Introduction

Public transport is an important part of any city's transportation system. It provides a way for people
to get around without having to own a car. However, public transport can also be slow and unreliable.
This can be a problem for people who need to get to work or school on time.

The amount of time required for a traveler to move between two positions can be referred to as
journey time. Regardless of the inherent variations among them, this definition is unquestionably
applicable to any transportation mode (or combinations of them). Travel time is commonly thought of
as a one-dimensional quantity or variable, hence this is to be expected. Additionally, depending on
the analyst, there are several components that make up journey time. Public transportation journey
times, for instance, are frequently divided into waiting time, in-vehicle time, transfer time, and other
times that can be observed (Carrion & Levinson 2012). Travel time in road networks can be divided
into two parts: free flow time and extra time. The former describes how long it takes a driver to reach
his or her destination when there is no or very little traffic. The latter phrase describes every increase
in journey time brought on by changes in the traffic situation. These fluctuations can be expected (like
peak-hour congestion) or unexpected (like car accidents). Whether they are motor vehicle drivers,
transit passengers, journey time reliability is important to many users of the transportation system.
Travelers on both personal and professional trips prefer dependability because it enables them to use
their own time more effectively. Travel time reliability should be a primary performance indicator for
transportation planners and decision-makers due to its significance for users of the transportation
system.

Travelers generally make the required modifications to balance the delays (e.g., leaving earlier to
prevent being late for work) as a result of the predictable variations, which are events (such as traffic
congestion) that they anticipate. Traffic congestion is one of the unbearable conditions of urban areas
because of the sudden increment in the private transport sector which is affecting urban society and
economy (Kumar & Sing, 2017). According to Kumar and Sing (2017) Congestion stops the movement
of traffic leading to unbearable increase in travel time. Traffic congestion generally leads to increment
in transportation cost due to increased time spent on routes and extinguishment of consumables
(fuel, diesel etc.) in most cases and in other cases leads to stress, delays and inability to accurately
forecast travel time along such routes. Factors responsible for traffic congestion include physical,
technical, land use and human factors (Uwadiegwu, 2013).

Traffic congestion is the impedance of vehicles imposed on each other due to speed flow relationship
in conditions where the use of transport system approaches capacity. Vehicle traffic is an inevitable
and continuous event occurring daily especially at urban areas, due to rate of inflow of vehicles and
road been the major means of transportation.

Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by increased vehicular queuing,

slower speeds and longer trip times.

Trip time may be longer or shorter depending on the traffic volume in the area.

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Case study area

The roads connecting Abuloma to Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, and Aggrey Road in Port Harcourt are
known to experience significant traffic congestion and long travel times. This is due to a combination
of factors, including high traffic volume, poor road infrastructure, lack of management and unplanned
development. We would need to gather information on vehicle flow and trip time in order to do an
evaluation and performance study. During peak hours, the travel time can be significantly longer, with
some commuters reporting journey times of up to two hours.

Surveys of road users and traffic monitoring devices can be used to do this. The parameters that
affect traffic flow, such as road capacity, traffic volume, peak traffic hours, and road design, can then
be determined by analysis of the gathered data. The study can be used to generate recommendations
for how to improve traffic flow and lessen congestion on Abuloma road.

Statement problem.

Abuloma which have various route which lead to different parts of Port Harcourt city, have steady
decrease in flow of traffic which causes increase in travel time of goods and services due to the fast
rising number of vehicles and road users. Increased in vehicle numbers have led to congestion,
resulting in prolonged trip times, delays and increased travel time, negatively impact commuters'
productivity and quality of life. Increased traffic volume can contribute to pollution and other
environmental issues. Understanding the traffic patterns can aid in developing strategies for
sustainable urban transport and help in planning traffic management particularly public transport
vehicles. Hence this research is geared towards determination of flow of traffic on the Abuloma to
Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey road.

Aim.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the trip time and traffic volume from Abuloma to Slaughter,
AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey roads using regression analysis models and propose solution to extenuate
this problem.

Objectives of this study.

To;

I. Asses the performance of public transport using volume count of vehicles at different sections of
Abuloma.

II. Investigate the trip time and traffic volume of public transport vehicles on various route (Slaughter,
AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey roads).

III. Identify factors that contributes to delays.

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IV. Develop recommendations to improving the speed and reliability of public transport in Abuloma.

Scope of this study.

This research work is limited to Abuloma, from Abuloma to Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey roads.
Trip time, traffic volume (density), speed and traffic flow will be in consideration.

Significance of this study.

Road transportation is a vital and widely used mode of transportation in Port Harcourt. Eventually,
most economic operations are conducted via road transportation as a result,

crucial for unraveling the tangled web of urban congestion, illuminating peak traffic patterns, and
paving the way for smarter, safer, and more efficient city travel.

Evaluating how long it takes to travel between these points and how many vehicles are on the road,
we can identify when traffic is heaviest. This knowledge helps pinpoint rush hours and peak
congestion times.

study seeks to determine the flow of traffic from Education bus stop to Borikiri to enable Engineers
assign modes during the transportation planning of the city and also help with the goal of proposing a
solution to the problem of road transportation in the study area.

3
Chapter Two.

2.1 Extent of past works

Congestion is a result of ineffective road systems and high demand. One cannot quantify trip time
and the volume of traffic, its effects, or the success of congestion mitigation programs because the
majority of metropolitan streets and freeways lack proper traffic sensing technology. Road operators
and users won't be able to determine how poorly the road system is being used without sufficient
data. Alternative modes of transportation, such the bicycle, bus, ridesharing, and telecommuting, will
become more popular in order to lessen traffic delays (Kurzhanskiy and Varaiya, 2015). Congestion
happens when there are too many cars using the same road at once, exceeding the capacity of the
road (see also: 1999, p. 9: as cited in Dillip & Mmusho, 2016); this causes traffic to be delayed.
(Department of Transportation, 2005, p. 1; link et al., 2005, p.)

Sonia Pérez et al 1999 studies over 75% of the US-Mexico overland trade flows through Texas.
International traffic is channelized through 18 border sector, many of which experience congestion
caused primarily by lack of effective interaction among inspection procedures and traffic
management. This situation requires a case-study approach, which is conductive to efficient problem-
solving in complex situations. This project reports the development of a computer simulation model
of the first case study investigated in this study, namely the Zaragoza Bridge in El Paso, Texas. To
achieve this objective, real time queuing data, such as inter-arrival times of vehicles and service times
of inspectors were sampled, collected, and tested. In addition to the actual case, three case studies
were studied under current traffic volumes, and under a 50 percent increase in volume.

Popoola M et al 2013 studies have brought into focus the issue of traffic congestion on major
highways in Nigeria, Lagos-Ibadan expressway being the case-study area. The main causes of
congestion have been considered indicating that inadequate road capacity, poor road pavement;
accidents on the road, poor traffic control management, poor drainage system, poor driving habit,
poor road network, poor parking habit, religious/special event along the road and presence of heavy
are the greatest causes of traffic congestion in Nigeria. The study has also highlighted some remedies
to improve traffic congestion in Nigeria. Enlarging the width of the road, construction of proper
drainage, provision of parking space, rehabilitate all roads needing attention, public
enlightenment/traffic education, hacking down all illegal buildings/shops built on the Right of Way
(ROW), provision of road furniture, create a separate/alternative root for trucks and heavy vehicles,
provision of pedestrian facilities, in-depth training of transport/traffic personnel, create special
commercial transport coordinator and banning all form of road side trading/hawking are among the
recommendations to reduce traffic congestions.

C. G. Otto et al 2023 in their studies investigated the travel time from Mile 1 interchange (Isaac Boro
Park) to Eleme Junction along Port Harcourt -Aba Express Road for Peak and Off-Peak periods using
public transport systems. From the results of the traffic survey along the route, and based on the
analysis and discussions, the conclusions are drawn as follows;

4
The average journey time using the public transport system is 35.865mins and 24.595mins during
peak and off-peak periods respectively.

The congestion experienced along the route is caused by pavement failures along certain sections of
the road, improper alighting of passengers at bus stops, increased pedestrian-vehicle interactions and
irregularities of signalized traffic lights at intersections.

The average flow for public vehicles during peak and off-peak periods is 1595.53PCUs/hr and
1774.995PCUs/hr respectively.

E. A. Irunokhai et al 2020 studies are based on the result of the analysis obtained, it is vividly deduced
that the peak period of traffic is in the morning (7:30 - 8:00 - 8:30) even though the average waiting
time for the road users in the evening was higher compared to the morning period. And the result
also shows the average waiting of vehicles of each road along the T-junction. Some factors that
causes traffic congestion were not considered such as bad roads, accident, violation of traffic, vehicle
parked along the road, broken down of vehicle but based on the report, the Sango T road junction
traffic flow does not have much significant difference between its peak and off peak period, however
there may be substantial changes when there are holidays and special events around the road axis.

Road Facilities.

Road facilities are the physical infrastructures designed and constructed to support vehicular and
pedestrian movement, ensuring safe and efficient transportation. These facilities consist of various
elements such as bridges, bus stops, garage, service station, traffic signals, intersections and
overpasses. Road facilities play a vital role in the functioning of modern societies, connecting people
and goods to their destinations. Well-designed and maintained road networks promote economic
development, facilitate trade, and enhance accessibility to essential services and resources.

They also play a significant role in tackling traffic congestion by implementing various strategies and
design principles aimed at improving traffic flow and reducing bottlenecks. Congestion in
transportation is characterized by slower speeds, increased vehicular queueing, and longer trip times.
(Otto C. G and Ogboda C. E, 2022). This is the case as observed in some areas of Port Harcourt city.

Bridges.

Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles, such as rivers, valleys, or highways, providing a
pathway for transportation over these barriers. They are essential components of infrastructure that
facilitate the movement of people, vehicles, and goods from one point to another, enhancing
connectivity and accessibility within a region.

Bus stops.

Bus stops are designated locations along roads or streets where buses pick up and drop off
passengers. They serve as essential components of public transportation systems, providing
convenient points for commuters to access buses and travel to their desired destinations.

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Garages

Garages are structures used for servicing, repairing, storing, displaying, overhauling and testing for
engines, rebuilding of engines, fueling or washing and cleaning of vehicles. We’ve all seen the
spectacle of a road jam-packed with cars scrambling to locate a parking spot, obstructing traffic by
slowing down other cars. According to IBM, drivers who are actively scouting for parking spots are
responsible for almost 30% of city traffic. (Aisha, S. 2020). In densely populated places, adding
parking spaces won’t always ease traffic congestion. Instead, we need to manage current spaces
better. By making parking easier for both drivers and operators, smart parking technology holds the
key to reducing traffic. In order to provide information to drivers and parking lot managers, smart
parking technology combines the use of sensors, street lighting, intelligent navigation systems, and
online payment platforms. (Aisha, S. 2020).

Service Station.

Service stations, commonly referred to as gas stations or petrol stations, are locations where drivers
may refuel their cars with gasoline or diesel fuel and other necessary services. For the convenience of
drivers and to guarantee a consistent supply of fuel for vehicles, these stations are placed in strategic
locations along roads and highways.

Traffic Signals.

Devices used at crossroads and road junctions to regulate the flow of vehicle and pedestrian traffic
are known as traffic signals, commonly referred to as traffic lights or stop lights. They ensure orderly
movement and lower the likelihood of accidents, serving as a vital part of traffic control and road
safety.

Intersection.

Road networks need intersections because they allow for the safe and effective crossing of vehicles
and pedestrians at spots where diverse traffic streams converge. Their design and functionality have a
substantial impact on traffic flow and overall road safety, and they play a crucial role in traffic
management and urban planning.

Overpass.

Overpasses are structures constructed over a road or highway to enable pedestrians to cross without
having to deal with the traffic below. They are frequently utilized in locations with heavy foot or
vehicle traffic or in which there are security issues. Overpasses can be constructed from a range of
materials, including concrete, steel, or wood, and can be designed to accommodate pedestrians,
bicycles, and automobiles. They contribute to maintaining public safety and are a crucial component
of urban and suburban infrastructure.

6
Obstruction: they includes anything that prevents passing and re-passing along the road or highway.
E.g speed bum, and other road activities such as market, accidents etc.

Vehicle Flow

Vehicle flow is an important feature of transportation systems because it affects traffic management,
efficiency, and safety. this literature study attempts to investigate the existing body of knowledge on
vehicle flow, with an emphasis on traffic dynamics and optimization methodologies. The review
presents essential concepts, procedure, and findings from relevant studies in order to provide insights
into factors impacting vehicle flow, traffic congestion, and traffic flow efficiency measures. Otto and
Simeon (2022), recently uncovered the primary variables responsible for congestion at the Slaughter
roundabout in a study. The causes were: poor road user conduct, no pedestrian crossings, no
pavement markings, and no parking facilities. These are also the issues with the Ikwerre Road.

Transportation Systems.

The interconnected networks, infrastructure, and services that make it possible to move people,
products, and information from one place to another are referred to as transportation systems. These
systems are crucial to the operation of contemporary societies and have a big impact on social
cohesion, economic growth, and overall quality of life. According to Okolo and Ehikwe (2015),
transportation stimulates economic growth and development and assists in the evolution of
civilization. Hashidu and Adamu (2018), stated that the Nigerian economy grows and develops
because of the road infrastructure that is built and maintained to ensure that agricultural products
are easily accessible from rural areas where they are produced to markets where they are sold to
consumers and customers (Adedeji, Olafiaji, Omole, Olanibi, & Lukman, 2014).

Level of service.

A quantitative measure used to describe the operating circumstances inside a traffic stream is called
level of service.

Trip time.

Trip time is a fundamental measure in transportation, can be defined as the time taken to traverse a
route between any two points of interest. High traffic demand and limited road capacities make
travelers spend much more time on their daily journeys. Urban travel times are prone to higher
degrees of variability either due to recurring (fluctuations in traffic demand, presence of control
features) or non-recurring (traffic incidents or occurrence of any unexpected events) traffic events.
These traffic data collection technologies may include;

(i). Location-based sensors such as loop detector; infrastructure mounted video cam-eras, advanced
technologies such as Bluetooth/Wi-Fi sensors, electronic tag identifiers etc. and

(ii). Spatial sensors such as automatic vehicle identification systems, license plate recognition
systems.

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Travel time in road networks can be divided into two parts: free flow time and extra time. The former
describes how long it takes a driver to reach his or her destination when there is no or very little
traffic. The latter phrase describes every increase in journey time brought on by changes in the traffic
situation.

Traffic volume and Trip time.

Traffic volume and travel time studies involve collecting data related to the number of vehicles
passing a specific location over a certain period of time and the time it takes for vehicles to travel
from Abuloma to Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey roads. Traffic volume and travel time data is
typically collected using various methods, such as manual traffic counts, automatic vehicle counters,
loop detectors, GPS tracking, or traffic cameras. The choice of data collection method can affect the
accuracy and reliability of the data.

Traffic volume and trip time studies may focus on specific locations, such as intersections, highways,
or urban areas, and can span different time periods, such as peak hours, weekdays, weekends, or
special events. The spatial and temporal coverage of the study can influence the insights gained from
the data.

Various analytical techniques, such as statistical analysis, time series analysis, regression modeling,
and spatial analysis, can be used to analyze traffic volume and trip time data. These techniques can
help identify trends, patterns, correlations, and relationships in the data.

Traffic volume and trip time studies often involve the calculation of performance measures, such as
average daily traffic (ADT), peak-hour volume, vehicle density, level of service (LOS), travel time index
(TTI), average speed, and delay. These performance measures can provide insights into traffic
conditions, congestion levels, and transportation system efficiency.

8
CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Materials

To evaluate trip time and traffic volume from Abuloma to Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey roads,
you would need the following materials:

Map or Navigation System: Obtain a detailed map of the area or use a navigation system to identify
the routes Abuloma to Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, Aggrey roads respectively. This will help you plan
your evaluation and determine the distance and possible alternative routes.

Traffic Counting Tools: You will require tools to count and record traffic volume. There are several
options available, including manual counting using tally counters or automated systems such as traffic
cameras or sensors. Choose a method that suits your requirements and resources.

Stopwatch or Timer: Use a stopwatch or timer to measure travel time accurately. Start the timer at
Abuloma when the vehicle starts moving and stop it when the vehicle reaches Rivers State University.

Data Recording Sheet: Prepare a data recording sheet to document the traffic volume and travel time
for each evaluation. Include columns for date, time, traffic volume, and travel time. This will help you
organize and analyze the collected data effectively.

Transportation Mode: Determine the mode of transportation you will use for the evaluation. This
could be a car, bus, or any other vehicle commonly used by commuters. Ensure that the chosen mode
is representative of the typical travel patterns in the area.

Safety Equipment: Prioritize safety during the evaluation. Wear reflective clothing if necessary, carry
safety cones or signs for roadside activities, and follow traffic rules and regulations.

Optional: You may also consider using GPS tracking devices or smartphone applications that provide
real-time traffic information. These tools can provide additional data and insights into traffic
conditions during the evaluation.

Software tools: software tools like Microsoft excel, spreadsheets or statistical software was used for
data management and analysis. (A data entry sheet).

3.2 Methods

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The three study locations chosen for this are the main intersections in the traffic network of Port
Harcourt city where public transport behavior affects traffic flow. To find out the extent to which
congestion of the various routes got and how public transport affect traffic flowed along them, a
thorough field assessment was conducted. Moving observed methods were used to collect data on
things like free flow, volume of people, trip time, delay time, etc. Patel, Mukherjee (2015).

Model-base methods

The model-based methods designed for traffic flow are, in general, divided into two types:
macroscopic and microscopic, but for this study Macroscopic methods will be used.

Macroscopic methods utilize macroscopic traffic properties (i.e average speed, average traffic flow,
and density) to describe traffic and analyze the traffic behavior through traffic volume theory.

Cameras (smart phones) were installed for the survey and the setting were unified to record every
data every one second.

The timer of the stopwatch was set up to one second accuracy.

Collection of number of vehicle passing a road segment at a particular time of the day.

Vehicle count for measurement of density is used with the travel speeds, obtained from tracking data
of smart phones, to derive the Calculated density at any given time.

A road section was measured and direct observation of the time taken by a vehicle to cover a known
distance was gotten.

Calculation of the road capacity.

Traffic Data Sheet

A traffic data sheet is a document that provides information and statistics related to traffic
patterns and conditions. It is typically used by traffic engineers, urban planners, transportation
agencies, and researchers to analyze, plan, and manage transportation systems. Below is a
sample of the traffic data sheet.

Methods
Manual Traffic Count: A manual traffic count refers to the process of collecting data on traffic volume
by physically counting the number of vehicles passing a specific location over a given period of time.
This method involves human observers stationed at designated points along the road or at
intersections, who manually record the number and type of vehicles passing by.

Spot speed studies.

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Spot speed studies are a type of traffic study that measures the speed of vehicles at a specific location
or “spot” on a road way. This information can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of speed limit
enforcement, identify areas where speed limits may need to be adjusted, and assess the overall safety
of a roadway.

Trip Time

The length of time it takes to get from one place to another is known as the trip time. It can be
affected by factors such as traffic, road conditions, and mode of transportation. Trip time is often used
in transportation planning and traffic engineering to evaluate the efficiency of transportation systems
and to identify areas where improvements can be made.

3.2.4 Regression
Regression, in the context of speed and density, refers to the statistical analysis that examines the
relationship between these two variables. It helps determine how changes in density affect the
speed of vehicles on the road.

3.2.5 Flow (volume)

Flow also known as volume (Q) is the number of vehicles passing a specific point during a stated

period of time. It is usually expressed in vehicles per hour.

𝑛 𝑥 3600
𝑞= 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ
𝑇
Where: n = number of vehicles passing a point in the roadway in T sec

q = equivalent hourly flow

11
3.2.6 Speed

Speed (u) is the distance traveled by a vehicle during a unit of time. It is usually expressed in

kilometers per hour (km/h), or meter per second (m/sec).

3.2.4 Regression
Regression, in the context of speed and density, refers to the statistical analysis that examines the
relationship between these two variables. It helps determine how changes in density affect the
speed of vehicles on the road.

3.2.5 Flow (volume)

Flow also known as volume (Q) is the number of vehicles passing a specific point during a stated

period of time. It is usually expressed in vehicles per hour.

𝑛 𝑥 3600
𝑞= 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ
𝑇
Where: n = number of vehicles passing a point in the roadway in T sec q=

equivalent hourly flow

3.2.6 Speed

Speed (u) is the distance traveled by a vehicle during a unit of time. It is usually expressed in

kilometers per hour (km/h), or meter per second (m/sec). u= 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

12
3.2.7 Density

Density (k), sometimes referred to as concentration, is the number of vehicles traveling over a unit

length of highway at an instant in time. The unit length is usually 1 kilometer (km), thereby making

vehicles per km (veh/km) the unit of density.

V = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

3.2.7 Density

Density (k), sometimes referred to as concentration, is the number of vehicles traveling over a unit

length of highway at an instant in time. The unit length is usually 1 kilometer (km), thereby making

vehicles per km (veh/km) the unit of density.

Trip time study.

A trip time study determines the average time required and also the amount of delay caused on a
given route. Delay is the extra time spent by drivers against their expectation. Data obtained from
tripl time and delay studies give a good indication of the level of service on the study section. These
data aided in identifying locations like presence of traffic intersections, which may require special
attention in order to improve the overall volume of traffic on the route.

Speed and delay studies give running speeds, overall speed, fluctuations in speed and delay between
two stations of a road spaced far apart. They also give the information such as amount, location,
duration, frequency and causes of the delay in the traffic stream. There can be different forms of
delay depending on location:

Stopped time delay: it is the delay which the vehicles are at rest.

Approach delay: it is due to declaration to and acceleration from a stop to stopped time delay.

Time in queue delay: it is the time between a vehicles join in the end of the queue at a signalized or
stop controlled intersection and the tie crosses the intersection (stop line).

13
Control delay or fixed delay: it is the delay caused by controlled device such as signals, includes both
approach delay and time-in-queue delay.

Operational delay: it is the delay caused due to impedance of other traffic

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results

This chapter provide a graphical representation of the average statistics for volume (FLOW), speed,
and density along with an assessment of how well each of these variables performed on a weekly
basis over the course of a month. For ease of understanding, the traffic count figures were displayed
as tables and graphs. They include the daily traffic volume (flow) results broken down by vehicle
type, speed, density, and travel time at various road segments for every week, as well as an analysis
of the speed and density data gathered using Greenshields and Greenberg models.

14
 FLOW

654

506

498
496

211
MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Figure 4.1: Daily flow data, morning hours for week 1.

Average Flow of Traffic for Week One

Figure 4.1 above displays the traffic count results for morning hours for a period of five days, or one
week. It was noted that on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday morning traffic volumes
were in the following manner: 654veh/hr, 496veh/hr, 506veh/hr, 211veh/hr, 498veh/hr respectively.

The data indicates that compared to the other days, Monday morning had a higher volume of
vehicles per hour.

Figure 4.2: Daily flow data, morning hours for week 2.

WEEK 2
FLOW
720

538
502

498
486

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

15
4.1.2 Average Flow of Traffic for Week Two
Figure 4.2 above displays the traffic count results for morning hours for a period of five days, or one
week. It was noted that on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday morning traffic volumes
were in the following manner: 720veh/hr, 502veh/hr, 5538veh/hr, 486veh/hr, 498veh/hr respectively.

The data indicates that compared to the other days, Monday morning had a higher volume of vehicles
per hour followed by Wednesday.

Figure 4.3: Daily flow data, morning hours for week 1.

WEEK 3
FLOW
730

544

498
450

264

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Average Flow of Traffic for Week Three

Figure 4.3 above displays the traffic count results for morning hours for a period of five days, or one
week. It was noted that on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday morning traffic volumes
were in the following manner: 730veh/hr, 450veh/hr, 5448veh/hr, 264veh/hr, 498veh/hr respectively.

The data indicates that compared to the other days, Monday morning had a higher volume of vehicles
per hour followed by Wednesday.

Figure 4.4: Daily flow data, morning hours for week 3.

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 WEEK 4
FLOW
747

509
478

306
260
MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Average Flow of Traffic for Week Four

Figure 4.4 above displays the traffic count results for morning hours for a period of five days, or one
week. It was noted that on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday morning traffic volumes
were in the following manner: 747veh/hr, 478veh/hr, 502veh/hr, 260veh/hr, 306veh/hr respectively.

The data indicates that compared to the other days, Monday morning had a higher volume of vehicles
per hour followed by Wednesday.

Figure 4.1.1 Variation of daily speed data, morning hours for week 1.
WEEK 1 MORNING
SPEED
29.43

23.11
20.09

18.57
14.34

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

17
Average Speed of Traffic for Week One

From figures 4.1.2, the data displays the speeds of vehicles from Monday through Friday. The
peak speed recorded in the morning hours was 29.43 km/hr on Monday, while the slowest
speed was 14.34km/hr on Wednesday.
According to the data collected, Monday had the least amount of traffic congestion and
Wednesday experienced the peak amount of traffic congestion. Thus Wednesday will be a very
busy day for road users.
Figure 4.1.2 Variation of daily speed data, morning hours for week 2
WEEK 2 MORNING
SPEED
28.05

24.07

23.96

18.38

17.45

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Average Speed of Traffic for Week Two

The data on figures 4.1.3 and above displays the speeds of vehicles from Monday through
friday. On Monday morning speed was at peak, 28.05 and on Friday, morning speed was at its
peak, 17.45km/hr, and it was at its lowest, 17.45 km/hr. According to the data collected, in the
morning Monday had the least traffic congestion and Friday had the most congestion in the
afternoon experienced the most traffic congestion while Monday experienced the least.

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Figure 4.1.3 Variation of daily speed data, morning hours for week 3
WEEK 3 MORNING
SPEED

26.96
25.45
24.16

23.2
19.14

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Average Speed of Traffic for Week Three

The data on figures 4.1.3 and above displays the speeds of vehicles from Monday through
Friday. On Thursday morning speed was at peak, 26.96 and on Tuesday, morning speed was at
its peak, 19.14km/hr, and it was at its lowest, 19.14 km/hr. According to the data collected, in
the morning Thursday had the least traffic congestion and Tuesday had the most congestion in
the morning experienced the most traffic congestion while Thursday experienced the least.
Figure 4.1.4 Variation of daily speed data, morning hours for week 4
WEEK 4 MORNING
SPEED
23.92
20.07

19.29

16.91
17.5

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

19
Average Speed of Traffic for Week Four
The data on figures 4.1.3 and above displays the speeds of vehicles from Monday through
Friday. On Tuesday morning speed was at peak, 23.92 and on Thursday, morning speed was at
its peak, 16.91km/hr, and it was at its lowest, 16.91 km/hr. According to the data collected, in
the morning Tuesday had the least traffic congestion and Thursday had the most congestion in
the morning experienced the most traffic congestion while Tuesday experienced the least.

Figure 4.2.1 Variation of daily density data, morning hours for week 1.

DENSITY
7000
6500

6000

5000 4635
4265
4025
4000
3530

3000

2000

1000

0
MON TUE WED THUR FRI

Average Density of Traffic for Week One

Figures 4.2.1 above displays the results of the vehicle traffic count for one week. The
information displays the number of vehicles on the road in the morning and from Monday
through Friday. The densities in the morning were, in order, 6500, 4025, 4635, 3530, and 4265
veh/hr. The information shows how congested the roads are in the morning , Monday through
Friday. Monday had the most traffic in the morning (6500 vehicles per hour), while Thursday
had the least (3530 vehicles per hour).

20
Figure 4.2.2 Variation of daily density data, morning hours for week 2.

6875 DENSITY

5385

4462

4167
2424
MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Average Density of Traffic for Week Two

Figures 4.2.2 above displays the results of the vehicle traffic count for one week. The
information displays the number of vehicles on the road in the morning and from Monday
through Friday. The densities in the morning were, in order, 6875, 5385, 4462, 2424, and 4167
veh/hr. The information shows how congested the roads are in the morning, Monday through
Friday. Monday had the most traffic in the morning (6875 vehicles per hour), while Thursday
had the least (5385 vehicles per hour).

21
 DENSITY
6617

4657

4532
4080

2137
MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Figure 4.2.3 Variation of daily density data, morning hours for week 3.
Density of Traffic for Week Three
Figures 4.2.3 above displays the results of the vehicle traffic count for one week. The
information displays the number of vehicles on the road in the morning and from Monday
through Friday. The densities in the morning were, in order, 6617, 4080, 4657, 2137 and 4532
veh/hr. The information shows how congested the roads are in the morning, Monday through
Friday. Monday had the most traffic in the morning (6617 vehicles per hour), while Thursday
had the least (2137 vehicles per hour).

DENSITY
6422

4943
4923
4313

2432

MON TUE W ED TH UR FRI

Figure 4.2.4e Variation of daily density data, morning hours for week 4.

22
Density of Traffic for Week Four
Figures 4.2.4 above displays the results of the vehicle traffic count for one week. The
information displays the number of vehicles on the road in the morning and from Monday
through Friday. The densities in the morning were, in order, 6422, 4313, 4923, 2432 and 4943
veh/hr. The information shows how congested the roads are in the morning, Monday through
Friday. Monday had the most traffic in the morning (6422 vehicles per hour), while Thursday
had the least (2432 vehicles per hour).

23
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

The study concludes based on the research. While the research was aimed to
evaluate the trip time and traffic volume from Abuloma to Slaughter, AMADI,
Garrison, Aggrey roads using manual traffic count to analyse the current
performance of Abuloma road to Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, and Aggrey roads.
using regression method.

The major findings and conclusions are as follows:

i. Flow: it was observed from our data that there is less flow on Mondays
due to the number of vehicles on the road, traders carrying out
businesses along the road and school children along the road.
ii. Speed: it was observed from our data that on Thursdays and Tuesdays
there was less traffic congestion which increased the speed compared to
the other days of the week, also on Wednesdays we recorded lowest
speeds compared to the other days of the week due to the high number
of vehicular activities.
iii. Density: it was observed that there is less traffic congestion on Thursdays
due to the low number of vehicles and peak traffic congestion was
recorded on Mondays due to the high number of vehicles on the road.
iv. Regression: from our data calculated from Monday through Sunday, we
observed that changes in density affects the speed of vehicles on the road
because when density is at its peak speed reduces.

5.2 Contribution to knowledge

We have been able to establish with the use of regression analysis that there is a
poor relationship between speed and density along Slaughter, AMADI, Garrison,
and Aggrey roads sections of Abuloma road due to the data collected. This work
could assist the government in formulating policies to reduce the issue of

24
congestion along Abuloma to slaughter, AMADI, Garrison, and Aggrey road
sections of Abuloma.

5.3 Recommendations

The following were made:

i. There should be implementation of traffic control systems or devices at

intersections.
ii. The use of road sides as trading area should be discouraged especially
along Abuloma road way, thus there should be provision of space for
market traders at distances outside the perimeter of the roadway.
iii. There should be provision for more conducive public means of
transportation to encourage usage of public transport and reduce the
number of private vehicles on the road.
iv. iv. The number of police checkpoints should be limited to avoid bottle
necks along the roadway.
v. Government should plan and construct more than one lane road way to
provide more access.
vi. There should be prohibition against reckless parking of vehicles along the
roadway.
vii. Commercial road users should strictly be restricted from picking and
alighting passengers along the roadway outside the bus stops.
viii. There should be proper drainage system along the road to reduce traffic
congestion during unfavorable weather conditions, eg Rainfall.

25
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