = 0
da
−𝑀
𝑐 =⁡ log 𝐹
𝐾
𝑘𝑡
𝐹 = (𝐹 − 𝐾𝑉)𝑒 𝑚
21. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is proportional to the
Pa

number present. Given that the number triples in 5 hours, find how man bacteria will be present
after 10 hours?
Ans:
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 𝐴
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = ⁡ 𝐴0 0 𝐴0
w.

𝐴0 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾(0) 5 3𝐴0
10 ?
𝐶 = ⁡ 𝐴0 ⁡ ⟹ 𝐴⁡ = ⁡ 𝐴0 𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 = 5,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = 3𝐴0
ww

3𝐴0 ⁡ = ⁡⁡ 𝐴0
𝑒 5𝑘 ⁡ = 3
𝑡 = 10,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 =⁡⁡⁡?⁡⁡⟹ ⁡⁡𝐴 = ⁡⁡ 𝐴0 (𝑒 5𝐾 )
𝐴 = 9𝐴0

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22. Find the population of a city at any time t given that the rate of increase of population is
proportional to the population at that instant and that in 𝒂 period of 40 years the population
increased from 3,00,000 to 4,00,000
Ans:
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = ⁡3,00,000
𝑡 𝐴
𝐾(0)
3,00,000 = 𝐶𝑒
0 3,00,000

et
𝐶 = ⁡3,00,000
40 4,00,000
𝐾𝑡
𝐴 = 3,00,000⁡𝑒
𝑡 = 40,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = 4,00,000

i.N
4
𝑒 40𝑘 ⁡ = 3
1
4 4
(𝑒 𝐾 )40 = ⁡ ⁡ ⟹ ⁡ 𝑒 𝐾 = ⁡ ( )40
3 3

𝑘 = ⁡ 1⁄40 𝑙𝑜𝑔(4⁄3)

la
𝑡
4 40
⟹𝐴= 3,00,000⁡ (3)

23. sa
Suppose a person deposits Rs.10,000 in a bank account at the rate of 5% per annum compounded
continuously. How much money will be in his bank account 18 months later?
Ans:
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
5
𝐾 = 5% = ⁡ 100 = 0.05
da
𝑡 𝐴
0.05𝑡
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 0 10000
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = ⁡10000 1.5 ?
10000 = 10000⁡𝑒 0.05𝑡
𝑡 = 1.5,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 =?
Pa

𝐴⁡ = ⁡⁡10000⁡𝑒 0.05(1.5)
𝐴 = 10000⁡𝑒 0.075
24. Assume that the rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such
nucleic that are present in each sample. In a certain sample 10% of the original number of
radioactive nuclei have undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. What percentage of
w.

the original radioactive nuclei will remain after 1000 years?

Ans:
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 𝐴
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = ⁡100 0 100
ww

100 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾(0) 100 9/100

𝐶 = ⁡100 1000 ?

𝐴 = 100⁡𝑒 𝐾𝑡
9
𝑡 = 100,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑒 100𝐾 = ⁡ 10
910
𝑡 = 1000, 𝐴 = ⁡ 108 ⁡%

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25. A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200mg which two years later is 150mg. Find the
expression for the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half – life? (half – life means the
time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value)
Ans:
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 𝐴
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = ⁡200
0 200
200 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾(0) ⁡ ⟹ ⁡𝐶 = ⁡200
2 150
𝐴 = 200⁡𝑒 𝐾𝑡

et
? 100
𝑡 = 2,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴 = 150
150 = 200𝑒 2𝐾
𝐾 = ⁡ −1⁄2 log(4⁄3)

i.N
𝐴 = 100⁡, 𝑡 =⁡?
𝑡 4⁄ )
𝐴 = 200⁡𝑒 − ⁄2 ⁡log( 3 ⁡
2 log(1⁄2)
𝑡 =⁡ 4
𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
3

la
26. Water at temperature 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒐 𝑪 cools in 10 minutes to 𝟖𝟎𝒐 𝑪 in a room temperature of 𝟐𝟓𝒐 𝑪.
Find (i) The temperature of water after 20 minutes
(ii) The time when the temperature is 𝟒𝟎𝒐 𝑪
Ans: sa 𝑇 − 𝑆 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑇 − 25 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡 𝑡 𝑇
𝑜
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇 = ⁡ 100 𝐶 0 1000 𝐶
100 − 25 = 𝐶⁡𝑒 𝐾(0) 10 800 𝐶
da
𝐶⁡ = ⁡75 20 ?
𝑇 − 25 = 75⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡 ? 40
𝑡 = 10,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇 = ⁡⁡ 80𝑜 𝐶
55⁡ = ⁡⁡75⁡𝑒 −10𝐾
Pa

15
𝐾 = ⁡ −1⁄10 ⁡𝑙𝑜𝑔 (11)

𝑡 = 20,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇⁡ =⁡?
𝑇 − 25 = ⁡75⁡𝑒 20𝐾
w.

𝑇 − 25 = ⁡75⁡(𝑒 −10𝐾 )2
11 2
𝑇 − 25 = ⁡75 (15)

𝑇 = 65.330 𝐶
ww

𝑡 = 40,⁡⁡⁡40 − 25⁡ = ⁡⁡75𝑒 −𝐾𝑡

𝑒 −𝐾𝑡 ⁡ = ⁡⁡ 15⁄75 = ⁡ 1⁄5
𝐾𝑡 = log 5
1.6095
𝑡 = ⁡ 0.03101 = 53.46 minus

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27. A pot of boiling water at 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒐 𝑪 is removed from a stove at time t = 0 and left the cool in the
kitchen after 5 minutes the water temperature has decreased to 𝟖𝟎𝒐 𝑪 and another 5 minutes
later it has dropped to 𝟔𝟓𝒐 𝑪. Determine the temperature of the kitchen?
Ans:
𝑑𝑇
⁡ = 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑆)
𝑑𝑇
𝑇 = 𝑆 + 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡𝑇 = ⁡⁡ 1000 𝑡 𝑇

et
𝑇 − 𝑆 = ⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡 0 1000 𝐶
100 − 𝑆 = ⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾(0) 5 800 𝐶
100 − 𝑆 = 𝐶 10 650 𝐶
𝑇 − 𝑆 = (100 − 𝑆)𝑒 𝐾𝑡

i.N
𝑡 = 5,⁡⁡⁡𝑇 = ⁡ 800 ⁡
80 − 𝑆 = (100 − 𝑆)⁡𝑒 5𝐾
80−𝑆
𝑒 5𝐾 = ⁡ 100−𝑆
Temperature of the Kitchen S = 200

la
28. In Murder investigation, a corpse was found by detective at exactly 8 P.M. Being alert, the
detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 𝟕𝟎𝟎 ⁡𝑭 . Two hours later the
detective measured the body temperature again and found it to be 𝟔𝟎𝟎 ⁡𝑭 . If the room
temperature is 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ⁡𝑭 assuming that the body temperature of the person before death was 98.6F
sa
at what time did the murder occur?
Ans:
𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡(𝟐.𝟒𝟑)
[ = ⁡𝟏. 𝟐𝟖]
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑆)
da
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑇
𝑇 − 𝑆 = ⁡⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
0 700 𝐶 8⁡𝑃𝑀
𝑇 − 50 =⁡= ⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
2 600 𝐶 10⁡𝑃𝑀
𝑡 = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇 = 70
? 98.6
70 − 50⁡ =⁡⁡= ⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾(0)
Pa

𝐶 = 20
𝑇 − 50⁡ = 20⁡𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑡 = 2,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇 = 60
60 − 50⁡ = ⁡⁡20𝑒 2𝐾
𝑒 2𝐾 ⁡ = ⁡ 1⁄2
w.

𝐾 = ⁡ 1⁄2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1⁄2)
𝑇 = 98.6,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 =⁡?
1 𝑡
98.6 − 50⁡ = ⁡⁡20⁡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2) ⁄2
ww

𝑡⁄ log(1⁄ ) = log (48.6)

2 2 20
48.6
log( )
20
𝑡=2 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
2

𝑡 = 2.56⁡⁡⁡⁡(𝑜𝑟) ⁡⁡ − 2.30⁡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Time of death is 5.30 P.M. (8.00 – 2.30 PM)
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29. A tank initially contains 50 liters of pure water starting at time t = 0 a brine containing with 2
grams of dissolved salt per liters flows into the tank at the rate of 3 liters per minute. The mixture
is kept uniform by stirring and the well – stirred mixture simultaneously flows out of the tank at
the same rate. Find the amount of salt present in the tank at any time t > 0
Ans:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐼𝑁 - 𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 3
= 6 − ⁡ 50 𝑥
𝑑𝑡

et
−3𝑡
𝑥 = 100 + 𝐶𝑒 100
𝑡⁡ = 0,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐶⁡ = ⁡ −100
Amount of salt at time 𝑡

i.N
−3𝑡
𝑥 = 100 − 100 𝑒 50

Type: 1 Increase (or) Decrease in the Amount quantity t is the Amount of quantity A
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
⁡ ∝ 𝐴⁡ ⟹ ⁡ 𝑑𝑡 ⁡ = 𝐾𝐴⁡ ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Increase if K > 0

la
Decrease if K < 0
Type: 2 Newton’s law of cooling / warming
𝑑𝑇
sa ⁡𝛼⁡𝑇 − 𝑆 S – Room Temperature
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
⟹ ⁡ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑆)
⟹ 𝑇 = 𝑆 + ⁡𝐶𝑒 𝐾𝑡
Type: 3 Mixture Problems
𝑑𝑥
Letting x to denote the amount of S present at time t and the derivative to denote the rate of
da
𝑑𝑡
change of x w.r. to. x
If IN Denotes the rate at which S enters the mixture and OUT denote the rate at which it leaves,
𝑑𝑥
then we have the equation = IN – OUT
𝑑𝑡
S.No. PROBLEMS ANSWERS
Pa

1 Number of Bacteria 9 times the original number of bacteria

𝐴⁡– ⁡9𝐴0
2 The Population of a city 𝑡⁄
4 40
𝐴⁡ = 3,00,000 (3)
w.

3 Electromotice force for an Electric circuit 𝐸 𝑅𝑡

𝐼 =⁡ + 𝐶𝑒 − 𝐿
𝑅
4 Engine of a Motor boat moving at 10m/s is shut off 𝑉 = 10𝑒 −2
5 At the rate of 5% per annum compounded continuously 𝐴 = 10000⁡𝑒 0.075
ww

6 The rate at which ratioactive nuclei Decay 910

% of ratioactive nuclei will remain
108

after 1000 years

7 The growth of a population log 3
𝑡 = 50⁡ ( )
log 2

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8 A radioactive isotope 1 4
𝐾 = ⁡ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
2 3
9 Room Temperature of 25𝑜 𝐶 𝑡 = 53.46⁡𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
10 At 10.00 AM a woman took a cup of hot instant coo coffee 𝑇 = ⁡151.4⁡𝐹

11 A pot of boiling water at 100𝑜 𝐶 Room Temperature S = 20𝑜 𝐶

et
12 In a Murder investigation corpse The person was Murdered = 5.30 PM
13 A tank initially contains 50 litres of pure water 𝐴 = 100 − 100⁡𝑒 −3𝑡/50
14 A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 gram of 𝐴⁡ = 5000 − 4900⁡𝑒 −0.01𝑡

i.N
salt

Chapter 8. Differentials and Partial derivative

2 and 3 Marks:

la
1. Use linear approximation to find an approximate value of √𝟗. 𝟐⁡ without using a calculator.
Solutions:
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ √𝑥 Given: x = 9.2, 𝑥0 = 9
sa 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⁡ 2
1
√𝑥
𝐿⁡(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
√9.2 = 3 +
0.2
6
= 3.033

𝟑
2. Let 𝒇(𝒙) = ⁡ √𝒙. Find the linear approximation at x = 27. Use the linear approximation to
da
𝟑
approximate √𝟐𝟕. 𝟐
Solution:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ √𝑥 Given: 𝑥 = 27.2, 𝑥0 = 27
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⁡ 3 2 𝐿(𝑥) = ⁡𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
3( √𝑥)
Pa

3 0.2
√27.2 = 3 + 27 = 3.0074

𝟐⁄
3. Use the linear approximation to find approximate value of (𝟏𝟐𝟑) 𝟑

Ans:
2⁄
w.

𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑥 3 Given: 𝑥 = 123⁡, 𝑥0 = 125⁡

2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⁡ 3 𝐿(𝑥) = ⁡𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
3 √𝑥
2⁄ 2
(123) 3 = 25 + 15 (−2) = 24.73
ww

𝟒
4. Use the linear approximation to find approximate value of √𝟏𝟓
Solution:
4
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ √𝑥 Given: 𝑥 = 15, ⁡⁡⁡𝑥0 = 16⁡
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⁡ 4 3 𝐿(𝑥) = ⁡𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
4( √𝑥)
4 1
√15 = 2 + 32 (−1) = 1.9688

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𝟑
5. Use the linear approximation to find approximate value of √𝟐𝟔
Solution:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ √𝑥 Given: 𝑥 = 26, 𝑥0 = 27
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⁡ 3 2 𝐿(𝑥) = ⁡𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
3( √𝑥)
3 1
√26 = 3 + 27 (−1) = 2.963
6. Assuming 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟑 , find an approximate value of 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑

et
Solution:
(𝑥) = log10 𝑥⁡ Given: 𝑥 = 1003, 𝑥0 = 1000⁡
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑥 log10 𝑒 𝐿(𝑥) = ⁡𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
3

i.N
log10 1003 = 3 + 1000 × 0.4343 = 3.0013
7. The time T, taken for a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum with length 𝒍, is given by the
𝒍
equation 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√𝒈 , where g is a constant. Find the approximate percentage error in the
calculated value of T corresponding to an error of 2 percent in the value of 𝒍.

la
Solution:
2𝜋 1
log 𝑇 = ⁡ log ( 𝑔) + ⁡ 2 log 𝑙
√
𝑑𝑇 1 𝑑𝑙
× 100 = 2 ⁡( 𝑙 × 100)
sa𝑇
Percentage error in T =
1
= 2 × 2% = 1%
1
2
× 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒⁡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟⁡𝑖𝑛⁡𝑙

𝟏
8. Show that the percentage error in the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 root of a number in approximately times the
𝒏
da
percentage error in the number.
Solution:
1⁄
𝑦=𝑥 𝑛
1
log 𝑦 = 𝑛 ⁡log 𝑥
Pa

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
× 100 = 𝑛 ⁡( 𝑥 × 100)
𝑦
1
Percentage error in y = × Percentage error in x
𝑛
9. Let 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙. Calculate the differential dg.
Solution:
w.

𝑔(𝑥) = x 2 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑔 = ⁡ 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑔 = ⁡ (2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
10. Find df for⁡𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 and evaluate it for (i) 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝒏𝒅⁡⁡𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏
ww

(ii) 𝒙 = 𝟑⁡𝒂𝒏𝒅⁡⁡𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = x 2 + 3𝑥 (i) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 = 7 × 0.1 = 0.7
= (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 (ii) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 0.02
𝑑𝑓 = 9 × 0.02 = 0.18

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11. If the radius of a sphere, with radius 10cm, has to decrease by 0.1cm, approximately how much
will its volume decrease?
Solution:
4
𝑣 = ⁡ 3 𝜋𝑟 3
Given: 𝑑𝑟 = −0.1, 𝑟 = 10
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋(100)(−0.1) = −40𝜋𝑐𝑚2
𝝏𝑼 𝝏𝑼 𝝏𝑼
12. If ∪ (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = ⁡ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 ), find + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒙

et
Solution:
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 3𝑥 2 3𝑦 2 3𝑧 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 + 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 + 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3
𝜕𝑥
3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )

i.N
= 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3

5 Marks:
𝒙
13. If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒚) , find 𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 and show that 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = ⁡ 𝒇𝒚𝒙
Solution:

la
𝑦 −𝑥
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2⁡ 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥 2 −𝑦2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)2 -(1) 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)2 -(2);

14.
sa/ 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑓𝑦𝑥
If 𝒖 = ⁡ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [
𝒙+𝒚
√𝒙+√𝒚
] , show that 𝒙
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙
+𝒚
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚
𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖
𝟐
Solution:
𝑥+𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = = sin 𝑢
da
√𝑥+√𝑦
1
f is homogeneous with degree 𝑛 = 2

By Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓
Pa

𝜕(sin 𝑢) 𝜕(sin 𝑢) 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑢 𝜕𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢
w.

𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟑
15. If 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) = , prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒖
√𝒙+𝒚
Solution:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
ww

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) =
√𝑥+𝑦
3
u is homogeneous with degree 𝑛 = 2
By Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢

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𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
16. If 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡( ) , prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒙+𝒚
Solution:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = = 𝑒𝑣
𝑥+𝑦

f is homogeneous with degree n = 1

By Euler’s theorem,

et
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓
𝜕(𝑒 𝑣 ) 𝜕(𝑒 𝑣 )
𝑥 +𝑦 = 1. 𝑒 𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

i.N
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥𝑒 𝑣 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1

17. Prove that 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 is homogeneous what is the degree? verify Euler’s

la
theorem for f
Solution:
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆3 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
sa
f is homogeneous with degree n = 3

By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 3𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓

𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
da
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= −2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 3𝑓
Pa

Hence verified.
𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 +𝟕𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒛𝟒 −𝟕𝟓𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟒 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
18. If 𝒘(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡( ), find 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

Solution:
5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 +7𝑦2 𝑥𝑧 4 −75𝑦 3 𝑧 4
𝑓= = ⁡ 𝑒𝑤
w.

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

f is homogenous with degree n=5

By Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑛𝑓
ww

𝜕(𝑒 𝑤 ) 𝜕(𝑒 𝑤 ) 𝜕(𝑒 𝑤 )

𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 5𝑒 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑥𝑒 𝑤 ⁡ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑤 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 = 5𝑒 𝑤
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 5

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𝒚
19. Prove that 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙) is homogeneous, what is the degree? Verify Euler’s theorem
for 𝒈
Solution:
𝑔(𝜆𝑥⁡,⁡⁡⁡𝜆𝑦) ⁡ = ⁡ 𝜆1 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑔 is homogeneous with degree n = 1
By Euler’s theorem,

et
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ⁡ = ⁡⁡𝑔
𝜕𝑔 𝑦
= log (𝑥 ) − 1
𝜕𝑥

i.N
𝜕𝑔 𝑥
=⁡𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ⁡ = ⁡⁡𝑔

Hence verified.

la
3 Marks:
20. Assume that the cross section of the artery of human is circular. A drug is given to a patient to
sa
dilate his arteries. If the radius of an artery is increased from 2mm to 2.1mm, how much is cross
– sectional area increased approximately?
Solution:
𝑟 = 2, 𝑑𝑟 = 2.1 − 2 = 0.1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
da
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟⁡𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋(2)(0.1)
= 0.4𝜋⁡⁡⁡𝑚𝑚2
21. An egg of a particular bird is very nearly spherical. If the radius to the inside of the shell is
5mm and radius to the outside of the shell is 5.3 m.m, find the volume of the shell approximately
Pa

Solution:
𝑟 = 5, 𝑑𝑟 = 5.3 − 5 = 0.3
4
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑉 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋(5)2 (0.3) = 30𝜋 𝑚𝑚3
A circular plate expands uniformly under the influence of heat. If it’s radius increases from
w.

22.
10.5cm to 10.75cm, then find an approximate change in the area and the approximate percentage
change in the area.
Solution:
𝑟 = 10.5, 𝑑𝑟 = 10.75 − 10.5 = 0.25
ww

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟⁡𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋(10.5)(0.25) = 5.25𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝐴
Approximate percentage change = ⁡ ⁡ × 100%
𝐴
= 4.76%

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Chapter – 7
Applications of Differential calculus
5 Marks:
1. Example: 7.5
A particle is fired straight up from the ground to reach a height of s feet in t seconds,
where s(t) = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝒕 − 𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐
(i) Compute the maximum height of the particle reached

et
(ii) What is the velocity when the particle hits the ground
Solution:
i. At maximum height 𝑣(𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑠
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 = 128 − 32𝑡

i.N
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑣(𝑡) = 0
128 − 32𝑡 = 0 ⟹⁡⁡⁡t = 4
The height t = 4 is s(t) = 128(4) – 16(4)2 = 256 ft.

la
ii. When the particle hits the ground then S = 0
S=0
128𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 = 0
sa t = 0, t = 8 seconds
The particle hits the ground at t = 8 seconds
The velocity when it hit the ground is 𝑣(8) = 128 − 32(8)
da
= ⁡ −128⁡𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2. Exercise 7.1 -2
A camera is accidentally knocked off an edge of a cliff 400ft high. The camera falls a distance of
S = 𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 in t seconds
i. How long does the camera fall before it hits the ground?
Pa

ii. What is the average velocity high which the camera falls during the rest 2 seconds?
iii. What is the instantaneous velocity of the camera when it hits the ground?
Solution:
i. To hit the ground the camera has to travel 400ft
S = 400
w.

16t2⁡= ⁡400
400
t2⁡= = 25
16
𝑡 = 5⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
ii. The average velocity in last 2 seconds
ww

s(5)−s(3)
= 5−3
= 128⁡𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
iii. The instantaneous velocity when it hits the ground
𝑑𝑠
V = 𝑑𝑡 = 32𝑡
when t = 5, ; 𝑣 = 32⁡ × ⁡5
𝑣⁡ = 160𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐

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3. Exercise: 7.1 -3
A particle moves along a line according to the law 𝒔(𝒕) = 𝟐𝒕𝟑 − 𝟗𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕 − 𝟒 where 𝒕 ≥ ⁡𝟎
i. At what times the particle changes direction?
ii. Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 4 seconds
iii. Find the particle acceleration each time the velocity is zero
Solution:
𝑣(𝑡) = 6𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 12
𝑣(𝑡) = 6(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 2)

et
𝑎(𝑡) = 12𝑡 − 18
i. 𝑣(𝑡) = 0
6(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 2) ⁡ = ⁡0

i.N
𝑡 = 1, 2
The particle change its direction at 𝑡 = 1 sec and 𝑡 = 2 sec
ii. The total distance travelled by the particle
= ⁡ |𝑠(0) − 𝑠(1)| + |𝑠(1) − 𝑠(2)| + |𝑠(2) − 𝑠(4)|
= |−4 − 1| + |1 − 0| + |0 − 28|
= 5 + 1 + 28

la
= 34 meters
iii. The acceleration when v = 0 is 𝑎(1) = −6⁡ 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
sa 𝑎(2) = 6⁡ 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
Do yourself:
Example 7.6
A particle moves along a horizontal line such that its position at any time 𝑡 > 0 is given by
𝑠(𝑡) = ⁡ 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡 + 1 where 𝑠 is measured in metres and⁡𝑡 is seconds?
da
i. At what time the particle is at rest?
ii. At what time the particle changes its direction?
iii. Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds/
4. Example: 7.9
Salt is poured from a conveyer belt at a rate of 30 cubic metre per minute forming a conical pile
Pa

with a circular base whose height and diameter of base are always equal. How fast is the height
of the pile increasing when the pile is 10 metre high?
Solution:
2𝑟 = ℎ
𝑟 = ⁡ ℎ⁄2
w.

1
V=3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
1
𝑉 = ⁡ 12 ⁡𝜋ℎ3
ww

dv 1 dh
= 4 ⁡πh2 ⁡ dt
dt
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑣 1
= 4 𝑑𝑡 .⁡⁡ 𝜋ℎ2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 1
= 4⁡ × 30⁡ × ⁡ 100𝜋
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 6
= 5𝜋 ⁡𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡

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5. Exercise: 7.1-10
A police jeep approaching an orthogonal intersection from the northern direction is
chasing a speeding car that has turned and moving straight east. When the jeep is 0.6km north
of the intersection and the car is 0.8km to the east. The police determine with a radar that the
distance between them and the car is increasing at 20 km/hr. It the jeep is moving at 60 km/hr
at the instant of measurement, what is the speed fo the car?
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Given = −60⁡𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟,⁡ = 20⁡𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

et
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
=⁡ (0.8)2 + (0.6)2
𝑧2 = 1

i.N
𝑧=1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = ⁡ 𝑧2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑡 ⁡ = ⁡⁡2𝑧⁡ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
(0.8) + (0.6)(−60) = (1)(20)
𝑑𝑡

la
𝑑𝑥
= 70⁡𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑑𝑡
6. Exercise: 7.1-9. A ladder 17 metre long is learning against the wall. The base of the ladder
is pulled away from the wall at a rate of 5m/s when the base of the ladder is 8 metres from the
well
i.
ii.
sa How fast is the top fo the ladder moving down the well?
At what rate the area of the triangle formed by the ladder, wall and the floor is changing?
Solution:
(𝑖) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 172
da
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑧2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 82 + 𝑦 2 = 172
𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −5𝑥
= 𝑦 = 15
𝑑𝑡 𝑦
Pa

𝑑𝑦 −5(8)
= = −8⁄3 ⁡𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 15
1
𝑖𝑖). 𝐴 = 2 ⁡𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 2 (𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 )⁡
𝑑𝑡
1 −8
= ⁡ 2 [8⁡( 3 ) + 15(5)]
w.

1
= ⁡ 6 [−64 + 225]
161
= 6
= 26.83⁡ 𝑚2 ⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
ww

Do yourself:
Example: 7.7 -If we blow air into a balloon of spherical shape at a rate of 1000 cm3 per second, at what rate
the radius of the balloon changes when the radius is 7cm. Also compute the rate at which the
surface area changes.
Example: 7.8: The price of a product is related to the number of units available (supply) by the equation px +
3p – 16x = 234, where p is the price of the product per unit in rupees (Rs). and x is the number
of units. Find the rate at which the price is changing with respect to time when 90 units are
available and the supply is increasing at the rate of 15 units / week.
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Example: 7.10: A road running north to south crosses a road going east to west at the point P. Car A
is driving north along the first road, and car B is driving east along the second road. At
a particular time car A is 10 kilometres to the north of P and traveling of 80km/hr while
car B is 15 kilometres to the east of P and braseling at 100km/hr. How fast is the
distance between the two cars changing?
Exercise: 7.1 – 7: A beacon makes one revolution every 10 seconds. It is located on a ship which is
anchored 5km from a straight shore line. How fast is the beam moving along the shore
line when it makes an angle of 45o with the shore?

et
Exercise: 7.1-8: A conical water tank with vertex down of 12 metres height has a radius of 5 metres at
the top. If water flows into the tank at a rate 10 cubic m/min, how fast is the depth of
the water increases when the water is 8 metres deep?

i.N
7. Example: 7.15
Find the angle between the curves 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 of their point of intersection (0, 0)
and (1, 1)
Solution:
The tangent at (0, 0) are x axis and y axis. Angle between x axis
and y axis is 90o.

la
𝜃⁡ = 900
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
sa = 2𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥⁡(1,1)⁡ = 2 𝑚2 = 𝑑𝑥⁡(1,1)⁡ = 2
1
2−2
𝑡𝑎𝑛⁡𝜃 = ⁡ | |
1
1 + 2(2)
da
𝑡𝑎𝑛⁡𝜃 = 3/4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3/4)⁡
8. Example: 7.17
If the curves 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and 𝒄𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 intersect each other orthogonally then
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
show that 𝒂⁡- = 𝒄−𝒅
Pa

𝒃
Solution:
Let the two curves intersect at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
(𝑎 − 𝑐)𝑥12 + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑦12 =⁡0 …………………….. (1)
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑥
w.

= − 𝑏𝑦 = ⁡ −⁡ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑥
𝑚1 = ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 ⁡(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = ⁡ − 𝑏𝑦𝑖 𝑚2 = ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 ⁡(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = ⁡ −⁡ 𝑑𝑦1
𝑖 1
Two curve cut orthogonally
𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
ww

−𝑎𝑥 −𝑐𝑥
( 𝑏𝑦 1 ) ⁡⁡ × ( 𝑑𝑦 1 ) = −1
1 1
𝑎𝑐𝑥12 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦12 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ …………………………… (2)
(1) 𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑑
⇒⁡ =
(2) 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑑
1 1 1 1
⇒⁡𝑐 − 𝑎 = 𝑑 − 𝑏
1 1 1 1
⇒⁡𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑐 − 𝑑
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9. Example 7.18:
Prove that ellipse 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖 and hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 intersect orthogonally
Solution: Let point of intersection be (a, b)
𝑎 + 4𝑏 2 = 8
2

𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2 = 4
(-) (+) (-)
𝟔𝒃𝟐 ⁡⁡ = 𝟒

et
𝒃𝟐 = 𝟒/𝟔
𝒃𝟐 = 𝟐/𝟑
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔/𝟑

i.N
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 8𝑦⁡ 𝑑𝑥 ⁡ = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑚1 = ⁡⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −𝑎/4𝑏
(𝑎,𝑏)

𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 4

la
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑚2 = ⁡⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = ⁡𝑎/2𝑏
sa (𝑎,𝑏)

𝑚1 ⁡𝑚2 = ⁡ (− 4𝑏) (2𝑏)

𝑎 𝑎

𝑎2
= ⁡ − 8𝑏2
da
16
−
3
=⁡ 2
8( )
3

𝑚1 ⁡𝑚2 = ⁡ −1
The curves cut orthogonally
Pa

10. Exercise: 7.2 – 9

Find the angle between the curves 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐 and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
Solution:
The point of intersection of two curve is (-2, -1)
𝑥𝑦 = 2
𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
w.

−𝑦
𝑦′ = ⁡ 𝑥
𝑚1 = 𝑦 ′ (−2, −1) = ⁡ −1/2⁡
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 ′ = 0
ww

2𝑥
𝑦′ = ⁡ − 4
′ (−2,
𝑚2 = 𝑦 −1) = 1
−1
−1 −3/2
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = | −1 | ⁡ = ⁡⁡ | 1/2 |
1+( )(1)
2

𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑)

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11. Exercise 7.2-10

Show that the two curves 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 and 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒄𝟐 where c, r are constant, cut
orthogonally.
Solution:
Let the point of intersection be (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = ⁡0

et
𝑥
𝑦′ = ⁡ 𝑦
𝑥
𝑚1 = 𝑦 ′ (𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑦1
1 ,𝑦1 ) 1

i.N
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2
𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦
𝑦′ = ⁡ − 𝑥
𝑦
𝑚2 = 𝑦 ′ (𝑥 = ⁡ − 𝑥1

la
1 ,𝑦1 ) 1

𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑚1 ⁡𝑚2 = ⁡ (𝑦 )⁡(− 𝑥 )
1 1

sa 𝑚1 ⁡𝑚2 = ⁡ −1
Two curves cut orthogonally.

12. Exercise: 7.4.1(V)

da
Write the Maclaurin series expansion of 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙: −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑓(0) = 0

Pa

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 = 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 + ⋯⁡⁡ 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 +4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 5 +…. 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0

𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −2 + 12𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 4 + ⋯ 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = −2

w.

𝑓 4 (𝑥) = 24𝑥 − 120𝑥 3 + ⁡ … 𝑓 4 (0) = 0

𝑓 5 (𝑥) = ⁡24⁡ − ⁡360𝑥 2 + ⋯ .. 𝑓 5 (0) = 24

ww

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 0 − ⁡⁡ ⁡(1) + ⁡ (0) + ⁡ (−2) + ⁡ ⁡(0) + ⁡ (24) + ⋯ ….
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − ⁡ + −⁡… … … …
3 5

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13. Exercise : 7.5 -10

𝒍𝒊𝒎
Evaluate : 𝒙 → 𝝅⁡(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝟐

Solution:
Let y = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛⁡𝑥⁡𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡𝑥

et
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
log 𝑦 =⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0

𝜋 log 𝑦 =
𝑥 → 2 ⁡ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ⁡⁡(⁡0 ⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝜋
𝑥→2

i.N
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑥 → 𝜋 ⁡⁡ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥
2

𝑙𝑖𝑚
= ⁡ 𝑥 → 𝜋⁡– 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2

la
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥 → log 𝑦 = 0
𝜋
2

𝑙𝑖𝑚
sa 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ⁡𝑥 → 𝜋⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 0

𝑙𝑖𝑚
2

0
𝑥 → 2 ⁡𝑦 = 𝑒
𝜋

𝑙𝑖𝑚
da
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥 → 2 ⁡(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) =1
𝜋

Do yourself:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1⁄
Example: 7.43: Using the 𝐿′ ℎ𝑜̂⁡𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 rule, prove that + (1 + 𝑥)
𝑥 =𝑒
𝑥→0
Pa

1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Example: 7.44: Evaluate : (1 + 2𝑥)2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Example 7.45: Evaluate: ⁡⁡𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑥→1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Exercise: 7.5-8 Evaluate: ⁡𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 → 0+
w.

𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
Exercise: 7.5-9: Evaluate: (1 + 𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
Exercise: 7.5-11 Evaluate: (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑥2
𝑥 → 0+
ww

Exercise: 7.5 – 12
If an initial amount 𝐴𝑜 of money is invested at an interest rate r compounded n times a year,
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
the value of the investment after t years in 𝐴 = ⁡ 𝐴𝑜 ⁡(1 + ⁡ 𝑛) . If the interest is compounded

continuously, (that is as x  ∞), show that the amount after t years is 𝐴 = ⁡ 𝐴𝑜 ⁡𝑒 𝑟𝑡

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14. Example: 7.60

Find the local extrema of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟔 − 𝟔𝒙𝟒
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 5 − 24𝑥 3
= 24𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = −1, 0, 1

et
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
= 120𝑥 4 − 72𝑥 2 Interval Sign of 𝑓′(𝑥) Monotonicity
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 2 (5𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑥⁡ ∈⁡(−∞, −1) - Strictly decreasing
𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 48 > 0, 𝑥⁡ ∈⁡(−1, 0) + Strictly increasing

i.N
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 48 > 0 , 𝑥⁡ ∈⁡(0, 1) - Strictly decreasing
′′ (0) 𝑥⁡ ∈⁡(1, ∞)
⁡𝑓 =0 + Strictly increasing

𝑓(𝑥) has local maximum of 𝑥 = ⁡ −1 and 𝑥 = 1

Local minimum value is −2

la
𝑓(𝑥) has local maximum at 𝑥 = 0
Local maximum value is 0
Do yourself:
Exercise: 7.7-3
sa
Find the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 find the intervals of monotonicity, local
extrema intervals of conctrity and point of inflection.
15. Exercise: 7.8 -5:
A rectangular page is to contain 24cm2 of print. The margins of the top and bottom of
da
the page are 1.5cm and the margins at other sides of the page is 1cm. What should be the
dimensions of the page so that the area of the paper used is minimum?
Solution:
Let x and y be the dimensions of the printed portion
The poster dimensions are (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 3)
Pa

𝐴 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 3)
24
𝐴(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2) ( + 3)
𝑥
48
𝐴(𝑥) = 24 + + 3𝑥 + 6
𝑥
w.

−48
𝐴′ (𝑥) = +3
𝑥2
96
𝐴′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3

𝐴′ (𝑥) = 0
ww

𝑥 = ±4
When 𝑥 = 4 𝐴′′ (𝑥) > 0
When 𝑥=4 A is minimum
When 𝑥 = 4 𝑦=6
The dimension of the poster are 6cm, 9cm.

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16. Exercise: 7.8-(8)

Prove that among all the rectangles of the given perimeter, the square has the maximum
area.
Solution:
Let x and y be the dimensions of rectangle.
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑃−2𝑥
𝑦 =⁡

et
2

𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑃−2𝑥
𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑥 ( )
2

i.N
𝑝
𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
𝑝
𝐴′ (𝑥) = 2 − 2𝑥

𝐴′′ (𝑥) = −2
𝐴′ (𝑥) = 0

la
𝑝
𝑥 = ⁄4
𝑝
When 𝑥 = ⁄4
sa 𝐴′′ (𝑥) < 0
𝑝
When 𝑥 = ⁄4 The area is maximum
𝑝 𝑝
When 𝑥 = ⁄4, 𝑦 = ⁄4
Thus it is a square
da
17. Exercise 7.8-9.
Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semicircle of
radius⁡𝒓⁡𝒄𝒎
Solution:
Pa

𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Area of the rectangle 𝐴 = 2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(𝜃) = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
w.

𝐴′ (𝜃) = 2𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝐴′′ (𝜃) = −4𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝜋
𝐴′ (𝜃) = 0 => 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 0 => 𝜃 = 4
ww

𝜋
When 𝜃 = , 𝐴′′ (𝜃) < 0
4
𝜋
When 𝜃 = , The area is maximum
4
𝜋 𝜋
The dimensions are 2𝑟 cos 4 ⁡, 𝑟 sin 4
𝑟
The dimensions are √2𝑟, 𝑐𝑚
√2

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18. Example: 7.65

Prove that among all the rectangles of the given area square has the least perimeter.
Solution:
Area of the rectangle is 𝑥𝑦⁡ = ⁡𝑘
Perimeter of the rectangle 𝑝(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑝(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 𝑘⁄𝑥 )

et
𝑝′ (𝑥) = 2 (1 − 𝑘⁄𝑥 2 )

𝑝′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = ±√𝑘

i.N
𝑝′′ (𝑥) = 4𝑘⁄𝑥 3

𝑝′′ (√𝑘) > 0

P(x) has its minimum value at 𝑥⁡ = ⁡ √𝑘

la
𝑥 = √𝑘, y= √𝑘
The minimum perimeter rectangle of a given area is a square
Do yourself:
sa
Exercise: 7.8 – 12
A hollow cone with base radius a cm and height b cm is placed on a table show that the volume
of the largest cylinder that can be hidden underneath is 4/9 times volume of the cone.
da
3 Marks:
19. Example 7.11
Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 at the point
Pa

(1, 2).
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 =5
w.

(1,2)

The equation of the tangent is

(𝑦 − 2) = 5(𝑥 − 1)
5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
ww

The equation of the normal is

1
𝑦⁡– ⁡2⁡ = - ⁡(𝑥 − 1)
5

𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 11 = 0

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Do yourself:
Example: 7.13
Find the equation of the tangent and normal at any point to the Lissejons curve given by
𝑥 = 2⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡3𝑡 and 𝑦 = 3⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡2𝑡 , 𝑡⁡ ∈ 𝑅
20. Exercise 7.2-2:
Find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 at which the tangent is parallel to the line

et
𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟕
Solution:
The slope of the tangent is 𝑚⁡ = ⁡ −3

i.N
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 5
𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 − 5 = −3

la
𝑥=1
𝑥 = 1⁡ ⟹ 𝑦 = 0
The point is (1, 0)
21.
sa
Exercise: 7.3 – 8
Does there exist a differentiable function 𝒇(𝒙) such that 𝒇(𝟎) = −𝟏; 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟒 and
⁡𝒇′ (𝒙) ≤ 𝟐 for all x. Justify your answer
da
Solution:
𝑓(2)−𝑓(0)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2−0
4+1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = 2.5
2

Does not exist since it is given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 2

Pa

22. Example: 7.30

Expand 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) as a Maclaurin’s series upto 4 non-zero terms for −𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = log(1 + 𝑥) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓(0) = 0
w.

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓 ′ (0) = 1
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − (1+𝑥)2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓 ′′ (0) = −1
ww

2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥)3 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 2
−6
𝑓 4 (𝑥) = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓 4 (0) = −6⁡
(1+𝑥)4

Substituting the values and on simplification

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − ⁡ + − + ⋯ … . −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
2 3 4

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23. Example: 7.37

𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝜽
If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝜽 ) = 𝟏⁡ then prove that 𝒎 = ±𝒏
𝜽→𝟎
Solution:
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 ⁡𝑚⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃
lim ( 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ) = lim
𝜃→0 𝜃→0 𝑛⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃
⁡𝑚 𝜃
= ⁡ lim ⁡ 𝑛 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝜃→0
𝜃

et
𝑚2
= 𝑛2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃
lim ( 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ) = 1
𝜃→0

i.N
𝑚2
=1
𝑛2

𝑚 2 = 𝑛2
𝑚 = ±𝑛
24. Example: 7.40

la
Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦+𝒙⁡𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒙→𝟎
Solution:
sa log 𝑥 ∞
lim ⁡𝑥⁡𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = lim+ ( 1/𝑥 ) = (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥⁡→⁡0+ 𝑥⁡→⁡0
1
𝑥
= lim+ ( 1 )
𝑥⁡→⁡0 − 2
𝑥

= lim (−𝑥)
da
𝑥→0

=0
25. Exercise: 7.6-1(i)
Find the absolute extrema of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎;⁡⁡⁡⁡[𝟏, 𝟐]
Solution:
Pa

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 12
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 6⁡ ∉ ⁡ [1,2]
𝑓(1) = −1
w.

𝑓(2) = −10
Absolute maximum is -1
Absolute minimum is -10
26. Example: 7.52
ww

Prove that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 is increasing on the real line. Also discuss for
the existence of local extrema.
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑛𝜖𝑧
The function is increasing an the real line no sign change in 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) first derivative best there is
no local extrema
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2 Marks:
27. Exercise: 7.1 -4:
If the volume of a cube of side length 𝑥 is 𝒗 = 𝒙𝟑. Find the rate of change of the volume with
respect to x when x = 5 units.
Solution:
𝑑𝑣
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

et
= 3(25)
𝑑𝑣
= 75
𝑑𝑥

28. Example: 7.16

i.N
Find the angle of intersection of the curve y = sinx with the positive x axis.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑦

la
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑑𝑥

𝑚1 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋⁡𝑎𝑟𝑒⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ⁡ 𝑚2 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑥⁡𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

(−1)𝑛 −0
sa tan 𝜃 = |1+(−1)𝑛(0)| = 1 ∀⁡𝑛 𝑚2 = 0
𝜋
𝜃= 4

29. Exercise: 7.3 –1 (i)

𝟏
Explain why Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| : 𝒙 ∈ ⁡ [−𝟏, 𝟏]
da
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at x= 0 in [-1, 1]
Do yourself:
Pa

Exercise: 7.1 – 1(ii)

Explain why Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑥⁡ ∈ [0, 𝜋]
30. Exercise: 7.3 – 3(i)
Explain why Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not applicable to the function
w.

𝒙+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ⁡ ; ⁡𝒙 ∈ ⁡ [−𝟏, 𝟐]
𝒙

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡ ∈ [−1,2]
ww

Do yourself:
Exercise: 7.3 -3(ii)
Explain why Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not applicable to the function
𝑓(𝑥) = |3𝑥 + 1|; 𝑥 ∈ ⁡ [−1,3]

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31. Example 7.21

𝒙𝟐 +𝟔
Compute the value of c satisfied by Rolle’s theorem for the function ⁡⁡𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟓𝒙
in the interval [2, 3]
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in [2, 3]
𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (2, 3)
𝑓(2) ⁡ = ⁡𝑓(3) ⁡ = ⁡0

et
𝑥 2 −6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 +6)

𝑓 ′ (𝐶) = 0

i.N
𝐶 2 −6
=0
𝐶(𝐶 2 +6)
𝐶 = ±√6
𝐶 = −√6 ⁡ ∉ (2,3)
𝐶 = √6 satisfies the Rolle’s theorem

la
32. Exercise: 7.4 -1(1)
Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the function 𝒆𝒙
Solution:
sa
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(0) = ⁡1
𝑓′(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓′(0) = ⁡1
𝑓′′(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓′′(0) = ⁡1
da
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + ⁡ 1! 𝑓 ′ (0) + ⁡ 2⁡! 𝑓 ′′ (0) + ⋯ … ….
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + ⁡ 1! + ⁡ 2! ⁡ + ⋯ … … ..

Do yourself:
Pa

Exercise: 7.4 – 1(ii)

Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the function sinx
Exercise : 7.4 1(iii)
Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the function cosx
33. Example: 7.33
w.

𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
Evaluate : ( )
𝒙⁡ → 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑
Solution:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥−3
(𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3) ⁡ = ⁡⁡ ( )
𝑥⁡ → 1 𝑥⁡ → 1 2𝑥−4
ww

= ⁡ 1⁄2
34. Example 7.34
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝒏 ⁡−⁡⁡𝒂𝒏
Compute the limit : ⁡( 𝒙−𝒂 )
𝒙⁡ → 𝒂
Solution:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 ⁡−⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ⁡
⁡( 𝑥−𝑎 ) ⁡ = ⁡⁡ ⁡( 1 )
𝑥⁡ → 𝑎 𝑥⁡ → 𝑎
𝑛−1
= 𝑛𝑎
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35. Exercise: 7.5 – 2

𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑
Evaluate: ⁡ 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟑
𝒙⁡ → ⁡∞
Solution:
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥 2 −3 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2− 2
𝑥
⁡ =⁡ ⁡
𝑥⁡ → ⁡∞ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3 𝑥⁡ → ⁡∞ 1−⁡𝑥5+⁡𝑥32
= ⁡⁡2
Do yourself:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

et
Exercise 7.5 -1 Evaluate: ⁡( 𝑥 2 )
𝑥⁡ → 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
Exercise: 7.5 -3 Evaluate: ⁡ log 𝑥
𝑥⁡ → ∞
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sec 𝑥
𝜋−
Exercise: 7.5 -4 Evaluate: 𝑥⁡ → 2 ⁡ tan 𝑥

i.N
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 1
Exercise: 7.5 – 6 Evaluate: ⁡(sin 𝑥 ⁡ − ⁡⁡ 𝑥)
𝑥⁡ → 0
Exercise: 7.35
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑚𝑥
Evaluate the limit: ⁡
𝑥⁡ → 0 𝑥
Exercise: 7.39

la
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 1
Evaluate: + ⁡(𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡−1)
𝑥⁡ → 0
36. Example: 7.46
saProve that the function 𝒇(𝒙) ⁡ = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 is strictly increasing in the interval (2,7) and
strictly decreasing in the interval (-2, 0)
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 > 0⁡⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡∀𝑥⁡ ∈ (2, 7)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 < 0⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡∀𝑥⁡ ∈ (−2, 0)
and hence the proof is completed.
da
37. Example: 7.47:
Prove that the function 𝒇(𝒙) ⁡ = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 is strictly increasing in (𝟐, ∞)
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) ⁡ = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2 > 0⁡⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡∀𝑥⁡ ∈ (2, ∞)
Pa

𝑓(𝑥) is strictly increasing in (𝟐, ∞)

38. Example: 7.50
Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function
𝒇(𝒙) ⁡ = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
Solution:
w.

𝑓(𝑥) =⁡= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ (𝑥 − 2)2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2⁡⁡
ww

Interval Sign of 𝑓′(𝑥) Monotonicity

𝑥⁡ ∈ (−∞, 2) − Strictly decreasing
𝑥⁡ ∈ ⁡ (2, ∞) + Strictly increasing

Local minimum at 𝑥⁡ = ⁡2
Local minimum value is⁡𝑓(2) ⁡ = ⁡0

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Chapter – 1
Applications of Matrices and Determinants
2 Mark and 3 Mark Question Answers:
𝟖 −𝟒
1. If 𝑨 = ⁡ [ ] verify that 𝑨(𝒂𝒅𝒋⁡𝑨) = (𝒂𝒅𝒋⁡𝑨)𝑨 = ⁡ |𝑨|𝑰𝟐
−𝟓 𝟑
Solution: 𝑆𝑒𝑝⁡– ⁡2020,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑀𝑎𝑟⁡– ⁡2021,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑆𝑒𝑝⁡ − ⁡2021
3 4
𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴 = ⁡ [ ]
5 8

et
|𝐴| = 24 − 20 = 4
4 0
𝐴⁡(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴) = ⁡ [ ] …………………… (1)
0 4
(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴)𝐴 = ⁡ [4 0] …………………….. (2)

i.N
0 4
|𝐴|𝐼2 = ⁡ [4 0] …………………….. (3)
0 4
From (1), (2) & (3)
𝐴⁡(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴) = ⁡ (𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴)𝐴 = ⁡⁡ |𝐴|𝐼2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
2. Prove that [ ] is orthogonal.

la
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Solution: March 2023
cos 𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴 =⁡[ ]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sa𝐴𝑇 = ⁡ [

𝐴𝐴𝑇 = ⁡ [
cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
−sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 0
]

] ⁡ = ⁡ 𝐼2 ……………………. (1)
0 1
1 0
𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = ⁡ [ ] ⁡ = ⁡ 𝐼2 …………………. (2)
0 1
da
From (1) & (2)
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = ⁡ 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = ⁡ 𝐼2
/ 𝐴 is orthogonal.
𝟐 𝟗
3. Verify the property (𝑨𝑻 )−𝟏 = ⁡ (𝑨−𝟏 )𝑻 with 𝑨 = ⁡ [ ]
𝟏 𝟕
Pa

Solution: March 2020

2 9
𝐴 =⁡[ ]
1 7
2 1
𝐴𝑇 = ⁡⁡ [ ]
9 7
|𝐴| = ⁡ |𝐴𝑇 | = 14 − 9 = 5
w.

1
𝐴−1 = ⁡ |𝐴| ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴
1
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = ⁡ 𝑇 ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴𝑇
|𝐴 |

(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = ⁡ ⁡[ 7 −1]

1
……………………… (1)
ww

5 −9 2
1 7 −9
𝐴−1 = ⁡ 5 ⁡[ ]
−1 2
(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = ⁡ ⁡[ 7 −1]
1
…………………… (2)
5 −9 2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚⁡(1)⁡&⁡(2)
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 ⁡ = ⁡ (𝐴−1 )𝑇

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𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎
4. If 𝒂𝒅𝒋⁡(𝑨) = ⁡ [ 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔], find 𝑨−𝟏
−𝟑 𝟎 𝟔
Solution: 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒⁡– ⁡23,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑆𝑒𝑝⁡– ⁡23,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒⁡24
1
𝐴−1 = ±⁡ ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝐴)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴|

|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = 36

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = ⁡ √36 ⁡ = 6

et
0 −2 0
−1 1
𝐴 =⁡± 6 [ 6 2 −6]
−3 0 6

i.N
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
5. If 𝒂𝒅𝒋⁡(𝑨) = ⁡ [ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐], find 𝑨−𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Solution:

la
1
𝐴−1 = ±⁡ ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝐴)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴|

|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = 9
sa
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = ⁡ √9 ⁡ = 3

1
−1 2 2
𝐴−1 = ⁡ ± 3 [ 1 1 2]
2 2 1
da
𝟐 −𝟒 𝟐
6. If 𝒂𝒅𝒋⁡(𝑨) = ⁡ [−𝟑 𝟏𝟐 −𝟕], find A
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
Solution:
Pa

1
𝐴⁡ = ±⁡ ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴|

|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = 16

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = ⁡ √16 ⁡ = 4
w.

24 8 4
𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴) = ⁡ [20 8 8 ]
24 8 12
24 8 4
1
𝐴⁡ = ±⁡ 4 [20 8 8 ]
ww

24 8 12
6 2 1
𝐴⁡ = ±⁡[5 2 2]
6 2 3

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𝟕 𝟕 −𝟕
7. If 𝒂𝒅𝒋⁡(𝑨) = ⁡ [−𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟕 ],⁡find A
𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟕
Solution:
1
𝐴⁡ = ±⁡ ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴|

|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = 1764

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴| ⁡ = ⁡ √1764 ⁡ = 42

et
42 −84 +126
𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴) = ⁡ [ 84 126 −42 ]
−126 42 84

i.N
42 −84 +126
1
𝐴⁡ = ±⁡ 42 [ 84 126 −42 ]
−126 42 84
1 −2 3
𝐴⁡ = ±⁡[ 2 3 −1]
−3 1 2

la
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
8. If 𝑭(𝜶) = ⁡ [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 ] show that [𝑭(𝜶)]−𝟏 = 𝑭(−𝜶)
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
sa
Solution: March – 2023
To Prove: 𝐹(𝛼)⁡⁡𝐹(−𝛼) = ⁡ 𝐼3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos⁡(−𝛼) 0 sin⁡(−𝛼)
𝐹(𝛼)⁡⁡𝐹(−𝛼) = ⁡ [ 0 1 0 ] [ 0 1 0 ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −sin⁡(−𝛼) 0 cos⁡(−𝛼)
da
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
=⁡[ 0 1 0 ] [ 0 1 0 ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
1 0 0
= ⁡ [0 1 0] = ⁡ 𝐼3
0 0 1
Pa

−1
/ [𝐹(𝛼)] = 𝐹(−𝛼)
9. Solve the linear equation using matrix Inversion method
i) 𝟓𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒚 = ⁡𝟑 𝑴𝒂𝒓⁡– ⁡𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝒆𝒑⁡– ⁡𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑
𝟑𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒚⁡ = ⁡𝟓
5 2
Solution: 𝐴 =⁡[ ]
w.

3 2
|𝐴| = ⁡ |5 2| = 10 − 6 = 4
3 2
2 −2
𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴 = ⁡ [ ]
−3 5
1
ww

𝐴−1 = ⁡ |𝐴| ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴

1 2 −2
𝐴−1 = ⁡ 4 ⁡[ ]
−3 5
𝑋 = ⁡ 𝐴−1 𝐵
1 2 −2 3 1 6 − 10 1 −4
𝑋 = ⁡ 4 ⁡[ ]⁡[ ] = ⁡ 4 ⁡[ ] =⁡4[ ]
−3 5 5 −9 + 25 16
𝑥 −1
(𝑦 ) = ⁡ ( )
4

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𝑥 = ⁡ −1 , 𝑦⁡ = ⁡4
For Practice: (Solve the linear equation using matrix Inversion method)
𝑖𝑖. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = ⁡ −2
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 2𝑥⁡ + ⁡5𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −2 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒⁡2023
𝑥⁡ + ⁡2𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −3
𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟑
10. Verify (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 ⁡𝑨−𝟏 with 𝑨 = ⁡ [ ] ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑩 = ⁡ [ ]
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏

et
Solution: 𝑆𝑒𝑝⁡ − 2020 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦⁡ − ⁡2022
0 −3 −2 −3 0 3
𝐴⁡𝐵 = [ ] ⁡ × ⁡⁡ [ ] =⁡[ ]
1 4 0 −1 −2 −7
1
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = ⁡ |𝐴𝐵| ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡(𝐴𝐵)

i.N
1−7 −3
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = ⁡ 6 ⁡[ ] ……………………… (1)
2 0
1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴
1 4 3
𝐴−1 = 3 ⁡[ ]
−1 0

la
1
𝐵 −1 = |𝐵| ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐵
1 −1 3
𝐵 −1 = 2 ⁡[ ]
0 −2
sa
𝐵 −1 ⁡𝐴−1

𝐵 −1 ⁡𝐴−1
1 −1
= ⁡ 2 ⁡[

=⁡6 [
3 1 4 3
⁡]⁡ ⁡[
0 −2 3 −1 0
1 −7 −3
2 0
]
]

…………………………….. (2)
From (1) & (2)
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 ⁡𝐴−1 verified.
da
3 2 −1 −3
(ii) For Practice: If 𝐴 = ⁡ [ ] and 𝐵 = ⁡ [ ] verify that (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 ⁡𝐴−1
7 5 5 2

−𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏
11. If 𝑨 = 𝟗 ⁡[ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕], Prove that 𝑨−𝟏 = ⁡⁡ 𝑨𝑻
Pa

𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒
Solution:
−8 4 1
𝑇 1
𝐴 = ⁡ 9 ⁡[ 1 4 −8]
4 7 4
1 0 0
w.

𝐴𝐴𝑇 = ⁡ [0 1 0] ⁡ = ⁡⁡𝐼
0 0 1
𝐴−1 = ⁡⁡ 𝐴𝑇
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
12. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟐 𝟒 −𝟔] July – 2022
ww

𝟓 𝟏 −𝟏
Solution:
1 −2 3
[2 4 −6] = 4⁡ ≠ 0
5 1 −1
Rank of the matrix = 3.

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𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
13. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑] Mar – 2021
𝟖 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
Solution:
1 2 1 = 1⁡(8 − 0) − 2(4 − 3) + 1(0 − 4)
|2 4 3|⁡ = 1(8) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡2(1) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ + ⁡⁡1(−4)
1 0 2 = 8⁡ − ⁡⁡⁡⁡2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ − 4⁡⁡⁡ = 8⁡ − 6⁡ = ⁡⁡2
1 2 1
|2 4 3| ⁡ = 2⁡⁡ ≠ ⁡⁡0⁡

et
1 0 2
Rank of the matrix = 3.
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏
14. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 ] March 2022

i.N
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
Solution:
1 2 −1
|3 −1 2 | = −8⁡ ≠ 0
1 −2 3
Rank of the matrix = 3

la
−𝟏 𝟑
15. Find the rank of the matrix [ 𝟒 −𝟕]
𝟑 −𝟒
Solution:
sa
|
−1 3
4 −7
| = 7 − 12⁡ = ⁡ −5⁡⁡ ≠ ⁡⁡0
Rank = 2
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎
16. Find the rank of the matrix [ ]
𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟑 𝟏
Solution:
da
−1 0
| | = ⁡ −1⁡⁡ ≠ ⁡⁡0
−3 1
Rank = 2
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
17. Find the rank of the matrix by row reduction method. (row – echelon form) [𝟐 𝟏 𝟒]
𝟑 𝟎 𝟓
Pa

Solution:
1 2 3
𝐴 = ⁡ [2 1 4]
3 0 5
1 2 3 𝑅 ⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡ 𝑅 ⁡ − 2𝑅
𝐴⁡~⁡⁡[0 −3 −2] 2 2 1
𝑅3 ⁡ → ⁡ 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
w.

0 −6 −4
1 2 3
~⁡[0 −3 −2] 𝑅3 ⁡ → ⁡ 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
0 0 0
𝜌(𝐴) = 2
ww

For Practice: Find the rank of the following matrices

3 −8 5 2 1 1 1 3
(i) [ 2 −5 1 4 ] (ii) [2 −1 3 4 ]
−1 2 3 −2 5 −1 7 11
2 −2 4 −3
(iii) [−3 4 −2 −1]
6 2 −1 7

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18. Solve by Cramer’s rule

𝟓𝒙⁡– ⁡𝟐𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟏𝟔⁡ = ⁡𝟎, 𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟑𝒚⁡– ⁡𝟕⁡ = ⁡𝟎
Solution:
5𝑥⁡– ⁡2𝑦⁡ = ⁡ −16
𝑥⁡ + 3𝑦⁡ = ⁡7
5 −2
∆⁡= ⁡ | | = 15 + 2 = 17
1 3

et
−16 −2
∆1 ⁡= ⁡ | | = −48 + 14 = −34
7 3
5 −16
∆2 ⁡= ⁡ | | = 35 + 16 = 51
1 7

i.N
By Cramer’s Rule
∆1 −34
𝑥 =⁡ =⁡ ⁡ = ⁡ −2
∆ 17
∆2 51
𝑦 =⁡ = ⁡ 17 ⁡ = ⁡3
∆

la
Solution: (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⁡ (−2, 3)
For Practice: Solve by Cramer’s rule
3
sa + 2𝑦 = 12
𝑥
2
+ 3𝑦 = 13
𝑥

5 Mark question and answers:

da
19. Test the consistency of the following system of linear equations.
𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚 + ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡ −𝟗, 𝟐𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟒, 𝟑𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟔, 𝟒𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟕
Solution: March – 2020
1 −1 1 −9
Aug mat. [𝐴⁡|𝐵] ⁡ = ⁡ [2 −1 1 | 4 ]
Pa

3 −1 1 6
4 −1 2 7
1 −1 1 −9 𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅 ⁡⁡ − 2𝑅
2 2 1
~⁡ [0 1 −1 | 22 ]⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 3𝑅1
0 2 −2 33
𝑅4 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅4 ⁡⁡ − 4𝑅1
0 3 −2 43
w.

1 −1 1 −9
𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 2𝑅2
~⁡[0 1 −1 | 22 ]⁡ 3
0 0 0 −11 𝑅4 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅4 ⁡⁡ − 3𝑅2
0 0 1 −23
ww

1 −1 1 −9
~⁡[0 1 −1 | 22 ] 𝑅3 ↔ ⁡⁡ 𝑅4
0 0 1 −23
0 0 0 −11
𝜌(𝐴) ⁡ ≠ ⁡⁡𝜌(𝐴⁄𝐵 )
System of equations is inconsistent and has no solution.

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20. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the systems of equations by rank method,
𝟐𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝒛⁡ = 𝟓, 𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟏, 𝟑𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟒
Solution: Sep – 2020
2 2 1 5
Aug Matrix [𝐴⁡|𝐵] ⁡ =⁡ [1 −1 1 1] 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡⁡𝐶𝑢𝑡
3 1 2 4
1 −1 1 1
~⁡[2 2 1 |5]⁡𝑅1 ⁡⁡ ↔ ⁡⁡ 𝑅2 2 2 1 5
3 1 2 4

et
1 −1 1 1 𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅 ⁡⁡ − 2𝑅
~ [0 4 −1 |3]⁡ 2 2 1
1 -1 1 1 (+)
𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 3𝑅1
0 4 −1 1

i.N
3 1 2 6
1 −1 1 1
~ [0 4 −1 | 3 ] 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 𝑅2 ⁡⁡⁡+4
0 0 0 −2
𝜌(𝐴) ⁡ ≠ ⁡⁡𝜌(𝐴⁄𝐵 )

la
Given system is inconsistent and has no solution.
For Practice:
2𝑥⁡– ⁡𝑦⁡ + ⁡𝑧⁡ = ⁡2,
sa 6𝑥⁡– ⁡3𝑦⁡ + ⁡3𝑧⁡ = ⁡6, 4𝑥⁡– ⁡2𝑦⁡ + ⁡2𝑧⁡ = ⁡4
Test for consistency, solve the system of equations by rank method.
21. Solve by Cramer’s rule:
𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟐, 𝟐𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟒𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟕, 𝟒𝒙 − ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟒
Solution: March – 2021
da
1 −1 2
∆⁡= ⁡ |2 1 4| = −21⁡ ≠ 0
4 −1 1
2 −1 2
∆1 = ⁡ |7 1 4| = −21⁡
Pa

4 −1 1
1 2 2
∆2 = ⁡ |2 7 4| = −21⁡
4 4 1
1 −1 2
∆3 ⁡= ⁡ |2 1 7| = −21⁡
4 −1 4
w.

∆1 ∆ ∆
𝑥⁡ = ∆ 𝑦⁡ = ∆2 𝑧⁡ = ∆3
−21 −21 −21
𝑥 = ⁡ −21 𝑦 = ⁡ −21 𝑧 = ⁡ −21
𝑥⁡ = ⁡1 𝑦⁡ = ⁡1 𝑧⁡ = ⁡1
ww

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (1, 1, 1)
22. Cramer’s rule is not applicable to solve the system of equations 𝟑𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟐,
𝒙⁡– ⁡𝟑𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟏, 𝟕𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟒𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟓. Why?
Solution: March 2022
3 1 1
∆⁡= ⁡ |1 −3 2| = ⁡⁡0
7 −1 4
/ Cramer’s rule cannot be applied.
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23. Solve by Cramer’s rule:

𝟑𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟑𝒚⁡– ⁡𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝒙⁡– ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟗
𝟒𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟑𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟐𝟓
Solution:
3 3 −1
∆⁡= ⁡ |2 −1 2 | = −22⁡ ≠ 0
4 3 2

et
11 3 −1
∆1 = ⁡ | 9 −1 2 | = −44⁡
25 3 2
3 11 −1
∆2 = ⁡ |2 9 2 | = −66⁡

i.N
4 25 2
3 3 11
∆3 ⁡= ⁡ |2 −1 9 | = −88
4 3 25
by Cramer’s rule

la
∆1 −44
𝑥⁡ = = ⁡ −22 ⁡ = 2
∆
∆2 −66
𝑦⁡ = = ⁡ −22 = 3
∆
sa
𝑧⁡ =
∆3
∆
−88
= ⁡ −22 = 4

/ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ (2, 3, 4)

24. A boy is walking along the path 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, through the points (-6, 8), (-2, -12) and (3, 8).
He wants to meet his friend at P(7, 60). Will be meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination
da
method)
Solution: March 2023
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
(−6, 8) ⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡36𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 …………………. (1)
Pa

(−2, −12) ⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = ⁡ −12 ………………… . (2)

(3, 8) ⁡⁡ ⟹ ⁡⁡9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = ⁡8 ………………… . (3)
36 −6 1 8
Aug matrix [𝐴⁡|𝐵] ⁡ = ⁡ [ 4 −2 1| −12]
9 3 1 8
36 −6 1 8 𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡9𝑅 ⁡⁡ − 𝑅
w.

~⁡ [ 0 −12 8| −116] 2 2 1
⁡
𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡4𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 𝑅1
0 18 3 24
36 −6 1 8 𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅 ⁡/4
~⁡[ 0 −3 2| −29] 2 2
𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡/3
0 6 1 8
ww

36 −6 1 8
~⁡[ 0 −3 2| −29]⁡𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡ + 2𝑅2 ⁡⁡
0 0 5 −50
(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = (1, 3, −10)
/ 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10
P(7, 60) satisfies the path, he can meet his friend at P(7, 60).

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25. Solve by Cramer’s rule, the system of equations

𝒙𝟏 − ⁡⁡ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕,⁡⁡ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟕
Solution: 𝑆𝑒𝑝⁡2021, 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒⁡2023, 𝑆𝑒𝑝⁡2023
1 −1 0
∆⁡= ⁡ |2 3 4| = 6⁡ ≠ 0
0 1 2
3 −1 0
∆1 = ⁡ |17 3 4| = 12⁡
7 1 2

et
1 3 0
∆2 = ⁡ |2 17 4| = −6⁡
0 7 2
1 −1 3

i.N
∆3 ⁡= ⁡ |2 3 17| = 24⁡
0 1 17

by Cramer’s rule,
∆1 ∆2 ∆3
𝑥1 ⁡ = 𝑥2 ⁡ = 𝑥3 ⁡ =
∆ ∆ ∆

la
12 −6 24
=⁡ =⁡ =⁡
6 6 6
𝑥1 ⁡ = ⁡2 𝑥2 ⁡ = ⁡ −1 𝑥3 ⁡ = ⁡4
Solution: (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) ⁡⁡ = ⁡ (2, −⁡1, 4)
26.
sa
Solve by Cramer’s rule:
𝟑
𝒙
𝟒 𝟐
⁡ − ⁡ 𝒚 ⁡ − ⁡⁡ 𝒛 − 𝟏 = 𝟎,
𝟏
𝒙
𝟐 𝟏
+ ⁡ 𝒚 + ⁡⁡ 𝒛 − 𝟐 = 𝟎,
𝟐
𝒙
𝟓 𝟒
March – 2024
⁡ − ⁡ 𝒚 ⁡ − ⁡⁡ 𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution:
1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎,⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑏 and𝑧 = 𝑐
da
3𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 1
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2
2𝑎 − 5𝑏 − 4𝑐 = ⁡ −1
Pa

3 −4 −2
∆⁡= ⁡ |1 2 1 | = −15⁡ ≠ 0
2 −5 −4
1 −4 −2
∆1 = ⁡ | 2 2 1 | = −15⁡
−1 −5 −4
w.

3 1 −2
∆2 = ⁡ |1 2 1 | = −5⁡
2 −1 −4
3 −4 1
ww

∆3 ⁡= ⁡ |1 2 2 | = −5⁡
2 −5 −1
∆1 ∆2 ∆3
𝑎⁡ = 𝑏⁡ = 𝑐⁡ =
∆ ∆ ∆
−15 −5 −5
= ⁡ −15 = ⁡ −15 = ⁡ −15
1 1 1
𝑎⁡ = ⁡ 1 = 1 𝑏⁡ = ⁡ 3 𝑐⁡ = ⁡ 3

Solution: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ⁡⁡ (1, 3, 3)

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27. Solve by matrix inversion method:

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟏 𝑱𝒖𝒏𝒆⁡𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟒
2 3 −1 𝑥 9
Solution: [1 1 1 ]⁡[𝑦] = ⁡ [ 9 ]
3 −1 −1 𝑧 −1
𝐴⁡𝑋⁡ = 𝐵
2 3 −1
|𝐴| = ⁡ |1 1 1 | = 16⁡ ≠ 0
3 −1 −1

et
0 4 4
𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴 = ⁡ [ 4 1 −3]
−4 11 −1
−1 1
𝐴 = ⁡ |𝐴| ⁡𝑎𝑑𝑗⁡𝐴

i.N
0 4 4
1
𝐴−1 = ⁡ 16 ⁡[ 4 1 −3]
−4 11 −1
𝑋 = ⁡ 𝐴−1 𝐵
0 4 4 9
1

la
= ⁡ 16 ⁡[ 4 1 −3 ]⁡[ 9]
−4 11 −1 −1
32
1
= ⁡ 16 (48)
sa 𝑥
𝑦
( ) = ⁡ (3)
64
2

𝑧 4
Solution: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ⁡⁡ (2, 3, 4)
da
28. Investigate the values of 𝝀⁡𝒂𝒏𝒅⁡⁡𝝁 the system of linear equations 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟗,⁡
𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + ⁡𝝀𝒛 = ⁡𝝁 have
(i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions
Solution:
2 3 5 9
Pa

Aug matrix [𝐴⁡|𝐵] ⁡ = ⁡ [7 3 −5| 8]

2 3 𝜆 𝜇
2 3 5 9
𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡2𝑅2 ⁡⁡ − 7𝑅1
~⁡ [0 −15 −45 | −47 ] 2
𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 𝑅1
0 0 𝜆−5 𝜇−9
w.

(i) no solution:
𝜆 = 5,⁡⁡⁡𝜇 ≠ 9
𝜌(𝐴) ⁡ ≠ 𝜌(𝐴/𝐵)
(ii) Unique solution:
ww

𝜆 ≠ 5,⁡⁡⁡𝜇 ≠ 9
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴/𝐵) = 3
(iii) Infinite number of solution:
𝜆 = 5,⁡⁡⁡𝜇 = 9
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴/𝐵) = 2 < 3

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29. Find the value of K for which the equation 𝒌𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒌𝒚 + 𝒛 = ⁡ −𝟐,
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒌𝒛 = 𝟏 have
(i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinitely many solution
Solution:
𝑘 −2 1 1
Aug Matrix [𝐴⁡|𝐵] ⁡ = ⁡ [1 −2𝑘 1| −2]
1 −2 𝑘 1
1 −2 𝑘 1

et
~⁡ [1 −2𝑘 1| −2]⁡𝑅1 ⁡ ↔ ⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡
𝑘 −2 1 1
1 −2 𝑘 1 𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅2 − ⁡ 𝑅1
⁡~⁡[0 −2𝑘 + 2 1 − 𝑘 | −3 ] 2
𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡ − 𝑘𝑅1
0 −2 + 2𝑘 1 − 𝑘 2 1 − 𝑘 3

i.N
1 −2 𝑘 1
~⁡[0 −2𝑘 + 2 1−𝑘 | −3 ]⁡𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡ + 𝑅2
0 0 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 + 2) −(𝑘 + 2)
(i) no solution:
𝑘=1

la
⟹ 𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵)
(ii) Unique solution:
𝑘⁡ ≠ 1,⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ≠ −2
sa ⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴/𝐵) ⁡ = 3
(iii) infinitely many solution
𝑘 = ⁡ −2
⟹ 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴/𝐵) = 2 < 3
30. Determine the values of 𝝀 for which the following system of equations
da
𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟑𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟎,⁡ 𝟒𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝟑𝒚⁡ + 𝝀𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙⁡ + ⁡𝒚⁡ + ⁡𝟐𝒛⁡ = ⁡𝟎 has
(i) a unique solution (ii) a non-trivial solution
1 1 3 0
Solution: Aug Matrix [𝐴⁡|𝐵] ⁡ =⁡ [4 3 𝜆 |0]
2 1 2 0
Pa

1 1 3 0
~⁡[2 1 2 |0]⁡𝑅2 ⁡⁡ ↔ ⁡⁡ 𝑅3
4 3 𝜆 0
1 1 3 0 𝑅 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅 ⁡⁡ − 2𝑅
~ [0 −1 −4 0]⁡ 𝑅2 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅2 ⁡⁡ − 4𝑅1
|
0 −1 𝜆 − 12 0 3 3 1
w.

1 1 3 0
~ [0 −1 −4 |0] 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡ 𝑅3 ⁡⁡ − 𝑅2
0 0 𝜆−8 0
(i) Unique solution (trivial solution)
ww

𝜆⁡ ≠ 8
𝜌(𝐴) = ⁡𝜌(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 3
(ii) a non-trivial solution:
𝜆=8
𝜌(𝐴) = ⁡𝜌(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 2 < ⁡3

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CHAPTER - 9
Applications of Integral Calculus
Important points:
b
 The curve y = f(x), Area lies above the x - axis A =  ydx
a
b
 The curve y = f(x) Area lies below the x - axis A =   ydx

et
a
d
 The curve x = g(y), Area lies right of y - axis A=  xdy
c

i.N
d
 The curve x = g(y), Area lies Left of y – axis A =   xdy
c

 Common area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦𝑢 ⁡ = ⁡𝑓(𝑥)⁡, 𝑦𝐿 ⁡ = ⁡𝑔(𝑥)about x-axis A=
b

 y
a
u  y L dx

la
 Common area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑥𝑢 = ⁡𝑓(𝑦), ⁡𝑥𝐿 ⁡ = ⁡𝑔(𝑦)about y-axis A =
d

 x
c sau  xL dy

 If 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)then f is an odd function

 If 𝑓(−𝑥) =⁡𝑓(𝑥)then f is an even function


x e
n  ax 𝑛!
 Gamma Integral : dx =
𝑎𝑛+1
da
0
a a
  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0
b b
  f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
Pa

a a
1

x
𝑚!⁡⁡×𝑛!
 m
(1  x) n dx =(𝑚+𝑛+1)!
0

2 and 3 marks question

w.

 Reduction formulae:
 
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 2
2 2 … … ..⁡⁡ 3 . 1⁡;⁡ 𝑛⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝑛 =⁡  sin n xdx   cosn xdx = {𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛−2⁡
𝑛−3 1 𝜋
0 0 … … . . 2 . 2 ⁡; 𝑛⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛⁡
𝑛 𝑛−2⁡
ww


2
1. Evaluate:  sin10 xdx
0

Solution:
9 7 5 3 1 𝜋 63⁡𝜋
n = 10, 𝐼10 = ⁡ 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 ⁡. 2 = ⁡ 512

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
2
2. Evaluate:  cos7 xdx
0

Solution:
6 4 2 16
n = 7, 𝐼7 = ⁡ 7 . 5 . 3 . 1 = ⁡ 35


 
2
3. Evaluate::  sin 2 x  cos4 x dx

et
0

Solution:
 

i.N
2 2
I =  sin 2 xdx ⁡+⁡  cos4 xdx
0 0

= 𝐼2 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝐼4
1 𝜋 3 1 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
= ⁡ 2 ⁡. 2 ⁡ + ⁡ 4 ⁡. 2 ⁡. 2 ⁡ = ⁡ 4 + ⁡ 16 ⁡ = ⁡⁡ 16

la


 
2
4. Evaluate  sin 2 x  cos4 x dx
0
sa
Solution:

2

I =  1  cos2 x cos4 xdx 
0
 
da
2 2

 cos xdx −  cos6 xdx

4
=
0 0

= 𝐼4 − ⁡⁡ 𝐼6
3 1 𝜋 5 3 1 𝜋 3𝜋 5 𝜋
= ⁡ 4 ⁡. 2 ⁡. 2 − ⁡ 6 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 4 ⁡. 2 ⁡. 2 ⁡ = ⁡⁡ 16 (1 − ⁡ 6) ⁡ = ⁡⁡ 32
Pa


cos4 x 7
2
5. Evaluate::  5
dx
0 sin x 3
Solution:
w.

 
2
I =  3 cos4 x  7 sin5 x dx
0

 
ww

2 2

 cos xdx − 7  sin 5 xdx

4
=3
0 0

= 3𝐼4 − ⁡⁡7𝐼5
3 1 𝜋 4 2 9𝜋 56
= ⁡3⁡ (4 ⁡. 2 ⁡. 2 ) − ⁡7⁡ (5 ⁡. 3 ⁡. 1) ⁡⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ 16 − ⁡ 15

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
4
6. Evaluate:  sin 6 (2 x)dx
0
x 0 𝜋⁄4
t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 2𝑥, = 2, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
 
2 2

et
dt 1
I =  sin 6 t. = ⁡ 2  sin 6 t.dt = ⁡⁡ 2 𝐼6
1

0
2 0
1 5 3 1 𝜋 5𝜋
⁡𝐼 = ⁡ 2 (6 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 4 ⁡. 2 ⁡. 2 ) = ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 64

i.N

6
7. Evaluate:  sin 5 (3 x)dx
0
x 0 𝜋⁄6
t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

la
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 3𝑥, = 3, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
 
2
dt 1 2
I =  sin 5 t. = ⁡ 3  sin5 t.dt = ⁡⁡ 3 𝐼5
1
sa 0
3 0

1 4 2 8
⁡𝐼 = ⁡ 3 (5 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 3 ⁡. 1⁡) = ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 45
2
7 x x 0 2𝜋
8. Evaluate:  sin dx
da
0
4 t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡⁡⁡⁡𝑡 = 4, = 4 , 4𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 
Pa

2 2
I =  sin 7 t (4dt ) = ⁡4  sin 7 t.dt = ⁡⁡4⁡𝐼7
0 0

6 4 2 64
⁡𝐼 = ⁡⁡4⁡⁡ [7 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 5 ⁡. 3 ⁡.1⁡] = ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 35
w.

x e
n  ax 𝑛!
 Gamma Integration: dx = , a>0
𝑎𝑛+1
0


ww

x e
5 3 x
9. Evaluate: dx
0

Solution: n = 5, a = 3
5⁡! 5⁡!
I =35+1 =36

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x e
3 x 2
10. Evaluate dx = 32,  > 0 Find 
0


x 0 ∞
I =  x 2 e x ( xdx) = 32
2
Solution::
0 t 0 ∞
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 ,𝑑𝑥= 2x, 2 = x dx

et
∞ 𝑑𝑡 1 ∞
I =∫0 𝑡. 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 . = 322 ∫0 𝑡1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 ⁡𝑑𝑡 = 32
2
∞
∫0 𝑡1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 ⁡𝑑𝑡⁡ = ⁡64 (By Gamma Integral)
1⁡! 1 1
= 64  𝛼 2 = ⁡ 64  = 8 (∵ ⁡𝛼 > 0)

i.N
𝛼1+1
1

x
𝑚⁡!⁡⁡×⁡⁡𝑛⁡!
 m
(1  x) n dx  (𝑚+𝑛+1)!(Where m and n – are positive integers)
0

1
11. Evaluate:  x 3 (1  x) 4 dx

la
0

Solution: m= 3 , n=4 m+n+1=8

3⁡!⁡⁡×⁡⁡4⁡! 6⁡⁡×⁡4⁡! 1 1
sa I= = (8.7.6.5)×4⁡!
⁡ = 8.7.5⁡ = 280
8⁡!
1

x (1  x) 3 dx
2
12. Evaluate:
0

Solution: m = 2, n = 3, m + n + 1 = 6
2⁡!⁡⁡×⁡⁡3⁡! 2⁡⁡×6 12 1
da
I= = 720 =720= 60
6⁡!
 Properties of Integral:
a a b b
i.  f ( x)dx =  f (a  x)dx ii.  f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
0 0 a a
Pa

a
f ( x)
13. Evaluate:  f ( x)  f (a  x) dx
0
a
f ( x)
Solution I = dx …………… (1)
0
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a a
w.

By property,  f ( x)dx =  f (a  x)dx

0 0

f (a  x)
a
I = dx …………………… (2)
0
f (a  x)  f ( x)
ww

x a – x
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a
(1) + (2)  2I =  dx
0
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a
2I =  dx =[𝑥]0 𝑎 ⁡ = 𝑎
0

𝑎
I =2
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3
x
14. Evaluate: 
2 5 x  x
dx

3
x
Solution I = dx ………………. (1)
2 5 x  x
b b
By property 
a
f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a

et
5 x
3
I=  2 x  5 x
dx …………………… (2) 𝑥⁡⁡⁡5⁡– ⁡𝑥

x  5 x
3
(1) + (2)  2I =  dx

i.N
2 x  5 x
3
2I =  dx =(𝑥)2 3 ⁡ = 3 − 2 = 1
2
1
I=2
3

la
8
1
15. Evaluate: 
 1 tan x
dx
8
sa
Solution I=
3
8



1
1
sin x
8
cos x
3
da
8
cos x
I= 
 cos x  sin x
dx ………………… (1)
8
b b
By property,  f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
Pa

a a
3
8
sin x
I = 
 sin x  cos x
dx …………………. (2)
8

sin x  cos x
w.

3
8
cos x  sin x
(1) ⁡ + ⁡ (2)⁡⁡⁡2𝐼⁡ =⁡  dx
 cos x  sin x
8
3
ww

8
=⁡  dx

8
⁄
= (𝑥)3𝜋
𝜋⁄8
8

3𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
2I = 8 − ⁡ 8 = ⁡ 8
2𝜋 𝜋
2I = , I=8
8

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0 ;𝑓 𝑖𝑠⁡𝑎𝑛⁡𝑜𝑑𝑑⁡𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡
a

 f ( x)dx ={ 2 f ( x)dx
a

a
;𝑓 is⁡an⁡even⁡function⁡
0


4

 sin
2
16. Evaluate xdx

et

4

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = ⁡ (sin 𝑥)2

𝑓(−𝑥) = ⁡ [sin(−𝑥)]2=(− sin 𝑥)2 = ⁡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥⁡ = 𝑓⁡(𝑥)

i.N
f(-x) = f(x) / fis an even function
 
4 4
𝐼 =2  sin 2 xdx = 2 
(1−cos 2𝑥)
⁡⁡𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

la
𝜋⁄
sin 2𝑥 4 𝜋 1 𝜋⁡−⁡⁡2
I = [𝑥 − ⁡ ] ⁡ = ⁡⁡ ( 4 ⁡ − ⁡ 2) − 0 = ⁡
2 0 4

17.
sa
Evaluate:


2

 x cos xdx
2

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(−𝑥) = ⁡ −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑥

da
/𝑓(−𝑥) ⁡ = ⁡ −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function

2

 x cos xdx
Pa

I=

2


𝒅𝒙
18. Evaluate: 𝒙𝟐 ⁡−𝟒
w.

4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
Solution: I = ∫3 ∵ ∫ 𝑥 2 ⁡−𝑎2 = ⁡ 2𝑎 log (𝑥+𝑎))
𝑥 2 ⁡−22

1 𝑥−2 4
I = [2(2) log (𝑥+2))] a=2
ww

3
1 2 1
=4 [log 6 − log 5]
1
1
= 4 [log ( 31 )]
5

1 5
=4 log (3)

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
3


𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
19. Evaluate: ⁡𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙⁡
0

x 0 𝜋⁄3
𝑑𝑡 t 1 2
Solution: 𝑡 = sec 𝑥 ,𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥,⁡⁡⁡dt = secx tan dx
2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
I=  ∵ ∫ 1+⁡𝑥 2 = ⁡ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

et
1+⁡𝑡 2
1

2
=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡)]1 =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2)⁡– 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2)⁡–⁡ 4

i.N
9


𝟏
20. Evaluate: ⁡𝒅𝒙
𝒙+⁡√𝒙
0

la
𝑑𝑡
Solution: √𝑥 = 𝑡, x = ⁡ 𝑡 2 ,𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑑𝑥⁡ = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
x 0 9
3 3
𝐼 =⁡  3

1 𝑑𝑡 3 t 0
(2𝑡⁡𝑑𝑡)= =2⁡[log(1 + 𝑡)]0
sa 𝑡 2 ⁡+𝑡 1⁡⁡+𝑡
0 0

I = 2[log 4 – log 1] = 2 log 4 – 0 = log 42 = log 16

da
2
𝒙
21. Evaluate: 
1
(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)
⁡𝒅𝒙

2
𝑥
Solution: 𝐼⁡ =⁡  (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
⁡𝑑𝑥
Pa

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 −1 2
𝐵𝑦⁡𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙⁡𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
⁡= 𝑥+1 + ⁡ 𝑥+2 = ⁡ 𝑥+1 + ⁡ 𝑥+2
2
−1 2
𝐼⁡ =⁡⁡  (𝑥+1 + ⁡ 𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
1
w.

=[− log(𝑥 + 1) + 2 log(𝑥 + 2)]12

=[log(𝑥 + 2)2 − log⁡(𝑥 + 1)]12
2
(𝑥+2)2
=[log ]
ww

(𝑥+1) 1
16 9
=log ( 3 ) − log (2)
16/3 32
=log ( 9/2 ) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 (27)

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4
22. Evaluate: 
4
|𝒙 + 𝟑|𝒅𝒙

−(𝑥 + 3) ; 𝑥 < ⁡ −3
Solution: |𝑥 + 3|={
𝑥+3 ; 𝑥⁡ ≥ ⁡ −3
3 4
I=  −(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 +  (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
4 3

et
−3 4
𝑥2 𝑥2
=-[ 2 + 3𝑥] ⁡⁡ + [ 2 + 3𝑥]
−4 −3
9 9
=-[(2 − 9) − (8 − 12)] + ⁡ [(8 + 12) − ⁡ (2 − 9)]

i.N
9 9
= − [− 2 + 4] + ⁡ [20 + ⁡ 2]
9 9
=2 − ⁡4 + 20 + ⁡ 2 ⁡ = ⁡⁡16 + 9 = 25

 If n is odd and m is any positive integer (even or odd)

la

2


𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛⁡−⁡⁡5 2 1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑚+𝑛 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 𝑚+𝑛−2 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 𝑚+⁡𝑛⁡−4 ⁡… … . 𝑚+3 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 𝑚+1
0



2


0
sa 
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 =⁡  𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
0

𝑚−1 𝑚−3 𝑚⁡−⁡⁡5 2 1

I= ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 𝑛+𝑚−2 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 𝑛+𝑚−2 ⁡… … . 𝑛+3 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 𝑛+1
𝑛+𝑚
da
 If n or m any one odd


2

 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙⁡𝒅𝒙

Pa

23. Evaluate:
0

Solution: Here m = 3, n = 5 , m + n = 8
4 2 1 1
I =8 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 6 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 4 ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ 24
w.

 
2 2
24. Evaluate: 0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙⁡𝒅𝒙 = 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙⁡𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙⁡𝒅𝒙
ww

Solution: 𝑚⁡ = ⁡5, 𝑛⁡ = ⁡4⁡, 𝑚⁡ + ⁡𝑛⁡ = ⁡9

4 2 1 8
I =9 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 7 ⁡⁡.⁡⁡ 5 ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ 315

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Five marks questions

et
Equation of the Diagram Formula Area
Lines /curves

i.N
1 Eqn.of parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑏 8 2
eqn.of Latus rectum; 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎

la
sa
2
Eqn. of the Ellipse:
𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝜋𝑎𝑏

da
𝑎

3
Pa
Eqn. of the curve
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 4
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑥
w.

𝑎 𝑏
ww

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4
Eqn. of the curve 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2

et
𝑏
𝑦 = |cos 𝑥|
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎

i.N
𝜋
2 𝜋

𝐴 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝜋
2

la
5
Eqn. of the curve
2+x-x2+y=0 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3

sa
−1 2 3
y = x2 –x -2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
15
−3 −1 2

da 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑏 𝑐
Pa
Eqn. of the curves
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
y = tan x
𝑎 𝑏 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2
y = cot x 𝜋 𝜋
4 2

𝐴 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
w.

0 𝜋
4
ww

140

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7
Eqn. of the curves

et
𝑑 4
2 2 (4𝜋 + √3)
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦 3
2
𝑦 = 16 𝑥 𝑐

i.N
8

la
Eqn. of the curves
𝑦2 = 4 𝑥 𝑏 16

sa
2
𝑥 = 4𝑦 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 3
𝑎

9
Eqn. of the curves
da
Pa
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 2√2
𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =  𝑎
w.

About x-axis
ww

141

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10 Eqn. of the curves

y = sinx

et
x = cos x
𝜋 5𝜋 𝑏
𝑥= and 𝑥 = 2√2

i.N
4 4
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
about x-axis 𝑎

la
11 Eqn. of the curve
𝑥2 = 𝑦

sa
Eqn. of the lines 𝑏
1
𝑦 = |𝑥| 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
3
𝑎

da
Pa
w.
ww

142

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12 Eqn. of the line

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 +5

et
𝑏
Eqn. of the curve
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 36
y = x2 -2x

i.N
𝑎

la
13 Eqn. of the line
x +y =3
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2

sa
Eqn. of the curve
2 3
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 7
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦
6
0 2

14 Eqn. of the line

da
Pa
y = x-2
𝑑
Eqn. of the curve
9
2 𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =𝑥 2
𝑐
w.
ww

143

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15 Eqn. of the circle

ℎ
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )

et
𝑎
𝑏
Eqn. of the line
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ℎ√𝑎2 − ℎ2
x=h

i.N
𝑎

la
16 Eqn. of the curves
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 16
𝐴1 =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
3
𝑥 2 = 4𝑦

sa
16
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴2 =
x = 0, x = 4 and 3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
y = 0, y = 4 16
𝐴3 =
3

da
Pa
17 Eqn. of the curve
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1
𝑏
Slope of
4
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
PQ = 2 3
w.

𝑎
ww

144

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18 Tangent and normal

to the circle

et
x2 + y2 = 4
𝑑
drawn at
2√3

i.N
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
(1, √3) 𝑐

la
19 Eqn. of the lines
5x – 2y = 15

sa
x + y = -4
𝑑
35
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
2
𝑐

20 The triangle ABC

da
Pa
formed by the
vertices 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 − 𝐴3
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
(-1, 1) (3, 2) 15
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
and (0, 5) 2
w.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
ww

145

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