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Q. A ball of mass m is projected at angle with vertical as shown on a frictionless floor . Find speed
and angle of reflection after collision.
1. Linear momentum and velocity changes perpendicular to contact surface
2. Linear momentum and velocity does not change along the contact surface
3. newton law of collision will be applied perpendicular to contact surface

X direction v sin = v sin

m
Y direction
Newton law of collision m

v cos = e v cos
usin
tan
eucos
tan 2 2
tan v eucos usin
e

Q. A ball of mass 1kg is dropped from 20 m height. Find :

(i) velocity of ball after second collision
(ii) maximum height attained by the ball after second collision

m = 1kg, h = 20m, e = 0.5

2
1
(i) v2 e2u 2g 20 5m / s
2
4
1 20 5
(ii) h2 e4h 20 m
2 16 4

CIRCULAR
MOTION
 CIRCULAR MOTION

CIRCULAR MOTION
Circular Motion :- When a particle moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed
(or moving) point remains same, then its motion is known as circular motion with
respect to that fixed (or moving) point.

(1) The fixed point is called centre & the distance of particle from it is called radius.

(2) The vector joining the centre of the circle and the particle, directed towards the
particle is called the radius vector.

CIRCULAR MOTION

(3) The linear velocity of particle at any instant is along the tangent called tangential
velocity.

(4) Circular motion is an example of 2-D motion or motion in a plane.

(5) As the direction of linear velocity is always vary, so due to variable velocity circular
motion is called an accelerated motion.
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Kinematics of Circular Motion :-
(a) Angular position : The angular position of the particle at a given instant is described
by the angle between its position vector and reference line.
y

x
O Reference line

CIRCULAR MOTION
(b) Angular displacement : Angle through which the position vector of the moving
particle rotates in a given time interval is called angular displacement.
If point rotates through an angle in time t then is angular displacement.
y Q

Angle P

f i
x
O Reference line

Note :- It does not depends on the reference line.

CIRCULAR MOTION
Imp. points :-
(1) Its SI unit is radian, some other units are degree and revolution.
2 radian = 360° = 1 revolution
radian = 180° = half revolution

(3) Infinitesimally small angular displacement is a vector quantity, but finite angular
displacement is a scalar, because addition of the Infinitesimally small angular
displacement is commutative, while addition of finite angular displacement is not.

d 1 d 2 d 2 d 1
but 1 2 2 1
 CIRCULAR MOTION
(4) Direction of small angular displacement is decided by right hand thumb rule. It is
an axial vector. d

(5) For N revolutions angular displacement P

2 N

Ex.(2) For half revolution

Ex.(1) For 3 revolutions
N=3 N=

= 2 (3) = 6 radian =2 ( )= radian

CIRCULAR MOTION
(c) Time period (T) : Time taken by particle to complete one revolution.

(d) Frequency (f/n) : Number of revolutions described by particle per second is called
frequency.

Unit : Revolution per second (rps)

or 1 rps 60 rpm

Revolution per minute (rpm)

1
Note : T
n

CIRCULAR MOTION
Angular displacement depends on the position of observer

A r P
r B
 CIRCULAR MOTION
(e) Angular velocity : The rate of change in angular displacement of a moving particle
with respect to time is called angular velocity.

Angular displacement 2 1
(i) Average angular velocity : avg avg
total time taken t2 t1 t

(ii) Instantaneous Angular velocity : It is angular velocity at any instant.

CIRCULAR MOTION
Important Points :
(1) S.I. unit = rad/s
(2) It is an axial vector whose direction is along the axis of rotation and determine by
right hand thumb rule.

Anticlockwise Clockwise

CIRCULAR MOTION
(3) Dimension : [T 1]
(4) Relation between , T and n :
1
As For t = T Similarly T
t n
=2
2 So, 2 n or =2 f
T
1
f
T
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle performing circular motion completes 20 revolutions in 4 second. Find its
angular speed ?

4s -------- 20 rev
Sol.
1s -------- 20/4 rev
5 rev/s

= 10 rad/s

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. Find angular speed in rad/s :
(a) f = 10 rps or 10 rev/s (b) f = 100 rpm or 100 rev/min

Sol. = 2 f = 2 (10) = 20 rad/s Sol.

10
rad / s
3

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. Find angular speed of second hand, minute hand and hour hand ?
Sol. For second hand
2 N 2 (1)
rad / s
t 60 30

For minute hand

2 N 2 (1)
rad / s
t 60 60 1800

For hour hand

2 N 2 (1)
rad / s
t 12 60 60 21600
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If angular displacement of a particle in given by 2 ; then find its
angular velocity :

d d
Sol. (a bt ct2 )
dt dt
= b + 2ct

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle revolving in a circular path completes first one fourth of circumference in
3 second and then next three fourth of circumference in 5 second. Calculate its
average angular velocity ?

CIRCULAR MOTION
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Angular velocity depends on position of the observer
Q

A r P
r B

CIRCULAR MOTION
Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
v=r

s=r

CIRCULAR MOTION
(f) Angular Acceleration ( ) : Rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time is
called angular acceleration.
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Important Points :
(1) Unit : rad/s2
(2) Dimension : [T 2]
(3) It is also an axial vector

If speed increasing If speed decreasing

(4) If = 0, circular motion is said to be uniform.
(5) If 0, circular motion is non-uniform.

CIRCULAR MOTION
* Motion with constant angular velocity :
As = 0

or t
t

* Motion with constant angular acceleration :

0 = Initial angular velocity
= Final angular velocity
= Constant angular acceleration
= Angular displacement

CIRCULAR MOTION
If = constant then we can use equation of motion
(i) = 0 + t

(ii) = 0t + t2

(iii) 2 =

(iv) 0
t
2

(v) 0 (2n 1)
nth
2
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle perform circular motion with 50 rpm having linear speed 6.28 m/s.
Find distance of particle from axis of rotation :

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle is moving with constant speed in a circular path. Find the ratio of
average velocity to its instantaneous velocity when the particle describes an
angle ?

CIRCULAR MOTION
Sol. Let constant speed is v
For quarter circle will be covered.

Average velocity = Total displacement

Total time
Displacement =
r/2 r
time = distance / speed =
v 2v

r 2 2 2v
Average velocity = 2v
r

Average velocity 2 2v 2 2
Now,
Instantaneous velocity v
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A fan is rotating with angular velocity 100 rev/s. Then after switched off it takes 5
minutes to stop : (assume constant angular retardation)
(a) Find total number of revolution made before it stops.
(b) Find the value of angular retardation.
(c) Find average angular velocity during this interval.

CIRCULAR MOTION

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A fan rotating with = 100 rad/s, is switched off. After 2n rotation its angular
velocity becomes 50 rad/s. Find the angular velocity of the fan after n rotations :
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If a body rotates such that its angular acceleration varies with time as
. Find angular speed of body at t = 2 sec if it starts from
rest.

CIRCULAR MOTION

Sol. = 4t3 + 2t

d = (4t3 + 2t)dt

d (4t3 2t)dt
0 0

0=

= 20 rad/s

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If = t3 t2 + t rad. Find angular velocity when angular acceleration becomes zero.

Sol. =

= 3t 2 2t + 1
d d
(3t 2 2t 1) 6t 2
dt dt
When = 0 0 = 6t 2 t = 1/3 sec

So, at t =
2
1 1
= 3 2 1 =
3 3
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If =2 2 + . Find angular acceleration when = 1 rad.
d
Sol.
d

At = 1 rad
(2.12 1) (4.1 1)

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If = 3t2 + 2t. Find average angular speed from t = 0 to t = 2 second ?
t2
. dt
t1
Sol. avg
= t2
dt
t1

2
(3t 2 2t). dt 2
t3 t2
0 0
avg
= 2
2 0
dt
0

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A solid body rotates about a stationary axis with an angular retardation K ,
where is the angular velocity of body. Find time after which body will come to
rest if at t = 0 angular velocity of body was 0 :
Sol. K
d d
K K.dt
dt

0 t
d
K dt
0 0

t=
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Note : If particles move it concentric circles in such a way such that they maintain a
straight line through the centre, then angular speed and time period of particles
will be same.

v2
v1

CIRCULAR MOTION
* Relative angular velocity :
Defination : Angular velocity of 'A' with respect to the other moving particle 'B' is the
rate at which position vector of 'A' with respect 'B' rotates at that instant.
VB sin VB
A
1
2 VA
r
B
VA sin
component of relative velocity of A
w.r.t. B perpendicular to line AB (v AB )
AB
Separation between A and B rAB
v A sin 1 v B sin 2
Here, AB
r

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. Find relative velocity of A with respect to B :
VA = 10 m/s

300

B 5m A

(v AB )
AB
rAB
A 10 sin 30
AB 1 rad / s
5 5
 CIRCULAR MOTION

VB = 5 m/s VA = 10 m/s
370

370

B A
5m

v A sin(37 ) v B cos 37 10 sin 37 5 cos 37

AB
5 5
6 4 2
AB rad / s
5 5

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle is moving on astraight line y = b with speed v . When position vector of
the particle relative to origin makes an angle from x axis . Find angular velocity
of the particle w.r.t. origin (particle is moving along +x direction) :
y

v
b

x
O

CIRCULAR MOTION
* Relation between angular and linear acceleration :

d dr
a r
dt dt
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Imp. points :
and are two components of net acceleration.

aT aC

Magnitude of net acceleration

a a 2T a 2C

Angle of net acceleration with tangential acceleration

aC 1 aC
tan tan
aT aT

CIRCULAR MOTION
* Tangential acceleration : The acceleration which is responsible for changing the
speed in circular motion is called tangential acceleration.
It is defined as :

aT = = Rate of change of speed

In vector form

CIRCULAR MOTION
Important points :
(1) It may be or may not be present in circular motion.

(2) If it is not present speed will be constant

aT = 0 ;
 CIRCULAR MOTION
* Centripetal acceleration or Radial acceleration:
The acceleration which is responsible for changing the direction of particle in
circular motion is called centripetal acceleration.
(In vector form)

aC = v =

It doesnot change the magnitude of velocity cant speedup or speeddown

The only acceleration acting in UCM is ac

CIRCULAR MOTION
Important points :
(1) It must be present in circular motion.
(2) Centripetal acceleration is always variable because it changes in direction.
(3) It always perpendicular to the velocity of each point.

Note :
(i) Net acceleration is basically an instantaneous acceleration.

(ii) The direction of all the three axial vectors is always along axis of rotation and
perpendicular to plane of circle.
(iii) All linear vector and are always lie in the plane of circle.

CIRCULAR MOTION
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If a particle covers 14 revolutions in 11 second in a circle of radius r = 10 cm. Find
acceleration of particle :

Sol. a = a 2T a 2C
2
a = aC = r ( aT = 0)

Here, = = 8 rad/s

So, a = (8)2 (0.1) = 6.4 m/s 2

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle moves in a circle of radius 2m at a speed given by v = 4t2, where v is in
m/s and t is in second :
(a) acceleration at t = 1 sec
(b) Angle of net acceleration with tangential acceleration at t = 1 second

dv d For centripetal acceleration

aT = (4 t 2 )
dt dt
aC =
aT = 8t at t = 1 sec

aT = 8 m/s2 At t = 1 second

aC =

CIRCULAR MOTION

At t = 1 second

So, a = 82 82

a=

8
tan 1
8
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle moving in a circular path of radius 9 m. If its speed is increasing with
rate of 3 m/s2 then find acceleration at the instant when speed becomes
6 m/s.

Sol. a a 2T a 2C

Here a T = 3 m/s2 and aC =

a= 32 42 5 m / s2

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle starts circular motion on a circle of radius m under constant
tangential acceleration after complision of 2 revolution its speed becomes 80
nd

m/s. find constant tangential acceleration :

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle performing circular motion with uniform speed v in a circle of radius r
then find ratio of average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration over half
revolution ?
Sol. Average acceleration

aavg =

v vf vi

vi ( vi )

2vi 2v
 CIRCULAR MOTION
2v 2v 2
So, a avg v
r r
Now instantaneous acceleration

a a 2T a 2C

a = aC = ( Here a T = 0)

a avg 2v 2 r 2
Ratio of
a r v2

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle is moving on a circle of radius r and its acceleration ac = k2 r t2 where k
is a constant . Find :
1. Speed time relation
2. Tangential acceleration
3. Magnitude of acceleration
4. Angle between acceleration and tangential acceleration

ac = k2 r t2 aT = kr

V = krt
kt2
=

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle is moving on circle of radius r with speed v in x-y plane with centre at
origin . At an instant its position is (r, ) , is angle made by position vector from
x- axis ( < 900 ) then acceleration of the particle is : y

x
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A ring rotates about z axis shown in the fig . The plane of rotation is x-y. at an
instant the acceleration of a particle P shown is 10 m/s2 find angular
acceleration and angular velocity at that instant radius is 2 m : y
P

CIRCULAR MOTION

Centripetal force :
The force which is responsible to change the direction of body in circular motion
Its compulsory for circular motion
It continuously changes the direction of velocity
Its always perpendicular to velocity so doesnot changes magnitude of velocity
No work done by centripetal force
No power delivered by centripetal force

r=m

CIRCULAR MOTION
The centripetal force is basically provided by real natural force such as friction, normal
contact force, tension, spring force, gravitational, electrostatic force etc.

Tangential force : The force which is responsible for changing the speed of body.
FT m aT

Magnitude

Not e : It may be or may not be present in C.M.

 CIRCULAR MOTION
Centrifugal force :

If the observer is on the particle doing circular motion than the frame is accelerated
which is non inertial frame
So in the particle frame to apply laws of motion pseudo force has to be considered
which directed opposite to the acceleration of the particle it is centrifugal force
In UCM it is radially outwards

ac

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A block of mass 2kg is tied to a string of length 2m, the other end of which is
fixed. the block is moved on a smooth horizontal table with constant speed 5
m/s. Find the tension in the string ?

v= 5m/s

T
2kg
= 2m

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. In previous question if breaking strength of string is 100 N, then what can be the
maximum possible speed of particle for circular motion ?

Sol. For maximum tension

mv 2max
Tmax 100 =
r
v max = 10 m/s

m v 2max 2
Tmax m max r
r
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. For given situation find the ratio of T1 and T2. Both two particles moving in
horizontal circle :
Net force radially inwards provides centripetal foce

T2 (B) T1 (A)
O m m

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle is moving on a circle of radius r if centripetal acceleration at time t is
given ac = k2 r t2 wher k is a constant find power delivered by to the particle :

CIRCULAR MOTION
UCM NON-UCM
aT = 0 =0 aT 0 0

ac 0 = constant ac 0 = varieble

anet = ac

FT = 0 FT 0
Fc 0 Fnet = Fc Fc 0
No work done work done by only tangential force
No power delivered power delivered by only tangential force
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Conical pendulum :

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A boy holds a pendulum in his hand while standing at the edge of a circular
platform of radius 'r' rotating at an angular speed . Find angle made by
pendulum with vertical :

2
r
tan
g

2
1 r
tan
g

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A hemispherical bowl of radius R is rotating with some angular speed, in which a
particle is revolving with the wall of bowl. find angular speed of bowl ?
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A tube of length L is filled with a liquid is rotated in horizontal plane about one
end with angular velocity . Find force on the other end mass of liquid is M:

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A coin of mass m is kept on a horizontal rotating platformat a distance r from its
centre. If coefficient of static friction is , find the condition for which coin
doesnot slip:

r
f

Sol. Here centripetal force is provided by friction force.

f r = m 2r

CIRCULAR MOTION
Death well or Rotor :
Death well : In case of death well wall are at rest and person revolves.
Rotor : In case of rotor person is at rest with respect to the walls i.e., rotate with walls.

fl
N

mg
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. Find speed of the bead radius of circle of bead is r :

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A block of mass m is tied to a spring of spring constant K, natural length ' ' and
the other end of spring is fixed at 'O'. If the block moves in a circular path on a
smooth horizontal surface with constant angular velocity , find elongation in
spring :
2
F spring = m r

2
Kx = m ( + x)
2 2
O (m) Kx = m + m x

2
m
x= 2
K m

CIRCULAR MOTION
Circular turning on Roads :
When any vehicles go through circular turnings, then there must be some force which
will provide the necessary centripetal force. This can be provided by following three
ways :
(1) By friction only
(2) By banking of roads only
(3) By friction and banking of roads both
 CIRCULAR MOTION
(1) By friction only :
Suppose a car of mass m is moving at a speed v in a horizontal circular arc of radius
r. In this case friction will provide the necessary centripetal force.

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A bend in a level road has a radius of 100 m. Calculate the maximum speed of car
so that car does not skid. Given = 0.8

Sol. vmax = rg 0.8 100 10 800

Vmax = 28 m/s

CIRCULAR MOTION
(2) By banking of roads only :
 CIRCULAR MOTION
(2) By banking of roads only :
In banking of road outer part of the road is lifted compared to the inner part.
Here, one component of normal contact force is towards the centre which will
provide the necessary centripetal force.

mg

CIRCULAR MOTION

W here = Banking angle

r = Radius of circle
h = Height of outer end w.r.t. inner end
b = width of road

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A vehicle of mass 1000 kg is taking a turn on a banked road having width 5m
average radius r = 100 m, with speed v = 36 km/hr.
Find
(i) Height of outer end w.r.t inner end
(ii) Banking angle
2 h
Sol. (i) v = rg h=
b

h=

h
(ii) tan
b
0.5 1
tan
5 10
 CIRCULAR MOTION
(3) By Friction and Banking of road both :

Here net force towards centre.

Nsin + fLcos =

mg

CIRCULAR MOTION
By eq. (1) / (2)

tan
v max rg
1 tan

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle revolving in a circular path completes first one fourth of circumference in
3 second and then next three fourth of circumference in 5 second. Calculate its
average angular velocity ?
 CIRCULAR MOTION

Circular Motion In Vertical Plane

NON-UCM

CIRCULAR MOTION IN VERTICAL PLANE

Case (a) at lowest point

Case (b) at highest point

Case (c) at mid point

CIRCULAR MOTION
For just completing the circle in vertical plane :
At highest point

Critical speed at the top to just complete the circle

Loss in PE = gain in KE

Critical speed at lowest point for looping the loop in vertical plane
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Important points :

Tmin = 0 Tmax Tmin = 6mg

CIRCULAR MOTION
Important points :

Just for complision of circle

CIRCULAR MOTION
Important points :

Velocity at the lowest point to complete just reach mid point

Gain in PE = loss in KE

Conditions for not completing the circle

Particle will leave circle between mid point and top

Oscillation on semicircle

Oscillation on arc
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle of mass m connected with a string of length moves in vertical circle. If ratio of maximum and
minimum tension in string is 4 then find maximum and minimum speed of particle in vertical circle :

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A stone having mass 1 kg tied to a rope of length 2 m revolves in a vertical circle. The maximum tension
in string is 60 N. To what height will the stone rise if the rope breaks at the moment when the velocity is
directed upwards.

CIRCULAR MOTION
Condition for completing the circle for a particle connected at one end of light rigid rod :
As it is rigid so it will never slack. So, at top most point the minimum speed can be zero
In critical case vB = 0 B B B

COME

v 2A v 2B 2g(2 )

vA 4g A
A A

Similer cases Ring bead Circular tube ball

u 4g
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. In given diagram what should be minimum height 'h' from where body is released so that it can
complete the circle.

u=0
m

h
r

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. Find the height so that normal force on the body at highest point of loop is mg.

u=0
m

h
r

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. Find (1) speed at point C (2) normal force at C (3) height h

u=0
m

h
r B

A
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. If a body is released from the top of the hemisphere of radius r , then find height of body from ground
where it leaves the surface. All surfaces are smooth :
u=0
N

mg

CIRCULAR MOTION

Normal force on convex bridge Normal force on concave bridge

N1

v
N2

mg v

mg

CIRCULAR MOTION
Q. A particle is tied with a rope of length ' ' is released from horizontal. Find magnitude of net acceleration
at the instant when rope makes an angle with vertical ?

Sol. At point 'A'

Tangential acceleration a T = gsin
Speed at 'A'
v 2A v 2B 2g( cos )
v 2A 2g cos
C en t r ip et a l a cc e le r a t io n Net a c c e l er a t io n
v 2A
aC = 2g cos
 CIRCULAR MOTION

CHAPTER COMPLETED