POST CLASS NOTES
Pair of Linear Equations in
Two variables
Topics
1. General Form of a Linear Equation
2. Types of Pairs of Linear Equations
3. Methods of Solving Pairs of
Linear Equations
4. Solving non-linear pair of equations
1. Linear Equations in Two Variables
General Form
Coefficients Constant
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0
Variables
where, a and b are non-zero real numbers
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Consider two different equations in 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦,
2𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦 + 5 = 0
8𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 3 = 0
These two combined are known as pair of linear equations in two
variables.
General Form of Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
𝑎𝑎1𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0
𝑎𝑎2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2 = 0
2. Types of Pairs of Linear Equations
Parallel Lines Intersecting Lines Coinciding Lines
𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐1 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐1
= ≠ ≠ = =
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐2 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐2
Inconsistent equations Consistent equations
No solution At least one solution
3. Methods of Solving Pairs of
Linear Equations
Methods of Solving
Graphical Method Algebraic Methods
Substitution Method Elimination Method Cross-Multiplication Method
3.1 Graphical Method
2𝑥𝑥 − 1𝑦𝑦 = −1 , 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 9
Find points to construct lines on a graph paper for the two given equations
To construct a line, we need at least two point of the line, we find the value
substituting values of x and y in the two equations.
2𝑥𝑥 − 1𝑦𝑦 = −1 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 9
1 𝒙𝒙 0 3 1
𝒙𝒙 0 − 1
2 9
1 0 3 𝒚𝒚 0 3
𝒚𝒚 2
Draw the two line on a graph and mark the points at which they intersect.
y
(1, 3) The x-coordinate and the y-coordinate
of the point at which the two lines
intersect is the solution(s) of the pair of
equations.
x” x
y”
3.2 Substitution Method
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 4 , 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 2
Take one of the equations and move 'y' to LHS and the rest to RHS
to get the value of 'y' in terms of 'x'.
𝑦𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥𝑥
Substitute the obtained value of 'y' in the other equation to get the
numerical value of 'x'.
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 4 − 𝑥𝑥 = 2
2𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 2
𝑥𝑥 = 3
Now, substitute the obtained value of 'x' in either of the equations to
get the value of 'y'.
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 4
3 + 𝑦𝑦 = 4
𝑦𝑦 = 1
3.3 Elimination Method
3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 18 , 5𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 = 32
1 2
Note down equations aligned to respective Pick the variable which will be easier to
variables as shown. eliminate.
+3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑦𝑦 = +18 +3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑦𝑦 = +18
+5𝑥𝑥 +4𝑦𝑦 = +32 +5𝑥𝑥 +4𝑦𝑦 = +32
3 4
Equalise the coefficients of the variable to
Subtract the second equation from the first
be eliminated by multiplying every term of
equation by reversing all the signs.
the equation with the same number.
+3𝑥𝑥 +2𝑦𝑦 = +18 +6𝑥𝑥 +4𝑦𝑦 =
= +36
=
×2 ×2 ×2
−5𝑥𝑥 −4𝑦𝑦 =
= −32
=
+5𝑥𝑥 +4𝑦𝑦 = +32
+𝑥𝑥 =
+0𝑦𝑦 = +4
5 6
Substitute the value of the now known Verify the values obtained for
variable into the simpler equation to get the 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 by putting them
value of the other variable. in the given equations
We know that,
𝑥𝑥 = 4 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 18,
And, 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 18
LHS = 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦
⇒ 3 × 4 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 18
= 3 × 4 + 2 × 3
⇒ 12 + 2 = 18
= 18
= RHS
⇒ 2𝑦𝑦 = 6
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 3
5𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 = 32
From the above, x = 4 and y = 3. LHS = 5𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦
Therefore, (4,3) is the solution of the = 5 × 4 + 4 × 3
simultaneous equations 32
= RHS
“3x + 2y = 18" and
“5x + 4y = 32".
3.4 Cross-Multiplication Method
Write the two equations in the general form:
𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0
𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐𝑐2 = 0
Now write the coefficients, variables and constants in
the pattern shown. After that multiply and subtract in the
direction of the arrows as shown:
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 1
𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐1 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1
𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐2 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 1
= =
𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐2 − 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐1 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑐𝑐2 𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1
Get 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 in the LHS and substi tute the respective values to
get the answer.
𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐2 − 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐1 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑐𝑐2 𝑎𝑎1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1
Solving Non-Linear Pair of Equations
Solve for x and y.
5 1 6 3
+ =2 , − =1
𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑦𝑦
Identify what part can be substi tuted wi th some other
variables to make the equation linear.
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
5× +1× =2 𝒑𝒑 =
𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
6× −3× =1 𝒒𝒒 =
𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚
Solve the obtained pair of linear
Now solve for x and y.
equations using any method
1 1 1
5𝒑𝒑 + 𝒒𝒒 = 2 𝒑𝒑 = 𝑥𝑥 = + 1 𝑦𝑦 =
3 𝒑𝒑 𝒒𝒒
1 4
6𝒑𝒑 − 3𝒒𝒒 = 1 𝒒𝒒 = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 = 3
3 3
Mind Map
Parallel Lines
Intersecting lines
Types of Linear equations
Coincident lines
Pair of Linear
equations in two Solving the Pairs of
variables Non-Linear
Equations
Solving the Pairs of
Linear Equations
Reducing the Equations
into Linear Form
Elimination method
Cross-multiplication
Graphical method method
Substitution
Method
Important Questions
Q1. Graphically, find the number of solution for the following pair of
linear equations in two variables:
6x – 3y + 10 = 0
2x – y + 9 = 0 (3 Marks)
Solution- The first equation is
6x – 3y + 10 = 0
⇒ 2x – y + 10 = 0
3
10
⇒ y = 2x +
3
x 0 -5
3
y 10 0
3
Points A B
(1 Mark)
And the table for 2x- y + 9 = 0
x 0 -9
2
y= 2x + 9 9 0
Points C D
(1 Mark)
Important Questions
Since the given pair of linear equations in two variables represents two
parallel lines., hence no solution. (1 Mark)
Important Questions
a1 b1 c1
Q2. On comparing the ratios , and find out whether the lines
a2 b2 c2
representing the following pairs of linear equations intersect at a
point, are parallel or coincident.
5x - 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y - 9 = 0 (2 Marks)
Solution- The given equations are:
5x - 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y - 9 = 0
Comparing these equations with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2= 0, we
get: a1 = 5, b1 = -4, and c1 = 8
a2 = 7, b2 = 6, and c2 = -9 (0.5 Marks)
a1 = 5
a2 7
b1 = -4
and
b2 6
c1 = 8
c2 -9
Hence, a1 ≠ b1 (1 Marks)
a2 b2
Therefore, the lines representing the given pair of linear equations
intersect at a point. (0.5 Marks)
Important Questions
Q3. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 16 m
more than its width, is 20 m. Find the dimensions of the garden.
(3 Marks)
Solution- Let the length of the garden be x and the breadth be y .
Then, half the perimeter = 1 X 2 (x+y) = 20 ……(1)
2
(1 Marks)
Also given, length of garden is 16m more than its width.
⇒ x- y = 16 ……(2)
(1 Marks)
Adding (1) and (2)
2x = 36 ⇒ x = 18 (0.5 Marks)
Substituting x = 18 in (2),
18 - y = 16 ⇒ y = 2
(0.5 Marks)
Therefore, the length is 18 m and breadth is 2 m.
Important Questions
Q4. For the pair of equations 𝜆𝜆x+5y+10=0 and 3x + 15y +30 = 0 to
have infinitely many solutions, then find the value of 𝜆𝜆 2-1.
(2 Marks)
Solution- The given pair of linear equations are:
𝜆𝜆x+5y+10=0 and 3x + 15y+30 = 0
Here, a1 = 𝜆𝜆, b1 = 5, and c1 = 10
a2 = 3, b2 = 15, and c2 = 30
a1 b1 c1
If = = then the pair of equations has infinitely
a2 b2 c2
many solutions (1 Marks)
𝜆𝜆 5 10
⇒ = =
3 15 30
⇒ 𝜆𝜆 = 5
3 15
⇒ 𝜆𝜆 = 1
Now
⇒ 𝜆𝜆2 – 1 = 12 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0.
Therefore, value of ( 𝜆𝜆2 -1) is 0.
(1 Marks)
Important Questions
Q5. Draw the graphs of the equations 5x - y = 5 and 3x - y = 3.
Determine the co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed
by these lines and the y axis. (3 Marks)
Solution- 5x - y = 5
or, y = 5x – 5
The solution table will be as follows.
x 0 1 2
y -5 0 5
(1 Marks)
3x-y=3
or, y = 3x - 3
x 0 1 2
y -5 0 5
(1 Marks)
The graphical representation of these lines will be as follows:
(1 Marks)
It can be observed that the required triangle is ΔACE formed by these lines and
y axis. The coordinates of vertices are A (1,0), C (0,-3), E (0,-5).
Important Questions
Q6. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its
length is reduced by 5 units and breadth is increased by 3 units.
If we increase the length by 3 units and the breadth by 2 units,
the area increases by 67 square units. Find the dimensions of the
rectangle.. (2 Marks)
Solution- Let length be l & breadth be b
Area of rectangle is = length x breadth
According to given condition,
(l - 5) (b + 3) = lb - 9
⇒ lb - 5b + 3l -15 = lb – 9
⇒ 3l -5b = 6 …….(i)
Also,
(l + 3) (b + 2) = lb + 67
2l + 3b = 61 …….(ii) (1 Marks)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get
2 x (i) - 3 x (ii) ⇒
6l - 10b - 6l - 9b = 12 - 183 -19b = -171 ⇒ b = 9
Substituting value of b in (i)
3l - 5(9) = 6 ⇒ l = 17
⇒ l = 17, b = 9
Therefore, the length is 17 units and breadth is 9 units (1 Marks)
Important Questions
Q7. Form the pair of linear equations for the following problems and
find their solution by substitution method:
The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by
18 degrees. Find them. (3 Marks)
Solution- Let the larger angle = x
Smaller angle = y
As both angles are supplementary,
x + y = 180
⇒ x = 180 - y .... (i)
Difference is 18 degrees.
So, x - y = 18
(1 Mark)
⇒ x = 18 + y .... (ii)
Substituting the value of x in equation (i) we get,
⇒ 18 + y = 180 - y
⇒ - y - y = 18 - 180
⇒ - 2y = -162
-162
⇒ y = -2
⇒ y = 81 (1 Mark)
Substituting the value of y in equation (i), we get,
⇒ x = 180 - 81 = 99
Hence, the angles are 99o and 81o. (1 Mark)
Important Questions
Q. 8 If three times the larger of two numbers is divided by the smaller,
we get 4 as the quotient and 8 as the remainder. If five times the
smaller is divided by the larger, we get 3 as the quotient and 5 as
the remainder. Find the numbers. (2 Marks)
Solution-
Let us assume the larger number is x and the smaller number is y.
Then according to the given conditions, by using Euclid’s division Lemma,
we can write that
3x = 4y + 8 …. (i)
5y = 3x + 5 …. (ii)
On substituting the value of 3x from (i) into (ii), we get
5y = 4y + 8 + 5
y = 13 (1 Mark)
Now on substituting the value of y in (i), we get
3x = 4y+8
3x = (4 × 13 ) + 8
3x = 60
x = 20 (1 Mark)
Important Questions
Q. 9 Solve the following, by elimination
2x + y = 12
x - 3y = -8 (2 Marks)
Solution-
Given equations are,
2x + y= 12 ……(i)
x- 3y = -8 .……(ii)
Multiplying Equation (i) by 3, we get,
6x + 3y = 36…....(iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii) we get,
7x = 28
⇒ x=4 (1 Mark)
Substituting the value of x in Equation (ii) we get,
x- 3y = -8
4- 3y = -8
y=4 (1 Mark)
∴ x = 4, y = 4
Important Questions
Q. 10 A sailor goes 8 km downstream in 40 minutes and returns in 1
hour. Determine the speed of the sailor in still water and the speed
of the current.
(2 Marks)
Solution- Let the speed of a sailor in still water be x km/hr and
the speed of a stream be y km/hr.
The speed of boat (upstream) = (x - y) km/hr
The speed of boat (downstream) =(x + y) km/hr.
Now,
A.T.Q.
8 40
(1) x+ y = (Since, Time = Distance / Speed)
60
⇒ x + y = 12………….. (1) (0.5 Marks)
8
(2) x- y
=1 (Since, Time = Distance / Speed)
⇒ x – y = 8…………….(2) (0.5 Marks)
On adding (1) and (2),
⇒ x + y + x – y = 12 + 8
⇒ 2x = 20
⇒ x = 10 (0.5 Marks)
By (i)
10 + y = 12
⇒ y= 2 (0.5 Marks)
Ans :- The speed of sailor in still water is 10 km / hr.
The speed of stream is 2 km / hr.
