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TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY
SESSION: - 2023-2025 NAME: -SHASWATI PAUL YEAR: - 2ND BATCH: -MCA 2C STUDENT ID: - 231001271211 SUBJECT: - R Programming Lab ASSIGNMENT 1 Develop R scripts to solve following problems:
1. Question 1:
What is the output when the following is entered at the R prompt?
'C' + 'D' Error Message: Non-numeric argument to binary operator How to resolve the error: Corrected Code: C <- "10" D <- "20" result <- as.numeric(C) + as.numeric(D) print(result) Output: [1] 30
Question 2:
What happens when the following code is run in R?
x = 5. .9; x Error Message: Incorrect use of the .. operator. How to resolve the error:
Corrected Code:
x <- c(5, 6, 7, 8, 9) x Output: [1] 5 6 7 8 9 Question 3:
What is the output of the following R command?
as.raw(20)
Output:
[1] 14
Question 4:
What happens when the following is executed in R?
month.names
Error Message: 'month.names' object not found. Execution halted
What happens when the following R command is executed?
setwd()
Error Message: Argument "dir" is missing, with no default.
Question 10:
What happens when the following code is executed?
(29,59,5)
Error Message: Unexpected ',' in "(29,"
Solution: o Corrected Code:
c(29, 59, 5)
o Output:
[1] 29 59 5
2. Question 1: How can we change the default prompt in R?
To modify the default prompt in R, we can use the options() function. By default, the R prompt is set to "R>". However, it can be customized by specifying a new value for the prompt option.
Code Example:
options(prompt = "MyRPrompt > ")
Question 2: Determining the Type of an R Object
To identify the type of an R object, you can use the following functions:
1. class() – Determines the object's class (e.g., "numeric," "character").
2. typeof() – Reveals the internal type (e.g., "double," "integer"). 3. mode() – Indicates the object's mode (e.g., "numeric," "character"). 4. str() – Provides the structure of the object.
Example:
x <- 42
class(x) # Output: "numeric"
typeof(x) # Output: "double"
mode(x) # Output: "numeric"
str(x) # Output: num 42
Question 3: Changing the Class of an Object
1. Convert to Numeric: as.numeric(object)
2. Convert to Character: as.character(object) 3. Convert to Factor: as.factor(object) 4. Convert to Integer: as.integer(object) 5. Convert to Logical: as.logical(object) 6. Convert to Data Frame: as.data.frame(object) 7. Convert to Matrix: as.matrix(object) 8. Convert to List: as.list(object)
# Convert character to numeric
x <- "123" x_numeric <- as.numeric(x)
# Convert numeric to character
x <- 123 x_char <- as.character(x)
# Convert character vector to factor
x <- c("apple", "banana") x_factor <- as.factor(x)
# Convert numeric to integer
x <- 123.456 x_integer <- as.integer(x)
# Convert numeric to logical
x <- 1 x_logical <- as.logical(x)
# Convert matrix to data frame
x <- matrix(1:4, nrow=2) x_df <- as.data.frame(x)
# Convert data frame to matrix
x <- data.frame(a=1:2, b=3:4) x_matrix <- as.matrix(x)
# Convert numeric vector to list
x <- c(1, 2, 3) x_list <- as.list(x) Question 4: Define an imaginary number. 1.using the complex() function
print(argument) # Output: 1.107149 5. To Change the Working Directory in R
1. Using setwd(): o To set the working directory to a specific path: o setwd("/path/to/your/directory") o To verify the current working directory: o getwd()
2. Using Relative Paths:
o To move to the parent directory (one level up): o setwd("..")
3. On Windows: o Example for setting the working directory: o setwd("C:/Users/YourName/Document/R")
4. On Mac and Linux:
o Example for setting the working directory: o setwd("/Users/YourName/Document/R")
Check if a Number is Prime
# Check if the number is prime
# Take user input for the number
number <- as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter a number to check if it's prime: "))
# Check if the number is less than or equal to 1
if (number <= 1) { cat(number, "is not a prime number.\n") } else { is_prime <- TRUE # Assume the number is prime for (i in 2:(number - 1)) { # Check for divisibility by numbers between 2 and (number - 1) if (number %% i == 0) { is_prime <- FALSE # Not prime if divisible by any number break } } # Output result if (is_prime) { cat(number, "is a prime number.\n") } else { cat(number, "is not a prime number.\n") } }
Output Example:
Enter a number to check if it's prime: 17
17 is a prime number
Generate Fibonacci Series
# Generate Fibonacci series
# Take user input for the number of terms
number <- as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter the number of terms to calculate the Fibonacci series: "))
# Initialize the Fibonacci series vector
fib <- numeric(number)
# Define the first two terms
if (number >= 1) fib[1] <- 0 if (number >= 2) fib[2] <- 1
# Calculate the Fibonacci series for subsequent terms
for (i in 3:number) { fib[i] <- fib[i - 1] + fib[i - 2] }
# Output the Fibonacci series
cat("Fibonacci series with", number, "terms:\n") print(fib)
Output Example:
Enter the number of terms to calculate the Fibonacci series:
10 Fibonacci series with 10 terms: [1] 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 Calculate Factorial Using a Loop
# Calculate Factorial using a Loop
# Take user input for the number
number <- as.integer(readline(prompt = "Enter a number to calculate its factorial: "))
# Check if the number is non-negative
if (number < 0) { cat("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers\n") } else { result <- 1 # Initialize the result variable # Loop to calculate the factorial for (i in 1:number) { result <- result * i } # Output the result cat("Factorial of", number, "is", result, "\n") }
