Polity Notes

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
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Polity Notes

 (Nation) (State)





1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

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Polity Notes

 1895
 1922
 1928
 1934
 1935
 1938

(389)

296 93

(292) (4)
1.
2.
3.
4.

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Polity Notes



 208
 199
 03
 03
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Polity Notes

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
1.
2.
3.


Page No. [3]

Polity Notes

lafo/kku lHkk dh lfefr;k¡

 la?kh; lafo/kku lfefr

la?kh; 'kfDr lfefr if.Mr tokgj yky usg:
Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ds fy, lfefr
 izkra h; lafo/kku lfefr] ekSfyd vf/kdkj] vYila[;dksa] tutkrh;
ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy
{ks=] cká o vkaf'kd] cká {ks= lfefr
 ewy vf/kdkj milfefr ts-ch- d`iykuh
 vYila[;d milfefr ,p-lh- eq[kthZ
 vuqlwfpr o tutkrh; {ks= milfefr xksihukFk ckjnksyksbZ
 cká o vkaf'kd cká {ks= milfefr ,-oh- BDdj
 izfØ;k ds fu;e lfefr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn
 lafo/kku lHkk ds dk;Z lfefr th-oh- ekoyadj
 jk"Vª/ot ds fy, rnFkZ lfefr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn
 lafo/kku ds fy, Mªk¶V dh d`".kkLokeh v¸;j


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Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

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



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Polity Notes

lafo/kku lHkk dh vkykspuk,¡

1.










2.


3.

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes


4.

5.

6.

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds L=ksr














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





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

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Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

 (PIL)
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
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Polity Notes


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Page No. [3]

Polity Notes

izLrkouk


 lEiw.kZ izHkqRo lEiUu

lektoknh
Hkkjr
iaFkfujis{k
yksdrkaf=d
x.kjkT; cukus ds fy,


fopkj
Lkkekftd vfHkO;fDr
Lora=rk fo'okl
U;k; vkfFkZd
/keZ
jktuhfrd
mikluk

izfr"Bk O;fDr dh xfjek

lerk ca/kqrk
volj jk"Vª dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk

 vaxhd`r
lafo/kku dks vf/kfu;fer
vkRekfiZr

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

izLrkouk% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk n'kZu

1.






2.

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

1 ;g fgald Økafr dk leFkZu djrk gSA 1 ;g fgalk dk fojks/k rFkk yksdrkaf=d

vkanksyu dk leFkZu djrk gSA
2 ;g futh lEifÙk dk fojks/k djrk gSA 2 ;g mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij futh LokfeRo
lalk/kuksa ij lkoZtfud {ks= dk vf/kdkj dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA
gksuk pkfg,A
3 ;g jk"Vªokn dks ugha ekurkA 3 ;g jk"Vªokn dks ekurk gSA
4 ;g /keZ dks ugha ekurs buds vuqlkj /keZ 4 ;g /keZ dk leFkZu djrs gSA
vQhe gSA
5 oxZ la?k"kZ 5 oxZ la?k"kZ o oxZ lg;ksx nksuksa
6 lalk/kuksa dk leku ;k vko';drk ds 6 lalk/kuksa dk ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj forj.k]
vuqlkj forj.k lkFk gh detksj oxZ dks fo'ks"k laj{k.kA
7 yksdra= esa fo'okl ugha] loZgkjk oxZ dh 7 yksdra= dk leFkZu
rkuk'kkgh esa fo'okl


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3.

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Polity Notes

'Secularism'

4.

(1) (2)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Page No. [4]

Polity Notes

(iv)


(i)

(ii)


5.

 

 






6.

(i)
(LGBT-



(ii)

(iii)

Page No. [5]

Polity Notes


Page No. [6]

Polity Notes

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh vuqlwfp;k¡








(C.A.G.)




(M.P.)

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
Page No. [1]
Polity Notes

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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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Polity Notes


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



 (Whip)

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Polity Notes

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx

1. – 1-4
2. – 5-11
3. – 12-35
4. – 36-51
4A. – 51-
5. – 52-151
6. – 152-237
7. .... – 238
8. – 239-242
9. – 243-243
9A. – 243 -243
9B. – 243 -243
10. – 244 - 244(A)
11. – 245-263
12. – 264-300(A)
13. – 301-307
14. – 308-323
14A. – 323(A), 323(B)
15. – 324-329
16. – 330-342
17. – 343-351
18. – 352-360
19. – 361-367
20. – 368
21. – 369-392
22. – 393-395

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

lafo/kku dk Hkkx&1

 ^bafM;k* ;kfu ^Hkkjr* ^jkT;ksa dk la?k* gksxkA

 ;g vuqPNsn nks ckrsa Li"V djrk gS&
1- ns'k dk uke
2- jkti)fr dk izdkj
 lafo/kku esa lHkh LFkkuksa ij ^la?k* ¼;wfu;u½ 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blesa ^QsMjy* 'kCn dk mYys[k
ugha fd;k x;k gSA

 MkW- Hkhejko vEcsM+dj ds vuqlkj ^'kkafrdky esa Hkkjr ^QsMjy* gSa rFkk vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g
;wfu;u gks tkrk gSA muds vuqlkj lafo/kku dh ewy izo`fr QsMjy gSA ysfdu blesa QsMjy 'kCn dk
mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k D;ksafd vesfjdk dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr jkT;ksa ds eè; le>kSrs dk ifj.kke ugha gS cfYd
izkphudky ls gh Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª gSa ;gk¡ ns'k }kjk jkT; cuk, x, gS uk fd jkT;ksa }kjk ns'kA
 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ;wfu;u o QsMjy nksuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gS bfly, vf/kdka'k yksx bls ^Doklh QsMjy*
¼v)Z ifjla?kh;½ ekurs gSA
 Hkkjr ^fouk'h jkT;ksa dk vfouk'kh la?k* gS tcfd vesfjdk ^vfouk'kh jkT;ksa dk vfouk'kh la?k* gSA
 vuqPNsn&1 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= esa fuEu 'kkfey gS&
1- lHkh jkT;
2- lHkh dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k
3- vU; vf/kxzghr {ks=

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

laln dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og fdlh Hkh jkT; dks Hkkjr esa feyk ldrh gS rFkk laln dks tks
Hkh 'krs± mfpr yxs muds vk/kkj ij jkT; dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gSA ¼;g Hkkjr ls ckgj ds jkT;ksa ds fy,
gS½
 ^u, jkT; ds xBu laca/kh izko/kku*
 dsUnz fdlh Hkh jkT; dks foHkkftr dj u, jkT; dk xBu dj ldrk gS] fdlh Hkh jkT; ds uke] {ks=
rFkk lhek esa ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA


 loZizFke jk"Vªifr u, jkT; ds xBu dk izLrko lacaf/kr jkT;@jkT;ksa dks Hkstrk gSA
 izLrko dks jkT;@jkT;ksa ds fo/kkue.My@fo/kkue.Myksa esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
 jkT; ds fo/kkue.My dh lgefr@vlgefr ls izLrko ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA
 u, jkT; ds xBu dk fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls gh is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g izLrko laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 bls laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa lk/kkj.k cgqer ls ikfjr gksuk vko';d gSA
 bl gsrq la;qDr cSBd ugha cqykbZ tkrh gSA
jk"Vªifr bls iqufoZpkj gsrq ugha ykSVk ldrk gSA

 igyh o pkSFkh vuqlwph esa fd, x, ifjorZuksa dks lafo/kku la'kks/ku ugha ekuk tk,xkA
 cs:ckM+h okn 1960 esa mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx
lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds fcuk fdlh vU; ns'k dks ugha fn;k tk ldrkA
 9osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1960 ds }kjk& cs:ckM+h {ks= ikfdLrku dks fn;k x;kA
 1969 esa mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd lkekU; lhek fooknksa dks gy djus ds fy, lafo/kku
la'kks/ku dh vko';drk ugha gS] bls ea=he.My ds fu.kZ; ls Hkh gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu blesa
jkT;{ks=@Hkw&Hkkx dh {kfr ugha gksuh pkfg,A
 100ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2015 ds rgr ckaXykns'k ds lkFk Hkw&Hkkx dk vknku iznku fd;k x;kA Hkkjr
us ckaXykns'k dks 111 ,UDyso rFkk ckaXykns'k us Hkkjr dks 51 ,UDyso fn,A

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

Hkkjr dk ,dhdj.k




(i) (ii) (iii)



 2A


 2A

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu

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
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



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
(i) (ii)



14
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14.
6
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes
 1960 :

 1961 :
 1962 :
 1963 :
 1966 :

 1971 :
 1972 :

 1975 :
 1987 :
 2000 :
 2014 :
 2019 :
(i) (ii)


 1950  
 1966  
 1973  
 1973  
 1992  U.T. of Delhi 
 2006  
 2006  
 2011  

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

ewy vf/kdkj







13(1)

13(2)

13(3)




13(4)

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

lerk dk vf/kdkj

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








1.





2.
{ 361 }

3. 105

4. 194

5. 31 39 39 14

6.

7.

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

ewy vf/kdkj
18
18(1)
18(2)
18(3)

18(4)

1996


19
19(i)(3) :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
19(i)(b):

19(i)(c):

19(i)(d):

19(i)(e):

19(i)(f):

19(i)(g):
19(2) :
1.

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
19(3) :
1.
2.
19(4) :
1.
2.
3.
19(5) :
1.
2.
19(6) :
1.

Page No. [2]

 3
Art. 12 – Art. 35

ekSfyd vf/kdkj
Fundament Rights

Fundamental Rights
 ^vijk/kksa ds fy, nks"k flf¼ ds laca/k esa laj{k.k*
Article 20 'Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences

This right is available for citizens, foreigners, legal persons.

Article 20 (1)

No ex-post-facto law
fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks mlh dkuwu ds rgr nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks vijk/k ds le; ykxw Fkk vFkkZr~
vkijkf/kd dkuwu dk Hkwry{kh fØ;kUo;u ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
Any person
Article can be punished under the same law which was in force at the time of
20 (2)
commission of offense i.e. the criminal law cannot be implemented retrospectively.
( No ex-post-facto law)
Article
ukxfjd20dkuw
(3)u dk Hkwry{kh fØ;kUo;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Civil law can be imposed retrospectively

Preventive detention. Demanding security from a person

 Article 20
Article 20 (1)
No double Jeopardy:
Article
,d 20 (2)
vijk/k ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks nks ckj ltk ugha nh tk ldrhA
A person cannot be punished twice for the same offence. (No Double
jeopardy)
 foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh vyx ls dh tk ldrh gSA
Departmental proceedings can be taken separately.

Article 20 (3)
 Article 20
Article 20 (1)
No self-incrimination:
Article 20 (3)
fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks Lo;a ds fo:¼ xokgh nsus ds fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
No person can be compelled to be a witness against himself.
;g vf/kdkj l'kjhj mifLFkfr] vaxwBs dk fu'kku] [kuw dk uewuk] gLrk{kj vkfn nsus
laj{k.k ugha nsrk gSA
This right does not provide for compulsory exhibition of body,
thumb impression, blood specimen, specimen signature etc.
flfoy ekeyksa eas ;g vf/kdkj ekU; ugha gksrk gSA
This right doesn’t extend to civil cases.
 3
Art. 12 – Art. 35

ekSfyd vf/kdkj
Fundament Rights

Fundamental Rights
 Article 21 ^izk.k o nSfgd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj*
'Right to life and personal liberty'
 fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fof/k ds }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k ds fcuk izk.k o nSfgd Lora=rk ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
A person can’t be deprived from life and personal liberty without the procedure
established by the law.
 A.K. Gopalan v/s State of Madras Case 1950
 bl dsl esa U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn&21 dh ^ladh.kZ* O;k[;k dh
The Supreme Court gave a narrow interpretation of Article 21.
 ftlesa ^fof/k }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k* ls rkRi;Z gS fd U;k;ikfydk dsoy dk;Zikfydk ds
LosPNkpkjh dk;ksZa dh leh{kk dj ldrh gSA ;g fo/kkf;dk ds LosPNkpkjh dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk ugha
dj ldrhA
According to the “procedure established by the law” means the judiciary can
review arbitrary act of legislature and not arbitrary act of executive.
 A.K. Gopalan v/s State of Madras Case 1950
 U;k;ikfydk dks dkuwu dk v{kj’k% ikyu djuk gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ dkuwu vrkfdZd]
vU;k;iw.kZ] vuqfpr gS] ;g uSlfxZd U;k; ds fo:) gS rc Hkh U;k;ikfydk mudh leh{kk ugha
dj ldrh gSA
The judiciary is bound to follow the letters of law. This means if any law is
unreasonable, unjust, unfair and even against the ‘natural justice’; then also the
courts cannot review them.
 blh izdkj izk.k o nSfgd LorU=rk ds vf/kdkj dh Hkh U;k;ky; us ladh.kZ O;k[;k dh rFkk
ekuk fd thou ds vf/kdkj ls rkRi;Z gS thfor jguk rFkk ca/kd ugha cuk;k tkuk vFkkZr~
fdlh dks Hkh thou ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
The judiciary also gave a narrow interpretation of right to life and personal
liberty and the ruled that right to life only means to be alive and not be
confined that is no one can be deprived of life.
 Maneka Gandhi v/s Union of India Case1978
 bl okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks myV fn;k rFkk vuqPNsn&21 dks O;kid
vFkZ esa fy;kA
The Supreme Court reversed the previous decision and gave a wider
interpretation of article 21.
 U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj ^fof/k }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k* dks ^fof/k dh lE;d izfØ;k* ds vFkZ esa fy;k
tkuk pkfg,A
According to the judiciary “procedure established by the law should be taken as
due process of law.
 ftlds rgr U;k;ikfydk dk;Zikfydk o fo/kkf;dk nksuksa ds LosPNkpkjh dk;ksZa dh leh{kk dj
ldrh gSA
It means the judiciary can review arbitrary act of legislature along with arbitrary
act of executive.
 Maneka Gandhi v/s Union of India Case1978
 vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ dkuwu vrkfdZd] vU;k;iw.kZ] vuqfpr gks rFkk ;g uSlfxZd U;k; ds fo:) gks rks
U;k;ky; mldh leh{kk dj ldrk gSA
This means if any law is unreasonable, unjust, unfair and it is against the ‘natural justice’
then the courts can review it.
 U;k;ky; fdlh dkuwu ds v{kj’k% ikyu ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
Now the judiciary is not bound to follow the letters of law.
 blh rjg ls U;k;ky; us ^thou ds vf/kdkj* dh Hkh O;kid O;k[;k dhA
The judiciary also gave wider interpretation of life and personal liberty
 U;k;ky; us ekuk fd dsoy thfor jguk ;k lk¡ls ysuk thou ugha gS] i'kqor~ thou thus dks thou ugha
dgk tk ldrkA
The Court held that mere living or breathing is not a life, living an animal life cannot be
called life.
 thou dk vFkZ gS ^ekuoh; xfjek ls ;qDr thou&lEiw.kZ xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ewY;oku vFkZiw.kZ thou gksuk pkfg,A
Life means life with human dignity- it should be complete meaningful and worth living.
xfjekiw.kZ thou ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkjksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS&
1- ekuoh; izfr"Bk ds lkFk thus dk vf/kdkj 1. The right to live with human dignity
2. Clean environment (pollution free
2- LoPN i;kZoj.k ¼iznw"k.k jfgr ty o ok;q
water and air, protection against
gkfudkjd m|ksxksa ls lqj{kk½ dangerous industries)
3- thou j{kk dk vf/kdkj 3. Right to survival
4- futrk dk vf/kdkj 4. Right to privacy
5- vkJ; dk vf/kdkj 5. Right to shelter
6- LokLF; dk vf/kdkj 6. Right to health
7- 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q rd fu%’kqYd f’k{kk 7. Free education up to 14 years of age
8- fu%’kqYd dkuwuh lgk;rk dk vf/kdkj 8. Free legal aid right
9- vdsys dkjkokl esa can gksus ds fo:) 9. Right against solitary confinement
vf/kdkj
xfjekiw.kZ thou ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkjksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS&
10- Rofjr lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj 10. Right to speedy hearing
11-gFkdM+h yxkus ds fo:) vf/kdkj 11. Right against handcuffs
12- vekuoh; O;ogkj ds fo:) vf/kdkj 12. Rights against inhuman behavior
13- nsj ls Qk¡lh d fo:) vf/kdkj 13. Rights against delayed execution
14-fons’k ;k=k djus dk vf/kdkj
14. Right to travel abroad
15-ca/kqvk etnwjh djus ds fo:) vf/kdkj
15. Right against bonded labor
16-fgjklr esa 'kks"k.k ds fo:) vf/kdkj
17-vkikrdkyhu fpfdRlk lqfo/kk dk 16. Right against exploitation in custody
vf/kdkj 17. Right to emergency medical facility
18-ljdkjh vLirkyksa esa le; ij mfpr 18. Right to timely treatment in
bykt dk vf/kdkj government hospitals
xfjekiw.kZ thou ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkjksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS&
19- jkT; ds ckgj uk tkus dk vf/kdkj 19. Right not to go outside the state
20- fu"i{k lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj 20. Right to fair hearing
21- dSnh ds fy, thou dh ewyHkwr 21. The right to basic necessities of life for the
vko’;drkvksa dk vf/kdkj prisoner
22- efgykvksa ds lkFk vknj o lEekuiw.kZ 22. Right to respectful and dignified behavior
O;ogkj dk vf/kdkj with women
23. Rights against public hanging
23- lkoZtfud Qk¡lh ds fo:) vf/kdkj
24. Right to hearing
24- lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj
25. Right to information
25- lwpuk dk vf/kdkj
26. Right to reputation
26- izfr"Bk dk vf/kdkj
27. Right to appeal on the verdict of sentence
27- ltk ds QSlys ij vihy dk vf/kdkj
xfjekiw.kZ thou ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkjksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS&
28- lkekftd lqj{kk o ifjokj dh lqj{kk dk 28. Right to social security and family
vf/kdkj protection
29. Right to social and economic justice
29- lkekftd o vkfFkZd U;k; o l’kfDrdj.k dk
and empowerment
vf/kdkj
30. Right against fetters
30- csfM+;ksa ds f[kykQ vf/kdkj 31. Right to a appropriate life insurance
31- mfpr thou chek ikWfylh dk vf/kdkj policy
32- lksus ¼uhan½ dk vf/kdkj 32. Right to sleep.
33- /ofu iznw"k.k ls eqfDr dk vf/kdkj 33. Right to freedom from noise pollution
34- fctyh dk vf/kdkj 34. Right to electricity
Polity Notes

ekSfyd vf/kdkj
21(A):

 blds rgr 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks vfuok;Z o fu%'kqYd f'k{kk miyC/k djokbZ tkuh pkfg,A
 ;g vuqPNsn 86 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk 2002 esa tksM+k x;k gSA
 iwoZ esa ;g vuqPNsn&45 ds rgr uhfr funsZ'kd rRo FkkA
 f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 esa ikfjr gqvk tks 1 vizSy 2010 ls ykxw gqvkA
blesa izko/kku Fkk fd lHkh futh fo|ky;ksa esa 25% lhVksa ij xjhc cPpksa dks izos'k nsuk vfuok;Z gSA ftuds 'kqYd dk Hkqxrku
ljkdj djsxkhA
22: ^dq N n'kkvksa es a fxj¶rkjh vkSj fujks /k ds fo#) laj {k.k*

 fxj¶rkjh djrs le; O;fDr dks rhu vf/kdkj fn, x, gS &

1. fxj¶rkjh dk dkj.k tkuus dk vf/kdkj

2. fxj¶rkjh ds le; odhy ls ijke'kZ ysus dk vf/kdkj

3. 24 ?k.Vs ds Hkhrj eftLVªsV ds le{k izLrqr fd, tkus dk vf/kdkj ¼blesa ;k=k dk le; 'kkfey ugha gS½

 nks izdkj ds yksxksa dks mi;qZDr vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSa&

1. 'k=q ns'k ds ukxfjd dksA

2. fuokjd fujks/k ds rgr fu:) fd, x, O;fDr dks

 fuokjd fujks/k dkuw u ds rgr fu:) O;fDr dks Hkh dqN vf/kdkj fn, x, gSa &
1. mls vf/kdre 3 ekg ds fy, fu:) fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls vf/kd vof/k c<+kus ds fy, mPp U;k;ky; ds
U;k;k/kh'kksa ls xfBr lgkydkjh cksMZ ls flQkfj'k vko';d gSA
2. fu:) O;fDr dks fxj¶rkjh dk dkj.k crk;k tkuk pkfg, gkykafd tufgr esa dkj.k crkus ls badkj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
3. fu:) O;fDr vius izfrfuf/k ds ek/;e ls fujks/k ds fo:) U;k;ky; esa viuh vihy dj ldrk gSA

 lal n fuEu izk o/kku Hkh djrh gS &

 fo'ks"k izdkj ds dsl o fLFkfr;ksa esa fujks/k dh vof/k pkj ekg ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gSA
 fujks/k fd;s tkus dh vf/kdre vof/k dk fu/kkZj.k
 lykgdkjh ckWMZ ds fy, tk¡p dh izfØ;k
 44osa la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls fu:) djus dh vof/k dks 3 ekg ls de djds 2 ekg dj fn;k x;k gS fdUrq vHkh bls ykxw
ugha fd;k x;k gSA
 laln o jkT; fo/kkue.My nksuksa fujks/kd dkuwu cuk ldrs gSA

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Polity Notes

 fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ks a ij ds oy la ln fuokjd fujks /k dkuw u cuk ldrh gS A

1. j{kk

2. fons'kh ekeys

3. ns'k dh lqj{kk

 fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ks a ij la ln vkS j jkT; fo/kkue.My nks uks a dkuwu cuk ldrs gS &
1. jkT; dh lqj{kk

2. yksd O;oLFkk

3. leqnk; gsrq vko';d oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djokukA

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

ekSfyd vf/kdkj
fuokjd fujks/kd dkuw uksa ds mngkj.k%
1. fuokjd fujks/k vf/kfu;e] 1950 ¼1969 esa lekIr½
2. vkarfjd lqj{kk vf/kfuf;e (MISA), 1971 (1978 esa lekIr)
3. fons'kh eqnzk dk laj{k.k ,oa O;lu fuokju vf/kfu;e (COFEPOSA),1974
4. jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vf/kfu;e (NASA),1980
5. dkykcktkjh fuokj.k ,oa vko';d oLrq dh vkiwfrZ dks cuk;s j[kuk vf/kfu;e (PBMSECA),1980
6. vkardoknh ,oa fo/oald xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e (TADA), 1985 (1995 esa lekIr)
7. u'khyh nokvksa vkSj euksnSfgd inkFkksZ esa voS/k ;krk;kr dh jksdFkke vf/kfu;e (PITNDPSA), 1988
8. vkardokn fuokj.k vf/kfu;e (POTA), 2002 (2004 esa fujLr½
9. xSj&dkuwuh xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e] 1967, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2019

23:

 ekuo nqO;kZikj ds rgr euq";ksa ¼iq#"k] efgyk o cPpksa½ dh [kjhn&fcØh ij jksd yxkbZ xbZ gSA
 blds rgr nkl izFkk] oS';ko`fÙk rFkk nsonklh izFkk dks izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;k gSA
 bu d`R;ksa ij nafMr djus gsrq laln us ^vuSfrd nqO;kZikj ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e* 1956 cuk;k gSA
 ;g vuqPNsn csxkj izFkk ¼fcuk ikfjJfed ds dk;Z djokuk½] cykr~ Je ;Fkk ca/kqvk etnwjh ¼cykr~ Je&O;fDr dh bPNk
ds fo#) mlls dk;Z ysuk½ ij Hkh izfrca/k yxkrk gSA
 cykr~ Je esa vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls mRiUu ckè;rk& ;Fkk U;wure etnwjh ls de ij dk;Z djokuk vkfn Hkh lfEefyr
gSA
 fdUrq tufgr esa jkT; vfuok;Z lsok tSls& lSU; lsok ;k lkekftd lsok vf/kjksfir dj ldrk gS ftl gsrq jkT; /ku nsus
dks ckè; ugha gSA
24: ^14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks [krjukd dkj[kkuksa o [knkuksa esa fu;ksf tr djus dk fu"ks/ k*

 cky ,oa fd'kksj Je ¼fu"ks/k ,oa fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e] 2016 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa ds fdlh Hkh izdkj dh O;kolkf;d
xfrfof/k esa fu;kstu dk fu"ks/k djrk gSA fdUrq os ikfjokfjd O;olk; esa gkFk c¡Vk ldrs gSA
 la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e ^fd'kksjksa ¼14 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q½ ds [krjukd O;olk;ksa esa fu;kstu dk izfr"ks/k djrk gSA

 mYya?ku fd, tkus ij dkjkokl& 6 ekg ls 2 o"kZ] tqekZuk& 20000/- ls 50,000 #

 vijk/k nksgjk, tkus ij dkjkokl & 1 ls 3 o"kZ

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

ekSfyd vf/kdkj
/kkfeZ d LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj vuqP Nsn %25&28
vuqPNsn&25 % vUr%dj.k dh] /keZ dks vck/k :i ls ekuus] vkpj.k djus o izpkj&izlkj djus dh LorU=rk

lhek,¡ % 1- yksdO;oLFkk

2- uSfrdrk

3- LokLF; ds vk/kkj ij

4- vU; ewy vf/kdkj

vuq P Ns n &26%

 /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk o iz'kklu dk vf/kdkjA

 /kkfeZd dk;ZØeksa ds izca/ku dk vf/kdkj

 /kkfeZd mÌs'; ds fy, py o vpy lEifr vftZr djus dk vf/kdkj

 fof/k ds rgr lEifr dk iz'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj

lhek,¡ %

1- yksd O;oLFkk

2- uSfrdrk

3- LokLF;

vuq P Ns n &27%

 jkT; fdlh /keZ fo'ks"k ds fodkl gsrq dj ugha yxk,xkA

vuq P Ns n &28%

 /kkfeZd f'k{k.k dh d{kk esa mifLFkr uk gksus dk vf/kdkj

 ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrhA

 jkT; }kjk iz'kkflr /keZ fo'ks"k ds fy, LFkkfir dh xbZ laLFkk esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk nh tk ldrh gSA

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

Fundamental Rights
f'k{kk o laLd`fr esa lacaf/kr vf/kdkj % vuqPNsn 29&30
vuqPNsn&29% ^vYila[;d oxksaZ ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k*
 Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa fuokl djus okysa ukxfjdksa dks viuh laLd`fr] cksyh] Hkk"kk] fyfi dk lja{k.k djus dk
vf/kdkj gSA
 jkT; }kjk foÙk ?kksf"kr laLFkkuksa esa fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr o Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij izos'k ls
oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
vuq P Ns n &30%
 /kkfeZd o Hkk"kk;h vYila[;d viuh Hkk"kk] laLd`fr o fyfi ds laj{k.k ds fy, f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk
o mudk izca/ku Lo;a ns[k ldrs gSA
 jkT; tc f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k djokrk gS rks mi;qZDr laLFkkvksa ds lkFk fdlh Hkh
rjg dk HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
vuq P Ns n &31% ^lEifr dk vf/kdkj*
 44osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds }kjk bls ewy vf/kdkjksa ls gVk fn;k x;kA rFkk vuqPNsn 300¼A½ esa j[kk x;k
¼Hkkx&12esa½
 vc ;g ewy vf/kdkj ugha gS cfYd ,d laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA
 blds rgr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr dkuwu ds fcuk laifr ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xkA
vuq P Nsn 31¼ a½%
 tufgr esa jkT; fdlh Hkh futh lEifr dk vf/kxzg.k dj ldrk gS rFkk ;g lHkh izdkj ds futh O;kikjksa
dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj ldrk gSA
 rFkk blds fy, tks Hkh {kfriwfrZ dh jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gS mls U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA
vuq P Nsn 31¼ b½%
 ftu vf/kfu;eksa dh 9oha vuqlwph esa j[k fn;k x;k gS mudk U;kf;d U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
vuq P Nsn 31¼ c½%
 blds rgr vuqPNsn 39¼b½ o 39¼c½ ds mÌs';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, laln dksbZ dkuwu cukrh gS vkSj ;g
dkuwu vuqPNsn &14] 19] o 31 ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks bl dkuwu dks vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 bl izdkj dh fof/k dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh A

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Polity Notes

Fundamental Rights
laoS /kkfud mipkjksa dk vf/kdkj % vuq PNsn&32
 MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj us bls lafo/kku dh ^ewy vkRek ,oa ân;* dgk gSA
 bl vuqPNsn ds vuqlkj ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksus ij O;fDr mPpre U;k;ky; esa tk ldrk gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; dks ukxfjdksa ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk ^j{kd ,oa xkajVh nsus* okyk ekuk x;k gSA
 ;fn O;fDr;ksa ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS rks mPpre U;k;ky; 5 izdkj dh fjV tkjh dj ldrk gSA
1. cUnh izR;{khdj.k ¼ Habeas Corpus½ %&;fn fdlh O;fDr dks voS/kkfud rjhds ls ca/kd cuk;k tkrk gS
rks ca/kd dks U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr djus gsrq U;k;ky; }kjk ;g fjV tkjh dh tkrh gSA
 ;g ljdkjh rFkk futh O;fDr vFkok laLFkk nksuksa ds fo:) tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
 ;fn ljdkj ds fo:) ;g fjV tkjh dh tkrh gS rks ;g eq[; lfpo dks tkjh dh tkrh gSA
 fo/kkueaMy ;k U;k;ky; dh voekuuk esa gqbZ dk;Zokgh rFkk U;k;ky; ds U;k;k{ks= ls ckgj gqbZ fxj¶rkjh
ds ekeys esa ;g fjV tkjh ugha tk ldrh gSA
 ;g ¼cUnh izR;{khdj.k½ ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS ßdks izLrqr fd;k tk,ÞA
2. ijekns'k ¼Mandamus½%& bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& ^ge vkns'k nsrs gS*A
 ;g lkoZtfud in ij fu;qDr dksbZ O;fDr vius dÙkZO; dk ikyu ugha djrk gS rks mlds fo:) ;g
fjV tkjh dj mls dÙkZO;ikyu dk vkns'k fn;k tkrk gSA
 ;g fuf"Ø; dks lfØ; djus ds fy, gksrh gSA
 ;g dsoy lkoZtfud vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk izkf/kdj.kksa ds f[kykQ tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
 fuEufyf[kr ds fo:) ;g fjV tkjh ugha dh tk ldrh gS&
1. jk"Vªifr 2. jkT;iky
3. futh O;fDr ;k laLFkk 4. tc dÙkZO; foosdk/khu 'kfDr;ksa ds v/khu gks
5. lafonkvksa ls lacaf/kr dk;Z 6. mPp U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d vf/kdkfjrk
3. izfr"ks/k ¼Prohibition½%& bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& ^jksduk*
 ;g fjV mPprj U;k;ky; }kjk fuEurj U;k;ky; ds fo:) tkjh dh tkrh gS ;fn fuEurj U;k;ky;
vius vf/kdkj{ks= ls ckgj dk;Z djrk gSA
 ;g fjV lfØ; dks fufØ; djrh gSA
 ;g fjV dsoy U;k;ikfydk ds fo:) tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
 iz'kklfud izkf/kdj.kksa] fo/kk;h fudk;ksa ,oa futh O;fDr ;k fudk; ds fo:) ;s fjV tkjh ugha dh tkrh
gS A
4. mRizs"k.k ¼ Certiorari½%& bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS&^izekf.kr gksuk* ;k ^lwpuk nsuk*A
 ;g fjV mPprj U;k;ky; ds }kjk fuEurj U;k;ky; ds fo:) tkjh dh tkrh gS ;fn fuEurj U;k;ky;
vius vf/kdkj{ks= ls ckgj tkdj dk;Z djrk gSA
 blesa mPprj U;k;ky; ekeysa dks vius ikl eaxokrk gS vkSj Lo;a lquokbZ djrk gSA
 1991 bZa- esa mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;g fjV dk;Zikfydk ds fo:) Hkh tkjh dh tk ldrh
gS A

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes
 fo/kk;h fudk;ksa rFkk futh O;fDr;ksa ;k bdkbZ;ksa ds fo:) ;g fjV miyC/k ugha gSA
iz f r"ks / k mRiz s " k.k
1. izfr"ks/k esa dsoy fuEurj U;k;ky; dks fdlh 1. blesa fuEurj U;k;ky; dks dk;Z djus ls
dk;Z dks djus ls jksdk tkrk gSA jksdk Hkh tkrk gS rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; dsl
dks vius ikl eaxok ysrk gSA
2. ;g fjV dsoy fuEurj U;k;ky; esa ekeys dh 2. ;g ekeys dh lquokbZ ds nkSjku rFkk lquokbZ
lquokbZ ds nkSjku tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA ds ckn Hkh tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
3. ;g dsoy U;k;ikfydk ds fo#) tkjh dh tk 3. ;g U;k;ikfydk o dk;Zikfydk nksuksa ds fo#)
ldrh gSA tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
5. vf/kdkj i`PNk ¼Quo Warranto½%& bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS fdlh ^izkf/kd`r ;k okjaV }kjk*A
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh {ks= ,sls jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud in ij fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS ftlds fy, oks
;ksX; ugha gS rks ;g fjV tkjh dh tk ldrh gSA
 ;g fu;qDr O;fDr ds fo:) tkjh dh tkrh gS fu;qDr djus okys ds fo:) tkjh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
 bls eaf=Ro dk;kZy; ;k futh dk;kZy; ds fo:) tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

mPpre U;k;ky; o mPp U;k;ky; dh fjV vf/kdkfjrk dh rqyuk

mPPre U;k;ky; mPp U;k;ky;
vuq PNsn % 32 vuq PNsn % 226
1. mPpre U;k;ky; fjV tkjh djus ds fy, ckè; 1. mPp U;k;ky; fjV tkjh djus gsrq ckè; ugha
gS D;ksafd vuqPNsn 32 gekjk ewy vf/kdkj gSA gS D;ksafd vuqPNsn 226 gekjk ewy vf/kdkj
ugha gSA
2. mPpre U;k;ky; dsoy ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu 2. mPp U;k;ky; ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds lkFk
ds ekeys esa gh fjV tkjh dj ldrk gS vU; &lkFk vU; ekeyksa esa Hkh fjV tkjh dj ldrk
ekeyksa esa og fjV tkjh ugha dj ldrk gSA gS A
3. jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds le; ewy vf/kdkj 3. jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds nkSjku vuqPNsn 226 dks
fuyfEcr fd, tk ldrs gS ;fn vuqPNsn 32 fuyfEcr ugha fd;k tk ldrk blfy, jk"Vªh;
dks fuyfEcr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks mPpre vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa Hkh mPp U;k;ky;
U;k;ky; fjV tkjh ugha dj ldrkA dh fjV tkjh djus dh 'kfDr ;Fkkor~ cuh
jgrh gSA

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Polity Notes

Fundamental Rights
vuq P Ns n &33 % lsuk] v)ZlSU; cy] iqfyl] xqIrpj lsok,a vkfn ds ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &34 % ftu {ks=ksa esa lSU; fof/k ¼ek'kZy ykW½ ykxw gksrh gS ogks ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh
gS A
 lSU; fof/k dks lafo/kku esa ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
vuq P Ns n &35 % dsoy laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dj ldrh gSA
 laln mUgha ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dj ldrh gS ftuesa dVkSrh ds fy, lafo/kku esa izko/kku
fd, x, gSA
vuq P Ns n &35¼ a ½% 1954 esa jk"Vªifr ds vkns'k ls bls lafo/kku esa tksMk x;k rFkk jk"Vªifr ds vkns'k ls gh
lafo/kku ls gVk fn;k x;k gSA
 ;g tEew d'ehj ds ukxfjdksa gsrq fo'ks"k izko/kku djrk FkkA
 jkT; esa vpy lEifr [kjhnus] ljdkjh ukSdjh gsrq jkT; ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa o ljdkjh
Nk=o`fr;ksa dk ykHk ysus gsrq dsoy ogka ds LFkk;h fuoklh gh ;ksX; gksxsaA

os ewy vf/kdkj tks dso y Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks iz kIr gS&

vuq P Ns n &15 % /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax] ;k tUeLFkku ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ks/kA
vuq P Ns n &16 % jkstxkj esa volj dh lekurk
vuq P Ns n &19 % Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj
vuq P Ns n &29 % vYila[;dksa dh Hkk"kk] fyfi o laLd`fr ds laj{k.k dk vf/kdkjA
vuq P Ns n &30 % vYila[;dksa ds 'kSf{kd laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkdjA

vkikrdky ds le; ewy vf/kdkjksa dk fuyEcu%

vuq P Ns n 358% jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gh vuqPNsn&19 ds rgr fn, x, ewy vf/kdkj Lor%
fuyfEcr gks tkrs gSA
44ok¡ la f o/kku la' kks / ku %
;fn ^l'kL= fonzksg* ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk gksrh gS rks vuqPNsn 19 fuyafcr
ugha gksxkA
vuq P Ns n 359% jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds nkSjku vf/klwpuk tkjh dj jk"Vªifr vU; ewy vf/kdkjksa dk fuyEcu dj
ldrk gSA
44 ok¡ laf o/kku la ' kks / ku%
jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds nkSjku vuqPNsn 20 o 21 ds rgr fn, x, ewy vf/kdkjksa dk fuyEcu ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA
 ;fn ewy vf/kdkjksa dk fuyEcu fd;k x;k gS vkSj ml le; laln dksbZ fof/k cukrh gS ftlls
ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS rks bl fof/k esa Li"V mYys[k gksuk pkfg, fd ;g jk"Vªh;
vkikrdky ds nkSjku cukbZ xbZ fof/k gSA ;fn ,slk mYys[k gS rks fof/k ekU; gS vU;Fkk ughaA

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Polity Notes

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

Amendments in Fundamental Rights

ewy vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku
 vuqPNsn &13¼2½ esa Li"V mYys[k gS fd laln dksbZ ,slh fof/k ugha cuk ldrh gS tks ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh
djrh gksA
 vuqPNsn &368 esa mYys[k gS fd laln lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dj ldrh gS rFkk bl vuqPNsn esa lafo/kku
la'kks/ku ij fdlh izdkj dk vadq'k ugha gS vr% laln lafo/kku ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx easa la'kks/ku dj ldrh gS
vFkkZr~ ewy vf/kdkjksa esa Hkh la'kks/ku dj ldrh gSA
'kad jh iz lkn cuke Hkkjr la?k 1951 bZ a-
 mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd vuqPNsn 13¼2½] vuqPNsn 368 ij ykxw ugha gksrkA
 vuqPNsn &13¼2½ dsoy lkekU; fof/k;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS vFkkZr~ laln lkekU; fof/k }kjk ewy vf/kdkjksa esa
dVkSrh ugha dj ldrh A
 fdUrq lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e lkekU; fof/k ugha gS vr% lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa
dVkSrh dj ldrh gS
lTtu flag cuke jktLFkku jkT; 1965 bZ a-
 mPpre U;k;ky; us viuh iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks nksgjk;k vkSj ;g ekuk fd lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk laln ewy
vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dj ldrh gSA
xksy dukFk cuke iat kc jkT; 1967 bZ a-
 mPpre U;k;ky; us vius fu.kZ; dks myV fn;k rFkk ekuk fd vuqPNsn 13¼2½] vuqPNs 368 ij ykxw gksrk
gS D;ksa fd vuqPNsn 368 ds rgr fd;k x;k lafo/kku la'kks/ku Hkh ,d fof/k gSA vFkkZr~ laln lafo/kku
la'kks/ku ds }kjk Hkh ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh ugh dj ldrhA
 blds lkFk gh U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd bl fu.kZ; dks Hkwrdky ls ykxw ugha fd;k tk,xk vFkkZr~ blls
igys ewy vf/kdkjksa esa tks dVkSrh dh xbZ gS og ;Fkkor jgsxh ysfdu Hkfo"; esa laln ewy vf/kdkjksa essa dVkSrh
ugha dj ldrh gSA
24ok¡ la f o/kku la ' kks/ ku 1971 bZ a -
 blds }kjk vuqPNsn 13¼4½ o vuqPNsn 368¼1½ lafo/kku esa tksMs x,A
 bueas ;g izko/kku Fkk fd vuqPNsn 13¼2½ dsoy lkekU; fof/k;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS] ;g vuqPNsn
368 ds rgr fd, x, lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa ij ykxw ugha gksrkA
 blesa ;g tksM+k x;k fd lafo/kku la'kks/ku fo/ks;d ij lgefr nsus ds fy, jk"Vªifr ck/; gksrk gSA
25ok¡ la f o/kku 1971 bZ a -
 blds rgr vuqPNsn 31¼c½ tksMk x;kA

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Polity Notes
 blesa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k fd vuqPNsn 39¼b½ o 39¼c½ ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, ;fn
laln dksbZ vf/kfu;e ikfjr djrh gSA vkSj bl vf/kfu;e ls vuqPNn&14]19 o 31 dk mYya?ku gksrk gS rks
bl vk/kkj ij vf/kfu;e voS/kkfud ugha gSA
 bl izdkj dh fof/k dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSfr ugha nh tk ldrh gSA
ds' kokuUn Hkkjrh cuke dsj y jkT; 1973 bZ a-
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa 24osa rFkk 25osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dks pqukSfr nh xbZ FkhA
 bl gsrq 13 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh laoS/kkfud ihB dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlus 7:6 ds cgqer ls fu.kZ; fn;kA
 U;k;ky; us 24osa rFkk 25osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dks oS/kkfud Bgjk;k vFkkZr~ ;g ekuk fd vuqPNsn&368 ds rgr
fd, x, lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dj ldrh gSA
 fdUrq U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj laln lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds lkFk NsMNkM ugha dj ldrhA
 25oas lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds nwljs Hkkx dks U;k;ky; us valS/kkfud Bgjk;k D;ksafd ;g U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu
dh 'kfDr dks de djrk gS rFkk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu lafo/kku dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk gSA
42ok¡ la f o/kku la ' kks/ ku 1976 bZ a -
 blds rgr vuqPNsn 31¼c½ dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA
 blesa ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k fd ^lHkh uhfr funsZ'kd rRoksa* ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, ;fn laln
dksbZ fof/k cukrh gS rFkk bl fof/k ls vuqPNsn&14]19 o 31 ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS rks bl
vk/kkj ij ;g vf/kfu;e voS/kkfud ugha gksxkA
feuokZ feYl cuke Hkkjr la ? k 1980bZ a-
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa vuqPNsn 31¼c½ esa fd, x, foLrkj dks pqukSfr nh xbZA
 U;k;ky; us bl foLrkj dks voS/kkfud ekuk rFkk vuqPNsn 31¼c½ dks iwoZorhZ :i esa iqu% LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
 U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj uhfr funsZ'kd rRoksa ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA
 blh le; U;k;ky; us ;g ekuk fd ewy vf/kdkj o uhfr funsZ'kd rRo vkil esa fojks/kkHkklh ugha gSA nksuksa
ds mn~ns'; leku gS ¼ekuo dY;k.k½ vr% nksuksa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSA
 blds ckotwn ;fn nksuksa esa dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl gksrk gS rks uhfr funsZ'ksd rFoksa rqyuk esa ewy vf/kdkjksa dks loksZijh
ekuk tkuk pkfg,A

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Polity Notes

ewy <k¡psa dk mn~Hko rFkk fodkl

 vuqPNsn&13¼2½ rFkk vuqPNsn 368 esa dkSu loksZijh gS ;g cgl lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds lkFk gh 'kq: gks
xbZ FkhA
'kadjh iz lkn ekeyk 195 1
 laln gh vuqPNsn 368 ds rgr lafo/kku dh 'kfDr esa gh ewy vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku dh 'kfDr Hkh fufgr gSA
 vFkkZr~ vuqPNsn 13¼2½ tks dsoy lkekU; fof/k;ksa ij gh ykxw gksrk gS vuqPNsn 368 ij ykxw ugha gksrkA
 vr% laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku dj ldrh gSA
lTtu flag ekeyk 1967
 mPpre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks nksgjkrs gq, ekuk fd laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku djus dh
'kfDr j[krh gSA
xksy dukFk ekeyk 1967
 mPpre U;k;ky; us ekuk fd vuqPNsn 13¼2½] vuqPNsn 368 ij ykxw gksrk gS vFkkZr laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa
dVkSrh ugha dj ldrhA
 blesa U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks iyV fn;kA gkykafd blls iwoZ ewy vf/kdkjksa esa fd, x,
la'kks/kuksa dks U;k;ky; us ekU;rk nhA
24 ok¡ laf o/kku la'kks/ku 1971
 blus lafo/kku esa vuqPNsn 13¼4½ rFkk vuqPNsn 368¼1½ tksMk rFkk izko/kku fd;k fd vuqPNsn 13¼2½ vuqPNsn
368 ij ykxw ugha gksrk gS vr% vuqPNsn 368 ds rgr laln ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku dj ldrh gSA
ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh ekeyk 1973
 U;k;ky; us 24osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh oS/krk dks cgky fd;k
 mi;qZDr ckn esa U;k;ky; us ^loZizFke ewy <k¡pas dh vko/kkj.kk* nh FkhA
 U;k;ky; us ekuk fd laln lafo/kku ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx essa la'kks/ku dj ldrh gS vFkkZr~ og ewy vf/kdkjksa esa
Hkh la'kks/ku dj ldrh gS fdUrq og lafo/kku ds ewy <k¡ps ls NsMNkM ugha dj ldrh vFkkZr~ lafo/kku ds ewyHkwr
<k¡ps dks ifjofrZr ;k lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj lafo/kku dk ewy <k¡pk rF; ugha gS cfYd ,d vo/kkj.kk gS vr% ns'k dky ifjfLFkfr
ds vuqlkj bldh O;k[;k vyx gks ldrh gS vr% U;k;ky; le; le; ij bldh O;k[;k djrk jgsxkA
bafnjk usg: xka/kh ekeyk 1975
 blesa U;k;ky; us cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh vo/kkj.kk dh iqu% iqf"V dhA
 blesa U;k;ky; us 39 osa la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e ds ,d izko/kku] ftlesa iz/kkuea=h o yksdlHkk/;{k ds fuokZpu
laca/kh fooknksa dks U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkjksa ls ckgj j[kk x;k Fkk] dks lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps ij vk?kkr

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Polity Notes
ekudj jn~n dj fn;kA
42ok¡ laf o/kku la'kks/ku 1976
 blesa vuqPNsn 368 esa la'kks/ku dj dgk x;k fd laln dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ vlhfer gS rFkk laln }kjk fd,
x, fdlh Hkh la'kks/ku dks ewy vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku ;k fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk
ldrhA
feuokZ feYl ekeyk 1980
 blesa U;k;ky; us 42osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk fd, x, mi;qZDr izko/kku dks voS/kkfud ?kksf"kr fd;kA
 D;ksafd ;s U;k;ky; dh ^U;kf;d leh{kk* dh 'kfDr dk guu djrk gS tks fd lafo/kku dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk gSA
okeu jko ekeyk 1981
 blesa U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fl)kUrA
 24 vizSy 1973 ¼ds'kokuan Hkkjrh ckn dk fu.kZ;½ ds ckn gq, lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa ij ykxw gksxkA
vius fofHkUu fu.kZ ; ksa esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks" krkvksa dks mPpre U;k;ky; us lafo/kku dk cq f u;knh
<k¡pk ekuk gS&
1- lafo/kku dh loksZPprk
2- yksdrkfU=d x.kjkT; Lo:i okyh ljdkj
3- ns'k dh laizHkqrk],drk o v[k.Mrk
4- lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk
5- lafo/kku dk la?kh; Lo:i
6- LorU= U;k;ikfydk
7- U;kf;d leh{kk
8- fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk ds e/; 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k
9- iaFk fujis{krk
10- Lora= o fu"i{k pquko iz.kkyh
11- fof/k dk 'kklu
12- ewy vf/kdkjksa o uhfr funs'kd rRoksa ds e/; larqyu
13- lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku djus dh laln dh lhfer 'kfDr
14- lerk dk fl)kUr
15- O;fDr dh LorU=rk rFkk xfjek
16- dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ¼lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k;½
17- U;k; rFkk izHkkodkjh igq¡p
18- ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr
19- vuqPNsn&32]136]141 rFkk 142 ds varxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; dks izkIr 'kfDr;k¡A
20- vuqPNsn 226 rFkk 227 ds varxZr mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kfDr

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Polity Notes
,-Mh-,e- tcyiqj dsl
 25 twu] 1975 dks Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr us vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ¼vuqPNsn 352 & vkarfjd v'kkafr½
 vuqPNsn 359 ds varxZr] jk"Vªifr us vkikrdky dh vof/k ds fy, vuqPNsn 14, 21 vkSj 22 ds rgr~ izkIr vf/kdkjksa ds izorZu
gsrq fdlh O;fDr ds U;k;ky; tkus ds vf/kdkj dks fuyfEcr dj fn;kA (44osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ckn] vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21
dk izorZu dHkh Hkh fuyfEcr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA)
 vkikrdky ds vkjksi.k ls jktusrkvksa@dk;ZdrkZvksa dh fxj¶rkjh izkjEHk gqbZ ftls vusd mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa pqukSrh nh xbZA 9
mPp U;k;ky;ksa us fxj¶rkj O;fDr;ksa ds canh izR;{khdj.k ds rgr fjV nk;j djus ds vf/kdkj dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA (vuqPNsn
226)
 dsUnz ljdkj us ,-Mh-,e- tcyiqj cuke f'kodkar 'kqDyk ekeysa esa] bu fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:) loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh ftls
ik¡p ttksa dh laoS/kkfud ihB (eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ,-,u-js] tfLVl ,e- gehnqYyk csx] tfLVl ih-,u- Hkxorh] tfLVl okbZ- oh-
pUnzpwM vkSj tfLVl ,p-vkj- [kUuk) dks Hkst fn;k x;kA ik¡p U;k;k/kh'kksa esa ls pkj us cgqer ls ljdkj ds i{k esa QSlyk
fn;kA
 lqizhe dksVZ us fu.kZ; fn;k fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fuokjd fujks/k ds vkns'k dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, vuqPNsn 226 ds rgr dksbZ
Hkh fjV ;kfpdk nk;j ugha dj ldrkA blus lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 359 dks lgh Bgjk;k ftlesa izko/kku Fkk fd vkikrdky dh
mn~?kks"k.kk ij] jk"Vªifr ;g ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gS fd ewy vf/kdkjksa ds izorZu ds fy, fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; tkus dk vf/kdkj
fuyfEcr jgsxkA
 lqizhe dksVZ us ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k fd vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk vkSj mlds i'pkr~ vuqPNsn 21 ds izorZu dk fuyfEcr gksus
ij] fdlh O;fDr ds fuokjd fujks/k ds fo:) dksbZ Hkh fjV ;kfpdk U;k;ky; esa ugha yxkbZ tk ldrhA
 lafo/kku ls igys ds dksbZ Hkh vf/kdkj] ftUgsa vc vuqPNsn 21 esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gS( vuqPNsn 21 dk fuyEcu gksus ij
ykxw ugha jg ldrsA blus vuqPNsn 21 dks izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=rk dk ,dek= L=ksr cuk fn;k x;kA
 tfLVl ,p-vkj- [kUuk cgqer ds fu.kZ; ls vlger FksA mudk er Fkk fd ;fn thou ds vf/kdkj dks fuyfEcr dj fn;k
x;k] rks ;g fof/k ds 'kklu dk var gksxkA blls ,d vjktd lekt vkSj fof/k }kjk 'kkflr lekt esa dksbZ varj ugha jg
tk,xkA
 izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku }kjk l`ftr ugha fd;k x;kgS] ;g vf/kdkj lafo/kku cuus ls igys Hkh vfLrRo
esa FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd vuqPNsn 21 dh vuqifLFkfr Hkh jkT; dks fdlh O;fDr dks mlds izk.k ;k nSfgd Lora=rk ls oafpr djus
dh 'kfDr ugha nsrhA thou dk vf/kdkj dsoy vuqPNsn 21 }kjk iznku ugha fd;k x;k cfYd lkekU;A yksd fof/k;ksa vkSj naMkRed
dkuwuksa ls Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA
 ds-,l- iqV~VkLokeh cuke Hkkjr la?k 2017 ¼futrk dk vf/kdkj okn½% loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,-Mh-,e- tcyiqj ekeys ds fu.kZ;
dks iyV fn;kA blesa fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd dksbZ Hkh lH; jkT; izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=rk esa fdlh Hkh vfrØe.k dh ifjdYiuk
Hkh ugha dj ldrkA

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Polity Notes

¼Hkkx&4] vuq P Ns n % 36&51½

 funs'kd rRo ^lafo/kku dh vkRek ,oa n'kZu gSA
 ;s fo/kk;h] dk;Zdkjh ,oa iz'kklfud ekeyksa esa jkT; gsrq laoS/kkfud funs'k ;k flQkfj'ksa gSA
 budk mn~ns'k; ^yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT;* dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA
 funsZ'kd rRo ^xSj U;k;ksfpr izd`fr* ds gS vFkkZr~ buds mYya?ku ij bUgsa U;k;ky; }kjk ykxw ugha djok;k
tk ldrk A
funs'kd rRoksa ls lacf/kr vuqPNsn&
vuqPNsn&36%& ^jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk*&jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSA
 la?k dh fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk
 jkT;ksa dh fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk
 lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØe
 jkT; fof/k ls iksf"kr laLFkku
vuq P Ns n &37%
 uhfr funsZ'kd rRo U;k;y; }kjk izorZuh; ugha gSA
vuq P Ns n &38¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
 jkT; ,slh ^lkekftd O;oLFkk* dk fuekZ.k djsxk ftlesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd U;k; gks o fdlh
Hkh izdkj dh vlekurk uk gksA
vuq P Ns n &39 ¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
(a) iq:"kksa o efgykvksa dks ^leku jkstxkj ds volj*
(b) jkT; ^HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk LokfeRo o fu;a=.k* bl izdkj djsxk fd ^lHkh ds fgrksa dh iwfrZ gks ldsA
(c) jkT; ^vFkZO;oLFkk dk izca/ku* bl izdkj djsxk fd ^/ku o mRiknu ds lk/kkuksa dk vfgrdkjh ladsUnz.k*
u gksA
(d) iq:"kksa o efgykvksa dks ^leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osruA
(e) deZdkjksa] efgykvksa cPpksa dks ck/; gksdj og dk;Z uk djuk iMs tks mudh mez o lkeF;Z ds vuq:i
uk gksA
(f) cPpksa dks LokLF; okrkoj.k miyC/k djokukA
vuq P Nsn &39 ¼ A½ ¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
 leku U;k; o fu%'kqYd fof/kd lgk;rk
vuq P Ns n &40 ¼xk¡ / khoknh iz d ` f r½%
 jkT; iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djsxk rFkk mUgsa l'kDr cuk,xkA
vuq P Ns n &41 ¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
 dqN n'kkvksa esa dke] f'k{kk o yksdlgk;rk miyC/k djokukA
vuq P Ns n &42 ¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
 dk;ZLFky ij U;k;laxr o ekuoksfpr n'kk,¡ xHkZorh efgykvksa dks vodk'k@izlwfr lgk;rkA

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Polity Notes
vuq P Ns n &43 ¼xk¡ / khoknh iz d ` f r½%
 fuokZg ;ksX; etnwjh] dqVhj m|ksx
vuq P Ns n &43¼ A½ ¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
 deZdkjksa dks izca/ku esa fgLlsnkjh nh tkuh pkfg,
vuq P Ns n &43¼ B½ ¼xk¡ / khoknh iz d ` f r½%
 lgdkfjrk dks izksRlkgu ¼97ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2011½ etnwjksa dh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh
tkuh pkfg,A
vuqPNsn&44 ¼mnkj ckSf)d izd`fr½ % ^leku ukxfjd lafgrk* ykxw dh tk,A

* *
* *
* *
* *

vuq P Nsn &45 ¼mnkj ckS f )d iz d ` f r½%

 6 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa ds fy, iks"k.k rFkk vkjfEHkd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk
vuq P Ns n &46 ¼xk¡ / khoknh iz d ` f r½%
 vuwlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk o f'k{kkA
vuq P Ns n &47 ¼lektoknh iz d ` f r½%
 jkT; iks"kkgkj] thou Lrj] yksd LokLF; esa lq/kkj djsxkA
¼jkT; [krjukd vkS"kf/k;ksa o eknd is; ij izfrcU/k yxk,xkA &xk¡/khoknh izd`fr½
vuq P Ns n &48¼mnkj ckS f )d iz d ` f r½%
 d`f"k o i'kqikyu esa vk/kqfud o oSKkfud rduhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼i'kqvksa dh uLy lq/kku o laj{k.k ds iz;kl gks rFkk cwpM[kkuksa dks can fd;k tk, ¼xkso/k fu"ks/k½]
xk¡/khoknh izd`fr½
vuqP Nsn &48 ¼ A½ ¼mnkj ckS f )d iz d ` f r½%
 i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk lao/kZu ou rFkk oU; thoksa dh j{kkA
vuq P Nsn 49 ¼mnkj ckS f )d iz d ` f r½%
 jk"Vªh; egRo ds Lekjdksa] LFkkuksa rFkk oLrqvksa dk laj{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vuq P Ns n &50¼mnkj ckS f )d iz d ` f r½%
 dk;Zikfydk ls U;k;ikfydk dk i`FkDdj.kA
vuq P Nsn &51 ¼mnkj ckS f )d iz d ` f r½%
 fo'o 'kkafr o lqj{kk dh LFkkiuk djukA
 fofHkUu ns'kksa ds e/; lkSgknZiw.kZ o U;k;iw.kZ laca/kksa dks c<kokA
 vUrjkZf"Vªh; laf/k;ksa] le>kSrs] o dkuwuksa dk lEeku djukA
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dks e/;LFkrk ls lqy>kukA

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

pEide nqj bZ jktu okj 1951 bZ a-&

 mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g ekuk fd ;fn ewy vf/kdkjksa o uhfr funs'kd rRoksa ds chp ;fn fdlh izdkj dk
fojks/kkHkkl gksrk gS rks bl fLFkfr esa ewy vf/kdkjksa dks loksZijh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
 funs'kd rRoksa dh iwfrZ gsrq ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
igyk lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1951 bZ a-
 blds }kjk vuqPNsn 31¼a½ o 31¼b½ dks lafo/kku esa tksMk x;k rFkk blls lEifr ds vf/kdkj dks lhfer fd;k
x;kA
 blds rgr izko/kku fd;k x;k fd lkekftd dY;k.k o lalk/kuksa ds U;k;iw.kZ forj.k ds mn~ns'; ls jkT;
futh lEifr dk vf/kxzg.k dj ldrk gSaA
 rFkk ewy vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer djus okys ,sls dkuwuksa dks ;fn ukSoha vuqlwph esa j[kk tkrk gS rks bldk U;kf;d
iqujkoyksdu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
pkS F kk la f o/kku la' kks / ku 1955 bZ a -
 tufgr esa jkT; lHkh izdkj ds futh O;kikjksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj ledrk gS rFkk blds cnys esa ljdkj }kjk
nh xbZ {kfriwfrZ jkf'k dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSfr ugha nh tk ldrhA
 dqN vfrfjDr vf/kfu;e 9oha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd, x,A
 bl izdkj igys o pkSFks lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa esa ewy vf/kdkjksa dh ctk; uhfr funsZ'kd rRoksa dks vf/kd egRo
fn;k x;k A
ds j y f'k{kk fo/ks; d 1958 bZ a-
 blesa igys o pkSFks lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa dks pqukSfr nh xbZA ysfdu U;k;ky; us bu nksuksa lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa dks
oS/kkfud ekukA
17ok¡ la f o/kku la ' kks / ku 1964bZ a -
 blesa 44 u, vf/kfu;e 9oha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd, x, tks ewy vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer djrs FksA
 fdUrq ;fn ljdkj fdlkuksa dh d`f"k Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k djrh gS rks mls i;kZIr {kfriwfrZ nsuh gksxhA
xks y dukFk okn 1967 bZ a -
 mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh fd laln fdlh Hkh ewy vf/kdkj esa la'kks/ku ;k mls lekIr ugha
ldrhA
 vFkkZr~ funs'kd rRoksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, ewy vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
24oka la f o/kku la ' kks / ku 1971 bZ a -
 blesa laln dks lafo/kku vf/kfu;e ds rgr ewy vf/kdkjksa esa la'kks/ku djus ;k mUgsa lekIr djus dh 'kfDr
nh xbZA
25oka la f o/kku la ' kks / ku 1971 bZ a -
 blesa vuqPNsn 31¼c½ lafo/kku esa tksMk x;kA
 blesa izko/kku fd;k x;k fd vuqPNsn 39¼b½] 39¼c½ ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, ;fn laln dksbZ
vf/kfu;e ikfjr djrh gS vkSj ;g vf/kfu;e vuqPNsn&14] 19] o 31 ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer djrk gS
rks bl vk/kkj ij vf/kfu;e dks voS/kkfud ?kksf"kr ugh fd;k tk ldrkA

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Polity Notes
 bl izdkj dh fof/k dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSfr ugha nh tk ldrhA
ds ' kokua n Hkkjrhokn 1973 bZ a -
 mPpre U;k;ky; us 24osa o 25osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dks oS/kkfud ekukA
 vFkkZr~ laln ewy vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dj ldrh gSA
 fdUrq blesa vuqPNsn 31¼c½ ds nwljs izko/kku dks vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k D;ksafd ;s U;k;ky;
ds U;kf;d leh{kk ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr djrk gS tks fd lafo/kku dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk gSA
42 ok¡ la f o/kku la' kks/ ku 1976 bZ a-
 blesa vuqPNsn 31¼c½ dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA
 lHkh uhfr funs'kd rRoksa ds mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, ;fn laln dksbZ vf/kfu;e ikfjr djrh gS vkSj
blls vuqPNsn&14]19 o 31¼ewy vf/kdkjksa½ dk guu gksrk gS rks bl vk/kkj ij ;g vf/kfu;e voS/kkfud ugha
gksxkA
feuokZ feYl okn 1980 bZ a-
 blesa vuqPNsn 31¼c½ ds foLrkj dks pqukSfr nh xbZA
 mPpre U;k;ky; us bl foLrkj dks voS/kkfud djkj nsdj vuqPNsn 31¼c½ dks iwoZorhZ :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA
 blh le; U;k;ky; us ekuk fd ewy vf/kdkj o funs'kd rRo ,d nwljs ds fojks/kkHkklh ugha gS
nksuksa dk mn~ns'; leku gS vFkkZr~ ^tudY;k.k* gS vr% nksuks ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSA
 nksuksa ,d gh xkMh ds nks ifg;ksa ds leku gS ftlls gekjk lekt vkxsa c<sXkkA nksuksa ds e'; larqyu
lafo/kku dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk gSA
 blds ckotwn ;fn nksuksa esa dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl gksrk gS rks uhfr funs'kd rRoksa dh rqyuk esa ewy vf/kdkjksa dks
loksZijh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
orZ e ku fLFkfr
 uhfr funs'kd rRoksa dh rqyuk esa ewy vf/kdkj Js"B gSA
 fdUrq vuqPNsn 39¼b½ o 39¼c½ ds funs'kd rRo vuqPNsn 14 o 19 ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dh rqyuk esa Js"B gSA

1 ;g lafo/kku ds lkFk gh ykxw gks x, 1 ;g lafo/kku ds lkFk ykxw ugha gq, FkA
FksA bUgsa ykxw djus gsrq fof/k fuekZ.k bUgsa ykxw djus gsrq fof/k fuekZ.k dh
dh vko';drk ugha gSA vko';drk gksrh gSA
2 ;g U;k;ky; ds }kjk iorZuh; gSA 2 ;g U;k;ky; ds }kjk izorZuh; ugha gSA
3 ;s jktuSfrd yksdra= dh Lfkkiuk djrs 3 ;s lkekftd o vkfFkZd yksdra= dh
gSA Lfkkiuk djrss gSA
4 ;g O;fDrxr izd`fr ds gSA 4 ;g lkekftd@lkeqnkf;d izd`fr ds gSA
5 budh izd`fr udkjkRed gSA 5 budh izd`fr ldkjkRed gSA

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

ewy drZO;
¼Hkkx&4¼d½] vuqPNsn 51 ¼d½½
 ljnkj Lo.kZ flag lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij 42osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk ewy drZO;ksa dks lafo/kku
es tksMk x;kA
 gkykafd lfefr us lafo/kku esa vkB ewy drZO;ksa dks tksMs tkus dk lq>ko fn;k Fkk fdUrq 1976 esa 10 ewy drZO;
lafo/kku esa tksMs x,A
 bu drZO;ksa esa ls dqN uSfrd drZO; gS ¼tSls&Loar=rk laxzke ds mPp vkn'kksZ dk lEeku½ tcfd dqN ukxfjd
drZO;¼tSls&jk"Vªh; /ot o jk"Vªh; xku dk vknj djuk gSA½
 ;s ewy drZO; dsoy Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds fy, gS] fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, ugha gSA
 ewy drZO; xSj U;k;ksfpr izd`fr ds gSA
 ;fn laln pkgs rks mi;qDr fof/k cukdj budks fØ;kUo;u djok ldrh gSA
 ewy drZO; Hkkjrh; ijaEijkvksa] vkn'kksZ] /keZ o thou i)fr vkfn dks iznf'kZr djrs gS ¼mudk izfrfuf/kRo djrs
gS½
 ewy drZO; ck/;dkjh ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ewy drZO; fuEufyf[kr gS&
1- lafo/kku dk ikyu djsa vkSj mlds vkn'kksZ] laLFkkuksa] jk"Vª/ot o jk"Vªxku dk vknj djsaA
2- Lora=rk ds fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kksZa dks ân; esa latks, j[ks vkSj mudk
ikyu djsA
3- Hkkjr dh lEizHkqrk],drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dh j{kk djsa vkSj mls v{kq..k cuk, j[ksaA
4- ns'k dh j{kk djs o vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djsA
5- Hkkjr ds lHkh yksxksa esa lejLrk vkSj leku Hkkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djs tks iaFk] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ
ij vk/kkfjr lHkh HksnHkkoksa ls ijs gks] ,lh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djs tks efgykvksa ds lEeku ds fo:) gksA
6- gekjh lkekftd laLd`fr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijEijk dk egRo le>s vkSj mldk ifj{k.k djsA
7- izkd`frd i;kZoj.k ftlds vUrxZr ou] >hy unh vkSj oU;tho gS] dh j{kk djs mldk lao/kZu djs rFkk
izkf.kek= ds izfr n;kHkko j[ksA
8- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djsA
9- lkoZtfud lEifr dks lqjf{kr j[ks vksj fgalk ls nwj jgsA
10- O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ksa ds lHkh {ks=ks esa mRd"kZ dh vkSj c<us dk lrr iz;kl djs ftlls jk"Vª
fujarj c<rs gq, iz;Ru o miyfC/k dh Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks Nw ldsA
11- 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks muds vfHkHkkod vFkok laj{kd ;k izfrikyd tSlh Hkh fLFkfr esa gks] f'k{kk
ds volj iznku djsaA
 11oka ewy drZO; 86osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2002 }kjk lafo/kku esa tksMk x;kA

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Polity Notes

la?k ljdkj
vuqPNsn&52 ls 151
 dk;Z i kfydk& ¼vuq P Ns n % 52&78½
 jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h] eU=hifj"kn] egkU;k;olnh
 fo/kkf;dk & ¼vuq P Ns n % 79&123½
 yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk
 U;k;ikfydk ¼vuq P Ns n % 124&147½
 Hkkjr dk fu;a= d o egkys[ kk ijh{kd ¼vuq P Nsn % 148&151½

dk;Zikfydk vuqPNsn % 52&78

jk"Vª i fr
 vuqPNsn&52 % Hkkjr dk ,d jk"Vªifr gksxkA
 vuqPNsn&53 % la?k dh leLr dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr gksxh ftldk izeq[k iz/kkuea=h gksxkA
 vuq P Ns n &74% jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsus ds fy, ,d eU=hifj"kn gksxh ftldk izeq[k iz/kkueU=h gksxkA
^jk"Vªifr eU=hifj"kn dh lykg ls dk;Z djsxkA*
¼42 ossa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ls ;g tksMk x;k½
pqu ko laca/ kh egRoiw.kZ rF;% &
 jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr ds pquko dh vf/klwpuk ^pquko vk;ksx* }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA
 yksdlHkk o jkT;lHkk ds pquko dh vf/klwpuk ^jk"Vªifr* }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA
 jkT;ksa esa fo/kkulHkk o fo/kkuifj"kn ds pqukoksa dh vf/klwpuk ^jkT;iky* }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA
 jk"Vªifr dh mEehnokjh ds fy, 50 izLrkod o 20 vuqeksnd gksus vko';d gSA
 mijk"Vªifr dh mEehnokjh ds fy, 20 izLrkod o 20 vuqeksnd gksus vko';d gSA
 jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr nksuksa dh mEehnokjh ds fy, tekur jkf'k 20000 :i;s gSA
;g jkf'k pquko vk;ksx vFkok fjtoZ cSad ds ikl tek djokbZ tk ldrh gSA
 iwoZ esa 10 izLrkodksa o 10 vuqeksndksa dh vko';drk Fkh rFkk tekur jkf'k 2500 :- FkhA ¼1997 esa bls
ifjofrZr fd;k x;k½
 jk"Vªifr ds pquko ds eq[; fuokZpu vf/kdkjh ^yksdlHkk egklfpo* gksrk gSA
 mijk"Vªifr ds pquko esa eq[; fuokZpu vf/kdkjh* jkT;lHkk dk egklfpo* gksrk gSA
vuqPNsn&54 % ^jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpd e.My*
 yksdlHkk o jkT;lHkk ds lHkh fuokZfpr lnL;
 fo/kkulHkkvksa ds lHkh fuokZfpr lnL;

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Polity Notes
¼la?k 'kkflr izns'kksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa ds fuokZfpr lnL;½
 fuEufyf[kr jk"Vªifr ds pq uko esa Hkkx ugha ysrs&
 yksdlHkk o jkT; lHkk ds euksuhr lnL;
 jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa ds euksuhr lnL;
 fo/kku ifj"knksa ds lnL;
vuqPNsn&55% ^jk"Vªifr dh fuokZpu i)fr*
 vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo i)fr }kjk jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu gksrk gSA
 ,dy laØe.kh; er }kjk jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu gksrk gSA
N
 bl i)fr esa thr ds fy, vko';d er = n + 1 + 1
N = dqy erksa dh la[;k
n = dqy inksa dh la[;k
 jk"Vªifr dks thr ds fy, 50% + 1 erksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
(1971) 1
MLA ds er dk ewY; = ×
1000
MLA

jktLFkku ds MLA dk er ewY; = 129

lokZf/kd MLA er ewY; = mÙkj izns'k esa (208)
U;wure MLA er ewY; = flfDde esa (7)
MLA
MP ds er dk ewY; =
MP

,d MP ds er dk ewY; = 708
vuqPNsn&56% ^jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky*
 dk;Zdky 'kiFk xzg.k ls 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA
vuqP Nsn&57% ^iwufuZokZpu*
 jk"Vªifr iwufuZokZfpr gks ldrk gSA
vuqPNsn&58% ^jk"Vªifr dh ;ksX;rk,¡*
jk"Vªifr in ds mEehnokj dks fuEu ;ksX;rkvksa dks iw.kZ djuk vko';d Fkk&
1- Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
2- 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iw.kZ dj pqdk gksA
3- yksdlHkk dk lnL; fu;qDr gksus gsrq ;ksX; gksA
4- la?k ;k jkT; ljdkjksa ;k LFkkuh; vFkok lkoZtfud izkf/kdj.kksa esa ykHk ds in ij uk gksA
vuqPNsn&59% ^jk"Vªifr in dh 'krsZ*
vuqPNsn&60% ^jk"Vªifr dh 'kiFk*
 bZ'oj@lR;fu"Bk dh] J)kiwoZd dk dk;Zikyu djus dh
 lafo/kku o fof/k ds ifjj{k.k] laj{k.k] izfrj{k.k dh

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Polity Notes
 turk dh lsok o dY;k.k esa fujr jgus dhA
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k o mldh vuqifLFkfr esa ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k }kjk jk"Vªifr dks 'kiFk
fnykbZ tkrh gSA
vuqPNsn&61% ^jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k*
 egkfHk;ksx ,d v)ZU;kf;d izfØ;k gSA
 dkj.k&^lafo/kku dk vfrØe.k*
 egkfHk;ksx dk izLrko fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ftl lnu esa izLrko is'k fd;k tkrk gS mlds 1@4 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj izLrko ij gksus pkfg,A
 14 fnu ds uksfVl ds ckn lnu izLrko ij ppkZ dj ldrk gSA
 igyk lnu vkjksi yxkrk gS rFkk bl lnu esa dqy lnL;ksa ds 2@3 cgqer ls izLRkko ikfjr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
 nwljksa lnu vkjksiksa dh tk¡p djrk gSA tk¡p ds nkSjku jk"Vªifr Lo;a ;k vius izfrfuf/k ds ek/;e ls
mifLFkr gksdj viuk i{k j[k ldrk gSA
 ;fn vkjksi lgh ik, tkrs gS rks nwljk lnu Hkh dqy lnL;ksa ds 2@3 cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr djrk
gS A
 blds i'pkr jk"Vªifr Lo;a vius in ls gV tkrk gSA
 euksuhr lnL; jk"Vªifr Lo;a vius in ls gV tkrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &62%
 jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys vxys jk"Vªifr dk pquko dj fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
 ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk gS rks orZeku jk"Vªifr vxys jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu gks tkus rd in ij cuk jgsxkA
 ;fn jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gks tk, ¼R;kxi=] e`R;q] egkfHk;ksx ds dkj.k½ rks vxys jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu
;Fkk 'kh?kZ gks tkuk pkfg,A 6ekg ds Hkhrj vo'; gks tkuk pkfg,A

Page No. [3]

Polity Notes

jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;k¡
dk;Z i kfydk 'kfDr;k¡ %
 jk"Vªifr la?k dh dk;Zikfydk dk izeq[k gksrk gSA
 la?k dh leLr dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr esa fufgr gksrh gSA
 la?k dh leLr dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jk"Vªifr ds uke ls fd;k tkrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h dh fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk iz/kkuea=h dh lykg ls vU; efU=;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 ea=h jk"Vªifr ds izlkni;ZUr vius in ij jgrs gSA
 dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZ ds lqpk: lapkyu ds fy, jk"Vªifr foHkkx fofue; cuk ldrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr jkT;ksa esa jkT;iky dks fu;qDr djrk gSA
 la?k 'kkflr izns'kksa esa iz'kkldksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr egkU;k;oknh dh fu;qfDr djrk gS vkSj egkU;k;oknh jk"Vªifr ds izlkni;ZUr vius in ij jgrk
gS A
 jk"Vªifr fu;U=d o egkys[kk ijh{kd (CAG) dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr vusd vk;ksxksa ds v/;{kksa o lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
la o S / kkfud vk;ks x %
1. fuokZpu vk;ksx 2. foÙk vk;ksx 3. vuqlwfpr vk;ksx
4. vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx]
5. vU; fiNMk oxZ vk;skx ¼102 oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku½
6. la?k yksd lsok vk;ksxA
oS / kkfud vk;ks x %&
1. efgyk vk;ksx 2. ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx 3. vYila[;d vk;ksx
4. lwpuk vk;ksx 5. lrdZrk v;ksx
dk;Zdkjh vk;ksx%& uhfr vk;ksx & ea=heaMy dh vuq'kalk ls
 jk"Vªifr vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn dk xBu djrk gSA
 vuqlwfpr o tutkrh; {ks= ?kksf"kr djrk gSA
fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡
 jk"Vªifr Lo;a laln dk ,d Hkkx gSA
 jk"Vªifr laln ds l= dks vkgwr djrk gS o l=kolku djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk dks Hkax dj ldrk gSA ¼fdUrq dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ij yksdlHkk Lor% Hkax gks tkrh gSA
 jk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk esa 12 lnL;ksa dk euksu;u dj ldrk gS rFkk yksdlHkk esa nks vkaXy Hkkjrh;ksa dk
euksu;u dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn jkT;lHkk esa lHkkifr o milHkkifr nksuksa in fjDr gS rks jk"Vªifr vLFkkbZ v/;{k fu;qDr dj ldrk
gS A
 jk"Vªifr laln dks lans'k Hkst ldkr gS rFkk os nksuksa lnuksa esa vfHkHkk"k.k ns ldrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr laln esa ^fo'ks"k vfHkHkk"k.k* ¼vke pquko ds ckn igys l= eas] izfro"kZ igys l= esa ½ nsrk gSA
 lkalnksa dh v;ksX;rk dk fu.kZ; jk"Vªifr }kjk fy[kk tkrk gS ¼pquko vk;ksx dh lykj ij½
 jk"Vªifr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dh ^la;qDr cSBd* cqyk ldrk gS ¼bldh v/;{krk yksdlHkk v/;{k djrk
gS½
 dqN fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls gh laln esa is'k fd, tkrs gSA

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Polity Notes
tSls &/ku fo/ks;d] u, jkT; ds xBu laca/kh fo/ks;d vkfnA
 jk"Vªifr dh lgefr ds i'pkr gh dksbZ fo/ks;d vf/kfu;e curk gSA
 tc dksbZ fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr ds ikl Hkstk tkrk gS rks mlds ikl rhu fodYi gksrs gS&
1- viuh lgerh nsuk
2- viuh lgefr dks jksduk ¼vLohdkj djuk½
3- iqufoZpkj ds fy, ykSVkukA
 jkT;iky jkT; fo/kkue.My ds fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[k ldrk gS rFkk jk"Vªifr bl
fo/k;sd dks vusd ckj iqufoZpkj ds fy, okil Hkst ldrk gS ¼tcfd laln ds fo/ks;d dks dsoy ,d
ckj okil Hkst ldrk gS½
fuEufyf[kr la/k 'kkflr izns'kksa esa 'kkafr] fodkl o lq'kklu ds fy, jk"Vªifr fu;e fofue; cuk ldrk gS&
1- v.Meku fudksckj }hi lewg
2- nknj ukxj gosyh
3- neu rFkk nho
4 y{k}hi
jk"Vªi fr fuEufyf[kr iz f rosn uksa dks laln ds le{k j[kokrk gS A
1- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
2- fu;a=d ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd dk izfrosnu
3- foÙk vk;ksx dk izfrosnu
jk"Vª i fr v/;kns' k tkjh djrk gS A
foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ %&
 ctV jk"Vªifr dh vksj ls is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
 /ku fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
 vuqnku dh ek¡xs jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls is'k dh tkrh gSA
 jk"Vªifr foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu djrk gS mlds v/;{k o lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr ds v/khu 500 djksM dh vkdfLed fuf/k gksrh gSA
U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ %&
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ ys ldrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr {kek djus dh 'kfDr j[krk gSSA
dw V uhfrd 'kfDr;k¡ %&
 lHkh izdkj ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; lfU/k;k¡ o le>kSrs jk"Vªifr ds uke ls fd, tkrs gSA ysfdu buesa laln dk
vuqeksnu vko';d gSA
 vU; ns'kksa esa gekjs jktnwr rFkk mPpk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
 vU; ns'kksa ls vkus okys mPpk;qDrksa ,oa jktnwrksa dk Lokxr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
lS U ; 'kfDr;k¡
 jk"Vªifr rhuksa lsukvksa dk izeq[k gksrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr ;q) dh ,oa ;q) fojke dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gS] fdUrq blesa laln ds vuqeksnu dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡
jk"Vªifr rhu izdkj ds vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gS&
1- jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ¼vuqPNsn 352½
2- jkT;ksa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxkuk ¼vuqPNsn&356½
3- foÙkh; vkikrdky ¼vuqPNsn&360½

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Polity Notes

jk"Vªifr dh ohVks 'kfDr;k¡

Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr vR;kafrd] fuyacudkjh o ikWdsV rhu ohVks 'kfDr;k¡ j[krk gS ftudk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&
1- vR;kafrd ohVks%& ;fn jk"Vªifr fdlh fo/ks;d ij viuh lgefr jksd ysrk gS vFkkZr fo/ks;d dks vLohdkj
dj nsrk gS rks bls vR;kafrd ohVksa dgrs gSA
lkekU;r;k% nks ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sl k fd;k tkrk gS &
(i) ;fn futh fo/ks;d gks ¼laln dk og lnL; tks ea=h ugha gS ds }kjk izLrqr fo/ks;d½
(ii) ljdkjh fo/ks;d ds laca/k esa ;fn ea=heaMy cny x;k gksA ¼ikfjr fo/ks;d ij jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr 'ks"k
gks rFkk u;k ea=heaMy jk"Vªifr dks vuqefr u nsus dh flQkfj'k djsA½
vHkh rd nks ckj bl ohVks 'kfDr dk iz ;ksx gqv k gS &
(i) 1954 esa MkW- jktsUnz izlkn }kjk PEPSU fofu;ksx fo/ks;d ij viuk fu.kZ; jksddjA
(ii) 1991 esa MkW- vkj- osadVje.k }kjk laln lnL;k osru] HkÙkk vkSj isa'ku ¼la'kks/ku½ fo/ks;d dks jksddjA
2- fuyEcdkjh ohVks%& ;fn jk"Vªifr fdlh fo/ks;d dks iqufoZpkj gsrq laln ds ikl okil Hkstrk gS rks bls
fuyacdkjh ohVksa dgrs gSA
• jk"Vªifr dsoy ,d ckj gh fdlh fo/ks;d dks iqufoZpkj gsrq okil Hkst ldrk gSA
• /ku fo/ks;d ij jk"Vªifr bl ohVks dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrk gSA
3- ikWdsV ohVks %& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa jk"Vªifr ds }kjk fdlh fo/ks;d ij gLRkk{kj djus dh le; lhek dk
mYys[k ugha gSA
blfy, jk"Vªifr ;fn fo/ks;d ij uk rks lgefr ns uk gh vlgefr ns vkSj uk gh iqufoZpkj gsrq okil Hksts
oju~ vfuf'pr dky ds fy, fo/ks;d dks vius ikl j[k ys rks bls ikWdsV ohVks dgrs gSA
vHkh rd dsoy ,d gh ckj bl ohVks dk iz ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A
1986 esa jk"Vªifr tSy flag us Hkkjrh; Mkd ¼la'kks/ku½ fo/ks;d ds lUnHkZ esa iz;ksx fd;kA

la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ohVks%

1- ikWdsV ohVks %& vesfjdh lafo/kku esa fdlh fo/ks;d ij gLRkk{kj djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr dks nl fnu dk le;
fn;k x;k gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr 10 fnu esa gLrk{kj ugha djrk gS vkSj blh nkSjku dkaxzsl dk l= lekIr gks tkrk
gS] rks og fcy Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS bls gh ikWdsV ohVks dgrs gSA
2- DokfyQkbax ohVks %& ;fn vesfjdh jk"Vªifr fdlh fo/ks;d dks vLohdkj dj nsrk gS vkSj dkaxzsl mls fo'ks"k
cgqer ls iqu% ikfjr dj nsrh gS] rks og fo/ks;d vf/kfu;e cu tkrk gS] bls jk"Vªifr dh lgefr dh
vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
• Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ;g ohVks 'kfDr ugha gSA

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Polity Notes

jk"Vªifr dh {keknku 'kfDr;k¡

vuq P Ns n &72
jk"Vªi fr fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ks a ij {keknku dh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz ; ksx dj ldrk gS &
(i) la?kh; dkuwu ds mYya?ku ij ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks nafMr fd;k x;k gksA
(ii) lSU; U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, n.M ds laca/k esa a
(iii) e`R;qn.M ds lHkh ekeyksa esaA
(i) {kek%
blds rgr O;fDr dks iw.kZr% {kek dj fn;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ O;fDr vijk/k iwoZ dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gSA
ltk ds dkj.k mRiUu lHkh v;ksX;rk,¡ Hkh lekIr gks tkrh gSA
(ii) y?kq d j.k%
blds rgr ltk dh izd`fr dks cnyk tkrk gS tSls& e`R;qn.M dks vkthou dkjkokl esa ;k dBksj dkjkokl
dks lk/kkj.k dkjkokl esa cnyukA
(iii) ifjgkj %
blesa ltk dh vof/k dks de fd;k tkrk gS tSls&10 o"kZ ds dkjkokl dks 5 o"kZ ds dkjkokl esa cnyukA
(iv) fojke%
blesa ltk dh izd`fr dks Hkh cnyk tkrk gS rFkk ltk dh vof/k dks Hkh de fd;k tkrk gS tSls&fnO;kax
O;fDr] xHkZorh efgyk vkfn ds ekeyksa esaA
(v) iz f oyEc%
blds rgr ltk ij vLFkk;h jksd yxkbZ tkrh gSA lkekU;r% e`R;q n.M dh fLFkfr esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
jkT;iky dh {keknku dh 'kfD;k¡ % vuqPNsn &161
• ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks jkT; ds dkuwu ds mYya?ku ds fy, nf.Mr fd;k x;k gks rks jkT;iky mls {kek dj
ldrk gSA
 lU; U;k;ky; }kjk nf.Mr O;fDr dks jkT;iky {kek ugha dj ldrkA
 e`R;qn.M ds ekeys esa jkT;iky iw.kZr% {kek ugha dj ldrk fdUrq og ^izfrcU/k* o ^y?kqdj.k* dh 'kfDr
dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA
jk"Vªifr dh {keknku 'kfDr ds lac a/k esa loksZ Pp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ ; %&
 n;k dh ;kpuk djus okys O;fDr dks jk"Vªifr ls ekSf[kd lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj ugha gS D;ksafd bldh izd`fr
iz'kklfud gS@U;kf;d ugha ¼dsg j flag cuke Hkkjr la?k 1991½
 jk"Vªifr izek.kh ¼lk{e½ dk iqu% v/;;u dj ldrk gS vkSj mudk fopkj U;k;ky; ls fHkUu gks ldrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dsUnzh; eU=heaMy ds ijke'kZ ls djsXkkA ¼ek:jke cuke Hkkjr la?k
1980½ ¼/kutU; pVthZ cuke if'pe ca x ky 1994½
 jk"Vªifr vius vkns'k ds dkj.k crkus ds fy, ck/; ugha gS D;ksafd ;g jk"Vªifr dh foosdk/khu n;k gSA
¼ja x k fcYyk okn 1978½
 jk"Vªifr uk dsoy n.M ij jkgr ns ldrk gS oju~ izekf.kd Hkwy ds fy, Hkh jkgr ns ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes
 jk"Vªifr dks viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk dksbZ Hkh fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh djus
dh vko';drk ugha gSA
 jk"Vªifr dh bl 'kfDr ij dksbZ Hkh U;kf;d leh{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA ;g foosdk/khu n;k gS ij mldk
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ugha gS blfy, bldk iz;ksx drZO; fujogZu ds fy, o tufgr esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, ysfdu
;fn jk"Vªifr dk fu.kZ; LosPNkpkjh] foosdjfgr nqHkkZouk ;k HksnHkko iw.kZ gks] rks U;kf;d leh{kk dh tk
ldrh gSA ¼biq : lq/ kkdj cuke vkU/kz i zn s' k jkT; 2006½
 ;fn jk"Vªifr us n;k ;kfpdk dks [kkfjt dj fn;k gS rks ltk ds fØ;kUogu dks jksdus ds fy, iqu% vkosnu
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;fn jk"Vªifr e`R;q n.M dh n;k ;kfpdk ij le; ij fu.kZ; ugh nsrk gS rks e`R;q n.M dks y?kqdj.k esa
cnyk tk ldrk gSA ¼fltksÝsfu;k o ekufld chekj dks e`R;q n.M ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,½ ¼'k=q?ku pkSgku
cuke Hkkjr la?k 2014½
jk"Vªifr dh {keknku 'kfDr;k¡
foi{k
1- vkSifuosf'kd dkyhu O;oLFkk gSA mu fLFkfr;ksa esa vaxzstksa dks vko';d gksrh FkhA vaxzstksa dks ltk ls cpkus
ds fy,
2- 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ds fl)kUr ds fo:) gS D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk dks U;kf;d 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA
3- U;k;ikfydk dh izfr"Bk ds fo:) gS D;ksafd jk"Vªifr dk fu.kZ; U;k;ikfydk ds fu.kZ; vyx gks ldrk
gS rFkk jk"Vªifr bldk dkj.k crkus ds fy, Hkh ckè; ugha gSA jk"Vªifr fcuk fdlh tkap ds viuk fu.kZ;
nsrk gSA
4- jk"Vªifr ds ikl vf/kdka'k n;k ;kfpdk,a yEcs le; rd yfEcr iM+h jgrh gS ftlls U;k; ekaxus okys
o vijk/kh nksuksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gSA
5- jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds fy, bldk nq#i;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gS jktuhfrd ny vius ykHk ds fy, bldk
mi;ksx djrs gSA
i{k
1- lafo/kku esa bldk izko/kku gS vr% ;g laoS/kkfud gS lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds vuq:i gSA
2- U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwy dks lq/kkjus dk ,d vfrfjDr volj gS D;ksafd ;g ekU;rk gS fd 99 vijk/kh cp
tk, ij ,d funksZ"k dks ltk ugha gksuh pkfg,A
3- U;k;ikfydk lcwrksa o xokgksa ds vk/kkj ij viuk fu.kZ; nsrh gS ysfdu dbZ ckj ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa o
laosnukvksa dks Hkh egRo nsuk gksrk gS vr% jk"Vªifr ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; ns ldrk gSA
tSls fd xHkZofr efgyk------
4- U;kf;d izfØ;k ds vf/kd pj.k gks rks bls vPNk ekuk tkrk gS ;k ,slh U;kf;d izfØ;k dks vkn'kZ ekuk
tkrk gSA
5- vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esa ;s dke vk ldrh gS tSls
6- dk;Zikfydk dks izk;% fof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ nh tkrh gSA
7- uhfr'kkL= o ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa esa Hkh n;k dks egku xq.k ekuk x;k gSA
8- mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh-----

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Polity Notes

jk"Vªifr dh vè;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr

 ;fn laln ds nksuksa lnu l= esa ugh gS rFkk ljdkj dks rRdky fdlh dkuwu dh vko';drk gks rks ml fLFkfr
esa jk"Vªifr v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn laln ds nksuksa lnu l= esa gks rks jk"Vªifr v/;kns'k tkjh ugha dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn laln dk ,d lnu l= esa gks o nwljk lnu l= esa ugh gS] rks jk"Vªifr v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA
 v/;kns'k ,d vLFkkbZ dkuwu gksrk gSA
 ;g vf/kfu;e dh Hkk¡fr gh izHkkoh gksrk gSA
 blls lalnh; vf/kfu;e esa la'kks/ku fd;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 lalnh; vf/kfu;e dh Hkkafr bls Hkwrdky ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 v/;kns'k dk vk;qdky lhfer gksrk gS& laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds l= vkjEHk gksus ds ckn 6 lIrkg rd ;g
vfLrRo esa jgrk gSA
 v/;kns'k dks jk"Vªifr dHkh Hkh okil ys ldrk gSA
 laln v/;kns'k dks lekIr dj ldrh gSA
 ljdkj tc v/;kns'k dks vuqeksnu gsrq laln esa is'k djrh gS rks ljdkj dks v/;kns'k dh rkRdkfyd
vko';drk dk Li"Vhdj.k nsuk gksrk gSA
 v/;kns'k dh rkRdkfyd vko';drkvksa ds dkj.kksa dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
38oka la f o/kku&
blessa ;g izko/kku Fkk fd U;k;ky; bldk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu ugha dj ldrk rFkk jk"Vªifr dh larqf"V
vafre gSA
44ok¡ la f o/kku la ' kks / ku&
blesa izko/kku fd;k x;k fd U;k;ky; v/;kns'k dh rkRdkfyd vko';drkvksa ds dkj.kksa dk U;kf;d
iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Mh- lh- ok/kok dsl 1987%
 mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd ,d gh v/;kns'k dks laln esa ikfjr djokus dk iz;kl fd, fcuk ,d
gh ys[k esa ckj ckj iz[;kfir ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 ;fn ,slk fd;k tkrk gS rks ;s dk;Zikfydk ds }kjk fo/kkf;dk dh 'kfDr;ksa ij fd;k x;k vfrØe.k gSA
 tSlk fd fcgkj esa 1967 ls 1981 ds chp 256 v/;kns'k tkjh fd, x, Fks tks fd v/;kns'k tkjh djus dh
'kfDr dk nq:i;ksx FkkA
 2017 esa Hkh mPpre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dh iqf"V dh ,oa nksgjk;kA ¼d`".k dqekj flag cuke fcgkj
jkT; 2017½

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Polity Notes
iz ' u% D;k Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr jcM+ dh eksgj ek= gS\
m - Hkkjr us fczVsu dh Hkk¡fr lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dks viuk;k gS ftlesa dk;Zikfydk ds nks izeq[k gksrs gSA blesa
'kklu dh okLrfod 'kfDr;k¡ iz/kkuea=h o ea=hifj"kn~ esa gksrh gS vr% fczfV'k Økmu dks jcM+ LVsEi ek= ekuk
tkrk gS ysfdu Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr jcM+ LVsEi ek= ugha gS D;ksafd blds ikl vusd foosdk/khu 'kfDr;k¡ gS
tSls&
 ;fn vke pqukoksa esa fdlh ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gksrk gS rks jk"Vªifr Lo;a ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk
gS fd ljdkj cukus ds fy, fdls vkeaf=r fd;k tk,A
 ;fn yksdlHkk es eaf=ifj"kn ds f[kykkQ vfo'okl ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks jk"Vªifr fu.kZ; djrk gS fd
yksdlHkk dks Hkax fd;k tk, vFkok ljdkj cukus ds fy, fdlh vU; dks volj fn;k tk,A
 ;fn yksdlHkk Hkax gks xbZ gks rc ea=hifj"kn egRoiw.kZ uhfrxr fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrh ,slh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr
ea=hifj"kn dh lykg ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 jk"Vªifr ea=hifj"kn dh lykg dks ,d ckj iqufoZokj ds fy, ykSVk ldrk gS ¼vuqPNsn&74½
 jk"Vªifr vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk ls igys jk"Vªifr ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fyf[kr lykg ij lHkh dsfcusV
ea=h;ksa ds gLRkk{kj gS ;k ughaA
 jk"Vªifr iz/kkue=h ls ljdkj ds fo/kk;h o dk;Zikfydk dk;ksZa ds laca/k esa lwpuk,¡ ekax ldrk gS rFkk
iz/kkuea=h dk ;g drZO; gS fd og lwpuk,¡ miyC/k djok,aA
 ;fn fdlh ,d ea=h us fofu'p; fd;k gS rks jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h ls ;g vis{kk dj ldrk gS fd ea=hifj"kn
esa ml ij ppkZ gksA
 orZeku esa fefM;k dh lfØ;rk gS ,slh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr ;fn ljdkj ds dkedkt ij fVIi.kh djrk gS
rks bls xaHkhjrk ls fy;k tkrk gS ftlls ljdkj ij uSfrd ncko mRiUu gksrk gSA
 xBcU/ku ljdkj esa jk"Vªifr dk in vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS D;ksafd og ,d ls vf/kd nyksa ds leFkZu
ls fuokZfpr gksrk gS vr% jk"Vªifr ,d ny ds izHkko esa ugha jgrk gS vkSj vf/kd lfØ;rk ,oa izHkkoh rjhds
ls dk;Z djrk gSA
mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds ikl vusd foosdkf/ku 'kfDr;k¡ gS rFkk ljdkj
esa mldh Hkwfedk izHkkoh o egRoiw.kZ gS blfy, bls jcM LVSEi ugha dgk tk ldrkA

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes

mijk"Vªi fr
vuq P Ns n &63 % Hkkjr dk ,d mijk"Vªifr gksxkA
vuq P Ns n &64 % mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr gksxkA
vuq P Ns n &65 % jk"Vªifr dh vuqifLFkfr esa mijk"Vªifr mlds dÙkZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djsxkA

mijk"Vªifr dk in vesfjdk ls fy;k x;k gSA ;w-,l- , dk mijk"Vªifr lhusV dk insu lHkkifr gksrk gSA
fdUrq vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gksus ij mijk"Vªifr mlds 'ks"k dk;Zdky dks iwjk djrk gS] tcfd Hkkjr
esa in fjDrrk dh fLFkfr esa mijk"Vªifr u, jk"Vªifr ds pquko rd mlds in ij cuk jgrk gSA

vuq P Ns n &66 % ^mijk"Vªifr in gsrq ;ksX;rk,¡] 'krsZ] ,oa mldk fuokZpu*

fuokZpd e.My% yksdlHkk o jkT;lHkk ds lHkh lnL;
¼fuokZfpr $ euksuhr½
fuokZpu i)fr% vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo i)fr] ,dy laØe.kh; er }kjk mijk"Vªifr dks fot;
gsrq 50% + 1 er dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &67 % ^dk;Zdky ,oa gVkus dh izfØ;k*
- dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ ¼'kiFk xzg.k ls½
- gVkus dh izfØ;k&mijk"Vªifr dks in ls gVkus ds dkj.k dk mYys[k lafo/kku esa ugh gSSA
- mijk"Vªifr dks gVkus dk izLrko dsoy jkT;lHkk esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
- 14 fnu ds uksfVl ds ckn lnu bl ij ppkZ djrk gSA
- ppkZ ds nkSjku mijk"Vªifr ihBklhu vf/kdkjh ugha gks ldrk fdUrq og lnu dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx
ys ldrk gS] vkSj viuk i{k j[k ldrk gSA
- fdUrq og ernku esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrk D;ksafd og jkT;lHkk dk lnL; ugha gSA
- ;g izLrko jkT;lHkk esa rRdkyhu lnL;ksa ds cgqer ¼izHkkoh cgqer½ ls ikfjr gksuk pkfg,A
- blds i'pkr izLrko yksdlHkk esa Hkstk tkrk gS ftls yksdlHkk esa lk/kkj.k cgqer ls vuqeksfnr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vuq P Ns n &68 % ;fn mijk"Vªifr dk in ¼e`R;q] R;kxi=] in ls gVk, tkus ds dkj.k½ fjDr gks tk, rks ;Fkk'kh?kz
mijk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
- blesa jk"Vªifr dh Hkkafr 6 ekg dh ck/;rk ugha gSA
- mijk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky iw.kZ gksus ls iwoZ gh vxys mijk"Vªifr dk pquko dj fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
vuq P Ns n &69 % mijk"Vªifr dh 'kiFk
- Hkkjr ds os jk"Vªifr tks igys mijk"Vªifr jg pqds Fks&
1- MkW- jk/kkd`".ku
2- MkW- tkfdj gqlSu
3- oh- oh- fxfj
4- vkj- osadVjeu
5- MkW- 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ
vuq P Ns n &70 % vU; vkdfLed fLFkfr;ksa esa jk"Vªifr ds drZO;ksa dk fuoZguA

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Polity Notes
- ;fn jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr nksuksa ds in fjDr gks rks bl fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr ds drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu
djus ds fy, laln dksbZ izko/kku djsxhA
- 1969 esa laln us blds fy, izko/kku fd;k fd ,slh fLFkfr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dk eq[;
U;k;k/kh'k (CJI) jk"Vªifr ds drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djsxkA
- vkSj ;fn CJI dk in Hkh fjDr gks rks loksZPp U;k;ky; dk ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k jk"Vªifr ds
drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djsxkA
vuq P Ns n &71 % jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr ds pqukoksa ls lacaf/kr fooknksa dh lquokbZ dsoy mPpre U;k;ky; esa gh
dh tk ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &72 % ^jk"Vªifr dh {keknku dh 'kfDr;k¡*A
vuq P Ns n &73 % la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa dk foLrkj
i. ftu fo"k;ksa ds laca/k esa laln dks fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr gSA
ii. fdlh laf/k ;k djkj ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj dks izkIr 'kfDrA
vuq P Ns n &74 % jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsus ds fy, ,d ea=hifj"kn gksxh ftldk izeq[k iz/kkuea=h gksxkA
42oka la f o/kku la ' kks / ku]1976&
jk"Vªifr ea=hifj"kn dh lykg ls dk;Z djsxkA
44oka la f o/kku la ' kks / ku] 1978&
jk"Vªifr ea=hifj"kn dh lykg dks ,d ckj iqufoZpkj ds fy, okil Hkst ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &75 %
- jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h dh fu;qfDr djsxk ,oa iz/kuea=h dh lykg ls vU; ea=h;ksa dh fu;qfDr djsxkA
- ea=h;ksa dh dqy la[;k yksdlHkk ds dqy lnL;ksa dk 15% ls vf/kd ugha gks ldrh ¼iz/kkuea=h
Hkh 15% esa½
- ny cny dk nks"kh O;fDr ml yksdlHkk ds dk;Zdky esa u;k pquko thrs fcuk ea=h ugha cu ldrk
gSA¼mipquko½
- ea=h jk"Vªifr ds izlkn i;ZUr vius in ij cus jgrs gSA
- ea=hifj"kn lkewfgd :l ls yksdlHkk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS rFkk O;fDrxr :i ls jk"Vªifr
ds izfrA
- 6 ekg esa ea=h dks lkaln cuuk vko';d gS vU;Fkk ea=h in lekIr gks tk,xkA

egkU;k;oknh vuqP Nsn&76 egkf/koDrk vuqP Nsn &165

l l
;g dsUnz ljdkj dk izFke fof/kd vf/kdkjh gSA ;g jkT; ljdkj dk izFke fof/kd vf/kdkjh
l l
bldh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA bldh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk dh tkrh gSA
l l
;ksX;rk mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa ds cjkcjA osru ;ksX;rk mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa ds cjkcjA osru
jk"Vªifr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA jkT;iky }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
l l
;g jk"Vªifr ds izlkn i;Zur vius in ij jgrk gSA ;g jkT;iky ds izlkn i;Zur vius in ij jgrk gSA
l l
;g fof/kd ekeyksa esa dsU nz ljdkj dks ijke'kZ nsrk gSA ;g fof/kd ekeyksa esa jkT; ljdkj dks ijke'kZ nsrk gSA

l l
;g U;k;ky; esa dsUnz ljdkj ds i{k esa odkyr djrk gSA ;g U;k;ky; esa jkT; ljdkj ds i{k esa odkyr djrk
gSA
l l
;g Hkkjr esa fLFkr fdlh U;k;ky; esa lquokbZ dj ldrk gS ;g Hkkjr esa fLFkr fdlh U;k;ky; esa lquokbZ dj
fdUrq dsUnz ljdkj ds fo#) fdlh ekeys esa lquokbZ ugha ldrk gS fdUrq jkT; ljdkj ds fo#) fdlh ekeys esa
dj ldrkA lquokbZ ugha dj ldrkA
l l
;g lalnh; lnuksa dh dk;Zokgh ,oa lalnh; lfefr;ksa dh ;g jkT; fo/kkulHkk] fo/kkuifj"knksa o mudh lfefr;ksa
dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ys ldrk gS ysfdu bl vk/kkj ij oks er dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkkx ys ldrk gS ysf du bl vk/kkj
ugha ns ldrk gSA ij oks er ugha ns ldrkA
l l
bldh lgk;rk gsrq lkWfyflVj tujy gksrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ds fy, yksd vfHk;kstd gksrs gSA

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Polity Notes
vuq P Ns n &77 % la?k dh leLr dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jk"Vªifr ds uke ls fd;k tk,xkA
- dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZa ds lqPkk: lapkyu ds fy, jk"Vªifr fu;e&fofu;e cuk ldrk gS rFkk
ea=h;ksa esa dk;Z vkoaVu gsrq fu;e cuk ldrk gSA
- blh ds rgr 4 izdkj ds ea=h cuk, tkrs gS&
i. dsfcusV ea=h
ii. jkT;ea=h ¼Lora= izHkkj½
iii. jkT;ea=h
iv. miea=h
vuq P Ns n &78 % iz/kkuea=h dk drZO; gS fd og jk"Vªifr dks ljdkj ds fofu';pksa dh lwpuk miyC/k djok,aA
- ;fn jk"Vªifr la?k ds iz'kklfud o fo/kk;h dk;ksZ ds laca/k esa lwpuk,¡ ek¡xAs
- ;fn fdlh ea=h us dksbZ fofu'; dj fn;k gS ¼fcuk ea=hifj"kn esa fopkj fd,½ rks jk"Vªifr
iz/kkuea=h ls ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd ea=hifj"kn esa bl ij fopkj gksA

cgq e r
(i) iw. kZ cgq e r % dqy lnL;ksa dk cgqer
(ii) iz H kkoh cgq e r % rRdkyhu lnL;ksa dk cgqer
¼rRdkyhu lnL;k= dqy lnL;k &fjDr LFkku½
(iii) lk/kkj.k cgq e r % mifLFkr lnL;ksa dk cgqer
(iv) fo'ks " k cgq e r % blesa nks 'krsZ iwjh gksuh vko';d gS
(i) dqy lnL;ksa dk cgqer
(ii) mifLFkr lnL;ksa dk 2@3 cgqer
(v) dsUnz jkT; laca/kksa dks izHkkfor djus okys lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds fy, nksuksa lnuksa esa fo'ks"k cgqer dh
vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk vk/ks jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa dk vuqeksnu dh vko';drk gSA ¼fo/kkulHkk esa
lk/kkj.k cgqer½
 jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx ds fy, dqy lnL;ksa ds 2@3 cgqer dh vko';drk gksrh gS ¼dsoy jk"Vªifr ds fy,½

Page No. [3]

Polity Notes

¼vuq P Ns n 79&129½
vuqPNsn&79 % laln ¼jk"Vªifr $ jkT;lHkk $ yksdlHkk½
vuqP Nsn&80 % ^jkT;lHkk*
 jkT;lHkk uke 1954 esa j[kk x;k] igys bldk uke ^dkmfUly vkWQ LVsVl* FkkA
 vU; uke& ^mPp lnu*] LFkk;h lnu] f}rh; lnu] izcqn lnu

(250) (245)

(238) (12) (233) (12)

(225) (8)

4-
3-
1-
 8 jkT;ksa ls jkT;lHkk esa 1&1 izfrfuf/k vkrk gS& ¼'ks"k dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa dks jkT;lHkk esa
1- es?kky; 2- ef.kiqj 3- ukxkyS.M izfrfuf/kRo ugha fn;k x;k D;ksfa d mudh tula[;k
4- f=iqjk 5- v#.kkpy izns'k 6- xksok de gSA½
7- fetksje 8- flfDde
 fgekpy izns'k rFkk mÙkjk[k.M ls 3&3 izfrfuf/k vkrs gSA
 lokZf/kd mÙkj izns'k ls& 31 izfrfuf/k
 jktLFkku ls & 10 izfrfuf/k
 jkT;lHkk gekjs ifjla?kh; <k¡ps dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS ysfdu lHkh jkT;ksa dks blesa leku izfrfuf/kRo ugha
fn;k x;k gS tSls fd ;w-,lw, esa lhusV esa izR;sd jkt; 2 izfrfuf/k vkrs gS tcfd gekjs ;gk¡ izfrfuf/kRo
tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij fn;k x;k gSA
 fuokZpu% jkT;lHkk lnl;ksa dk fuokZpu vizR;{k :i ls gksrk gSA
 fuokZpu e.My% jkT; fo/kkulHkkvksa ds fuokZfpr lnL;

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Polity Notes

 fuokZpu i)fr % vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo i)fr rFkk ,dy laØe.kh; er }kjkA

 jkT;lHkk LFkkbZ lnu gS D;ksafd yksdlHkk dh Hkkafr ;g Hkax ugha gksrhA blds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ
¼gkykafd lafo/kku esa mYys[k ugha½ izfr 2 o"kZ i'pkr~ jkT;lHkk ds 1@3 lnL;k lsokfuo`r gksrs gSA

jkT;lHkk dh fo'ks" k 'kfDr;k¡

 vuq P Ns n &249%
 jkT;lHkk 2@3 cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr dj laln dks jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dh vuqefr
ns ldrh gSA
 ;g dkuwu ,d o"kZ rd ykxw jgrk gSA
 ;fn dkuwu dh le;kof/k dks c<kok gks rks iwjh izfØ;k dks nksgjkuk gksrk gSA
 vuq P Ns n &312%
 jkT;lHkk 2@3 cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr djds laln dks ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds l`tu dh vuqefr
ns ldrh gSA
 orZeku esa 3 vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,¡ gS&
(i) IAS - ICS (1947)
(ii) IPS - IP (1947)
(iii) IFS - ¼Hkkjrh; ou lsok½ 1966
 vuq P Ns n &67%
 mijk"Vªifr dks gVkus dk izLrko ¼igys½ jkT;lHkk esa gh yk;k tk ldrk gSA
 vuq PNsn&81% ^yksdlHkk*
 1954 esa ;g uke j[kk x;k Fkk blls igys uke ^gkml vkWQ ihiy^ FkkA
 vU; uke& yksdfiz; lnu] fuEu lnu] izFke lnu] vLFkkbZ lnu

(552) (545)

(550) (2) (543) (2)

(524) (19)

jkT;ksa ls yksd lHkk lnL; ¼524½ dsUnz 'kkflr iz ns' kksa ls lnL; ¼19½
ukxkyS.M & 1 yík[k & 1
fetksje & 1 tEew&d'ehj &5
flfDde & 1 fnYyh & 7

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Polity Notes
xksok & 'ks"k dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa
v#.kkpy izns'k& 2 ls 1&1 lnL;
es?kky; & 2
ef.kiqj & 2
f=iqjk & 2
jktLFkku & 25
mÙkj izns'k & 80
 vuqP Nsn&82% ifjlheu vk;ksx
 izR;sd tux.kuk ds ckn yksdlHkk ds fuokZpu {ks=ksa dk ifjlheu djus ds fy, ifjlheu vk;ksx dk xBu
fd;k tkrk gS tks jkT; fo/kkulHkk ds fuokZpu {ks=ksa dk Hkh ifjlheu djrk gSA
 dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ifjlheu vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
 ifjlheu vk;ksx dh vuq'kalkvksa dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gSA
 vc rd 4 ifjlheu vk;ksxksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gS&
1- 1952 2- 1962 3- 1972 4- 2002
 42 oka la f o/kku la' kks / ku%
 blds }kjk yksdlHkk lhVks dh la[;k 2001 rd fuf[;r dj nh xbZA
 84 oka la f o/kku la ' kks / ku ¼2001½%
 blds rgr yksdlHkk lhVksa dh la[;k dks 2026 rd fuf'pr dj fn;k x;kA
 blesa 4th ifjlheu vk;ksx ds xBu dk izko/kku FkkA
 ;g 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa esa lhVksa dh la[;k esa cnyko fd, fcuk fuokZpu {ks=ksa dk
iqu% lek;kstu djsxk ,slk izko/kku FkkA
 bldh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, vkjf{kr lhVksa dk iqufuZ/kkj.k
ifjlheu vk;ksx djsxkA
 87oka la f o/kku la' kks / ku%
 pkSFkk ifjlheu vk;ksx 1991 ds LFkku ij 2001 dh tux.kuk dk iz;ksx djsxkA
 2002 esa pkSFks ifjlheu vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlds v/;{k tfLVl dqynhi flag FkssA
 vk;ksx us 2008 esa viuh flQkfj'ksa nhA
 blus 22 jkT;ksa o 2 dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa ds fy, ifjlheu fd;kA
 fuEufyf[kr jkT;ksa esa ifjlheu ugha fd;k x;k &
(i) tEew d'ehj (ii) >kj[k.M
(iii) vle (iv) v:.kkpy izns'k
(v) ukxkyS.M (vi) ef.kiqj
 orZeku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, vkjf{kr lhVksa dh la[;k Øe'k% 84 rFkk 47 gSA
 jktLFkku vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, lhVksa dh la[;k Øe'k% 4 rFkk 3 lhVsa gSA
 vuqPNsn&83% laln ds lnuksa dk dk;Zdky
 yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ

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Polity Notes

 jk"Vªifr dk;Zdky ls iwoZ Hkh bls Hkax dj ldrk gSA

 jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds le; yksdlHkk ds dk;Zdky dks ,d ckj esa 1 o"kZ rd c<k;k tk ldrk gSA
 vHkh rd yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky ,d ckj 1976 esa c<k;k x;k FkkA
 jkT; lHkk ,d LFkk;h lnu gSA
 vuqPNsn&84% ^lkalnks dh ;ksX;rk,¡*
 Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,
 yksdlHkk gsrq vk;q &25 o"kZ
 jkT;lHkk gsrq vk;q&30 o"kZ
 Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk fuokZpu {ks= ds ernkrk lwph esa uke gksuk pkfg,A
 vuqPNsn&85% ^laln ds l=*
 jk"Vªifr laln dk l= vkgwr dj ldrk gS rFkk l=kolku dj ldrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh lnu ds nks l=ksa ds e/; 6 ekg dk varjky ugha gksuk pkfg,A
 orZeku esa 3 fu;fer l= cqyk;s tkrs gS&
(i) ctV l=
(ii) ekulwu l=
(iii) 'khrdkyhu l=
 blds vfrfjDr fo'ks"k l= Hkh cqyk, tk ldrs gSA
 vuq P Ns n &86%
 jk"Vªifr laln esa lans'k Hkst ldrk gS vkSj vfHkHkk"k.k ns ldrk gSA
 vuqP Nsn&87% ^fo'ks"k vfHkHkk"k.k*
 jk"Vªifr nksuksa lnuksa dks lkFk esa vfHkHkk"k.k ns ldrk gSA
 yksdlHkk ds vke pqukoksa ds ckn igys l= esa rFkk izfr o"kZ igys l= esaA
 vuq P Nsn & 88%
 ea=h o egkU;k;oknh nksuksa lnuksa dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ys ldrs gS rFkk lalnh; lfefr;ksa dh dk;Zokgh
esa Hkh Hkkx ys ldrs gS ftuesa mudk uke lnL; ds :i esa fn;k x;k gSA
 ysfdu bl vk/kkj ij mUgsa ernku djus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA
 egkU;k;oknh lalnh; lfefr dk lnL; cu ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes

yksdlHkk vè;{k
 Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1919 ds }kjk Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk v/;{k dk in l`ftr fd;k x;kA
 1921 bZ- es ÝsMfjd OgkbV igys yksdlHkk v/;{k cusA lfPpnkuan flUgk mik/;{k cusA
 1925 esa foB~By HkkbZ iVsy izFke Hkkjrh; v/;{k cusA
 vktknh ds ckn th- oh- ekoyadj igys yksdlHkk v/;{k cusA
v/;{k dk fuokZ p u%
 yksdlHkk lnL; vius esa ls gh v/;{k rFkk mik/;{k dk fuokZpu djrs gSA
v/;{k dk dk;Z d ky%&
 yksdlHkk ds Hkax gksus ij v/;{k dk dk;Zdky lekIr ugha gksrk cfYd vxyh yksdlHkk dh igyh
cSBd rd og vius in ij cuk jgrk gSA
v/;{k dks gVkus dh iz f Ø;k%
 gVkus dk izLRkko 14 fnu ds uksfVl ds ckn yksdlHkk essa is'k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk yksdlHkk esa rRdkyhu
lnL;ksa ds cgqer ¼izHkkoh cgqer½ ls ;g izLrko ikfjr gksuk pkfg,A
 ppkZ ds le; v/;{k ihBklhu vf/kdkjh ugha gks ldrk ysfdu lnu dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ys ldrk gS
rFkk lkekU; er ns ldrk gS ysfdu fu.kkZ;d er ugha ns ldrkA
 fczVsu esa Lihdj fuokZfpr gksus ds ckn vius ny ls R;kxi= ns nsrk gSA
v/;{k dh 'kfDr;k¡ %
 og yksdlHkk dh cSBdksa dh v/;{krk djrk gSA
 og yksdlHkk ds fu;eksa dks ykxw djokrk gS vkSj vuq'kklu cuk, j[krk gSA
 ;fn cjkcj er dh fLFkfr gks rks v/;{k fu.kkZ;d er ns ldrk gSA
 dksbZ fo/ks;d /ku fo/ks;d gS ;k ugha bldk fu.kZ; v/;{k djrk gS rFkk mldk fu.kZ; vafre gksrk bls
pqukSfr ugha nh tk ldrh gSA
 v/;{k lnL;ksa ds R;kxi= Lohdkj djrk gSA
 og lalnh; izfrfuf/k e.My dk usr`Ro djrk gSA
 og yksdlHkk dh lfefr;ksa ds v/;{k dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
iz k sV s e Lihdj%
 yksdlHkk ds vke pqukoksa ds ckn jk"Vªifr muesa ls ofj"Bre lnL; dks izksVse Lihdj fu;qDr djrk gS
¼Ýkalhlh ijEijk½
 17 oha yksdlHkk 2019 esa izksVse Lihdj & ¼MkW- ohjsUnz dqekj½
 16 oha yksdlHkk esa izksVse Lihdj & deyukFk
iz ksVse Lihdj ds fuEufyf[kr nks dk;Z gS &
(i) v/;{k dk fuokZpu djokukA
(ii) lHkh lnL;ksa dks 'kiFk fnyokukA
 izksVse Lihdkj dks 'kiFk jk"Vªifr fnykrk gSA
 v/;{k ds fuokZpu ds lkFk gh izksVe Lihdj dk in Lor% gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA

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Polity Notes
yks d lHkk mik/;{k
 fuokZpu & v/;{k ds leku
 dk;Zdky & yksdlHkk Hkax gksus rd
 gVkus dh izfØ;k & v/;{k ds leku
 dk;Z%& ;g v/;{k dh vuqifLFkfr esa yksdlHkk dh cSBdksa dh v/;{kk djrk gSS] tc ;g v/;{krk djrk
gS rks blds ikl ogh 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gS tks yksdlHkk v/;{k ds ikl gksrh gSA
 tc Hkh ;g fdlh lalnh; lfefr dk lnL; curk gS rks ;g mldk v/;{k gksrk gSA
10 lnL;ksa dk iS u y%
 yksdlHkk ds lnL; ;g iSuy cukrs gSA
 yksdlHkk v/;{k o mik/;{k nksuksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa iSuy ds lnL;k cSBdksa dh v/;{krk djrs gSA
 ;fn v/;{k o mik/;{k nksuksa in fjDr gks rks jk"Vªifr vLFkkbZ v/;{k dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
jkT;lHkk dk lHkkifr%
 mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr gksrk gSA
 'kfDr;k¡&yksdlHkk v/;{k ds leku
 viokn&/ku fo/ks;d laca/kh 'kfDr la;qDr cSBd laca/kh 'kfDr lalnh; izfrfuf/k ny ds usr`Ro laca/kh 'kfDrA
jkT;lHkk dk milHkkifr%
 fuokZpu o gVkus dh izfØ;k yksdlHkk o mik/;{k ds leku gksrh gSA
 ;g lHkkifr dh vuqifLFkfr esa jkT;lHkk dh cSBdksa dh v/;{krk djrk gSA
 tc ;g cSBdksa dh v/;{krk djrk gS rks blds ikl ogha 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gS tks lHkkifr ds ikl gksrh gSA
lnL;ksa dk iS uy%
 jkT;lHkk }kjk ;g iSuy rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA yksdlHkk dh Hkk¡fr iSuy esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k fuf'pr ugha
gS A
 lHkkifr o milHkkifr dh vuqifLFkfr esa iSuy ds lnL; cSBdksa dh v/;{krk djrs gSA
 ;fn lHkkifr o milHkkifr nksuksa in fjDr gks rks jk"Vªifr vLFkkbZ lHkkifr fu;qDr djrk gSA
jkT;lHkk yksd lHkk
 vuqPNsn 89 lHkkifr & insu lHkkifr  vuqPNsn&93 vè;{k fuokZf pr
milHkkifr&fuokZfpr mikè;{k fuokZfpr
 
vuqPNsn 90 milHkkifr dk dk;Zdky o vuqPNsn&94 yksdlHkk vè;{k o mik/;{k dk dk;Zdky o
gVkus dh izfØ;k gVkus dh izfØ;k

vuqPNsn&91 lHkkifr dh vuqifLFkfr esa dk;Z  vuqPNsn&95 vè;{k dh vuqifLFkfr esa mlds dk;ks± dk
fuoZgu& 1- milHkkifr 2- iSuy fuoZgu&mikè;{k & iSuy }kjk nksuksa ds in
}kjk nksuksa ds in fjDr gksus ij fjDr gksus ij jk"Vªifr }kjk vLFkkbZ vè;{k
jk"Vªifr }kjk vLFkkbZ lHkkifr dh fu;qfDr
dh fu;qfDr

vuqPNsn&92 in ls gVkus dk izLrko  vuqPNsn&96 in ls gVkus dk izLrko fopkjk/khu gksus ij
fopkjk/khu gksus ij lHkkifr o vè;{k o mik/;{k dk ihBklhu vf/kdkjh ugha
milHkkifr o ihBklhu vf/kdkjh gksuk
ugha gksuk
lnu dk usrk%
 iz/kkuea=h ftl lnu dk lnL; gksrk gS og ml lnu dk usrk gksrk gSA
 nwljs lnu esa iz/kkuea=h fdlh ea=h dks lnu dk usrk ?kksf"kr djrk gSA
foi{k dk us r k%
 1969 esa ;g in l`ftr fd;k x;kA

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Polity Notes
 1977 esa bl in dks oS/kkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k ftlds rgr bls dSfcusV ea=h ds le{kk ntkZ x;k vFkkZr~
bls dSfcusV ea=h ds cjkcj HkÙksa o lqfo/kk,a nh tkrh gSA
 foi{kh ny dk ntkZ izkIr djus ds fy, lnu esa de ls de 10 izfr'kr lhVsa gksuk vko';d gSA
fOgi lps r d%
 izR;sd jktuhfrd ny lnu esa viuk ,d fOgi fu;qDr djrk gSA ;g ml nu ds lnL;ksa ds O;ogkj dks
fu;fU=r djrk gSA ny ds lnL;ksa dks lnu esa fOgi ds funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA
 ;fn dksbZ lnL; fOgi ds funsZ'kksa dk ikyu ugha djrk rFkk jktuhfr ny 15 fnu esa mls {kek ugha djrk
gS rks lnL; dks ny&cny dk nks"kh ekuk tkrk gSA
 xqIr ernku esa fOgi tkjh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Nk;k ea = hea M y@'kS M ks dS f cus V %
 ;g fczVsu dh ijEijk gSA
 fczVsu esa foi{kh nyksa ds }kjk Nk;k dSfcusV dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS] rkfd turk okLrfod dSfcusV vkSj
'kSM+ksa dSfcusV ds chp rqyuk dj ldsA
 ljdkj ij uSfrd ncko mRiUu djus ds fy, Nk;k eaf=eaMy cuk;k tkrk gSA
fdpu dS f cus V %
 iz/kkueU=h rFkk mlds eq[; lykgdkj fdpu dSfcusV dgykrs gSA
 ;g ,d vukSipkfjd 'kCn gS tks izk;% fefM;k }kjk iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
 xSj&ea=h Hkh blds lnL; gks ldrs gSA
f='kad q la l n%
 ;fn vke pqukoksa esa fdlh Hkh ny ;k xBca/ku dks Li"V cgqer ugha feyrk gS rks bls f='kadq laln dgrs
gS A
yse Md ls' ku%
 u;h yksdlHkk ds pquko ds ckn iqjkuh yksdlHkk dk ;fn dk;Zdky iwjk ugha gqvk gS rks iqjkuh yksdlHkk
dk tks l= cqyk;k tkrk mls yseMd ls'ku dgrs gSA D;ksa fd os lnL; tks ulh yksdlHkk dk pquko gkj
pqds gS os yseMd dgykrs gSA
vuq P Ns n &97%
 lHkkifr] milHkkifr] yksdlHkk v/;{k] o mik/;{k ds osru rFkk HkÙksaA
vuq P Ns n &98%
 jkT;lHkk rFkk yksdlHkk ds i`Fkd&i`Fkd lfpoky; gksxsaA
vuq P Ns n &99%
 lkalnksa dks 'kiFk ysuk vko';d gSA ;s jk"Vªifr ds izfrfuf/k ¼izksVse Lihdj½ ds le{k vuqlwph&3 ds izk:i
ds vuqlkj 'kiFk ysxsaA
vuq P Ns n &100% x.kiw f rZ ¼dks j e½
 lafo/kku ds izko/kkuuqlkj x.kiwfrZ gsrq 10 izfr'kr lnL; gksus pkfg,A
 yksdlHkk o jkT;lHkk ds fu;ekuqlkj x.kiwfrZ gsrq ,d frgkbZ lnL; gksus pkfg,A
vuqPNsn&101% LFkkuksa dk fjDr gksuk
 ;fn dksbZ yksdlHkk o jkT;lHkk nksuksa ds fy, fuokZfpr gksrk gS rks 10 fnu ds Hkhrj mls ,d LFkku fjDr
djuk gksxk vU;Fkk mldh jkT;lHkk dh lnL;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr igys ls fdlh lnu dk lnL; gS rFkk ckn esa nwljs lnu ds fy, fuokZfpr gksrk gS rks
igys okys lnu dh mldh lnL;rk Lor% lekIr gks tk,xhA
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr yksdlHkk dh nks lhVksa ls fuokZfpr gksrk gS rks 14 fnu ds Hkhrj mls ,d LFkku fjDr djuk
gksxk vU;Fkk mlds nksuksa LFkku fjDr gks tk,sxsaA
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Polity Notes
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr laln ¼yksdlHkk½ o jkT; fo/kkulHkk nksuksa ds fy, fuokZfpr gksrk gS rks mls 14 fnu ds
Hkhrj ,d LFkku fjDr djuk gksxk vU;Fkk mldh laln dh lnL;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA
 ;fn dksbZ lkaln jk"Vªifr ;k mijk"Vªifr ds in ds fy, fuokZfpr gks tkrk gS rks mldh laln dh lnL;rk
lekIr gks tk,xhA
 ;fn dkbZ lkaln jkT;iky ds in ij fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rks mldh laln dh lnL;rk lekIr gks
tk,xhA
 ;fn U;k;ky; fdlh pquko dks jn~n ?kksf"kr dj ns rks lnL; dh laln lnL;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA
 ;fn dksbZ lnL; lnu dh vuqefr ds fcuk yxkrkj 60 fnuksa rd lnu ls vuqifLFkr jgs rks mldh laln
lnL;rk lekIrk gks tk,xhA
 ;fn dksbZ lkaln v/;{k ;k lHkkifr dks viuk R;kxi= ns ns rks mldh laln lnL;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA
vuqPNsn&102% ^lkalnksa dh v;ksX;rk,¡*
 ;fn dksbZ lkaln Hkkjr dk ukxfjd uk jgs vFkok mlus fdlh fons'kh jkt; dh ukxfjdrk LosPNk ls vftZr
dj yh gks ;k og fdlh fons'kh jkT; ds izfr fu"Bk dks vLohdkj fd, gq, gksA
 ;fn og Hkkjr ljdkj vFkok fdlh jkT; ljdkj ds vf/ku dksbZ ykHk dk in xzg.k dj ysA
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr gks pqdk gksA
 ;fn U;k;ky; us mls fod`rfpr ?kksf"kr fd;k gksA
 laln }kjk fu/kkZfjr vU; v;ksX;rk,¡
tu iz frfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e 1951% esa fu/kkZfjr vU; fujgZrk,¡
 mls pqukoh vijk/k ;k pquko esa Hkz"V vkpj.k ds rgr nks"kh uk Bgjk;k x;k gksA
 mls fdlh vijk/k esa 2 o"kZ ;k mlls vf/kd dh ltk uk gqbZ gksA fdUrq izfrca/kkRed fu"ks/k fof/k ds rgr
fdlh O;fDr dk canhdj.k fujgZrk ugha gSA
 og fu/kkZfjr le; ds vanj pqukoh [kpZ dk C;kSjk nsus esa vlQy uk jgk gksA
 mls ljdkjh Bsdk] dk;Z ;k lsokvksa esa dksbZ :fp uk gksA
 og fuxe esa ykHk ds in ;k funs'kd ;k izca/k funs'kd ds in ij uk gks ftlesa ljdkj dk 25% fgLlk
gksA
 mls Hkz"Vkpkj ;k fu"Bkghu gksus ds dkj.k ljdkjh lsokvksa ls c[kkZLr uk fd;k x;k gksA
 mls fofHkUu lewgksa esa 'k=qrk c<kus ;k fj'or[kksjh ds fy, nf.Mr uk fd;k x;k gksA
 mls NqvkNwr] ngst o lrh tSls lkekftd vijk/kksa dk izlkj djus o buesa lafyIr u ik;k x;k gksA
fdlh lnL; esa mi;qZDr fujgZrkvksa laca/kh iz'u ij jk"Vªifr dk fu.kZ; vafre gksxk gkykafd jk"Vªifr dks pquko
vk;ksx dh lykg ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A ¼mi;qZDr fo"k; ij½
vuq P Ns n &103%
 jk"Vªifr lkalnksa dh v;ksX;rk dk fu.kZ; djrk gS ¼pquko vk;ksx dh lykg ls½
vuq P Ns n &104%
 500 : tqekZuk izfrfnu ¼;fn dksbZ laln dk lnL; ugh gSa rFkk laln dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysrk gS rks½

Page No. [4]

Polity Notes

vuq P Ns n &105% lkalnksa] lalnh; lfefr;ksa] lnu ds fo'ks"kf/kdkj

lkewfgd fo'ks"kkf/kdkj %& nksuksa lnuksa ds laca/k esa ¼laln½
1- lnu dks viuh dk;Zokgh] fjiksVZ] okn fookn dks izdkf'kr djus rFkk vU;ksa dks bls izdkf'kr djus ls jksdus
dk vf/kdkj gSA
& 44osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1978 us lnu dh iwoZ vuqefr ds fcuk laln dh dk;Zokgh dh lgh fjiksVZ
ds izdk'ku dh izsl dh LorU=rk dks iquZLFkfir fd;k fdUrq ;g lnu dh xqIr cSBd ds ekeysa esa ykxw
ugha gSA
2- ;g viuh dk;Zokgh ls vfrfFk;ksa dks ckgj dj ldrh gS rFkk dqN vko';d ekeyksa ij fopkj foe'kZ gsrq
xqIr cSBd dj ldrh gSA
3- laln viuh dk;Zokgh da lapkyu] dk;Z ds izca/ku rFkk bu ekeyksa eas fu.kZ; gsrq fu;e cuk ldrh gSA
4- ;g lnL;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ckgjh yksxksa dks blds fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds guu ;k lnu dh voekuuk djus ij
fuafnr] psrkouh ;k dkjkokl }kjk n.M+ ns ldrh gSA
¼lnL;ksa ds ekeyksa esa c[kkZLrxh ;k fu"dklu Hkh½
5- bls fdlh lnL; dh canh] vojks/k] vijk/k fl)h] dkjkokl ;k eqfDr laca/kh] rkRdkfyd lwpuk izkIr djus
dk vf/kdkj gSA
6- ;g tk¡p dj ldrh gS rFkk xokg dh mifLFkfr o lacaf/kr isij vkSj fjdkWMZ ds fy, vkns'k ns ldrh gSA
7- lnu {ks= esa ihBklhu vf/kdkjh dh vuqefr ds fcuk dksbZ O;fDr ¼lnL; ;k ckgjh½ canh ugha cuk;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj uk gh dksbZ dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ¼flfoy ;k vkijkf/kd½ dh tk ldrh gSA
8- U;k;ky; lnu o bldh dk;Zokgh esa gLr{ksi ugh dj ldrk gSA
O;fDrxr fo'ks" kkf/kdkj& lkal nksa ds
1- mUgsa laln dh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku] dk;Zokgh pyus ls 40 fnu iwoZ rFkk dk;Zokgh can gksus ds 40 fnu rd
canh ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA ¼dsoy flfoy ekeyksa esa½
2- mUgs laln esa Hkk"k.k nsus dh Lora=rk gS tks fdlh U;k;ky; esa okn ;ksX; ugha gSA dksbZ lnL; laln ;k
bldh fdlh lfefr esa fn, x, oDrO; ;k er ds fy, fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; dh fdlh Hkh dk;Zokgh ds
fy, mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA
3- os U;k; fu.kZ;u lsok ls eqDr gSA laln ds l= ds le; lnL; U;k;ky; esa yafcr eqdnes esa izek.k izLrqr
djus ;k mifLFkr gksus ds fy, euk dj ldrs gSA
vuqPNsn&106% lklanks ds osru HkÙks
vuqP Nsn%107 % ^lk/kkj.k fo/ks;d*
lk/kkj.k fo/ks ;d nks iz d kj ds gksr s gS&
(i) futh fo/ks;d& lkaln tks ea=h uk gks ds }kjk is'k fd;k tkus okyk fo/ks;dA
(ii) ljdkjh fo/ks;d & ea=h }kjk is'k fd;k tkus okyk fo/ks;dA
 fo/ks;d dks rhu pj.kksa esa ikfjr fd;k tkrk gS&
iz F ke ikBu%
• blesa fo/ks;d dk lkekU; ifjp; fn;k tkrk gSA
• bl le; fo/ks;d ij ppkZ ugha gksrh gS vkSj uk gh la'kks/ku gksrk gSA
 ;fn fo/k;sd xtV esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk gS bls gh izFke ikBu eku fy;k tkrk gSA ¼xtV = ljdkjh
lekpkj i=½
f}rh; ikBu
bl ikBu esa rhu mipj.k gksrs gS&

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Polity Notes
1- lkekU; ppkZ %
i. fo/ks;d ij rRdky ppkZ dh tk, ;k ppkZ gsrq dksbZ vU; fnu fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk,A
ii. fo/ks;d izoj lfefr dks lkSaik tk,A
iii. fo/ks;d la;qDr lfefr ds lkSaik tk,A
iv. turk dh jk; tkuus ds fy, lekpkj i=ksa esa izdkf'kr djok;k tk,A
2 - lfefr Lrj%
i. fo/ks;d dks [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA
ii. lfefr izR;sd [k.M ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djrh gS rFkk ;Fkko';d la'kks/ku djrh gSA
3 - fopkj foek'kZ %
i. lnu izR;sd [k.M ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djrk gSA
ii. lnu ;Fkko';d la'kks/ku djrk gSA
iii. izR;sd Hkkx dks lnu ernku&}kjk ikfjr djrk gSA
r` r h; ikBu%
• blesa lez fo/ks;d ij ppkZ dh tkrh gSA ¼fo/ks;d ds i{k&foi{k esa ½
• vc fo/ks;d easa la'kks/ku ugha fd;k tk ldrk ysfdu O;kdj.k dh v'kqf);ksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• fo/ks;d dks ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
• igys lnu esa ikfjr gksus ds ckn fo/ks;d dks nwljs lnu esa Hkstk tkrk gSA
• nwljs lnu esa Hkh blh izfØ;k dks viuk;k tkrk gSA
• nwljk lnu vf/kdre 6 ekg rd fdlh fo/ks;d dks jksd ldrk gSA
• ;fn nwljk lnu fo/ks;d dks la'kksf/kr :i esa ikfjr djrk gS] rks fo/ks;d dks iqu% igys lnu esa Hkstk tkrk
gS A
• nksuksa lnuksa ds }kjk fo/ks;d ,d gh :i esa ikfjr gksuk pkfg,A
• nksuksa lnuksa esa ikfjr gksus ds ckn fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr dks Hkstk tkrk gSA
vuq P Nsn &108% ^la; q D r cS B d*
• ;fn ,d lnu ¼laln dk½ fo/ks;d dks ikfjr dj ns o nwljk lnu fo/ks;d dks ikfjr uk djs vFkkZr nksuksa
lnuksa esa Vdjko dh fLFkfr gks rks jk"Vªifr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd cqyk ldrk gSA
• la;qDr cSBd dh v/;{krk yksdlHkk v/;{k djrk gSA
yksd lHkk v/;{k dh vuq i fLFkfr es a &fuEufyf[kr
1- yksdlHkk mik/;{k ¼vuqifLFkr gks rks½
2- jkT;lHkk milHkifr ¼vuqifLFkr gks rks½
3- lnL; Lo;a esa ls fdlh dks v/;{krk gsrq pqurs gSA
 la;qDr cSBd esa yksdlHkk ds fu;eksa o izfØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 dsoy lk/kkj.k fo/ks;d o foÙk fo/ks;d ds ekeysa esa gh la;qDr cSBd cqykbZ tk ldrh gSA
 /ku fo/ks;d rFkk lafo/kku la'kks/ku fo/ks;d ds laca/k eas la;qDr cSBd dk izko/kku ugha gSA
vHkh rd rhu ckj la;qD r cSBd cqy kbZ xbZ gS&
i. 1962 bZa esa &ngst izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e]1961
ii. 1978 bZ- esa & cSad lsok vk;ksx lekfIr vf/kfu;e]1977
iii. 2002 bZ- esa & vkradokn fuokjd vf/kfu;e] 2002
vuq P NsN &110 % ^/ku fo/ks ; d dh ifjHkk"kk*
1 - fdlh dj dk vf/kjksi.k] mRlknu] ifjorZu] ifjgkj ;k fofu;euA
2- _.k& dsUnz ljdkj }kjk m/kkj fy, x, /ku dk fofue;
3- Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ;k vkdfLedrk fuf/k dh vfHkj{kk ,slh fdlh fuf/k esa /ku tek djuk ;k mlesa
ls /ku fudkyukA
4- Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ls /ku dk fofu;ksx

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Polity Notes
5- Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ij fdlh O;; dks Hkkfjr ?kksf"kr djuk ;k bl izdkj ds fdlh O;; dh jkf'k esa
o` f )A
6- Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k ;k yksd ys[ksa esa fdlh izdkj ds /ku dh izkfIr ;k vfHkj{kk ;k O;; vFkok budk
dsUnz ;k jkT; dh fuf/k;ksa dk ys[kk ijh{k.kA
7- mi;qZDr ls lacaf/kr vU; dksbZ izko/kkuA
 ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d esa mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ izko/kku gks rFkk blesa vU; dksbZ izko/kku u gks rks bls /ku
fo/ks;d dgrs gSA
vuq P Nsn &109% ^/ku fo/ks ; d dh iz f Ø;k*
• /ku fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
• /ku fo/ks;d dks dsoy yksdlHkk esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• dksbZ fo/ks;d /ku fo/ks;d gS ;k ugha bldk fu.kZ; yksdlHkk/;{k djrk gS rFkk mldk fu.kZ; vafre gksrk
gS A
• jkT;lHkk /ku fo/ks;d dks vLohdkj ugha dj ldrh] og blesa la'kks/ku Hkh ugha dj ldrh] og dsoy
bls vf/kdre 14 fnuksa ds fy, jksd ldrh gSA
• jkT;lHkk /ku fo/ks;d ij lq>ko ns ldrh gS fdUrq ;s lq>ko yksdlHkk ds fy, ck/;dkjh ugha gSA
• jk"Vªifr /ku fo/ks;d dks iqufoZpkj gsrq ugha ykSVk ldrkA
• /ku fo/ks;d ljdkjh fo/ks;d gksrk gSA
foÙk fo/ks ; d%
vuq P Ns n &110
• ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d esa dsoy vuqPNsn 110 ds izko/kku gks rFkk blds vfrfjDr dksbZ vU; izko/kku uk gks
¼/ku fo/ks;d½
• yksdlHkk vè;{k bl ij fy[krk gSA
& jkT;lHkk esa Hkstrs le;
& jk"Vªifr ds ikl Hkstrs le;
vuq P Nsn & 117(1)
• ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d esa vuqPNsn 110 ds izko/kkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk vU; izko/kku Hkh gksA
• ;g jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
• bls dsoy yksdlHkk esa is'k fd;k tkrk ldrk gSA
• blds ckn ;g lk/kkj.k fo/ks;d dh rjg ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
• jk"Vªifr bls iqufoZpkj ds fy, ykSVk ldrk gSA
vuq P Nsn & 117(3)
• ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d esa vuqPNsn&110 dk dksbZ izko/kku ugha gks fdUrq lafpr fuf/k ls lacaf/kr vU; dksbZ
izko/kku gksA
• bls jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
• bls fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• fdUrq jk"Vªifr dh vuq'kalk ds ckn lnu bl ij ppkZ dj ldrk gSA
 lHkh /ku fo/ks;d foÙk fo/ks;d gksrs gS fdUrq lHkh foÙk fo/ks;d /ku fo/ks;d ugha gksrs gSA
vuqPNsn&111% ^jk"Vªifr dh lgefr*
dksbZ fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr ds ikl Hkstk tkrk gS rks mlds ikl rhu fodYi gksrs gS&
1- lgefr nsuk
2- lgefr jksduk
3- iqufoZpkj ds fy, okil Hkstuk
vuq P Ns n &112 % ^okf"kZ d foÙkh; fooj.k* ¼ctV½
;|fi lafo/kku esa ^ctV* 'kCn dk mYys[ k ugha gSA

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Polity Notes

foÙk ea=h jk"Vªifr ;g 24 foHkkxh; foi{k dVkSrh izLrko

vuqnku dh ek¡xs
dh vksj ls ctV lfefr;ksa dks lkSai ykrk gSA ¼uhfrxr
is'k dh tkrh
is'k djrk gSA fn;k tkrk gSA 'kSyh] ferO;;rk
gSA
dVkSrh] lkaadsfrd
dVkSrh½

yksdlHkk bl ij dsoy O;; tks lafpr vuqnku dh ek¡xs

ppkZ dj ldrh gS] fuf/k ij Hkkfjr ikfjr dj nh
ernku ughaA gksrs gSA tkrh gSA
fofu;ksx fo/ks;d
is'k fd;k tkrk
yksdlHkk bu ij ppkZ gSA
djrh gS rFkk ernku O;; tks lafpr
}kjk ikfjr djrh gSA fuf/k ij Hkkfjr
ugha gksrs gSA
dVkS r h iz L rko
1 - uhfrxr dVkS r h%
blesa ljdkj dh lEiw.kZ vkfFkZd uhfr dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS rFkk vuqnku dh ek¡x dks de djds
,d :i;s dj fn;k tkrk gSSA
2 - feÙkO;;rk dVkS r h%
blesa ctV ds fQtwy[kpks± dks mtkxj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ferO;;rk cjrus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA blesa
dVkSrh dh jkf'k fuf'pr ugha gS ;g foi{k fu/kkZfjr djrk gSSA
3 - lka d s f rd dVkS r h%
blesa ljdkj dh fdlh ;kstuk fo'ks"k dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS rFkk mlesa 100 :i;s dh dVkSrh dk
izLrko j[kk tkrk gSA
• dVkSrh izLrko yksdlHkk esa is'k fd, tkrs gSA
• dVkSrh izLrko ds dkj.k ctV ij foLrkj ls ppkZ gks tkrh gSA
• ;fn dVkSrh izLrko ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks ljdkj dks R;kxi= nsuk gksrk gS ysfdu ;g ikfjr gksrk ugha
gS D;ksa fd yksdlHkk esa ea=hifj"kn dk cgqer gksrk gSA
laf pr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr O;;%
1- nwljh vuqlwph esa fn, x, osru
2- mPpre U;k;ky; ds lHkh O;;
3- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ¼UPSC½ ds lHkh O;;
4- Hkkjr ljdkj ds _.k
vuqPNsn&113% ^vuqnku dh ek¡xs*
vuq PNsn&114% ^fofu;ksx fo/ks;d*
vuq P Ns n &115%
1 - vuq i wj d vuq n ku%
;fn fdlh lsok ds fy, ctV esa vkaofVr jkf'k vi;kZIr gks vFkkZr ml lsok ds fy, /ku de iM tk,
rks vf/kd /ku izkIr djus ds fy, vuqiwjd vuqnku is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
2 - vfrfjDr vuq n ku%
dksbZ ubZ lsok ftldk otg esa mYys[k ugha Fkk fdUrq dkykarj esa ljdkj dks mlds fy, /ku dh
vko';drk gks rks vfrfjDr vuqnku is'k fd;k tkrk gSSA
3 - vf/kd vuq n ku%
;fn fdlh foÙk Ok"kZ ds nkSjku ljdkj fdlh lsok dj ctV esa vkoafVr dh xbZ /kujkf'k ls vf/kd O;;
djrh gS rks vxys foÙk o"kZ esa vf/kd vuqnku is'k fd;k tkrk gSA

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Polity Notes
& bls is'k djus gsrq jk"Vªifr ds lkFk yksd ys[kk lfefr dh iwokZuqefr dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 lHkh vuqnku dh ek¡xs jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls is'k dh tkrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &116%
 ys [ kkuq n ku%
ctV dh izfØ;k ebZ ekg rd iwjh gksrh gS tcfd u;k foÙk o"kZ 1 vizSy ls izkjEHk gksrk gS rks bl
vof/k ¼vizSy$ebZ½ ds [kpksZa dks iqjk djus ds fy, ys[kkuqnku is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
 iz R ;;kuq n ku%
;fn ljdkj dks vkdfLed :i ls /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gS rks vko';dvksa ds dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd,
fcuk ;g vuqnku is'k fd;k tkrk gSA ¼jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls½
 vioknkuq n ku%
,slh dksbZ lsok ftldk otg esa izko/kku ugha gS vkSj ljdkj dks /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gS ;k ljdkj
dh fdlh vioknLo:i vko';drk ds fy, ;g vuqnku is'k fd;k tkrk gS ¼bl gsrq jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr
dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA½
var fje ctV%&
;fn ljdkj dk dk;Zdky de cpk gS rks bl fLFkfr esa varfje ctV is'k fd;k tkrk gS rkfd eq[; ctV
vxyh fuokZfpr ljdkj is'k dj ldsA
bldk lafo/kku esa mYys[k ugha gSA

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Polity Notes

vuq P Ns n &118% laln vius dk;ksZ ds lqpk: lapkyu ds fy, Lo;a fu;e cuk ldrh gSA
iz ' udky% 11&12 cts rd iz'udky gksrk gS lnL; eaf=;ksa ls iz'u iwNrs gSA
'kw U ;dky% 12&1 cts rd iz'udky gksrk gS&
laln lnL; fcuk iwoZ lwpuk ds ekeys mBk ldrs gSA
ya p % 1&2 cts rd gksrk gSA
'kke dh dk;Zokgh% 2 cts ls var rd
bl le; fofHkUu fo/ks;dksa o izLrkoksa ij ppkZ gksrh gSSA
 jkT;lHkk esa iz'udky o 'kwU;dky dh vof/k yksdlHkk ds foijhr gksrh gS vFkkZr 11&12 cts rd 'kwU;dky
rFkk 12 cts ls iz'udky gksrk gSA
iz'u&3 izdkj ds
rkjka f dr iz ' u%
 os iz'u ftuds mÙkj ekSf[kd :i ls fn, tkrs gSA
 blesa vuqiwjd iz'u iwNs tk ldrs gSA
iz f rfnu
yksdlHkk esa & 20 iz'u
jkT;lHkk esa& 15 iz'u
vrkjka f dr iz ' u%
 os iz'u ftudk mÙkj fyf[kr :i esa fn;k tkrk gSA
 blesa vuqiwjd iz'u ugha iwNs tk ldrs gSA
iz f rfnu
yksdlHkk esa & 230 $ 25 iz'u
jkT; lHkk esa & 160 iz'u
 ,d lkaln vf/kdre 10 iz'u iwN ldrk gSA
vYilwp uk iz ' u%
 ;fn dksbZ iz'u 10 fnu ls de ls uksfVl ij iwNk tkrk gSA
 vfrvko';d ekeyksa esa ;g iz'u iwNk tkrk gSA
 ea=h dh lgefr ds ckn bl izdkj ds iz'u Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSA
 yksdlHkk esa & 1 iz'u
jkT;lHkk esa & 1 iz'u
egÙoiw. kZ iz L rko
fo'okl iz L rko%
• yksdlHkk esa lÙkk i{k ds }kjk viuk cgqer fl) djus ds fy, ;g izLrko is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
• ;fn ;g ikfjr ugha gksrk gS rks ea=hifj"kn dks R;kxi= nsuk iMrk gSA
• lkekU;r;k xBca/ku dh ljdkj esa bldh vko';drk iMrh gSA
vfo'okl iz L rko%
• ;g yksdlHkk esa foi{k ds }kjk yk;k tkrk gSA
• bl ij 50 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,A
• blesa vfo'okl dk dkj.k crkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

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Polity Notes

• ;g fdlh ea=h fo'ks"k ds fo:) ugha yk;k tk ldrk gS oju~ ;g leLr ea=hifj"kn ds fo:) gh yk;k
tkrk gSA
• ;fn ;g ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks ea=hifj"kn dks R;kxi= nsuk iMrk gSA
fua n k iz L rko%
• D;ksafd ea=hifj"kn dsoy yksdlHkk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS blfy, yksdlHkk gh ea=hifj"kn dh fuank
dj ldrh gS vr% fuank izLrko dsoy yksdlHkk esa yk;k tkrk gSA
• bl ij 50 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,A
• blesa fuUnk dk dkj.k crkuk vko';d gSA
• ;g fdlh ea=h fo'ks"k ds fo:) Hkh yk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk leLr ea=hifj"kn ds fo:) Hkh yk;k tk
ldrk gSA
• ;fn ;g ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks ea=hifj"kn dks R;kxi= ugh ansuk iMrk gSA
LFkxu iz L rko%
• ;fn dksbZ cMh nq?kZVuk ?kfVr gks tkrh gS rks rRdky ml ij ppkZ djus ds fy, lnu dh fu;fer dk;Zokgh
dks LFkfxr djus ds fy, ;g izLrko yk;k tkrk gSA
• bl izLrko esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ gksuh pkfg,&
1- izLrko fdlh ,d gh fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gksA
2- dksbZ rkRdkfyd fo"k; gksA
3- fo"k; Li"V o rF;kid gksA
4- tufgr ls tqMk fo"k; gksA
• pw¡fd LFkxu izLrko esa ljdkj dh fuank dk va'k gksrk gS blfy, bls dsoy yksdlHkk esa gh yk;k tk ldrk
gS A
• bl ij 50 lnL;ksa ds gLRkk{kj gksus pkfg,A
/;kukd"kZ . k iz L rko%
• ;fn dksbZ cMh nq?kZVuk ?kfVr gksrh gS rks ml ij fdlh ea=h dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, ;g izLrko
yk;k tkrk gSA
• ,d fnu esa 2 /;kukd"kZ.k izLrko yk, tk ldrs gSA
• ,d /;kukd"kZu izLrko esa vf/kdre 5 lnL;ksa ds uke gks ldrs gSA
• blesa ea=h dsoy odrO; nsrk gSA
• blesa ppkZ dk izko/kku ugha gS rFkk ernku Hkh ugha gksrk gSA
• ;g Hkkjrh; uokpkj gS] rFkk ernku Hkh ugha gksrk gSA
• ;g Hkkjrh; uokpkj gS] 1954 ls izkjEHk gqvkA
• izfØ;k ds fu;eksa esa bldk mYys[k gSA
•blesa ljdkj dh fuank ugha gksrh gS blfy, bls nksuksa lnuksa esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vYidkyhu ppkZ %
• 1953 ls ;g izkjEHk gqbZA
• blds rgr yksdegRo ds fdlh fo"k; dks mBk;k tkrk gSA
• bl ij nks vfrfjDr lnL;ks ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,A
• blds fy, dk;Zea=.kk lfefr (Business Advisory Commitee) dh lgefr vko';d gksrh gSA

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Polity Notes

•blesa ppkZ dk le; ¼yksdlHkk esa 2?k.Vs] jkT;lHkk esa 2%30 ?k.Vs½ fuf'pr gS blfy, bls vYidkyhu ppkZ
dgk tkrk gSA
fu;e&377%
• 1966 bZ- esa izkjEHk
• ;g yksdlHkk dk fu;e gSA
• blds rgr yksdegRo ds os fo"k; ftUgs iz'udky] /;kukd"kZ.k izLrko o vYidkyhu ppkZ ds nkSjku ugha
mBkk;k x;k gS mUgsa bl fu;e ds rgr mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
• blesa ppkZ ds nkSjku ea=h dk mifLFkr gksuk vko';d ugha gS rFkk mlds }kjk odrO; nsuk Hkh vko';d
ugha gSA
• blesa izfrfnu 20 iz'uksa ¼fo"k;ksa½ dks mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
lekfIr iz L rko%
• ;g laln esa ppkZ ds lekIr djus ds fy, yk;k tkrk gSA
 lkekU; lekfIr%
 ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d ij ppkZ iwjh gks tkrh gS vFkkZr ppkZ ds fcUnqvks dk nksgjko gksus yxrk gS rks lkekU;
lekfIr }kjk dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
 da x k: lekfIr%
 ;fn lnu ds ikl le;kHkko gS vkSj fo/ks;d ds lHkh fcUnqvks ij ppkZ laHko ugha gS rks bl fLFkfr esa
v/;{k loZnyh; cSBd cqykrk gS vkSj mlesa daxk: lekfIr ds fy, lgefr cukrk gSA blesa fo/ks;d ds
dsoy egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa ij ppkZ dh tkrh gS vkSj mlds ckn ppkZ lekIr dj nh tkrh gSA
 fxyks f Vu lekfIr%
 ;fn lnu ds ikl le;kHkko gS ftlls dh lnu ds lHkh fcUnqvksa ij ppkZ laHko ugha gS rks bl fLFkfr
esa igys ls gh ppkZ dk le; fuf'pr dj fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj le; iwjk gksus ij ppkZ dks lekIr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA
yksd lHkk ds Hkax gksu s ij fdlh fo/ks;d ij iz H kko%
 ;fn fo/ks;d yksdlHkk ds lEidZ esa vk;k gqvk gS rks og yksdlHkk ds Hkax gksus ij lekIr gks tk,xkA
 ;fn dksbZ fo/ks;d izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls jk"Vªifr ds lEidZ esa vk;k gqvk gS rks og lekIr ugha gksxkA
;Fk k&
 ;fn dksbZ fo/ks;d yksdlHkk esa is'k fd;k x;k gS vFkok yksdlHkk esa fopkj/khu gS rks yksdlHkk ds lkFk
gh fo/ks;d lekIr gks tk,xkA
 ;fn fo/ks;d yksdlHkk ls ikfjr gks x;k gS vkSj jkT;lHkk esa fopkj/khu gS rks yksdlHkk ds Hkax gksus ds
lkFk fo/ks;d lekIr gks tk,xkA
 ;fn dksbZ fo/ks;d jkT;lHkk esa is'k fd;k x;k gS vkSj ml ij vHkh fopkj py jgk gS rks yksdlHkk ds
Hkax gksus ij fo/ks;d lekIr ugh gksxkA
 ;fn fo/ks;d jkT;lHkk esa is'k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ikfjr dj fn;k x;k gS fdUrq vHkh yksdlHkk esa ugha
Hkstk x;k gS rks fo/ks;d lekIr ugha gksxkA
 jkT;lHkk }kjk ikfjr fo/ks;d ;fn yksdlHkk esa fopkj/khu gS rks yksdlHkk ds Hkax gksus ij fo/ks;d lekIr
gks tk,xkA
 fo/ks;d ;fn jk"Vªifr ds ikl fopkj/khu gS] iqufoZpkj gsrq okil ykSVk;k x;k gS] fo/ks;d ij la;qDr cSBd
cqykbZ xbZ gS rks fo/ks;d lekIr ugha gksxkA

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Polity Notes

lalnh; lfefr;k¡
 lalnh; lfefr;ksa dk mn~Hko fczVsu esa gqvk Fkk fdUrq orZeku esa budk iz;ksx vesfjdk esa T;knk fd;k tkrk
gS A
 Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1919 bZ- ls Hkkjr esa lalnh; lfefr;ksa dk vkjEHk gqvkA
 1921 bZ- esa igyh ckj lalnh; lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA
 lalnh; lfefr;k¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&
1- LFkk;h lfefr 2- vLFkkbZ lfefr
 lalnh; lfefr;ksa esa dkjse ¼x.kiwfrZ½ gsrq ,d frgkbZ¼1@3½ lnL; mifLFkr gksus pkfg,A
lal nh; lfefr;ks a dk egRo
 ;g dk;Z foHkktu ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA laln ds ikl dk;Z vf/kd gksrs gS] tcfd le; dk vHkko
gksrk gS vr% fofHkUu dk;kssZa dks lfefr;ksa esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gS ftlls de le; esa vf/kd dk;Z gksrk gSA
 fo'ks"kKrk dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS D;kasafd fo"k; fo'ks"k ds fo'ks"kKksa dks gh ml lfefr esa lnL; cuk;k tkrk
gS A
 xksiuh;rk j[kus esa lgk;d gS laln dks jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr vusd laosnu'khy eqn~nksa ij fu.kZ; ysuk
gksrk gS ftu ij [kqys lnu esa ppkZ dh tk ldrh blfy, xksiuh;rk dks cuk, j[kus gsrq lalnh; lfefr;k¡
bu ij fopkj djrh gSA
 lalnh; lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls fo/kkf;dk dk dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=.k c<rk gSA

 ;g yksdlHkk o jkt;lHkk ds e/; lg;ksx o lkeUtL; dks c<kok nsrh gS D;ksafd vusd lfefr;ksa esa yksdlHkk
o jkT;lHkk nksuksa ds lnL; gksrs gSA
 lÙkk i{k o foi{k ds e/; lg;ksx o lkeUtL; dks c<kok nsrh gS D;ksafd bu lfefr;ksa esa lÙkk i{k o foi{k
nksuksa ds lnL; gksrs gSA

LFkk;h lfefr;k¡
iz k Ddyu lfefr
 blesa 30 lnL; gksrs gS ¼ewyr% 25 lnL;] 1956 esa la[;k c<kdj 30½
 lHkh lnL; yksdlHkk ls gksrs gSA
 vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo i)fr ls lnL;ksa dk fuokZu gksrk gSA
 lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky ,d o"kZ gksrk gSA
 ea=h bldk lnL; ugha cu ldrk gSA
dk;Z &
(i) ctV izko/kkuksa dh leh{kk djukA
(ii) mudh dfe;ksa dks nwj djukA
(iii) ctV izko/kkuksa dh vfu;ferrvksa dks nwj djukA

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Polity Notes
yksd ys [ kk lfefr%
 blesa 22 lnL; gksrs gSA¼15 yksdlHkk $ 7 jkT;lHkk ls½
 vkuqifrd izfrfuf/kRo i)fr ls lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu fd;k tkrk gSA
 bldk v/;{k foi{kh ny ls gksrk gSA
 bldk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ gksrk gSA
 ea=h bldk lnL; ugha cu ldrk gSA
dk;Z%
 dSx ds lkekU; izfrosnu dh leh{kk djukA
 ctV ds fØ;kUo;u dh leh{kk djuk rFkk fØ;kUo;u dh vfu;ferrvksa dks mtkxj djukA
 vf/kd vuqnku ds fy, yksd ys[kk lfefr dh vuqefr vko';d gSA
yksd miØe lfefr%
 blesa 22 lnL; gksrs gSA ¼15 yksdlHkk $ 7 jkT;lHkk ls½
• vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo i)fr ls lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu gksrk gSA
• lnL;ks dk dk;Zdky ,d o"kZ gksrk gSA
• ea=h lnL; ugha cu ldrkA
dk;Z%
•dSx (CAG) ds yksd mikØe izfrosnu dh tk¡p djukA
dk;Z ea = .kk lfefr%
• ;g yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk ds fy, vyx vyx gksrh gSA
• yksdlHkk lfefr esa&15 lnL; gksrs gS ¼v/;{krk&yksdlHkk v/;{k }kjk½
• jkT;lHkk dh lfefr esa& 11 lnL; gksrs gS ¼v/;{krk lHkkifr }kjk½
 dk;Z%& lnu ds nSfud dk;ZØe dk fu/kkZj.k djukA
foHkkxh; lfefr;k¡ %
• budk vkjEHk vesfjdk ls gqvkA
• 1989 esa lsln us foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa ds fy, vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;kA
• 1993 esa 17 foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ
• 2004 esa 17 foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ A
• izR;sd lfefr esa 31 lnL; gksrs gS ¼21yksdlHkk$10jkT;lHkk ls½
• 16 lfefr;ksa ds v/;{kksa dh fu;qfDr yksdlHkk v/;{k }kjk rFkk 8 lfefr;ksa ds v/;{k dh fu;qfDr jkT;lHkk
lHkkifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA
dk;Z%
•  foÙk ea=h }kjk ctV is'k djus ds ckn foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa dks lkSai fn;k tkrk gSA
•  ;g foHkkxh; lfefr;k¡ fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds ctV dh leh{kk djrh gSA
•  ,d lfefr ,d ls vf/kd foHkkxksa ds ctV dh leh{kk djrh gSA
vLFkk;h lfefr;k¡ %
 mn~ns'; fo'ks"k ds fy, bu lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mn~ns'; izkfIr ds ckn ;g lfefr;k¡ Lor%
lekIr gks tkrh gSA
tSls& fdlh fo/ks;d ds fy, izoj lfefr rFkk la;qDr lfefr dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
•mn~ns'; fo'ks"k ds fy, la;qDr lalnh; lfefr (IPC) dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
•31 lnL; ¼21 yksdlHkk $ 10 jkT;lHkk ls½

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Polity Notes
vHkh rd xfBr la; q D r lal nh; lfefr;k¡ %
1- cksQkslZ ?kksVkyk
2- g"kZn esgrk ?kksVkyk ¼'ks;j cktkj½
3- 'khry is; inkFkksZa esa dhVuk'kd
4- dsru ikjs[k 'ks;j cktkj ?kksVkyk
5- 2G ?kksVkyk•¼ih-lh-pkdks½
6- oh- oh- vkbZ- ih- gsfydksIVj ?kksVkyk ¼fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fdUrq xBu ugh½
vuq P Ns n &119%
 ^l
vuq P Ns n &120%
 ^laln esa iz;ksx yh tkus okyh Hkk"kk*
• fgUnh rFkk vaxzsth dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
• fdUrq v/;{k o lHkkifr dh vuqefr ls vU; Hkk"kk dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &121%
• laln esa fdlh U;k;k/kh'k ds O;ogkj ij ppkZ rFkk fVIi.kh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
• vFkkZr laln U;k;ikfydk ds dk;ksZa esa gLr{ksi ugh dj ldrh gSA
• fdUrq fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dks gVkus ds izLrko ds le; ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &122%
 U;k;ky; lnu ds vkUrfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha dj ldrk A
vuq P Ns n &123%
 v/;kns'k

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Polity Notes

lalnh; lfefr;k¡
l blesa dk;Zikfydk ds nks izeq[k gksrs gS& l blesa dk;Zikfydk dk ,d gh izeq[k gksrk
(i) ,d ukeek= dk (ii) nwljk okLrfod gS& okLrfod
l blesa jk"Vªkè;{k o 'kklukè;{k l blesa jk"Vªkè;{k dh 'kklukè;{k gksrk gSA
vyx&vyx gksrs gSA
l dk;Zikfydk izeq[k vizR;{k :i ls l dk;Zikfydk izeq[k lkekU;r% turk }kjk
fuokZfpr gksrk gS og cgqer izkIr ny dk izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr gkskrk gSA og
usrk gksrk gSA cgqer izk Ir ny dk usrk ugha gksrk gSA
l blesa Li"V 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ugha gksrk gS l blesa Li"V 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k gksrk gS
D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk dk Hkkx D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk o fo/kkf;dk iw.kZr%
gksrh gSA ¼ea=h fo/kkf;dk ds Hkh lnL; i`Fkd gksrs gS ¼ea=h fo/kkf;dk dk lnL;
gksrs gS½ ugha jg ldrk gSA½
l dk;Zikfydk lkewfgd :i ls fo/kkf;dk ds l dk;Zikfydk lkewfgd :i ls fo/kkf;dk
izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS vFkkZr~ fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrh vFkkZr~
vfo'okl izLrko ds }kjk dk;Zikfydk dks fo/kkf;dk vfo'okl izLrko }kjk
gVk ldrh gSA dk;Zikfydk dks ugha gVk ldrh gSA
l blesa lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA l blesa dsoy O;fDrxr mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk
gSA
l fo/kkf;dk dk;Zikfydk ds nSfud dk;ks± ij l fo/kkf;dk dk;Zikfydk ds nSfud dk;ks±
fu;a=.k j[krh gS ¼fofHkUu izdkj ds iz'uksa ij fu;a=.k ugha j[krh gS D;ksaf d
o izLrkoksa ds ekè;e ls½ fo/kkf;dk dk;Zikfydk ls iz'u ugha iwN
ldrh rFkk mlds fo:) izLrko Hkh ugha
yk, tk ldrsA
v/;{kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk ds xq .k
LFkkf;Ro%
l pfd dk;Zikfydk izeq[k dk izR;{k fuokZpu gksrk gS og fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrk gS vr%
fo/kkf;dk vfo'okl izLrko }kjk dk;Zikfydk dks ugha gVk ldrh gS blfy, dk;Zikfydk viuk dk;Zdky
iwjk djrh gS blls LFkkf;Ro cuk jgrk gSA
Rofjr fu.kZ ; %
l pwafd dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrh gS vr% dk;Zikfydk dh fu.kZ;u izfØ;k rhoz gksrh
gSA blesa dk;Zikfydk izeq[k vdsyk fu.kZ; ys ldrk gS] lkewfgd lgefr dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

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Polity Notes

l Li"V 'kfDri`FkDdj.k gksrk gS& D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk o fo/kkf;dk iw.kZr% izFkd gksrs gSA

l fo'ks"kKrk dks izksRlkgu& dk;Zikfydk izeq[k ds ikl ea=h fu;qDr djus ds fy, vf/kd fodYi gksrs gS D;ksafd
og fdlh Hkh v;ksX; ukxfjd dks ea=h fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
l blesa xBca/ku dh ljdkj ugha gksrh gS vr% xBca/ku ljdkj ds nks"k ugha gksrs gS] ny cny dh leL;k ugha
gksrh gSA
l dk;Zikfydk izeq[k dk eaf=;ksa ij vf/kd izHkkoh fu;a=.k gksrk gSA
v/;{kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk ds nks" k%
l fuja d q ' krk&
dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrh gS vr% dk;Zikfydk ij fo/kkf;dk dk fu;a=.k ugha jgrk
ftlls og fujadq'k cuh jgrh gSA
l dk;Zikfydk ds nSfud dk;ksZa ij Hkh fo/kkf;dk dk fu;U=.k ugha gksrk gS ftlls dk;Zikfydk de tokcnsg
gksrh gSA
l Vdjko dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gS&;fn fo/kkf;dk esa fdlh vU; ny dk cgqer gks rks nksuksa ds chp
Vdjko dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gS] ftlls fof/k fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ckf/kr gks tkrh gSA
l v/;{kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk esa lHkh oxksZa dks i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ugha feyrk gS vr% cgqlkaLd`frd ns'k esa ;g
iz.kkyh mfpr ugha gSA
l bl 'kklu iz.kkyh esa foi{k dk vf/kd egRo ugha gksrk gSA
lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ds xq.k
l mÙkjnkf;Ro% D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS blfy, fo/kkf;dk dk dk;Zikfydk
ij fu;U=.k fujadq'k ugha gks ikrhA
l tokcnsfgrk% fo/kkf;dk dk dk;Zikfydk ds nSfud dk;ksZa ij Hkh fu;a=.k gksrk gSA dk;Zikfydk dks
fo/kkf;dk ds iz'uksa ds tokc nsus gksrs gS vr% dk;Zikfydk vf/kd tokcnsg gksrh gSA
l dk;Zikfydk rFkk fo/kkf;dk ds chp csgrj rkyesy % pqafd dk;Zikfydk dks fo/kkf;dk esa cgqer izkIr
gksrk gS blfy, nksuksa ds chp csgrj lkaetL; gksrk gS ,oa nksuksa esa Vdjko mRiUu ugha gksrk blls ljdkjh
fu.kZ;u o fof/k fuekZ.k ljy gksrs gSA
l blesa vYila[;d oxZ Hkh jktuSfrd :i ls laxfBr gks ldrs gS ,oa os vius fgrks dks lajf{kr dj ldrs gSA

l cgqlkaLd`frd ns'k esa ;g 'kklu O;oLFkk vf/kd csgrj gSA

l blesa foi{kh nyksa dk egRo gksrk gSA blesa jkthufrd ny vf/kd gksrs gS jktuhfrd nyksa ds }kjk
tuvkUnksyu Hkh gksrs gS ftlls turk dks jktuhfrd izf'k{k.k feyrk gSA
lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ds nks" k
l vfLFkjrk% pwafd dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS vr% fo/kkf;dk vfo'okl izLrko ds }kjk
dk;Zikfydk dks gVk ldrh gSA izk;% dk;Zikfydk viuk dk;Zdky iwjk ugha dj ikrh gS vkSj iqu% pquko
djokus iMrs gS] ftlls /ku o le; dk viO;; gksrk gS rFkk jktuSfrd uhfr;ksa esa Hkh vfLFkjrk cuh jgrh
gS A

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Polity Notes
l vfu.kZ; dh fLFkfr ;k Rofjr fu.kZ; dk vHkko& dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; ysus ls igys lHkh lg;ksxh nyksa dh
lgefr ysuh iMrh gSA izk;% lg;ksxh ny lger ugha gksrs gS rks ljdkj fu.kZ; ugha ys ikrh gSA
l blesa Li"Vr% 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk dk ,d Hkkx gksrh gS tks fd vkn'kZ
yksdrU= ds vuq:i ugha gSA
l fodYiks dh lhfeÙkrk% ea=h fu;qDr djus ds fy, vf/kd fodYi ugha gksrs gS D;ksafd dsoy fo/kkf;dk ds
lnL;ksa esa ls gh ea=h fu;qDr djus gksrs gS bll fo'ks"krk dks izksRlkgu ugha feyrk gSA
l blls xBca/ku dh ljdkjsa Hkh curh gS bl dkj.k xBca/ku ljdkjksa ds lHkh nks"k blesa vk tkrs gS tSls &

l vfLFkjrk] vfu.kZ;] eaf=;ksa ij i;kZIr fu;a=.k dk vHkko] Hkz"Vkpkj] jk"Vªh; eqn~nksa dh ctk; {ks=h; eqn~nksa dks
vf/kd egRo] voljokfnrk] ny&cny dh izofr] csesy xBca/ku vkfnA
iz ' u% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fuekZ rkvksa ds }kjk v/;{kkRed dh ctk; lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dks D;ksa
viuk;k\ lal nh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa dks ns [ krs gq , D;k gesa v/;{kkRed 'kklu
O;oLFkk ds fodYi ij fopkj djuk pkfg,\
m - la l nh; 'kklu O;oLFkk viukus ds dkj.k%
mifuos'k dky esa fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjr esa ftu vkjfEHkd yksdrkaf=d lLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh og lalnh;
<k¡ps ij vk/kkfjr FkhA gekjs lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us viuk vkjfEHkd yksdrkfU=d izf'k{k.k bUgh laLFkkvksa ls
fy;k Fkk blfy, oks lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ls HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr Fks v/;{kkRed 'kklu 'kklu O;oLFkk dh
rqyuk esaA
gekjs vusd lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us fczVsu ls f'k{kk izkIr dh Fkh blfy, os ogk¡ dh lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk
ls vf/kd ifjfpr FksA
gekjs lafo/kku dk eq[; L=ksr Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 gS vkSj ;g lalnh; <k¡ps ij vk/kkfjr gSA
v/;{kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro dh izd`fr vf/kd gksrh gS tcfd lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa
mÙkjnkf;Ro dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA gekjs lafo/kku fuekrkvksa us LFkkf;Ro dh ctk; mÙkjnkf;Ro dks
vf/kd egRo fn;kA
blds vfrfjDr lal nh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa fuEu fo'ks" krk,¡ gS &
 mÙkjnkf;Ro&D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS vr% fo/kkf;dk dk dk;Zikfydk ij
fu;a=.k jgrk gS blfy, dk;Zikfydk fujadq'k ugha gks ikrh
 tokcnsfgrk% fo/kkf;dk dk dk;Zikfydk ds nSfud dk;ksZa ij Hkh fu;a=.k gksrk gS] dk;Zikfydk dks fo/kkf;dk
ds iz'uksa dk tokc nsuk gksrk gS vr% dk;Zikfydk vf/kd tokcnsg gksrh gSA
 dk;Zikfydk o fo/kkf;dk ds chp csgrj rkyesy & pwafd dk;Zikfydk dks fo/kkf;dk esa cgqer izkIr
gksrk gS blfy, nksuksa ds chp csgrj rkyesy gksrk gS ,oa Vdjko mRiUu ugha gksrk gS ftlls ljdkjh fu.kZ;u
o fof/k fuekZ.k esa ljyrk gksrh gSA
blesa vYila[;d oxZ Hkh jktuSfrd :i ls laxfBr gks ldrs gS rFkk vius fgrksa dk laj{k.k dj ldrs gSA
cgqlkaLd`frd ns'k esa ;g 'kklu O;oLFkk vf/kd csgrj gSA
blesa foi{kh nyksa dk egRo gksrk gSA blesa jktuSfrd ny vf/kd gksrs gS jktuSfrd nyksa ds }kjk tu vkanksyu
Hkh gksrs gS blls turk dks jktuSfrd izf'k{k.k feyrk gSA
fdUrq lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa mi;qZDr fo'ks"krvksa ds lkFk lkFk dqN nks"k Hkh gS tSls & vfLFkjrk] vfu.kZ;
dh fLFkfr ;k Rofjr fu.kZ; dk vHkko] Li"V 'kfDr izFkDdj.k dk vHkko] fo'ks"krk dks mfpr izksRlkgu ugha]
xBca/ku ljdkjksa ds nks"k vkfnA blfy, le;&le; ij lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dh txg v/;{k 'kklu
O;oLFkk viuk;s tkus dh ek¡x mBh D;ksafd v/;{kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro] Rofjr fu.kZ;] Li"V 'kfDr

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Polity Notes
izFkDdj.k] fo'ks"krk dks izksRlkgu vkfn xq.k gSA blds ckotwn Hkh v/;{kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk esa fujdqa'k
izo`fr] tokcnsfgrk dh deh] dk;Zikfydk o fo/kkf;dk ds chp Vdjko] vYila[;d oxZ ds fgrks dk lja{k.k
ugha] foi{kh nyksa dk jktuhfrd esa izfrfuf/kRo ugha vkfn dfe;k¡ gSA
vr% lalnh; O;oLFkk ds dqN nks"kks ds ckotwn mldh fo'ks"krk,¡ vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj Hkkjr tSls
cgqlkaLd`frd ns'k ds jktuhfrd lkekftd ifjos'kkuqlkj v/;{kkRed dh rqyuk esa lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk
Hkkjr gsrq ,d csgrj fodYi gSA

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Polity Notes

U;k;ikfydk
vuq P Ns n %124&147
 1773- jsaX;wysafVx ,DV esa ,d lqizhe dksVZ dh LFkkiuk& ftldk {ks=kf/kdkj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr uk gksdj dsoy
dydÙkk rd gh FkkA
 1861- dydÙkk] enzkl o ckWEcs esa mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk
 1866- bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk
 vktknh ds le; lHkh izkUrksa esa mPp U;k;ky; (High Court) FksA
fiz o h dkma f ly%
 Hkkjr ds gkbdksVZ ds ekeyksa esa vihy] fczVsu fLFkr bl fudk; esa gksrh FkhA ;g loksZPp vihyh; U;k;ky;
FkkA
QsM jy dksV Z %
 1935 ds Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e ds rgr~ LFkkiuk
 jkT;ksa] jkT;&dsUnz ds eè; fooknksa dk fuiVkjk djukA
mPpre U;k;ky;
 28 tuojh 19+50 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 loksZPp U;k;ky; us ^fizoh dkmafly* rFkk ^QsMjy dksVZ* ¼la?kh; U;k;ky;½ dk LFkku fy;k A
vuq P Ns n &124%
 Hkkjr dk ,d mPpre U;k;ky; gksxkA
 blessa ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk 7 vU; U;k;k/kh'k gksxsaA
 laln U;k;k/kh'kksa dh la[;k c<k ldrh gSA
¼orZeku esa 33 $ 1 = 34 U;k;k/kh'k gSA½
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS blds fy, og Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
(CJI) ls ^ijke'kZ* djrk gSA
 ^ijke'kZ * ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
izFke U;k;k/kh'k okn 1982% ¼,l- ih- xqIrk cuke Hkkjr la?k okn½
 blds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn&124 dh O;k[;k dhA
 U;k;ky; us ekuk fd ^ijke'kZ* 'kCn ls rkRi;Z gS jk"Vªifr o eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds e/; fopkjksa dk
vknku&iznku rFkk
 blds rgr CJI ds }kjk jk"Vªifr dks nh xbZ lykg ck/;dkjh ughas gS] vFkkZr loksZPp U;k;ky; ds
U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ea=hifj"kn dh lykg ls gh dh tkuh pkfg,A
f}rh; U;k;k/kh'k okn] 1993
 mPPre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks myV fn;k rFkk ekuk fd CJI o mPpre U;k;ky; ds nks
ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'kksa ds }kjk nh xbZ lykg jk"Vªifr ds fy, ck/;dkjh gSA
¼1$2 U;k;k/kh'k& bl le; dkWysft;e O;oLFkk vfLrRo esa vkbZ fdUrq ^dkWysft;e* 'kCn 1998 esa iz;qDr

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Polity Notes
gqvk½
 ;fn jk"Vªifr budh lykg dks ugha ekurk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crkuk gksxkA
 mPpre U;k;y; us ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k fd ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k dks gh eq[; U;k;/kh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
CJI dh fu;q fDr esa ofj"Brk yka? kus ds mnkgj.k
1. 1978 esa igyh ckj bafnjk xka/kh ljdkj us rhu ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'kksa J.N. 'kSyV] K.S. gsxMs vkSj A.N.
xzksoj dh ofj"Brk dk mYya?ku djrs gq, A.N. Ray dks CJI cuk;kA ¼7&6 ls fu.kZ;½
dkj.k% ds'kokuan okn esa mi;qZDr 3 ttksa us ewy <kaps ds leFkZu esa fu.kZ; fn;k FkkA (blls fo/kkf;dk dh lafo/
kku la'kks/ku dh 'kfDr lfefr gqbZ½ vr% ljdkj us mi;qZDr U;k;k/kh'kksa dh vogsyuk djrs gq, A.N. Ray
dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k cuk;kA
2. 1977 esa iqu% bafnjk xk¡/kh ljdkj ds }kjk tfLVl H.R. [kUuk dh ofj"Brk dk mYya?ku djrs gq, M.U.
csx dks CJI cuk fn;kA
dkj.k% ADM tcyiqj cuke f'kodkar 'kqDyk okn esa ¼vkikrdky ds nkSjku½ tfLVl H.R. [kUuk us thou ds vf/
kdkj dks fuyafcr fd, tkus ds fo:) fu.kZ; fn;k FkkA (Govt. ds foi{k esa½
i{k esa& Judges - A.N. Ray, M.U. csx] P.N. Hkxorh] Y.V. pUnzpwM+ ¼4&1 ls fu.kZ;½
ADM tcyiqj cuke f'kodkar 'kqD yk okn ¼canh izR;{khdj.k okn½
 26 twu 1975 vkikrdky ds nkSjku vuq- 359(1) ds rgr vuqPNsn 14, 21, 22 dk fuyacu gks x;kA MISA
,DV ds rgr fojks/kh jktusrkvksa o vU; O;fDr;ksa dks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k] fcuk Vªk;y dsA bu usrkvksa
us High Court esa fjV nk;j dh ¼canh izR;{khdj.k½A S.C. us dsoy vuqPNsn 32 ds rgr gh ;s fjV yxkbZ
tk ldrh Fkh tks fuyafcr gks pqdk FkkA
 tcyiqj dksVZ o vU; H.C. us bl fjV dks Lohdkj fd;kA bu cafn;ksa dks NksM+us ds vkns'k fn,A
 bu dksVZ ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:) dsUnz ljdkj S.C. esa xbZA ljdkj us nyhy fd vkikrdky esa jk"Vªifr dks
vuqPNsn 21 ds fuyacu dh 'kfDr izkIr gS vr% H.C. bl vf/kdkj (21) ij fjV dh lquokbZ ugha dj
ldrkA
 High Court dh nyhy% O;fDr ds thou laca/kh vf/kdkj dsoy vuqPNsn 21 ds vykok dbZ vU; fo/
kk;h dkuwuksa esa Hkh gS vkSj ;s fjV O;fDr dh Lora=rk ds mYya?ku ds fo:) lkekU; fo/kk;h dkuwuksa ds rgr
yxkbZ xbZ gS] ¼uk fd vuqPNsn 21½ vr% H.C. budh lquokbZ dj ldrk gSA
fu.kZ ; % 5 esa ls 4 U;k;k/kh'k us ljdkj dh nyhy dks lgh ekukA U;k;k/kh'k H.R. [kUuk dk ekuuk Fkk& thou
dk vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 21 ds vykok vU; fo/kk;h@lkekU; dkuwu] izkd`frd dkuwu esa lekfgr gSA
ofj"Brk o dq'kyrk& U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dk ekin.M dkSulk gksuk pkfg,] bl ij fookn jgrk gS ;|fi
IInd Judges Case esa Seniority dks lgh ekukA
r` r h; U;k;/kh'k okn 1998
 mPpre U;k;y; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dh iqf"V dh rFkk ;s Hkh ekuk fd Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk
pkj ofj"Bre U;k;kf/k'kksa dk ^dkysft;e* jk"Vªifr dks U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr gsrq lykg nsukA
 jk"Vªifr dks budh lykg ekuuh gksxhA
 ;fn ^dkysft;e* ds nks lnL; lykg ls vlger gS rks jk"Vªifr lykg ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 ;fn jk"Vªifr dkWysft;e dh lykg ugha ekurk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crkuk gksxkA
 bl le; igyh ckj ^dkWysft;e* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
dkW ysft;e dh vkyksp uk%
 dkykarj esa dkWyfs t;e dh vkykspuk gksus yxhA
 ;g ,d can O;oLFkk gS ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkkoA

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Polity Notes
 HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dk vkjksi ¼dqN ifjokjksa dk ncnck½
 Judges dh fu;qfDr ds oLrqfu"B ekin.M dk fuf'pr u gksukA
 ;g Check Balance ds fo:) gS] 'kfDr& larqyu ()
 lHkh oxks± dk i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gS (SC, ST, OBC efgyk,¡ vYila[;d)
 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr Lo;a U;k;k/kh'kksa }kjk djuk vrkfdZd gS] blesa fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk dh Hkwfedk
u gksuk lgh ugha gS] ;g yksdra= ds vuq:i ugha gSA
 tokcnsfgrk dk vHkko ¼dkWysft;e fdlh izkf/kdkj ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gS½
USAes a Judges dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS ftldk vuqeksnu lhusV }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
dukM+k esa lnL;ksa dh lfefr ¼i{k o foi{k ds lnL;½] ukeksa dk lq>ko nsrh gS rRi'pkr~ LØwVfuax ds ckn PM
}kjk Judges dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA
teZ u h& 50% Judges fo/kkf;dk }kjk 50% dk;Zikfydk }kjk pqus tkrs gSA
 bu vkykspukvksa dks ns[krs gq, 99osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2015 }kjk ^jk"Vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfDr vk;ksx**
(NJAC) dk xBu fd;k x;k tks U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ds laca/k esa jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsxkA bls S.C.
us 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
dqy lnL; 6
1. Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k CJI
2. mPpre U;k;k/kh'k ds 2 U;k;k/kh'k
3. fof/k ea=h
4. 2 vU; lnL; ¼buesa ls ,d lnL; SC/ST vYila[;d] efgyk dk ghuk vko';d gS½
 dk;Zdky & 3 o"kZ
 iqufuZ;qfDr ugha gks ldrh ¼bl in ij½
 fu;qfDr ,d lfefr }kjk dh tk,xhA
lfefr esa lnL;
(i) CJI (ii) PM (iii) foi{k dk usrk
 S.C. us 99osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dks vlaoS/kkfud@'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
dkj.k ;k NJAC ds foi{k esa rdZ
1. vuqPNsn 124 esa] U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ds laca/k esa CJI }kjk fn, x, ^ijke'kZ* esa U;k;ikfydk dks izkFkfedrk
nh xbZ gS tcfd NJAC esa ;g izkFkfedrk ugha nh xbZA
2. U;k;ikfydk esa] dk;Zikfydk dk gLr{ksi vLohdk;Z gS] ;g 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ds fo:) gSA
3. fof/k ea=h ¼lfefr esa PM foi{k usrk½ ds 'kkfey gksus ls jktuhfrd gLr{ksi gksxk@c<s+xk jktuh- dk;Zikfydk
dh Hkkxhnkjh ls jktuhfrd nokc c<+sxkA
4. 2 vU; lnL;ksa dh ;ksX;krkvksa dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;kA
5. Lora= U;k;ikfydk lafo/kku dk ewy <kapk gS vr% NJAC ewy <kaps ds fo:) gSA
6. NJAC esa ^ofj"Brk* dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] blls lHkh jkT;ksa ds H.C. dk larqfyr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gks ik,xkA
NJAC dks 5 U;k;k/kh'k dh csap us 4 : 1 ds cgqer ls fu.kZ; fn;kA tfLVl pyes'oj us NJAC dks lgh ekukA
NJAC ds i{k esa rdZ
1. NJAC ,d larqfyr O;oLFkk gSA ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa esa 'kfDr larqyu o ,d nwljs dks Check & Balance
djuk Hkh lafo/kku dk ewy <kapk gS vr% ;g ewy <kaps ds fo:) ugha gSA ;g rks mls iw.kZ djrh gSA
2. blesa dk;Zikfydk dk izHkqRo ugha gksxk D;ksafd 6 lnL;ksa esa ls 3 U;k;ikfydk ls gS rFkk 2 vU; lnL;ksa dh
fu;qfDr lfefr esa Hkh CJI lnL; gS vr% izkFkfedrk U;k;ikfydk dks gh gSA
3. jk"Vªifr ^lykg* ekuus dks rHkh ckè; gS tc 6 esa ls 5 dh lgefr vfuok;Z gks] ;fn 2 lnL;ksa us fojks/k fd;k
rks jk"Vªifr ^lykg* ekuus dks ckè; ugha gksxkA

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Polity Notes
4. ;g O;oLFkk (NJAC) dkWysft;e ij yxus okys vkjksiksa dks Hkh nwj djsxhA
5. 2 vU; lnL;ksa dh v;ksX;rk dk iz'u Hkh vrkfdZd gS D;ksafd NJAC esa ,d lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dks O;kid] ikjn'khZ
cuk;k x;k gS tks mfpr O;fDr;ksa dk gh p;u djsxhA
fu"d"kZ& yksdra= ds bl vk/kkjHkwr LrEHk dh fo'oluh;rk cuk, j[kus ds fy, U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr esa
ikjnf'kZrk viuk;h tkuh pkfg,A ljdkj o U;k;ikfydk ds eè; xfrjks/k dks nwj dj U;kf;d izfØ;k dks
Rofjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
tfLVl pyes' oj dk dFku
fdlh 'kfDr dk nq:i;ksx gks ldrk gS] bl vk/kkj ij fdlh dks 'kfDr ugha nsuk] vrkfdZd gSA
NJAC ds 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksus ds ckn dkWysft;e iqu% vfLrRo esa vk xbZA U;k;kikfydk us dkWysft;e esa
dfe;k¡A vk{ksiksa dks nwj djus dh ckr dghaA
Memorandum of Procedure (MoP)
 NJAC esa lq/kkj ds fy, Aug. 2016 esa ljdkj us Revised MoP lqizhe dksVZ ds le{k is'k fd;kA blesa
U;kf;d fu;qfDr ls lacaf/kr xkbMykbu gS] bl Mªk¶V ds dqN fcUnqvksa dks ysdj U;k;ikfydk o dk;Zikfydk
ds eè; xfrjks/k vHkh Hkh fo|eku gSA
Mªk¶V ls lacaf/kr eqí s%
1. ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk o O;kid yksdfgr* ds vk/kkj ij dkWysft;e }kjk vuq'kaflr fu;qfDr dks fof/k ea=k@ Govt.
vLohdkj dj ldrk gS D;ksafd fof/k ea=k }kjk izR;sd U;k;k/kh'k ds laca/k esa baVsfytsUl C;wjks dh fjiksVZ izkIr
dh tkrh gSA
U;k;ikfydk dk ekuuk gS blls ljdkj dks ohVks izkIr gks tk,xk] tks lafo/kku ds foijhr gSA
2. ofj"Brk ,oa dq'kyrk& dk;Zikfydk dk rdZ gS U;k;k/kh'k fu;qfDr esa dq'kyrk dks egRo fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A blds fojks/k esa U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ gS fd dk;Zikfydk ds fo:) fu.kZ; nsus okys U;k;k/kh'k dks
grksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3. ;g izLrkfor gS fd U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr esa (up to 3) ckj ds lnL;ksa ¼odhyksa½ dks fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ ,d izfr'kr (3 U;k;k/kh'k½ fu/kkZfjr djuk xyr gSA
4. fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dks vLohdkj djus ds ^fyf[kr dkj.k* crkus gksaxs rkfd ikjnf'kZrk] xSj i{k/kkfjrk
lqfuf'pr gks ldsA
U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ gS fd blls lacaf/kr U;k;k/kh'k ds Hkfo"; esa ^inksUufr* ij foijhr izHkko iM+sxkA mldh
mRikndrk esa deh vk ldrh gSA
5. lfefr o lfpoky;& dkWysft;e ds le{k fofHkUu p;fur ukeksa dks lq>kus ds fy, laLFkkxr ra= ds :i
esa ,d lfefr gksxhA ljdkj ds ,d lfpoky; Hkh izLrkfor fd;k gS tks U;k;k/kh'kksa dk MsVkcsl] dkWysft;e
ehfVax laca/kh fooj.k rFkk yksd f'kdk;rsa o vuq'kalk,a izkIr djsxkA
U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ gS bu izfØ;kvksa ls U;kf;d Lora=rk ckf/kr gksxhA dk;Zikfydk] fu;qfDr izfØ;k dks
Lo;a vius gkFkksa esa ys ysxhA
6. dkWysft;e dh lewph dk;Zokgh fyf[kr :i esa miyC/k gksuh pkfg,A
 bl izdkj bu izLrkfor izko/kkuksa dks ysdj dk;Zikfydk o U;k;ikfydk esa fookn cuk gqvk gSA blls
U;k;ikfydk esa isafMx dsl] c<+rs tk jgs gS] U;k;ikfydk iw.kZ {kerk ds lkFk dk;Z ugha dj ik jgh gSA ¼fjfDr;k¡
gSA½ vr% MoP lacaf/kr xfrjks/k dks nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
U;k;k/kh'k fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k dks ikjn'khZ] oLrqfu"B mÙkjnk;h cukdj U;k;ikfydk dh fo'oluh;rk
lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,A
mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dh ;ksX;rk%
(i) 5 o"kZ rd fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/kh'k jgk gksA
(ii) 10 o"kZ rd fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa odhy jgk gksA
(iii) jk"Vªifr dh jk; esa ,d iz[;kr fof/kosrk gksA
dk;Zdky% 65 o"kZ rd dh vk;q rd U;k;/kh'k vius in ij cuk jg ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes
 in ls gVkus dh izfØ;k%
 fuEufyf[kr nks vk/kkjksa ij U;k;k/kh'k dks in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS&
(i) {kerk (ii) fl) dnkpkj
 gVkus dk izLrko fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS
 jkT;lHkk esa 50 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,
 yksdlHkk esa 100 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,
 lnu dk lHkkifr@v/;{k izLrko dks Lohdkj vFkok vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn izLrko Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS rks vkjksiksa dh tk¡p ds fy, lehfr dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA lehfr
esa fuEufyf[kr lnL; gksrs gS&
(i) Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k (CJI) vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; dk dksbZ vU; U;k;/kh'k
(ii) fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
(iii) fo[;kr fo/kosrk
 ;fn vkjksi lgh ik, tkrs gS rks izfØ;k vkxs c<rh gSA
 ;gk rd fd izfØ;k dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g izLrko igys lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gS A
 rRi'pkr igys lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr U;k;k/kh'k dks gVkus ds vkns'k tkjh djrk gSSA
vuq P Ns n &125% ^U;k;/kh'kksa ds osru^
 Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k & 2yk[k 80gtkj :-
 vU; U;k;/kh'k & 2yk[k 50 gtkj :-
 isa'ku & osru dk 50%
vuq P Ns n &126% ^dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;/kh'k*
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; esa dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gS ;fn eq[; U;k;/kh'k
dk in fjDr gks] og vLFkk;h :i ls vuqifLFkr gks vFkok og vius nkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu esa vleFkZ gksA
vuq P Ns n &127% ^rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr*
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa x.kiwfrZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
mPp U;k;ky; ds fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dks mPpre U;k;ky; esa rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k cuus dh ;ksX;rk j[kus okys dks gh rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
 blds fy, lacaf/kr mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh lgefr Hkh yh tkrh gSA
vuqPNsn&128% ^lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr*
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa ;fn dk;ZHkkj vf/kd gks rks jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k fdlh
Hkh mPp U;k;ky; vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; ds lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dks mPpre U;k;ky; esa fu;qDr dj
ldrk gSA
 blesa lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dh lgefr vko';d gSA

 blds osru HkÙks jk"Vªifr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSA

 mlds ikl mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k ds leku 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gS ysfdu og ^mPpre U;k;ky;*
dk U;k;/kh'k* inuke dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrkA
 bldk vf/kdre dk;Zdky 2 o"kZ gks ldrk gSA
vuqPNsn&129% ^vfHkys[k U;k;ky;*
vuqPNsn&130% ^mPpre U;k;ky; dk LFkku*
 lafo/kku vuqlkj mPpre U;k;ky; dk LFkku fnYyh gksxk fdUrq Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jk"Vªifr dh
iwokZuqefr ls mPpre U;k;ky; dh ihB ds fy, vU; LFkku dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrk gSA

Page No. [5]

Polity Notes
mPpre U;k;ky; dh {ks=h; U;k;ihB Regional Bench
 vuqPNsn 130 ds rgr~-----
 lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh vko';drk ugha gS {ks=h; U;k;ihB dh LFkkiuk ds fy,A
vko';drk D;ksa gS& i{k esa rdZ
 laoS/kkfud nkf;Ro& vuqPNsn 39A lHkh rd U;k; dh igq¡p lqyHk gks vkfFkZd] vU; fu;ksZX;rk ds dkj.k
oafpr uk gksA vr% nf{k.kh o mÙkj&iwohZ jkT; ds yksxksa ds fy, U;k; rd igq¡pus dh ykxr de djus ds lanHkZ
esa eqacbZ] psUubZ] dksydkrk esa ihB LFkkfir djuh pkfg,A
 isfMax dsl@yafcr dsl (yxHkx 65000½ ekeysa S.C. esa yafcr gSA vihyksa ds fuiVku esa o"kks± yx tkrs gSA
 yksxksa dh vlqfo/kk
 gkbZdksVZ ds Lrj ij eq[; csap ds vykok vU; casp ds gksus ls muds izkf/kdkj esa deh vk;h gS vfirq mudk
fØ;kUo;u vf/kd dq'kyrk ls gksrk gSA
{ks= h; U;k;ihB dh LFkkiuk ls lac af/kr eq í s@ foi{k esa rdZ
1. S.C. ds izkf/kdkj (Authority) esa deh gks ldrh gS ¼'kfDr dh deh½
2. 2010 esa S.C. dh iw.kZ ihB us {ks=h; ihB dks udkjk D;ksafd muds vuqlkj ;g ,dhd`r U;kf;d iz.kkyh dks
izHkkfor djsxkA
3. ckjs ds }kjk Hkh fojks/k fd;k tkrk gSA eqdneksa esa caVokjs ds dkj.k mudh Bargaing power de gks tk,xhA
r F; %
1. lalnh;@LFkk;h lfefr;ksa us vU; casp LFkkfir djus dh vuq'kalk dhA
2. fof/k vk;ksx us S.C. dks (1) laoS/kkfud U;k;k/kh'k (2) us'kuy dksVZ vkWQ vihy esa foHkkftr djus dh
flQkfj'k dhA fnYyh esa laoS/kkfud U;k;ihB gksxh] jkT;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:) vihy gsrq 4 vihyh; U;k;ihB
[fnYyh ¼mÙkj½] psUubZ@gSnjkckn ¼nf{k.k½ dksydkrk ¼iwoZ½] eqEcbZ ¼if'pe½] LFkkfir djus dh vuq'kalk dhA
yafcr oknksa dh la[;k] U;k; rd leku igq¡p] vkfFkZd dkj.k dh otg ls ;kfpdkdÙkkZvksa ds gksus okyh
leL;kvksa ds eísutj bl ij xaHkhjrk iwoZd fparu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

Page No. [6]

Polity Notes

U;k;ikfydk
vuq P Ns n %124&147
mPpre U;k;ky;
 28 tuojh 19+50 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 loksZPp U;k;ky; us ^fizoh dkmafly* rFkk ^QsMjy dksVZ* ¼la?kh; U;k;ky;½ dk LFkku fy;k A
vuq P Ns n &124%
 Hkkjr dk ,d mPpre U;k;ky; gksxkA
 blessa ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk 7 vU; U;k;k/kh'k gksxsaA
 laln U;k;k/kh'kksa dh la[;k c<k ldrh gSA
¼orZeku esa 33 $ 1 = 34 U;k;k/kh'k gSA½
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS blds fy, og Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
(CJI) ls ^ijke'kZ* djrk gSA
 ^ijke'kZ * ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
izFke U;k;k/kh'k okn 1982% ¼,l- ih- xqIrk cuke Hkkjr la?k½
 blds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn&124 dh O;k[;k dhA
 U;k;ky; us ekuk fd ^ijke'kZ* 'kCn ls rkRi;Z gS jk"Vªifr o eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds e/; fopkjksa dk
vknku&iznku rFkk
 blds rgr CJI ds }kjk jk"Vªifr dks nh xbZ lykg ck/;dkjh ughas gS] vFkkZr loksZPp U;k;ky; ds
U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ea=hifj"kn dh lykg ls gh dh tkuh pkfg,A
f}rh; U;k;k/kh'k okn] 1993
 mPPre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks myV fn;k rFkk ekuk fd CJI o mPpre U;k;ky; ds nks
ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'kksa ds }kjk nh xbZ lykg jk"Vªifr ds fy, ck/;dkjh gSA
¼1$2 U;k;k/kh'k& bl le; dkWysft;e O;oLFkk vfLrRo esa vkbZ fdUrq ^dkWysft;e* 'kCn 1998 esa iz;qDr
gqvk½
 ;fn jk"Vªifr budh lykg dks ugha ekurk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crkuk gksxkA
 mPpre U;k;y; us ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k fd ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k dks gh eq[; U;k;/kh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
r` r h; U;k;/kh'k okn 1998
 mPpre U;k;y; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dh iqf"V dh rFkk ;s Hkh ekuk fd Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk
pkj ofj"Bre U;k;kf/k'kksa dk ^dkysft;e* jk"Vªifr dk U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr gsrq lykg nsukA
 jk"Vªifr dks budh lykg ekuuh gksxhA
 ;fn ^dkysft;e* ds nks lnL; lykg ls vlger gS rks jk"Vªifr lykg ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 ;fn jk"Vªifr dkWysft;e dh lykg ugha ekurk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crkuk gksxkA
 bl le; igyh ckj ^dkWysft;e* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes
dkykUrj esa dkWysft;e O;oLFkk dh vkykspuk gksus yxh D;ksafd ;g ,d can O;oLFkk gS ftlesa ijnf'kZrk
dk vHkko gSA bl ij HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn ds vkjksi yxrs gS vFkkZr mPpre U;k;ky; esa dqN ifjokjksa dk gh ncnck
gS blfy, mPpre U;k;ky; esa lHkh oxksZa dk i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gSA mPpre U;k;ky; esa vuqlwfpr tkfr]
tutkfr (SC/ST) vU; fiNMk oxZ (OBC)] efgyk,¡ rFkk vYila[;d oxksZa dk i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gSA
 bu vkykspukvksa dks ns[krs gq, 99osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2015 }kjk ^jk"Vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfDr vk;ksx*(NJAC) dk
xBu fd;k x;k tks U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ds laca/k esa jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsrkA blesa dqy 6 lnL; Fks&
(i) Hkkjr ds eq; U;k;/kh'k (CJI)
(ii) mPpre U;k;ky; ds nks U;k;/kh'k
(iii) fof/k ea=h
(iv) nks vU; lnL;
 nks vU; lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ,d rhu lnL;h; lfefr }kjk dh tkuh FkhA
lfefr ds lnL;&
(i) Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;/kh'k
(ii) iz/kkue=h
(iii) yksdlHkk esa foi{k dk usrk
 mPpre U;k;ky; us 99osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj ;g U;k;ikfydk
dh Lora=rk dks lhfer djrk gS vkSj LorU= U;k;ikfydk lafo/kku dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk gSA
vr% dkWysft;e O;oLFkk iqu% vfLrRo esa vk xbZA
mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dh ;ksX;rk%
(i) 5 o"kZ rd fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/kh'k jgk gksA
(ii) 10 o"kZ rd fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa odhy jgk gksA
(iii) jk"Vªifr dh jk; esa ,d iz[;kr fof/kosrk gksA
dk;Zdky% 65 o"kZ rd dh vk;q rd U;k;/kh'k vius in ij cuk jg ldrk gSA
 in ls gVkus dh izfØ;k%
 fuEufyf[kr nks vk/kkjksa ij U;k;k/kh'k dks in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS&
(i) {kerk (ii) fl) dnkpkj
 gVkus dk izLrko fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS
 jkT;lHkk esa 50 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,
 yksdlHkk esa 100 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,
 lnu dk lHkkifr@v/;{k izLrko dks Lohdkj vFkok vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn izLrko Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS rks vkjksiksa dh tk¡p ds fy, lehfr dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA lehfr
esa fuEufyf[kr lnL; gksrs gS&
(i) Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k (CJI) vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; dk dksbZ vU; U;k;/kh'k
(ii) fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
(iii) fo[;kr fo/kosrk
 ;fn vkjksi lgh ik, tkrs gS rks izfØ;k vkxs c<rh gSA
 ;gk rd fd izfØ;k dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g izLrko igys lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gS A
 rRi'pkr igys lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr U;k;k/kh'k dks gVkus ds vkns'k tkjh djrk gSSA
vuq P Ns n &125% ^U;k;/kh'kksa ds osru^
 Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k & 2yk[k 80gtkj :-
 vU; U;k;/kh'k & 2yk[k 50 gtkj :-
 isa'ku & osru dk 50%

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes
vuq P Ns n &126% ^dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;/kh'k*
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; esa dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gS ;fn eq[; U;k;/kh'k
dk in fjDr gks] og vLFkk;h :i ls vuqifLFkr gks vFkok og vius nkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu esa vleFkZ gksA
vuq P Ns n &127% ^rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr*
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa x.kiwfrZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
mPp U;k;ky; ds fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dks mPpre U;k;ky; esa rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k cuus dh ;ksX;rk j[kus okys dks gh rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
 blds fy, lacaf/kr mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh lgefr Hkh yh tkrh gSA
vuqPNsn&128% ^lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr*
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa ;fn dk;ZHkkj vf/kd gks rks jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k fdlh
Hkh mPp U;k;ky; vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; ds lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dks mPpre U;k;ky; esa fu;qDr dj
ldrk gSA
 blesa lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dh lgefr vko';d gSA

 blds osru HkÙks jk"Vªifr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSA

 mlds ikl mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k ds leku 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gS ysfdu og ^mPpre U;k;ky;*
dk U;k;/kh'k* inuke dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrkA
 bldk vf/kdre dk;Zdky 2 o"kZ gks ldrk gSA
vuqPNsn&129% ^vfHkys[k U;k;ky;*
vuqPNsn&130% ^mPpre U;k;ky; dk LFkku*
 lafo/kku vuqlkj mPpre U;k;ky; dk LFkku fnYyh gksxk fdUrq Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jk"Vªifr dh
iwokZuqefr ls mPpre U;k;ky; dh ihB ds fy, vU; LFkku dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrk gSA

Page No. [3]

Polity Notes

mPpre U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk

 blds rgr os ekeys vkrs gS ftudh lquokbZ lh/ks mPpre U;k;ky; esa dh tkrh gS&

(i) jkT;&jkT; fookn

(ii)dsUnz] jkT; cuke vU; jkT; fookn
blds fuEufyf[kr viokn gS& ¼bu ekeyksa dh lquokbZ mPpre U;k;ky; esa ugha gksxhA½
(i) lafo/kku iwoZ ds fdlh laf/k] le>kSr]s djkj ls lacaf/kr fooknA
(ii) ;fn fdlh le>kSrs vFkok laf/k esa igys ls ;g izko/kku gksA
(iii) vUrj&jkT;h; ty fooknA
(iv) foUk vk;ksx dks lkSis x, ekeysaA
(v) okf.kfT;d izd`fr ds vU; ekeysaA
(vi) fofHkUu izdkj ds O;; rFkk isa'ku ds Hkqxrku ls lacaf/kr fooknA
(vii) dsUnz ds fo:) jkT;ksa ds }kjk uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ds ekeysA
 jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr ds pquko ls lacaf/kr fooknksa dh lquokbZ dsoy mPpre U;k;ky; djsxkA
vihyh; vf/kdkfjrk%
 mPpre U;k;ky; dh [k.MihB ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj ds ekeyksa esa vihy gks ldrh gSA
(i) la o S / kkfud ekeys % vuq P Ns n &132
 bleas mPp U;k;ky; fu.kZ; ds lkFk ;g izek.k nsrk gS fd bl okn eas ^fof/k dk lkjoku iz'u* fufgr gS
ftlesa ^fof/k dh O;k[;k* vko';dr gS rks mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
(ii) nhokuh ekeys % vuq P Ns n &133
 v/s
 ;fn mPp U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ; ds lkFk ;g izek.k i= nsrk gS fd bl okn esa ^yksd egRo dk fof/k dk
lkjoku iz'u* fufgr gS ftldh O;k[;k mPpre ds }kjk dh tkuh pkfg, rks bl fLFkfr esa mPpre
U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
(iii) vkijkf/kd ekeys % vuq P Ns n 134

 v/s
 ;fn mPp U;k;ky; izek.k i= nsrk gS rks mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
 fdUrq fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky; ds izek.k i= ds fcuk Hkh mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk
ldrh gSA
(i) ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us cjh dj fn;k gks ysfdu mPp U;k;ky; us mls 10 o"kZ ;k
vf/kd dh ltk ns nh gksA
(ii) ;fn mPp U;k;ky; us v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ls fdlh okn@ekeys dks Lo;a ys fy;k gks rFkk vkjksih dks
10 o"kZ ;k vf/kd dh ltk nh gksA
vfHkysf [k; U;k;ky; o U;k;ky; dh voekuuk % vuq P Nsn 129
 mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa fLFkr vU; lHkh U;k;ky;ksa ds fy, vuqdj.kh;
gksxsa vFkkZr~ bu fu.kZ;ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj o vius fu.kZ; nsxsaA

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes
 vU; U;k;ky; mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa dh leh{kk o vkykspuk ugha dj ldrs gSA
 U;k;ky; dh voekuuk djus okys O;fDr dks mPpre U;k;ky; nf.Mr dj ldrk gSA blds fy, 6 ekg
dh ltk vFkok 2 gtkj :- tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa dh ltk nh tk ldrh gSA
Contempt of court Act 1971
(a)
(b)
 Art 129 (S.C.)
 Art. 215 (H.C.)

 6 2000





 2013

 USA

 Contempt of court

 [ 129,215,142,19(1)(a)]






fjV vf/kdkfjrk % vuq PNsn &32 ds rgr

;fn ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS rks mPpre U;k;y; 5 izdkj dh fjV tkjh dj ldrk gSA
(i) cUnh izR;{khdj.k
(ii) ijekns'k
(iii) izfr"ksn
(iv) mRisz{k.k
(v) vf/kdkj i`PNk
ijke'kZ n k=h vf/kdkfjrk % vuq P Ns n &143
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ ys ldrk gSA
 fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa mPpre U;k;ky; lykg nsus ds fy, ck/; gS A
 lafo/kku iwoZ ds laf/k vFkok le>kSrksa ls lacaf/kr fooknA
 vU; ekeykas us mPpre U;k;ky; lykg nsus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 mPpre U;k;y; tks lykg nsrk gS jk"Vªifr ml lykg dks ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes
U;kf;d iq u jkoyks d u%
 mPpre U;k;y; fo/kkf;dk }kjk ikfjr fd, x, vf/kfu;eksa rFkk dk;Zikfydk }kjk tkjh fd, x, vkns'kksa
dh leh{kk dj ldrk gS vkSj ;fn ;s lafo/kku ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i uk gks rks mUgsa 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj ldrk
gS A
 ;|fi lafo/kku esa Li"Vr% U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu 'kCn dk mYys[k ugha gS fdUrq vizR;{k :i ls vusd
vuqPNsn U;k;ky; dks ;g 'kfDr iznku djrs gS&
tSls & vuqPNsn % 13 (2)
vuqPNsn % 32
vuqPNsn % 131]132]133]134]135]136
vuqPNsn % 143] 145
vuqPNsn % 226] 246] 256
fo'ks" k ;kfpdk ¼,l,yih½% vuq P Ns n 136
mPpre U;k;y; esa vihy djus dh fo'ks" k vuqe fr %&
 mPpre U;k;ky; vius foosdkuqlkj Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= esa fLFkr fdlh U;k;ky; vFkok vf/kdj.k }kjk
fn, x, fdlh fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k ds fo:) vihy djus dh vuqefr ns ldrk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa ;s vuq efr ns ldrk gS &
 fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dsl gks& flfoy] laoS/kkfud] vkijkf/kd
 dsl fdlh Hkh Lrj@pj.k esa gksA
 fdlh Hkh dksVZ ¼v/khuLFk U;k;ky;] mPp U;k;ky;] U;k;kf/kdj.k vkfn½ dk dsl gksA
vio kn%
 lSU; U;k;ky; dk dsl gksA
 dksVZ ek'kZy dk dsl gksA
 S.C.
 S.C.
vuq P Ns n &135%
 la?kh; U;k;ky; dh lkjh 'kfDr;k¡ mPpre U;k;ky; ds ikl gksxhA
vuq P Ns n &137%
 mPpre U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa dh iqu% leh{kk dj ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &138%
 laln mPpre U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk esa o`f) dj ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &139%
 laln mPpre U;k;ky; dh fjV vf/kdkfjrk esa o`f) dj ldrh gSA vFkkZr~ vuqPNsn&32 ds vfrfjDr vU;
ekeysa esa Hkh fjV tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj ldrh gSA
139
1.
 S.C. 32
H.C. 226
 S.C. 32
H.C. 226
 S.C. 32
H.C. 226
 S.C. 32
H.C. 226
vuqPNsn&139 (a): ^dqN ekeyksa dk LFkkukUrj.k*
 Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ls fdlh Hkh ekeysa dks mPpre U;k;ky; Lo;a ds ikl
LFkkukarfjr dj ldrk gS rFkk ,d U;k;ky; ls nwljs U;k;y; esa Hkh LFkkukarfjr dj ldrk gSA

Page No. [3]

Polity Notes
vuq P Ns n &140%
 vkuqoafxd 'kfDr;k¡ ¼lgk;d 'kfDr;k¡½ laln fof/k }kjk mPpre U;k;ky; dks vuqiwjd 'kfDr;k¡ ;k
vkuoafxd 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dj ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &141%
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds }kjk ?kksf"kr dh xbZ fof/k Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= ds Hkhrj lHkh U;k;ky;ksa ij ck/;dkjh
gksxhA
vuq P Ns n &142%
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds vkns'kksa dk izorZu ¼iw.kZ U;k;½ mPpre U;k;ky; vius vkns'kkas dks ykxw djokus ds
fy, fo/kkf;dk o dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa dks Lo;a vius gkFk esa ys ldrk gSA
 dqN vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd bl vuqPNsn ds dkj.k U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks izkRs lkgu feyrk gSA

 Union Carbide Case 1989 - S.C.

Over ride
 S.C. Bar association v/s Union of India 1988


 2014 S.C.
 2017 Court
 IPL Fixing Investigation.
 Highway 500 Mtr.

 Covid - 19
vuq P Nsn & 143:
 S.C.

vuq P Ns n &144%
 fof/kd rFkk U;kf;d vf/kdkjh mPpre U;k;ky; ds lgk;d ds :i eas dk;Z djasxsA
vuq P Ns n &145%
 mPpre U;k;ky; vius fu;e fofu;e Lo;a cuk;sxkA
 Constitutional Bench 5
 Verdict in open court

vuq P Ns n &146%
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vFkok lsodksa dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k }kjk vFkok bl dk;Z
gsrq mlds }kjk fu;qDr vU; U;k;k/kh'k }kjk dh tk,xhA
 budh lsok 'krsZ] osru&HkUks] isa'ku vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh Hkkjr ds eq[; U;kk;/kh'k vFkok mlds }kjk fufnZ"V
U;k;k/kh'k ;k vf/kdkjh djsxkA
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds lHkh O;; lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr gksxaAs
vuq P Ns n &147%
 ^fuoZpu*

 U.S.A 1869 1+8=9 Judge

 1+7 1+33
 USA 65

Page No. [4]

Polity Notes
Orginal Jurisdiction/ :-
 USA
USA S.C.


USA

 136 :- SLP USA

 138,139 140

 141 S.C.
U.S.A

 143 USA
 USA
 Citizen Rights/ USA S.C. USA
(Due Process of Law) (Procedure establish by law)

K. Veeraswami v/s Union of others Case 1991

S.C.
1.

2.

3.
Judicial Review
4. S.C.
5.

Note A.M. v/s H.C.



 H.C. Judge
 H.C.
 P.D. Dimakaram ( H.C. C.J.
 J.B. Pardiwala
 V. Ramaswami

 H.C. 6

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Polity Notes

mPpre U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk

vkjafHkd vf/kdkfjrk &vuqP Nsn % 131
 blds rgr os ekeys vkrs gS ftudh lquokbZ lh/ks mPpre U;k;ky; esa dh tkrh gS&
ds U nz & jkT; fookn
(i) jkT;&jkT; fookn
(ii) dsUnz] jkT; cuke vU; jkT; fookn
blds fuEufyf[kr viokn gS& ¼bu ekeyksa dh lquokbZ mPpre U;k;ky; esa ugha gksxhA½
(i) lafo/kku iwoZ ds fdlh laf/k] le>kSrs] djkj ls lacaf/kr fooknA
(ii) ;fn fdlh le>kSrs vFkok laf/k esa igys ls ;g izko/kku gksA
(iii) vUrj&jkT;h; ty fooknA
(iv) foÙk vk;ksx dks lkSis x, ekeysaA
(v) okf.kfT;d izd`fr ds vU; ekeysaA
(vi) fofHkUu izdkj ds O;; rFkk isa'ku ds Hkqxrku ls lacaf/kr fooknA
(vii) dsUnz ds fo:) jkT;ksa ds }kjk uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ds ekeysA

 jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr ds pquko ls lacaf/kr fooknksa dh lquokbZ dsoy mPpre U;k;ky; djsxkA
vihyh; vf/kdkfjrk%
 mPpre U;k;ky; dh [k.MihB ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA

 mPpre U;k;ky; esa fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj ds ekeyksa esa vihy gks ldrh gSA
(i) lao S / kkfud ekeys % vuq P Ns n &132
 blesa mPp U;k;ky; fu.kZ; ds lkFk ;g izek.k nsrk gS fd bl okn esa ^fof/k dk lkjoku iz'u* fufgr gS
ftlesa ^fof/k dh O;k[;k* vko';dr gS rks mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
(ii) nhokuh ekeys % vuq P Ns n &133
 ;fn mPp U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ; ds lkFk ;g izek.k i= nsrk gS fd bl okn esa ^yksd egRo dk fof/k dk
lkjoku iz'u* fufgr gS ftldh O;k[;k mPpre ds }kjk dh tkuh pkfg, rks bl fLFkfr esa mPpre
U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
(iii) vkijkf/kd ekeys % vuq P Nsn 134
 ;fn mPp U;k;ky; izek.k i= nsrk gS rks mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA

 fdUrq fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky; ds izek.k i= ds fcuk Hkh mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh
tk ldrh gSA
(i) ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us cjh dj fn;k gks ysfdu mPp U;k;ky; us mls 10 o"kZ ;k
vf/kd dh ltk ns nh gksA
(ii) ;fn mPp U;k;ky; us v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ls fdlh okn@ekeys dks Lo;a ys fy;k gks rFkk vkjksih dks
10 o"kZ ;k vf/kd dh ltk nh gksA

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Polity Notes
vfHkysf[k; U;k;ky; o U;k;ky; dh voekuuk % vuqP Nsn 129
 mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa fLFkr vU; lHkh U;k;ky;ksa ds fy,
vuqdj.kh; gksxas vFkkZr~ bu fu.kZ;ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj o vius fu.kZ; nsxsaA
 vU; U;k;ky; mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa dh leh{kk o vkykspuk ugha dj ldrs gSA
 U;k;ky; dh voekuuk djus okys O;fDr dks mPpre U;k;ky; nf.Mr dj ldrk gSA blds fy, 6 ekg
dh ltk vFkok 2 gtkj :- tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa dh ltk nh tk ldrh gSA
fjV vf/kdkfjrk % vuqPNsn&32 ds rgr
;fn ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gS rks mPpre U;k;y; 5 izdkj dh fjV tkjh dj ldrk gSA
(i) cUnh izR;{khdj.k
(ii) ijekns'k
(iii) iz fr"ksn
(iv) mRisz {k.k
(v) vf/kdkj i`PNk
ijke'kZ nk=h vf/kdkfjrk % vuq PNsn &143
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ ys ldrk gSA
 fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa mPpre U;k;ky; lykg nsus ds fy, ck/; gS A
 lafo/kku iwoZ ds laf/k vFkok le>kSrksa ls lacaf/kr fooknA
 vU; ekeyksa us mPpre U;k;ky; lykg nsus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 mPpre U;k;y; tks lykg nsrk gS jk"Vªifr ml lykg dks ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
U;kf;d iq u jkoyksd u%
 mPpre U;k;y; fo/kkf;dk }kjk ikfjr fd, x, vf/kfu;eksa rFkk dk;Zikfydk }kjk tkjh fd, x,
vkns'kksa dh leh{kk dj ldrk gS vkSj ;fn ;s lafo/kku ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i uk gks rks mUgsa 'kwU; ?kksf"kr
dj ldrk gSA
 ;|fi lafo/kku esa Li"Vr% U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu 'kCn dk mYys[k ugha gS fdUrq vizR;{k :i ls vusd
vuqPNsn U;k;ky; dks ;g 'kfDr iznku djrs gS&
tSls & vuqPNsn % 13 ¼2½
vuqPNsn % 32
vuqPNsn % 131]132]133]134]135]136
vuqPNsn % 143] 145
vuqPNsn % 226] 246] 256
fo'ks"k ;kfpdk ¼,l,yih½% vuqPNsn 136
mPpre U;k;y; esa vihy djus dh fo'ks" k vuqe fr %&
 mPpre U;k;ky; vius foosdkuqlkj Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= esa fLFkr fdlh U;k;ky; vFkok vf/kdj.k }kjk
fn, x, fdlh fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k ds fo:) vihy djus dh vuqefr ns ldrk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa ;s vuq efr ns ldrk gS &
 fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dsl gks& flfoy] laoS/kkfud] vkijkf/kd
 dsl fdlh Hkh Lrj@pj.k esa gksA
 fdlh Hkh dksVZ ¼v/khuLFk U;k;ky;] mPp U;k;ky;] U;k;kf/kdj.k vkfn½ dk dsl gksA
viokn %

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Polity Notes
 lSU; U;k;ky; dk dsl gksA
 dksVZ ek'kZy dk dsl gksA
vuq P Ns n &135%
 la?kh; U;k;ky; dh lkjh 'kfDr;k¡ mPpre U;k;ky; ds ikl gksxhA
vuq P Ns n &137%
 mPpre U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa dh iqu% leh{kk dj ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &138%
 laln mPpre U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk esa o`f) dj ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &139%
 laln mPpre U;k;ky; dh fjV vf/kdkfjrk esa o`f) dj ldrh gSA vFkkZr~ vuqPNsn&32 ds vfrfjDr vU;
ekeysa esa Hkh fjV tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj ldrh gSA
vuqPNsn&139 (a)% ^dqN ekeyksqa dk LFkkukUrj.k*
 Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ls fdlh Hkh ekeysa dks mPpre U;k;ky; Lo;a ds ikl
LFkkukarfjr dj ldrk gS rFkk ,d U;k;ky; ls nwljs U;k;y; esa Hkh LFkkukarfjr dj ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &140%
 vkuqoafxd 'kfDr;k¡ ¼lgk;d 'kfDr;k¡½ laln fof/k }kjk mPpre U;k;ky; dks vuqiwjd 'kfDr;k¡ ;k
vkuoafxd 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dj ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &141%
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds }kjk ?kksf"kr dh xbZ fof/k Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= ds Hkhrj lHkh U;k;ky;ksa ij ck/;dkjh
gksxhA
vuq P Ns n &142%
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds vkns'kksa dk izorZu ¼iw.kZ U;k;½ mPpre U;k;ky; vius vkns'kksa dks ykxw djokus ds
fy, fo/kkf;dk o dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa dks Lo;a vius gkFk esa ys ldrk gSA
 dqN vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd bl vuqPNsn ds dkj.k U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &144%
 fof/kd rFkk U;kf;d vf/kdkjh mPpre U;k;ky; ds lgk;d ds :i esa dk;Z djsaxAs
vuq P Ns n &145%
 mPpre U;k;ky; vius fu;e fofu;e Lo;a cuk;sxkA
vuq P Ns n &146%
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vFkok lsodksa dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k }kjk vFkok bl
dk;Z gsrq mlds }kjk fu;qDr vU; U;k;k/kh'k }kjk dh tk,xhA
 budh lsok 'krsZ] osru&HkÙks] isa'ku vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh Hkkjr ds eq[; U;kk;/kh'k vFkok mlds }kjk fufnZ"V
U;k;k/kh'k ;k vf/kdkjh djsxkA
 mPpre U;k;ky; ds lHkh O;; lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr gkssxsaA
vuq P Nsn &147 % ^fuoZ p u*

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Polity Notes

mPp U;k;ky;
 1862 bZ- esa 3 mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh&
(i) dydrk (ii) ckEcs (iii) enzkl
 1866 bZ- esa bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 1947 ls igys ns'k esa 11 izkUr Fks] lHkh izkUrksa esa mPp U;k;ky; LFkkfir dj fn, x, FksA
vuqPNsn &214 % izR;sd jkT; esa ,d mPp U;k;ky; gksxkA
 7oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku % ,d mPp U;k;ky; ,d ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds fy, gks ldrk gSA
 orZeku esa 25 mPp U;k;ky;
 25oka rsyaxkuk mPp U;k;ky;
 2013 esa rhu mPp U;k;ky; cus&
(i) ef.kiqj (ii) f=iqjk (iii) es?kky;
 xqqokgkVh mPp U;k;ky;% vle] v:.kkpy izns'k] ukxkyS.M] fetksje
 cksEcs mPp U;k;ky;% egkjk"Vª] xksok] neu nho] nknj ukxj NksyhA
 ia tkc vkS j gfj;k.kk mPp U;k;ky;% iatkc] gfj;k.kk] paMhx<
 dydÙkk mPp U;k;ky;% if'pe caxky] v.Meku fudksckj
 enzkl mPp U;k;ky; % rfeyukMq] iqM~Mqpsjh
 dsjy mPp U;k;ky;% dsjy] y{k}hi
 tEew mPp U;k;ky;% tEew d'ehj] yn~nk[k
mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;q f Dr%
 budh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA
 bl gsrq jk"Vªifr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;/kh'k (CJI) $ 2 vU; ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'kksa ls lykg ysrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr jkT;iky rFkk lacaf/kr mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;/kh'k ls ijke'kZ djrk gSA
 mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dks 'kiFk jkT;iky fnykrk gSA
dk;Zdky%
 62 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek rd U;k;k/kh'k vius in ij cus jg ldrs gSA
gVkus dh iz f Ø;k%
 mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks gVkus dh leku izfØ;k }kjk gVk;k
tk ldrk gSA
;ks X ;rk,¡ %
 10 o"kZ rd mPp U;k;ky; esa odhy jgk gksA
vFkok
 10 o"kZ rd v/khuLFk U;k;ky; esa U;k;/kh'k jgk gksA
mPp U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk vuq P Ns n %225
vkja f Hkd vf/kdkfjrk
 fookg] rykd] mÙkjkf/kdkj] olh;r] dEiuh ekeys
 ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds ekeysA
 lkalnks o jkT; fo/kkue.My ds lnL;ksa ds pquko ls lacaf/kr fooknA

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Polity Notes
 jktLo rFkk jkTlo laxzg.k ls lacaf/kr ekeysA
 v/khuLFk U;k;ky; }kjk Hksts x, ekeysaA
 fuEufyf[kr mPp U;k;ky;ska dks ,d jkf'k rd ds nhukoh ekeyksa esa vkjfEHkd vf/kdkfjrk gS&
(i) fnYyh (ii) enzkl (iii) dydÙkk (iv) cksEcs
 1973 ls igys fuEufyf[kr mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds ikl vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa Hkh vkjfEHkd vf/kdkfjrk Fkh&
(i) enzkl (ii) cksEcs (iii) dydÙkk
 1973 esa bls lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
vihyh; vf/kdkfjrk
 ftyk U;k;ky; o l= U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
 mPp U;k;ky; dh ,dy ihB ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; dh [k.MihB esa vihy dh tk ldrh
gS A
 fuEufyf[kr 2 izdkj ds ekeyksa esa vihy dh tk ldrh gS&
(i) nhokuh ekeys % blesa izFke o f}rh; vihy nksuksa izdkj dh vihy gks ldrh gSA
izFkr vihy& ftlesa rF;ksa dk iz'u o fof/k dk iz'u nksuksa fufgr gksrs gSA
f}rh; vihy& blesa dsoy fof/k dk iz'u fufgr gksrk gSA
(ii) vkijkf/kd ekeys& ftu eqdneksa esa 7 o"kZ ;k vf/kd dh ltk dk izko/kku gks] muds fy, mPp
U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
 e`R;qn.M ds lHkh ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky; dk vuqeksnu vko';d gSA
fjV vf/kdkfjrk ¼vuq P Nsn &226½
 vuqPNsn&226 ds rgr mPp U;k;ky; ik¡p izdkj dh fjV tkjh dj ldrk gS&
(i) canh izR;{khdj.k (ii) ijekns'k (iii) izfr"ks/k
(iv) mRisz {k.k (v) vf/kdkji`PNk
vfHkys f [k; U;k;ky; o U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ¼vuq - &215½
 mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; ds vU; U;k;kyk;ksa ds fy, vuqdj.kh; gksxsaA
 vU; U;k;ky; mu fu.kZ;ksa dh leh{kk ;k vkykspuk ugha dj ldrs gSA
 U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ij 6ekg dh ltk vFkok 2 gtkj :i;s tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa dh ltk nh tk
ldrh gSA
U;kf;d iq u jkoyksd u%
 jkT; mPp U;k;ky; laln o jkT; fo/kkueaMy }kjk ikjfr fd, x, vf/kfu;eksa rFkk dssUnz o jkT; ljdkj
}kjk tkjh fd, x, vkns'kksa dh leh{kk dj ldrk gS rFkk mUgs 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA
 ;g fu.kZ; dsoy jkT; esa ykxw gksxsaA

 mPp U;k;ky; jkT; esa fLFkr vU; v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa dk v/kh{k.k dj ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes

v/khuLFk U;k;ky;
nhokuh U;k;ky;
ftyk U;k;ky;  vuq P Nsn 233 & ftyk U;k;k/kh'kks a dh fu;q f Dr

v/khuLFk U;k;k/kh'k U;k;ky;

eq af lQ dksV Z

QkS t nkjh U;k;ky;

7 o"kZ ls vf/kd ds dkjokl dh ltk & ls'ku dksVZ


7 o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl dh ltk & phQ T;wf Mf'k;y dftLVs ª V dks V Z

3 o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl dh ltk & T;w f Mf'k;y eftLVsª V dksV Z
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx&iv esa vuqPNsn % 233&237 esa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ls lacaf/kr mica/kksa dk o.kZu gSA

 ftyk U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk jkT; ds mPp U;k;ky; ds ijke'kZ ls dh tkrh gSA

 ftyk U;k;k/kh'k gsrq ;ksXrk,¡&

(i) og de ls de 7 o"kZ odhy jgk gks
(ii) mPp U;k;ky; us mldh fu;qfDr dh flQkfj'k dh gksA
(iii) og dsUnz ;k jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu lkoZtfud lsok esa uk gksA
 ftyk U;k;/kh'k fdlh vijk/kh dks mezdSn vFkok e`R;qn.M dh ltk ns ldrk gS ;|fi mlds }kjk fn;k x;k
e`R;qn.m mPp U;k;ky; ds vuqeksnu ds i'pkr gh ykxw gks ldrk gSA
 ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ftys ds lHkh v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ds fujh{k.k dk vf/kdkj j[krk gSA

 ftyk U;k;/kh'k ds QSlys ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
xz k e U;k;ky;
 2008 esa xzke U;k;ky;ksa gsrq vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;kA

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Polity Notes
 2009 esa xzke U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 bldk mn~ ns' ; &
 ukxfjdksa dks muds }kjk ij U;k; miyC/k djokuk rFkk
 ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd viuh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] o vU; v'kDrrvksa ds dkj.k U;k;
izkIr djus ds voljksa ls oafpr uk jgsA
 xzke iapk;r Lrj rd U;k;ky; dks igq¡pkukA
 mPp U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls jkT; ljdkj xzke U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk djrh gS rFkk izFke Js.kh ds eftLVªsV
dks fu;qDr djrh gSA
 ;g ,d Hkze.k'khy U;k;ky; gSA
 ;g vkijkf/kd o nhoukh nksuksa izdkj ds eqdnesa lqurk gSA
 blds fu.kZ; ds fo:} ,d ekg esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA QkStnkjh ekeyksa fu.kZ; ds fo:) l= U;k;ky;
esa rFkk nhokuh ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; ds fo:) ftyk U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA
 vihy nkf[ky gkus ds 6 ekg ds Hkhrj ekeys dh lquokbZ rFkk fuLrkj.k fd;k tk,xkA
 xzke U;k;ky; vf/kd lQy ugh jgs gSA
yksd vnkyr
 1985 bZ- esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k ih-,u- Hkxorh us igyh ckj yksd vnkyr dh LFkkiuk dhA

 1987 bZ- esa laln us oS/kkfud lsok,a izkf/kdj.k vf/kfu;e ¼yhxy lfoZlst vksFkksfjVh ,DV½ ikfjr fd;k rFkk
yksd vnkyrksa dks oS/kkfud ntkZ fn;k x;kA
 yksd vnkyrksa dh LFkkiuk fuEufyf[kr ds }kjk dh tk ldrh gS&
(i) mPpre U;k;ky; ds oS/kkfud lsok,¡ izkf/kdj.k
(ii) mPp U;k;ky;
(iii) jkT; ljdkj
 yksd vnkyrsa xk¡/khoknh n'kZu ij vk/kkfjr gSA

 ;g oSdfYid fookn lek/kku (Allernative Dispute Resolution) dk ,d vax gSA

 Hkkjrh; U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr eqdneksa dh Hkjekj gS vkSj yksd vnkyrsa Rofjr rFkk fdQk;rh U;k; dk ,d
oSdfYid lek/kku miyC/k djokrh gSA
 yksd vnkyrksa dk mn~ns'; & yafcr iMs ekeyksa dh fuiVkuk vFkkZr yEcs le; ls fopkj/khu ekeyksa dks
fuiVkukA
 nksuksa i{kksa dh lgefr ds ckn fdlh eqdnesa dks yksd vnkyr esa yk;k tkrk gSA

 buesa fdlh rjg dk 'kqYd vFkok LVkEi ugha yxrk gSA

 blesa nksuksa i{kksa ds e/; le>kSrk djok;k tkrk gSA

 yksd vnkyr }kjk fn;k x;k fu.kZ; vafre gksrk gS rFkk bls pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gSA

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Polity Notes
Plea Bargaining
 ;g ,d vesfjdh vo/kkj.kk gSA

 blesa U;k;ky; ds ckgj gh nksuksa i{kksa eas le>kSrk djok;k tkrk gSA

 2005 esa vkijkf/kd izfØ;k lafgrk (Criminal Proceducre Code) esa la'kks/ku djds bls oS/kkfud cuok;k
x;k A
 fuEufyf[kr ekeykas esa Iyh ckjxsfuax dh vuqefr ugha gS&
(i) ftuesa 7 o"kZ ;k vf/kd dh ltk dk izko/kku gksA
(ii) efgykvksa ds fo:) fd, x, vijk/k ij
(iii) 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPPkksa ds fo:) fd, x, vijk/k ij
(iv) lkekftd o vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds fo:) vijk/k

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Polity Notes

U;kf;d lfØ;rk
 U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks 2 vFkksZ esa fy;k tkrk gS &
(i) ldkjkRed U;kf;d lfØ;rk
(ii) udkjkRed U;kf;d lfØ;rk

(i) ldkjkRed U;kf;d lfØ;rk%

 blds rgr U;k;ikfydk vfrfjDr lfØ;rk fn[kkrs gq, vius dk;ksZa dks vf/kd dq'kyrk o rhozrk ds lkFk
laikfnr djrh gSA
 vkjaHk esa U;k;ikfydk ds dqN Lo?kksf"kr fl)kUr Fks tSls&

 U;k; ekaxus gsrq O;fDr dks U;k;ikfydk ds ikl tkuk gksxkA

 izR;sd O;fDr Lo;a ds fy, gh U;k; ekax ldrk gSA

 U;k; gsrq vkosnu dh fuf'pr izfØ;k dk ikyu djuk gksxkA

 1979 bZ- esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'k ih- ,u- Hkxorh vkSj oh- vkj- d`".k v;~;j us igyh ckj
tufgr ;kfpdk dks Lohdkj fd;kA vFkkZr turk ds fgr esa dksbZ Hkh tkx:d O;fDr ;kfpdk nk;j dj
ldrk gSA
 Hkkjr esa dfirk fgaxksjkuh ¼tufgr ;kfpdk dh tuuh½ us loZizFke tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j dh Fkh ¼fcgkj
jkT; cuke gqlSu vkjk ckn½
 tufgr ;kfpdk (PIL) U;kf;d lfØ;rk ,d lcls yksdfiz; Lo:i gSA

 dkykarj esa lHkh U;k;ky;ksa }kjk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dks Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxkA

 iksLVdkMZ ij fy[kh f'kdk;rksa dks Hkh tufgr ;kfpdk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

 lekpkj i=ksa essa izdkf'kr lekpkj dks Hkh tufgr ;kfpdk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k vFkkZr~ U;k;/kh'kksa
us izlaKku ysrs gsrq tufgr ;kfpdk,¡ Lohdkj dhA
 bl izdkj mi;qZDr fooj.k ldkjkRed U;kf;d lfØ;rk gSA
(ii) udkjkRed U;kf;d lfØ;rk

 ;fn U;k;ikfydk vf/kd lfØ; gks tk, rFkk ;g fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZa esa gLr{ksi djus
yxs rks bls udkjkRed U;k;fd lfØ;rk dgrs gSA
 fuEufyf[kr izko/kkuksa ds dkj.k udkjkRed U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

 lafo/kku dh O;k[;k djus dk vf/kdkj mPpre U;k;ky; ds ikl gSA

 U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh vo/kkj.kkA

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Polity Notes

 vuqPNsn&142 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; ds funsZ'kksa dk izorZu

U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds vusd mnkgj.k gS &
 lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku fo/kkf;dk dj ldrh gS fdUrq U;k;ky; us lafo/kku esa vusd la'kks/ku fd, gS&
vuq P Ns n &21% izk.k o nSfgd LorU=rk dks vR;f/kd O;kid fd;kA
^fof/k }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k* dks ^fof/k dh lE;d izfØ;k* dj fn;kA
vuq P Ns n &124% esa dkWysft;e dh O;oLFkk ugha Fkh fdUrq U;k;ky; us dkWysft;e tksM fn;kA
vuq P Ns n &368% esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh vo/kkj.kk dk izko/kku ugha Fkk fdUrq U;k;ky; }kjk bls tksM fn;k x;k
rFkk lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku djus dh laln dh 'kfDr dks lhfer dj fn;k x;k vkfnA
 U;k;ikfydk fo/kkf;dk ds vusd vkarfjd ekeyksa esa Hkh gLr{ksi djrh gS tSls&
 fo'okl izLrko ds ekeys esa ¶yksj VsLV ds vkns'k nsukA
 lnu ¼>kj[k.M fo/kkulHkk½ esa dSejs yxokdj ykbZo dk;Zokgh dks ykxw djukA

 U;k;ikfydk dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZa dks Hkh vius gkFk esa ys ysrh gS rFkk dk;Zikfydk dks funsZ'k nsrh gS
mÙkjizns'k esa yksdk;qDr dh fu;qfDr djuk] CBI dks funsZ'k nsuk A

U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ykHk

1- U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds dkj.k tufgr ;kfpdk (PIL) dh vo/kkj.kk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS]
ftlls lekt ds vf'kf{kr o detksj oxksZa dks U;k; izkIr djus esa enn feyrh gSA
2- fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dh mnklhurk ds dkj.k mRiUu fjDr LFkku dks U;k;ikfydk us Hkjk gSSA
3- U;k;ikfydk us fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dh fujadq'krk dks fu;af=r fd;k gS ¼Hkkjh cgqer fo/kkf;dk ny
vc lafo/kku esa euekuk la'kks/ku ugha dj ldrk &ewyHkwr <k¡ps dh vo/kkj.kk ds dkj.k½
4- U;k;ikfydk dh lfØ;rk us lekt ds vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk lkekftd lq/kkjksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k gS] mnk-
/kkjk&377] futrk vk vf/kdkj] fVªiy rykd] /kkjk&497 vkfn½
5- U;k;ky; us i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, vusd izHkkoh mik; fd, gSA
6- U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds dkj.k yksxksa dh yksdra= esa vkLFkk c<h gSA
7- pqukoksa esa ikjnf'kZrk c<h gS¼izR;kf'k;ksa dks lEiw.kZ lwpuk nsuh gksrh gS½
8- U;k;ikfydk dh izfØ;k rjy gqbZ gSA

U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh dfe;k¡

1- U;kf;d lfØ;rk esa U;k;ikfydk vf/kd lfØ; gks tkrh gS tks ^'kfDr i`FkDdj.k* rFkk ^'kfDr larqyu* ds
fl)kUrksa ds fo:) gSA
2- yksdrU= esa okLrfod 'kfDr turk }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ikl gksuh pkfg, fdUrq U;kf;d lfØ;rk
ls okLrfod 'kfDr U;k;ikfydk ds ikl vk tkrh gSA
3- U;kf;d lfØ;rk }kjk U;k;ikfydk dk;Zikfydk ds dk;ksZa esa vf/kd gLr{ksi djrh gS ftlls dk;Zikfydk
dh dq'kyrk esa deh vkrh gS rFkk dk;ksZa d fu"iknu dh xfr ean gks tkrh gSA
4- U;kf;d lfØ;rk vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dks ykxw djus esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gS] i;kZoj.k dks vk/kkj cukdj vusd
vkfFkZd ifj;kstukvksa ijk jksd U;k;ikfydk }kjk yxkbZ xbZ gS ftlls ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ij izfrdwy
izHkko iMrk gS rFkk blds dkj.k cSadksa dk NPA c<rk gSA
5- tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dh vf/kd la[;k ds dkj.k U;k;ky;ksa dk dk;ZHkkj c< jgk gSA
6- lLrh yksdfiz;rk ds fy, yksx PIL nk;j dj nsrs gS ftlesa egRoiw.kZ eqdneksa dh mis{kk ysrh gSA

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Polity Notes

vkikrdky
vkikrdky

vuqPNsn - 352 vuqPNsn - 356 vuqPNsn - 360

jk"Vª h ; vkikrdky % vuq P Ns n &352

 bldh mn~?kks"k.kk ds rhu vk/kkj gS&
(i) ;q )
(ii) ckg; vkØe.k
(iii) l'kL= fonzksg ¼^vkarfjd v'kkafr*&44osa lafo/kku l'kks/ku 1978 ls igys½
 jk"Vªifr bldh mn~?kks"k.kk djrk gSA
 ^ea=he.My* dh ^fyf[kr lykg* ls gh jk"Vªifr bldh mn~?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA
 ^ea=he.My] ^fyf[kr lykg* bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dsoy blh vuqPNsn esa fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa 44osa lafo/kku
la'kks/ku ls tksMk x;k FkkA
 jk"Vªifr dh mn~?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gh jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ykxw gks tkrk gSA
 mn~?kks"k.kk ds ckn ^,d ekg* ds Hkhrj laln ds nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ^fo'ks"k cgqer* ¼dqy lnL;ksa dk cgqer $
mifLFkr o ernku djus okys lnL;ksa dk &frgkbZ½ ls bldk vuqeksnu vko';d gS vU;Fkk ,d ekg ds ckn
;g Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gSA
 ;fn laln vuqeksnu djrh gS rks ;g 6 ekg rd ykxw jgrk gSA
 6 ekg ls vkxs c<kus ds fy, iqu% laln ds nksuksa lnuksa }kjk fo'ks"k cgqer ls vuqeksnu vko';d gSA
 ,d ckj esa 6 ekg ds fy, vkxs c<k;k tk ldrk gS rFkk bl izdkj bl vkikrdky dks vusd ckj vkxs c<k;k
tk ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes
 44oaas laf o/kku la' kks/ku ls igys ds iz k o/kku
 eaf=e.My dh fyf[kr lykg dk izko/kku ugha FkkA
 ^l'kL= fonzksg* ds LFkku ij ^vkarfjd v'kkafr* 'kCn iz;qDr gksrk FkkA
 laln ls vkikrdky ds vuqeksnu gsrq 2 ekg dk le; fu/kkZfjr FkkA
 laln }kjk lk/kkj.k cgqer ls vkikrdky ds vuqeksnu dk izko/kku FkkA
 vkikrdky vfuf'pr dky rd ykxw jg ldrk FkkA
vkikrdky dh lekfIr
 jk"Vªifr vkikrdky dks lHkh lekIr dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn laln bldk vuqeksnu uk djs rks ,d ekg ckn ;g Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gS
 vuqeksnu ds 6 ekg ckn ;fn laln bldk iqu% vuqeksnu uk djs rks ;g Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gSA
 yksdlHkk lk/kkj.k cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr djds bls dHkh Hkh lekIr dj ldrh gSA
 ;fn yksdlHkk dk l= ugha py jgk gks rks yksdlHkk ds 1@10 lnL; jk"Vªifr dks l= cqykus dk vkxzg
dj ldrs gS] rks jk"Vªifr dks 14 fnu ds Hkhrj l= vkgwr djuk gksxkA
jk"Vªh; vkikr dky ds iz Hkko
1 - dk;Z i kfydk ij iz H kko
 la?k dh dk;Zikfydk jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dks lHkh izdkj ds funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA
2- fo/kk;h iz H kko%
 laln jkT; lwph ds lHkh fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ;g dkuwu vkikrdky dh lekfIr ds ckn
Hkh 6 ekg rd ykxw jgrk gSA
 yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky ,d le; esa ,d o"kZ ds fy, c<k;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn vkikrdky lekIr
gks tkrk gS rks yksdlHkk dk c<k dk;Zdky vkikrdky dh lekfIr ds ckn dsoy 6ekg rd gh jg
ldrk gSA
3 - fofÙk; iz H kko%
 dsfUnz; djksa esa jkT;ksa dh nks tkusokyh fgLlsnkjh essa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
 dsUnz }kjk jkt;ksa dks fn, tkus okys vuqnku esa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
4 - ewy vf/kdkjks a dk iz H kko%
vuqPNsn&358% jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds ykxw gksus ij vuqPNsn&19 Lor% fuyfEcr gks tk;sxkA
44oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku % vuqPNsn &19 ;q) o cká vkØe.k ds vk/kkj ij ykxw vkikrdky eas gh fuyfEcr
gksxk] l'kL= fonzksg ds vk/kkj ij ykxw vkikrdky esa ughaA
vuqPNsn&359% jk"Vªifr ;fn pkgs rks vU; ewy vf/kdkjksa dks Hkh fuyfEcr dj ldrk gSA
44oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku & vuqPNsn 20 rFkk vuqPNsn 20 rFkk vuqPNsn 21 dks fuyfEcr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 vc rd rhu ckj jk"Vª h; vkikrdky dh ?kks " k.kk dh xbZ gS &
(i) 1962&1967 % ckg~; vkØe.k ds vk/kkj ij ¼phuh vkØe.k½
(ii) 1971&1977 % ckg~; vkØe.k ds vk/kkj ij ¼ikfdLrkuh vkØe.k½
(iii) 1975&1977 % vkarfjd va'kkfUr ds vk/kkj ij
 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k fd ns'k ds fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k Hkh jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ykxw fd;k
tk ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes

jk"Vªifr 'kklu@laoS/kkfud ra= dk foQy gksuk

vuq P Ns n &355% ^jk"Vªifr 'kklu dk vk/kkj*
 la?k dk ;g dÙkZO; gksxk fd og ck/; vkØe.k rFkk vkarfjd v'kkafr ls izR;sd jkT; dh lqj{kk djs rFkk
izR;sd jkT; dh ljdkj dk lafo/kku ds mica/kksa ds vuq:i pyk;k tkuk lqfuf'pr djsaA
 vuqPNsn 355% dsUnz ljdkj dks ;g vk/kkj iznku djrk gS ftlds rgr dsUnz vuqPNsn 352 rFkk vuqPNsn
356 ds rgr fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr djrk gS rfd ;g jkT;ksa dh lqj{kk dj ldsA
vuq P Nsn 356%&
 ;fn jk"Vªifr bl ckr ls vk'oLr gks fd jkT; dh ljdkj lafo/kku ds ikzo/kkuksa ds vuq:i dk;Z ugha
dj jgh gSA rks jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu dh mn~/kks"k.kk dh tk ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n 365%
 dqN ekeyksa esa la?k jkT;ksa dks funsZ'k ns ldrk gS ;fn jkT; bu funsZ'kksa dk ikyu ugha djrs gS rks jkT;
esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh tk ldrh gSA
 jk"Vªifr dh mn~?kks"k.kk ds ckn laln ds nksuksa lnuksa }kjk lk/kkj.k cgqer ls 2 ekg ds Hkhrj bldk
vuqeksnd vko';d gSA
 ;fn nksuksa lnu bldk vuqeksnu dj nsrs gs rks ;g 6 ekg rd ykxw jgrk gSA
 6 ekg i'pkr~ nksuks lnuksa }kjk iqu% vuqeksnu ls bls vkxs c<k;k tk ldrk gSA ¼,d ckj esa 6ekg½
 bldh vf/kdre vof/k 1 o"kZ jgrh gSA
 fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr eas bldh vof/k 1 o"kZ ls vf/kd gks ldrh gS&
1- ;fn jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ykxw gksA
2- ;fn fuokZpu vk;ksx pquko djkus esa vleFkZrk tkfgj djsA
 fdUrq fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu dh vof/k rhu o"kZ ls vf/kd ugha gks ldrh gsA
jk"Vªifr 'kklu ds iz H kko %
 jkT; dh eaf=ifj"kn dks Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr ds ikl vk
tkrh gS ftUgsa og vius izfrfuf/k ¼jkT;iky½ dks lkSai nsrk gSA
 jkT; dh fo/kkf;dk dks Hkax fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gS rks jkT; dh leLr fo/kk;h
'kfDr;k¡ laln ds ikl vk tkrh gSA
 vc rd 128 ckj vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx gks pqdk gSA
 bldk lokZf/kd ckj iz;ksx ef.kiqj esa 10 ckj fd;k x;kA
 2nd &mÙkjizns'k esa 9 ckj fd;k x;k A
 bldk lcls igys iz;ksx iatkc esa
 3 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; rd iz;ksx&iatkc esa
 jktLFkku esa vc rd 4 ckj bldk iz;ksx gqvk gS&
(i) 1967 esa (ii) 1977 esa (iii) 1980 esa

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Polity Notes
(iv) 1992 essa
jk"Vª i fr 'kklu ds nq : i;ksx
 ,l- vkj- cks E ebZ okn&1994 bZ -
 blesa mPpre U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn&356 ds rgr jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djus ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr
fu.kZ; fn,&
 vuqPNsn&356 dk iz;ksx jktuhfrd nqHkkZouk ls ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 ;fn jkT; esa laoS/kkfud ra= foQy gksrk gS rks gh bl vuqPNsn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 laoS/kkfud ra= ds foQy gksus ds Li"V o rF;kRed izek.k gksus pkfg, tksfd fdlh Hkh lkekU; O;fDr
dks le> esa vk ldsA
 tc rd jk"Vªifr 'kklu dk vuqeksnu laln ds nksuksa lnu ugh djrs gS rc rd jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk dks
Hkax ugh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djus ds dkj.kksa dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;fn nqHkkZouk ls jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxk;k tk, rks U;k;ky; jkT; dh ea=hifj"kn rFkk fo/kkulHkk dks iqu%
LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn yksdlHkk ds vke pqukoksa esa jkT; eas fdlh vU; jktuhfrd ny dh thr gksrh gS rks bl vk/kkj ij
jk"Vªifr 'kklu ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA
 U;k;ky; us ekuk fd 1992 esa chtsih 'kkflr jkT;ksa esa tks jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxk;k x;k Fkk oks mfpr Fkk
D;ksafd ljdkjsa iaFkfujis{krk dk ikyu ugha dj jgh FkhA
foÙkh; vkikrdky%
 ;fn ns'k esa vkfFkZd ladV dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tk, rks jk"Vªifr foÙkh; vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk dj ldrk
gS A
 mn~?kks"k.kk ds 2ekg ds Hkhrj laln ds nksuksa lnuksa }kjk lk/kkj.k cgqer ls bldk vuqeksnu fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
 mn~?kks"k.kk ds ckn ;g vlhfer le; rd ykxw jgrk gSA tc rd dh bls okil uk fy;k tk,A
foÙkh; vkikrdky ds iz H kko%
 dsUnzh; djksa esa jkT;ksa dks nh tkus okyh fgLlsnkjh esa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
 jkT;ksa dks fn, tkus okys vuqnku esa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
 dsUnz jkT;ksa dks foÙkh; funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA
 dsUnz o jkT;ksa ds deZpkfj;ksa ds osru HkÙkksa esa dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
 ftuds osru lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr gS mlesa Hkh dVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA
 jkT; ds /ku fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes

dsUnz&jkT; fo/kk;h o iz'kklfud laca/k

Hkkx f}rh;] vuqP Nsn % 245&263
fo/kk;h laca/ k% vuqPNsn 245&255

vuq P Ns n &245% ^laln ds }kjk ikfjr dh xbZ fof/k;k¡

 laln ds }kjk ikfjr dh xbZ fof/k;k¡ Hkkjr ds lEiw.kZ jkT; {ks= esa vFkok mlds fdlh {ks= fo’ks”k esa ykxw gks ldrh
gSA

 jkT; fo/kkf;dk }kjk ikfjr dh xbZ fof/k;k¡ jkT; ds lEiw.kZ jkT; {ks= esa vFkok mlds fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa ykxw gks
ldrh gSA

 laln }kjk ikfjr dh xbZ fof/k;k¡ Hkkjr ls ckgj jgus okys Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ij Hkh ykxw gks ldrh gSA

vio kn%

 Article 240 jk"Vªifr ;g vkns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS fd dksbZ lalnh; fof/k ;k ml fof/k dk dksbZ Hkkx
la?k 'kkflr izns'kksa esa ykxw ugha gksxkA 3 la?k 'kkflr izns'kksa esa ¼v.Meku fudksckj] neu}ho vkSj nknj
uxj gosyh] y{;nhi½

 jkT;iky ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk fd dksbZ lalnh; fof/k ;k mldks dksbZ Hkkx jkT; ds vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa esa ¼tks
5oha vuqlwph esa fn;s x;s gS½ esa ykxw ugha gksxkA

 vle dk jkT;iky ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd laln }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k dksbZ vf/kfu;e vFkok mldk
dksbZ Hkkx tutkrh; {ks=ksa ¼Lok;Ùk'kklh ftyksa½ esa ykxw ugha gksxkA vuqlwph 6

 jk"Vªifr ;g vksn'k tkjh dj ldrk gS fd laln }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k dksbZ vf/kfu;e ;k ml vf/kfu;e
dks dksbZ Hkkx fuEufyf[kr jkT;ksa ds vuqlwfpr o tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa fu"izHkkoh gksxk&

(i) f=iqjk (ii) es?kky;

(iii) fetksje (iv) vle

 jkT; fo/kku e.My }kjk ikfjr fof/k fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa jkT; ds ckgj Hkh ykxw gks ldrh gSA

mnk-%& U;kl] xqtjkr dk Land Ceiling Act, Bombay State V/s R.M.D.C. 1957

vuqPNsn&246% ^la?k o jkT;ksa ds e/; fo"k;ksa dk foHkktu*

 la?k lwph ;k jkT; lwph ;k leorhZ lwph ds }kjk dsUnz o jkT;ksa ds eè; fo"k;ksa dk foHkktu fd;k x;k
gS A

 ;g lafo/kku dh lkroha vuqlwph esa mYysf[kr gSA

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes

Union List State List Concurrently List

vkjEHk esa %& 97 vkjEHk esa %& 66 vkjEHk esa %& 47
orZeku esa %& 98 orZeku esa %& 59 orZeku esa %& 52
j{kk] lsuk] fons'kh dk;Z] ;q) yksd O;oLFkk] iqfyl fookg] rykd] ou
'kkafr] jsy ok;qekxZ LFkkuh; 'kklu fnokyk
Mkd o rkj] VsyhQksu d`f"k] i'kq/ku U;kl o U;klh
djsalh o flDds dkjkxkj fo|qr
RBI, ukxfjdrk] ijek.kq ÅtkZ ukV~; 'kkyk] laink 'kqYd dkj[kkus] dher fu;a=.k
U.N.O. chek |wr tUe] e`R;q iathdj.k
izR;iZ.k (Extradition)] cktkj] esys jk"Vªh; tyekxZ
'ks;j cktkj] jk"Vªh; jktekxZ lkgwdkjh] xSl lkekftd lqj{kk
(Money Lending, Gas) vkSj lkekftd chek
isVsaV] cSad] fons'kh _.k ckV yksd LokLF;
o ekiksa ds ekud fu;r djuk eknd fydj
la?k lwph o jkT; lwph ds chp vfrO;kfIr ¼Overlapping½ gS rks la?k lwph dks iz/kkurk nh tk,xhA ifjla?k dh
loksZPprk dk fl)kUr dgrs gSA

 la?k lwph dh iz/kkurk

 izR;sd fo"k; dks O;kid vFkZ nsuk
 vkuq"kafxd fo"k; o leuq"kaxh fo"k; Hkh vkrs gS tSlsfd 1- Hkwfe 2-dj
 leUo;dkjh vFkkZUo;u
 lkj ,oa rRo ¼caxkyh lkgwdkjh vf/kfu;e] eqEcbZ e|fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e½
 vkHkklh fo/kk;u& lafo/kku ds lkFk diV tks izR;{k :i ls-------
ln~Hkko ;k nqHkkZo ugha ns[kk tkrk------
 vFkZladksp dk fl)kar & O;kid ;k vLi"V 'kCnksa dks lhfer vFkZ nsuk
 'kfDrckárk vkSj fojks/k & jkT;&la?klwph ij dkuwu = 'kwU;
& jkT;&leorhZ lwph & Vdjko = iwjk 'kwU; ugha
 &la?k fof/k o jkT; fof/k esa fojks/k ugha gksus ij Hkh jkT;
fof/k lkFk esa [kM+h ugha gks ldrh
 vkS|ksfxd vf/kdj.k dh lnL;rk dh vgZrk H.C. ijke'kZ vko';d
vuq P Ns n &247%
 laln vfrfjDr U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &248%
 vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ la?k dks iznku dh xbZ gSA ¼la?k] jkT; rFkk leorhZ lwph esa mfYyf[kr fo"k;ksa ds
vfrfjDr fo"k;½
vuq P Ns n &249%
 jkT; lHkk nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr djds laln dks jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus dk
vf/kdkj ns ldrh gSA ;g dkuwu 1 o"kZ rd ykxw jgsxk rFkk jkT; lHkk iqu% izLrko ikfjr djds bls 1
o"kZ ls vf/kd le; ds fy, c<+k ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &250%
 jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds le; laln jkT;lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA
 ;g dkuwu vkikrdky dh lekfIr ds ckn Hkh 6 ekg rd ykxw jgsxkA

Page No. [2]

Polity Notes
vuq P Ns n &252%
 ;fn nks ;k vf/kd jkT; dsUnz ls vkxzg djs rks laln jkT;lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA
 ;g dkuwu mUgha jkT;ksa ij ykxw gksxk ftUgksusa ,slk vkxzg fd;k gSA
mnk- Wild life protection Act 1972
Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1974
Human Organs Transplant Act 1994
vuq P Ns n &253%
 fdlh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laf/k ;k le>kSrs dks ykxw djus ds fy, laln jkT;lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh
gS A
Ex. United Nation (Privileges and Immunities) Act. 1947
Geneva Convention Act. 1960
Anti-Hijacking Act, 1982
Legislations relating to environment and TRIPS
vuq P Ns n &251%
 ;fn jkT;lwph ds fdlh fo"k; ij laln vkSj jkT; fo/kkf;dk }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa ds e/; Vdjko gS
rks laln }kjk ikfjr vf/kfu;e izHkkoh gksxkA
vuq P Ns n &254%
 ;fn leorhZ lwph ij laln o jkT; fo/kkf;dk nksuksa dkuwu cukrs gS rFkk bu dkuwuksa esa fojks /kkHkkl gS
rks lalnh; dkuwu izHkkoh gksxkA
 jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kk x;k Fkk rFkk mls lgefr ns nh xbZ Fkh rks ml jkT; esa og dkuwu ykxw
gksxk ysfdu-----
vuq P Ns n &255%
 ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d ij jk"Vªifr vFkok jkT;iky dh iwokZuqefr dh vko';drk Fkh ysfdu iwokkZuwefr fy,
fcuk fo/ks;d dks ikfjr dj fn;k x;k gS rks dsoy bl vk/kkjij og vf/kfu;e vfof/kekU; ugha gksxkA
 la?k ds ikl fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ vf/kd gS rFkk vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh la?k dks nh xbZ gS rFkk vusd voljksa
ij la?k jkT; dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa ij vfrØe.k dj ldrk gS fdUrq jkT; fo/kkf;dk la?k lwph ds fo"k;
ij vfrØe.k ugha dj ldrhA

 jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw gks rks laln ml jkT; ds fy, jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh
gS A
 jkT; fo/kkue.My }kjk ikfjr vf/kfu;e dks jkT;iky jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[k ldrk gSA
 fdlh laLFkk dks jk"Vªh; egRo dh ?kksf"kr djds mlds fy, Hkh laln fof/k cuk ldrh gSA
 jkT; lwph ds dqN fo"k;ksa ij jkT; fo/kku e.My esa fo/ks;d is'k djus ls igys jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr
vko';d gksrh gS tSls& ;fn fo/ks;d O;kikj okf.kT; dh Lora=rk ij dksbZ jksd yxkrk gSA
 foÙkh; vkikrdky ds le; jk"Vªifr ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd jkT; fo/kku e.My }kjk ikfjr /ku fo/
ks;d o vU; foÙk fo/k;sd jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[ksaA
 la?k ds ikl fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ vf/kd gS rFkk vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh la?k dks nh xbZ gS rFkk vusd voljksa
ij la?k jkT; dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa ij vfrØe.k dj ldrk gS fdUrq jkT; fo/kkf;dk la?k lwph ds fo"k;
ij vfrØe.k ugha dj ldrhA

iz'kklfud laca/k % vuqPNsj 256&263

 Hkkjr esa nksgjh dk;Zikfydk gS vFkkZr jkT;ksa dh dk;Zikfydk la?k dh dk;Zikfydk ds v/khu ugha gS cfYd
og Lok;r gSA
 fdUrq fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa la?kh; dk;Zikfydk jkT;ksa dks funsZ'k ns ldrh gSa&
vuq P Ns n &256%
 la?k jkT;ksa dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd laln }kjk ikfjr fd, x, vf/kfu;eksa dks jkT; esa ykxw djsaA

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Polity Notes
vuq P Ns n &257%
 la?k jkT;ksa dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd jkT; viuh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx bl izdkj djsa
fd la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa ds lkFk Vdjko uk gksA
 la?k jkT;ksa essa jsyekxZ] jk"Vªh; jktekxZ vkfn ds j[kj[kko o laj{k.k dk funsZ'k Hkh jkT;ksa dks ns ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &350 (a)%
 dsUnz jkT;ksa dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa dks mudh vkjafHkd f'k{kk ekr`Hkk"kk esa fn,
tkus dk izca/k djsaA
vuq P Ns n &347%
 ;fn fdlh jkT; esa fdlh Hkk"kk dks cksyus okys yksx i;kZIr la[;k esa jgrs gS rFkk os jk"Vªifr esa ekax djrs
gS fd iz'kklu esa mudh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rFkk jk"Vªifr mudh ekax ls larq"V gS rks og jkT;ksa
dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd ml Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx iz'kklu esa fd;k tk, ¼lEiw.kZ jkT; eas vFkok mlds
fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa½
vuq P Ns n &339%
 dsUnz jkT;ksa dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr@ tutkfr ds fodkl ds fy, jkT; fo'ks"k
;kstuk,¡ o dk;ZØe cuk,A
vuq P Ns n &244%
 dsUnz jkT;ksa dks funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd og vuqlwfpr o tutkrh; {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, fo'ks"k ;kstuk,¡
o dk;ZØe cuk,A
vuq P Ns n &275%
 blds rgr dsUnz jkT;ksa dks vuqnku iznku djrk gS vkSj vuqnku ds fy, og fo'ks"k 'krsZa fu/kkZfjr djrk
gS] vr% ;g 'krsZ Hkh ,d izdkj ls funsZ'k gh gSA
vuq P Ns n &311%
 blds rgr vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA
 buds osru HkÙksa lsok 'krsZ dsUnz fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
 ;g jk"Vªifr ds izlkn i;ZUr vius in ij jgrs gSA
 jkT; ljdkj buds fo:) dk;Zokgh ugha dj ldrh tcfd jkT;ksa dk iwjk iz'kklu buds }kjk gh lapkfyr
fd;k tkrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &356%
 blds rgr dsUnz jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw dj ldrk gS rFkk jkT; dh leLr dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa
ds viuk gkFk esa ys ldrk gSA
vuq P Ns n &352%
 jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ds le; dsUnz ljdkj jkT; ljdkjksa dks funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA
vuq P Ns n &360%
 foÙkh; vkikrdky ds le; dsUnz ljdkj jkT;ksa dks foÙkh; funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA
 jkT;ksa dh dk;Zikfydk dk izeq[k jkT;iky gksrk gS vkSj jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh
gS A
 dsUnz ljdkj eq[;ea=h ds fo:) tk¡p vk;ksx dk xBu dj ldrh gSA
 dUnz ljdkj jkT;ksa esa dkuwu O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, l'kL= dsUnzh; cyksa dks jkT; esa fu;qDr
dj ldrk gSA ¼jkT;ksa dh lgefr ds fcuk½
vuqPNsn&263% ^vUrjjkT;h; ifj"kn*
 bldk izeq[k iz/kkuea=h gksrk gS rFkk lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=h blds lnL; gksrs gSSA
mn~ns'k%& lgdkjh la?kokn dks c<kok nsukA
dk;Z%& jkT;ksa ds e/; vFkok dsUnz jkT;ksa ds e/; fooknksa dk lek/kku djuk vkSj lgk;ksx dks c<kok nsuk
 1990 esa igyh ckj vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA

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Polity Notes

dsUnz&jkT; foÙkh; laca/k

¼Hkkx&12] vuq P Nsn 264&300 (A)½
 vuqPNsn&266% lafpr fuf/k] yksd ys[kk
 vuq P Nsn &267% vkdfLed fuf/k

foÙkh; la c a/ k
 vuqPNsn&268% os dj tks dsUnz }kjk yxk, tkrs gS fdUrq jkT; bUgsa olwyrs vkSj mi;ksx esa ysrs gSA
(i) LVkWEi 'kqYd
(ii) vkS"kf/k;ksa ij mRikn 'kqYd
(iii) lkSUn;Z izlk/kuksa ij mRikn 'kqYd
 vuqPNsn&269% os dj tks dsUnz }kjk yxk, tkrs gS] olwy fd, tkrs gS rFkk jkT;ksa dks ns fn, tkrs gSA
(i) lekpkj i=ksa ij foKkiu dj
(ii) vUrjkZT;h; O;kikj o ifjogu ij dj
 vuq P Nsn &269(A): IGST
 vuq P Ns n &270%
 os dj tks dsUnz }kjk yxk, o olwys tkrs gS rFkk foÙk vk;ksx dh vuq'kalk ds vk/kkj ij la?k vkSj jkT;ksa
esa ckaV fn, tkrs gSA
 vuqPNsn&268] vuq-&269] vuq- &271 esa fn, x, djksa ds vfrfjDr 'ks"k lHkh dj blds varxZr vkrs gSA
tSls& th,lVh] vk;dj] lhek 'kqYd vkfnA
 vuq P Ns n &271%
 os dj tks dsUnz }kjk yxk,] olwys rFkk mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSA
 80oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku&2000 bZ- &
 fuxe dj rFkk lhek 'kqYd dks vuq- 271 ls gVkdj vuqPNsn 270 ds vUrxZr j[kk x;k vFkkZr bUgsa jkT;ksa
ds lkFk lk>k fd;k x;kA
 vuq P Ns n &275%
 dsUnz ds }kjk jkT;ksa dks fn;k tkus okyk vuqnku
 vuqP Nsn &279(a)% th,lVh ifj"kn
 vuq P Nsn &280% ^for vk;ksx*
 jk"Vªifr izfr 5 o"kZ i'pkr~ foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu djrk gS ftlesa 1 v/;{k o 4 lnL; gksrs gSA
 4 lnL;
foÙkh; ekeyksa dk vuqHkoh
fof/kd ekeyksa dk vuqHkoh
ukxfjd lsok dk vuqHkoh
ys[kk lsok dk vuqHkoh
dk;Z &
(i) vuqPNsn 270 ds rgr vkus okys djksa esa jkT;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh rFkk djukA
(ii) jkT;ksa dks fn, tkus okys vuqnku ds ckjs esa vuq'kalk djukA
(iii) jk"Vªifr }kjk fn;k x;k dksbZ vU; dk;ZA

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Polity Notes

U;k;ikfydk
vuq P Ns n %124&147
 1773- jsaX;wysafVx ,DV esa ,d lqizhe dksVZ dh LFkkiuk& ftldk {ks=kf/kdkj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr uk gksdj dsoy
dydÙkk rd gh FkkA
 1861- dydÙkk] enzkl o ckWEcs esa mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk
 1866- bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk
 vktknh ds le; lHkh izkUrksa esa mPp U;k;ky; (High Court) FksA
fiz o h dkma f ly%
 Hkkjr ds gkbdksVZ ds ekeyksa esa vihy] fczVsu fLFkr bl fudk; esa gksrh FkhA ;g loksZPp vihyh; U;k;ky;
FkkA
QsM jy dksV Z %
 1935 ds Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e ds rgr~ LFkkiuk
 jkT;ksa] jkT;&dsUnz ds eè; fooknksa dk fuiVkjk djukA
mPpre U;k;ky;
 28 tuojh 19+50 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 loksZPp U;k;ky; us ^fizoh dkmafly* rFkk ^QsMjy dksVZ* ¼la?kh; U;k;ky;½ dk LFkku fy;k A
vuq P Ns n &124%
 Hkkjr dk ,d mPpre U;k;ky; gksxkA
 blessa ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk 7 vU; U;k;k/kh'k gksxsaA
 laln U;k;k/kh'kksa dh la[;k c<k ldrh gSA
¼orZeku esa 33 $ 1 = 34 U;k;k/kh'k gSA½
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS blds fy, og Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
(CJI) ls ^ijke'kZ* djrk gSA
 ^ijke'kZ * ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
izFke U;k;k/kh'k okn 1982% ¼,l- ih- xqIrk cuke Hkkjr la?k okn½
 blds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn&124 dh O;k[;k dhA
 U;k;ky; us ekuk fd ^ijke'kZ* 'kCn ls rkRi;Z gS jk"Vªifr o eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds e/; fopkjksa dk
vknku&iznku rFkk
 blds rgr CJI ds }kjk jk"Vªifr dks nh xbZ lykg ck/;dkjh ughas gS] vFkkZr loksZPp U;k;ky; ds
U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ea=hifj"kn dh lykg ls gh dh tkuh pkfg,A
f}rh; U;k;k/kh'k okn] 1993
 mPPre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dks myV fn;k rFkk ekuk fd CJI o mPpre U;k;ky; ds nks
ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'kksa ds }kjk nh xbZ lykg jk"Vªifr ds fy, ck/;dkjh gSA
¼1$2 U;k;k/kh'k& bl le; dkWysft;e O;oLFkk vfLrRo esa vkbZ fdUrq ^dkWysft;e* 'kCn 1998 esa iz;qDr

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Polity Notes
gqvk½
 ;fn jk"Vªifr budh lykg dks ugha ekurk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crkuk gksxkA
 mPpre U;k;y; us ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k fd ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k dks gh eq[; U;k;/kh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
CJI dh fu;q fDr esa ofj"Brk yka? kus ds mnkgj.k
1. 1978 esa igyh ckj bafnjk xka/kh ljdkj us rhu ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'kksa J.N. 'kSyV] K.S. gsxMs vkSj A.N.
xzksoj dh ofj"Brk dk mYya?ku djrs gq, A.N. Ray dks CJI cuk;kA ¼7&6 ls fu.kZ;½
dkj.k% ds'kokuan okn esa mi;qZDr 3 ttksa us ewy <kaps ds leFkZu esa fu.kZ; fn;k FkkA (blls fo/kkf;dk dh lafo/
kku la'kks/ku dh 'kfDr lfefr gqbZ½ vr% ljdkj us mi;qZDr U;k;k/kh'kksa dh vogsyuk djrs gq, A.N. Ray
dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k cuk;kA
2. 1977 esa iqu% bafnjk xk¡/kh ljdkj ds }kjk tfLVl H.R. [kUuk dh ofj"Brk dk mYya?ku djrs gq, M.U.
csx dks CJI cuk fn;kA
dkj.k% ADM tcyiqj cuke f'kodkar 'kqDyk okn esa ¼vkikrdky ds nkSjku½ tfLVl H.R. [kUuk us thou ds vf/
kdkj dks fuyafcr fd, tkus ds fo:) fu.kZ; fn;k FkkA (Govt. ds foi{k esa½
i{k esa& Judges - A.N. Ray, M.U. csx] P.N. Hkxorh] Y.V. pUnzpwM+ ¼4&1 ls fu.kZ;½
ADM tcyiqj cuke f'kodkar 'kqD yk okn ¼canh izR;{khdj.k okn½
 26 twu 1975 vkikrdky ds nkSjku vuq- 359(1) ds rgr vuqPNsn 14, 21, 22 dk fuyacu gks x;kA MISA
,DV ds rgr fojks/kh jktusrkvksa o vU; O;fDr;ksa dks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k] fcuk Vªk;y dsA bu usrkvksa
us High Court esa fjV nk;j dh ¼canh izR;{khdj.k½A S.C. us dsoy vuqPNsn 32 ds rgr gh ;s fjV yxkbZ
tk ldrh Fkh tks fuyafcr gks pqdk FkkA
 tcyiqj dksVZ o vU; H.C. us bl fjV dks Lohdkj fd;kA bu cafn;ksa dks NksM+us ds vkns'k fn,A
 bu dksVZ ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:) dsUnz ljdkj S.C. esa xbZA ljdkj us nyhy fd vkikrdky esa jk"Vªifr dks
vuqPNsn 21 ds fuyacu dh 'kfDr izkIr gS vr% H.C. bl vf/kdkj (21) ij fjV dh lquokbZ ugha dj
ldrkA
 High Court dh nyhy% O;fDr ds thou laca/kh vf/kdkj dsoy vuqPNsn 21 ds vykok dbZ vU; fo/
kk;h dkuwuksa esa Hkh gS vkSj ;s fjV O;fDr dh Lora=rk ds mYya?ku ds fo:) lkekU; fo/kk;h dkuwuksa ds rgr
yxkbZ xbZ gS] ¼uk fd vuqPNsn 21½ vr% H.C. budh lquokbZ dj ldrk gSA
fu.kZ ; % 5 esa ls 4 U;k;k/kh'k us ljdkj dh nyhy dks lgh ekukA U;k;k/kh'k H.R. [kUuk dk ekuuk Fkk& thou
dk vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 21 ds vykok vU; fo/kk;h@lkekU; dkuwu] izkd`frd dkuwu esa lekfgr gSA
ofj"Brk o dq'kyrk& U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dk ekin.M dkSulk gksuk pkfg,] bl ij fookn jgrk gS ;|fi
IInd Judges Case esa Seniority dks lgh ekukA
r` r h; U;k;/kh'k okn 1998
 mPpre U;k;y; us vius iwoZorhZ fu.kZ; dh iqf"V dh rFkk ;s Hkh ekuk fd Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk
pkj ofj"Bre U;k;kf/k'kksa dk ^dkysft;e* jk"Vªifr dks U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr gsrq lykg nsukA
 jk"Vªifr dks budh lykg ekuuh gksxhA
 ;fn ^dkysft;e* ds nks lnL; lykg ls vlger gS rks jk"Vªifr lykg ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 ;fn jk"Vªifr dkWysft;e dh lykg ugha ekurk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crkuk gksxkA
 bl le; igyh ckj ^dkWysft;e* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
dkW ysft;e dh vkyksp uk%
 dkykarj esa dkWyfs t;e dh vkykspuk gksus yxhA
 ;g ,d can O;oLFkk gS ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkkoA

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Polity Notes
 HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dk vkjksi ¼dqN ifjokjksa dk ncnck½
 Judges dh fu;qfDr ds oLrqfu"B ekin.M dk fuf'pr u gksukA
 ;g Check Balance ds fo:) gS] 'kfDr& larqyu ()
 lHkh oxks± dk i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gS (SC, ST, OBC efgyk,¡ vYila[;d)
 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr Lo;a U;k;k/kh'kksa }kjk djuk vrkfdZd gS] blesa fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk dh Hkwfedk
u gksuk lgh ugha gS] ;g yksdra= ds vuq:i ugha gSA
 tokcnsfgrk dk vHkko ¼dkWysft;e fdlh izkf/kdkj ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gS½
USAes a Judges dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS ftldk vuqeksnu lhusV }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
dukM+k esa lnL;ksa dh lfefr ¼i{k o foi{k ds lnL;½] ukeksa dk lq>ko nsrh gS rRi'pkr~ LØwVfuax ds ckn PM
}kjk Judges dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA
teZ u h& 50% Judges fo/kkf;dk }kjk 50% dk;Zikfydk }kjk pqus tkrs gSA
 bu vkykspukvksa dks ns[krs gq, 99osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2015 }kjk ^jk"Vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfDr vk;ksx**
(NJAC) dk xBu fd;k x;k tks U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ds laca/k esa jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsxkA bls S.C.
us 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
dqy lnL; 6
1. Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k CJI
2. mPpre U;k;k/kh'k ds 2 U;k;k/kh'k
3. fof/k ea=h
4. 2 vU; lnL; ¼buesa ls ,d lnL; SC/ST vYila[;d] efgyk dk ghuk vko';d gS½
 dk;Zdky & 3 o"kZ
 iqufuZ;qfDr ugha gks ldrh ¼bl in ij½
 fu;qfDr ,d lfefr }kjk dh tk,xhA
lfefr esa lnL;
(i) CJI (ii) PM (iii) foi{k dk usrk
 S.C. us 99osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dks vlaoS/kkfud@'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
dkj.k ;k NJAC ds foi{k esa rdZ
1. vuqPNsn 124 esa] U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ds laca/k esa CJI }kjk fn, x, ^ijke'kZ* esa U;k;ikfydk dks izkFkfedrk
nh xbZ gS tcfd NJAC esa ;g izkFkfedrk ugha nh xbZA
2. U;k;ikfydk esa] dk;Zikfydk dk gLr{ksi vLohdk;Z gS] ;g 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ds fo:) gSA
3. fof/k ea=h ¼lfefr esa PM foi{k usrk½ ds 'kkfey gksus ls jktuhfrd gLr{ksi gksxk@c<s+xk jktuh- dk;Zikfydk
dh Hkkxhnkjh ls jktuhfrd nokc c<+sxkA
4. 2 vU; lnL;ksa dh ;ksX;krkvksa dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;kA
5. Lora= U;k;ikfydk lafo/kku dk ewy <kapk gS vr% NJAC ewy <kaps ds fo:) gSA
6. NJAC esa ^ofj"Brk* dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] blls lHkh jkT;ksa ds H.C. dk larqfyr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gks ik,xkA
NJAC dks 5 U;k;k/kh'k dh csap us 4 : 1 ds cgqer ls fu.kZ; fn;kA tfLVl pyes'oj us NJAC dks lgh ekukA
NJAC ds i{k esa rdZ
1. NJAC ,d larqfyr O;oLFkk gSA ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa esa 'kfDr larqyu o ,d nwljs dks Check & Balance
djuk Hkh lafo/kku dk ewy <kapk gS vr% ;g ewy <kaps ds fo:) ugha gSA ;g rks mls iw.kZ djrh gSA
2. blesa dk;Zikfydk dk izHkqRo ugha gksxk D;ksafd 6 lnL;ksa esa ls 3 U;k;ikfydk ls gS rFkk 2 vU; lnL;ksa dh
fu;qfDr lfefr esa Hkh CJI lnL; gS vr% izkFkfedrk U;k;ikfydk dks gh gSA
3. jk"Vªifr ^lykg* ekuus dks rHkh ckè; gS tc 6 esa ls 5 dh lgefr vfuok;Z gks] ;fn 2 lnL;ksa us fojks/k fd;k
rks jk"Vªifr ^lykg* ekuus dks ckè; ugha gksxkA

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Polity Notes
4. ;g O;oLFkk (NJAC) dkWysft;e ij yxus okys vkjksiksa dks Hkh nwj djsxhA
5. 2 vU; lnL;ksa dh v;ksX;rk dk iz'u Hkh vrkfdZd gS D;ksafd NJAC esa ,d lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dks O;kid] ikjn'khZ
cuk;k x;k gS tks mfpr O;fDr;ksa dk gh p;u djsxhA
fu"d"kZ& yksdra= ds bl vk/kkjHkwr LrEHk dh fo'oluh;rk cuk, j[kus ds fy, U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr esa
ikjnf'kZrk viuk;h tkuh pkfg,A ljdkj o U;k;ikfydk ds eè; xfrjks/k dks nwj dj U;kf;d izfØ;k dks
Rofjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
tfLVl pyes' oj dk dFku
fdlh 'kfDr dk nq:i;ksx gks ldrk gS] bl vk/kkj ij fdlh dks 'kfDr ugha nsuk] vrkfdZd gSA
NJAC ds 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksus ds ckn dkWysft;e iqu% vfLrRo esa vk xbZA U;k;kikfydk us dkWysft;e esa
dfe;k¡A vk{ksiksa dks nwj djus dh ckr dghaA
Memorandum of Procedure (MoP)
 NJAC esa lq/kkj ds fy, Aug. 2016 esa ljdkj us Revised MoP lqizhe dksVZ ds le{k is'k fd;kA blesa
U;kf;d fu;qfDr ls lacaf/kr xkbMykbu gS] bl Mªk¶V ds dqN fcUnqvksa dks ysdj U;k;ikfydk o dk;Zikfydk
ds eè; xfrjks/k vHkh Hkh fo|eku gSA
Mªk¶V ls lacaf/kr eqí s%
1. ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk o O;kid yksdfgr* ds vk/kkj ij dkWysft;e }kjk vuq'kaflr fu;qfDr dks fof/k ea=k@ Govt.
vLohdkj dj ldrk gS D;ksafd fof/k ea=k }kjk izR;sd U;k;k/kh'k ds laca/k esa baVsfytsUl C;wjks dh fjiksVZ izkIr
dh tkrh gSA
U;k;ikfydk dk ekuuk gS blls ljdkj dks ohVks izkIr gks tk,xk] tks lafo/kku ds foijhr gSA
2. ofj"Brk ,oa dq'kyrk& dk;Zikfydk dk rdZ gS U;k;k/kh'k fu;qfDr esa dq'kyrk dks egRo fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A blds fojks/k esa U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ gS fd dk;Zikfydk ds fo:) fu.kZ; nsus okys U;k;k/kh'k dks
grksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3. ;g izLrkfor gS fd U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr esa (up to 3) ckj ds lnL;ksa ¼odhyksa½ dks fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ ,d izfr'kr (3 U;k;k/kh'k½ fu/kkZfjr djuk xyr gSA
4. fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dks vLohdkj djus ds ^fyf[kr dkj.k* crkus gksaxs rkfd ikjnf'kZrk] xSj i{k/kkfjrk
lqfuf'pr gks ldsA
U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ gS fd blls lacaf/kr U;k;k/kh'k ds Hkfo"; esa ^inksUufr* ij foijhr izHkko iM+sxkA mldh
mRikndrk esa deh vk ldrh gSA
5. lfefr o lfpoky;& dkWysft;e ds le{k fofHkUu p;fur ukeksa dks lq>kus ds fy, laLFkkxr ra= ds :i
esa ,d lfefr gksxhA ljdkj ds ,d lfpoky; Hkh izLrkfor fd;k gS tks U;k;k/kh'kksa dk MsVkcsl] dkWysft;e
ehfVax laca/kh fooj.k rFkk yksd f'kdk;rsa o vuq'kalk,a izkIr djsxkA
U;k;ikfydk dk rdZ gS bu izfØ;kvksa ls U;kf;d Lora=rk ckf/kr gksxhA dk;Zikfydk] fu;qfDr izfØ;k dks
Lo;a vius gkFkksa esa ys ysxhA
6. dkWysft;e dh lewph dk;Zokgh fyf[kr :i esa miyC/k gksuh pkfg,A
 bl izdkj bu izLrkfor izko/kkuksa dks ysdj dk;Zikfydk o U;k;ikfydk esa fookn cuk gqvk gSA blls
U;k;ikfydk esa isafMx dsl] c<+rs tk jgs gS] U;k;ikfydk iw.kZ {kerk ds lkFk dk;Z ugha dj ik jgh gSA ¼fjfDr;k¡
gSA½ vr% MoP lacaf/kr xfrjks/k dks nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
U;k;k/kh'k fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k dks ikjn'khZ] oLrqfu"B mÙkjnk;h cukdj U;k;ikfydk dh fo'oluh;rk
lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,A
mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'kksa dh ;ksX;rk%
(i) 5 o"kZ rd fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/kh'k jgk gksA
(ii) 10 o"kZ rd fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa odhy jgk gksA
(iii) jk"Vªifr dh jk; esa ,d iz[;kr fof/kosrk gksA
dk;Zdky% 65 o"kZ rd dh vk;q rd U;k;/kh'k vius in ij cuk jg ldrk gSA

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Polity Notes
 in ls gVkus dh izfØ;k%
 fuEufyf[kr nks vk/kkjksa ij U;k;k/kh'k dks in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gS&
(i) {kerk (ii) fl) dnkpkj
 gVkus dk izLrko fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS
 jkT;lHkk esa 50 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,
 yksdlHkk esa 100 lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,
 lnu dk lHkkifr@v/;{k izLrko dks Lohdkj vFkok vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA
 ;fn izLrko Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS rks vkjksiksa dh tk¡p ds fy, lehfr dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA lehfr
esa fuEufyf[kr lnL; gksrs gS&
(i) Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k (CJI) vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; dk dksbZ vU; U;k;/kh'k
(ii) fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
(iii) fo[;kr fo/kosrk
 ;fn vkjksi lgh ik, tkrs gS rks izfØ;k vkxs c<rh gSA
 ;gk rd fd izfØ;k dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g izLrko igys lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gS A
 rRi'pkr igys lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr U;k;k/kh'k dks gVkus ds vkns'k tkjh djrk gSSA
vuq P Ns n &125% ^U;k;/kh'kksa ds osru^
 Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k & 2yk[k 80gtkj :-
 vU; U;k;/kh'k & 2yk[k 50 gtkj :-
 isa'ku & osru dk 50%
vuq P Ns n &126% ^dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;/kh'k*
 jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; esa dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gS ;fn eq[; U;k;/kh'k
dk in fjDr gks] og vLFkk;h :i ls vuqifLFkr gks vFkok og vius nkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu esa vleFkZ gksA
vuq P Ns n &127% ^rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr*
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa x.kiwfrZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
mPp U;k;ky; ds fdlh U;k;k/kh'k dks mPpre U;k;ky; esa rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k cuus dh ;ksX;rk j[kus okys dks gh rnFkZ U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
 blds fy, lacaf/kr mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh lgefr Hkh yh tkrh gSA
vuqPNsn&128% ^lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr*
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa ;fn dk;ZHkkj vf/kd gks rks jk"Vªifr dh iwokZuqefr ls Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k fdlh
Hkh mPp U;k;ky; vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; ds lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dks mPpre U;k;ky; esa fu;qDr dj
ldrk gSA
 blesa lsokfuo`r U;k;k/kh'k dh lgefr vko';d gSA

 blds osru HkÙks jk"Vªifr }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSA

 mlds ikl mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k ds leku 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gS ysfdu og ^mPpre U;k;ky;*
dk U;k;/kh'k* inuke dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrkA
 bldk vf/kdre dk;Zdky 2 o"kZ gks ldrk gSA
vuqPNsn&129% ^vfHkys[k U;k;ky;*
vuqPNsn&130% ^mPpre U;k;ky; dk LFkku*
 lafo/kku vuqlkj mPpre U;k;ky; dk LFkku fnYyh gksxk fdUrq Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jk"Vªifr dh
iwokZuqefr ls mPpre U;k;ky; dh ihB ds fy, vU; LFkku dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrk gSA

Page No. [5]

Polity Notes
mPpre U;k;ky; dh {ks=h; U;k;ihB Regional Bench
 vuqPNsn 130 ds rgr~-----
 lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh vko';drk ugha gS {ks=h; U;k;ihB dh LFkkiuk ds fy,A
vko';drk D;ksa gS& i{k esa rdZ
 laoS/kkfud nkf;Ro& vuqPNsn 39A lHkh rd U;k; dh igq¡p lqyHk gks vkfFkZd] vU; fu;ksZX;rk ds dkj.k
oafpr uk gksA vr% nf{k.kh o mÙkj&iwohZ jkT; ds yksxksa ds fy, U;k; rd igq¡pus dh ykxr de djus ds lanHkZ
esa eqacbZ] psUubZ] dksydkrk esa ihB LFkkfir djuh pkfg,A
 isfMax dsl@yafcr dsl (yxHkx 65000½ ekeysa S.C. esa yafcr gSA vihyksa ds fuiVku esa o"kks± yx tkrs gSA
 yksxksa dh vlqfo/kk
 gkbZdksVZ ds Lrj ij eq[; csap ds vykok vU; casp ds gksus ls muds izkf/kdkj esa deh vk;h gS vfirq mudk
fØ;kUo;u vf/kd dq'kyrk ls gksrk gSA
{ks= h; U;k;ihB dh LFkkiuk ls lac af/kr eq í s@ foi{k esa rdZ
1. S.C. ds izkf/kdkj (Authority) esa deh gks ldrh gS ¼'kfDr dh deh½
2. 2010 esa S.C. dh iw.kZ ihB us {ks=h; ihB dks udkjk D;ksafd muds vuqlkj ;g ,dhd`r U;kf;d iz.kkyh dks
izHkkfor djsxkA
3. ckjs ds }kjk Hkh fojks/k fd;k tkrk gSA eqdneksa esa caVokjs ds dkj.k mudh Bargaing power de gks tk,xhA
r F; %
1. lalnh;@LFkk;h lfefr;ksa us vU; casp LFkkfir djus dh vuq'kalk dhA
2. fof/k vk;ksx us S.C. dks (1) laoS/kkfud U;k;k/kh'k (2) us'kuy dksVZ vkWQ vihy esa foHkkftr djus dh
flQkfj'k dhA fnYyh esa laoS/kkfud U;k;ihB gksxh] jkT;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:) vihy gsrq 4 vihyh; U;k;ihB
[fnYyh ¼mÙkj½] psUubZ@gSnjkckn ¼nf{k.k½ dksydkrk ¼iwoZ½] eqEcbZ ¼if'pe½] LFkkfir djus dh vuq'kalk dhA
yafcr oknksa dh la[;k] U;k; rd leku igq¡p] vkfFkZd dkj.k dh otg ls ;kfpdkdÙkkZvksa ds gksus okyh
leL;kvksa ds eísutj bl ij xaHkhjrk iwoZd fparu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

Page No. [6]

Polity Notes

dsUnz o jkT; ds eè; fookfnr eqn~nsa

 vuqPNsn 356 dk nq:Ik;ksx
 jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr
 jkT;iky dk HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj
 vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk izca/ku
 foÙkh; lalk/kuksa dk HksnHkkoiw.kZ forj.k
 jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij la?k dk vfrØe.k
 jkT;ksa dh lgefr ds fcuk jkT;ksa esa dsUnzh; cyksa dks rSukr djukA
 eq[;ea=h ds fo:) tk¡p vk;ksx
 vuqPNsn&3 dk iz;ksx ¼jkT;ksa dk fo?kVu½
 la?k ds ikl vf/kd fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡
 nwj lapkj ds lk/kuksa ij dsUnz dk vf/kdkj
 jkT;iky }kjk jkT; ds fo/k;sd dks jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kukA

 bldk xBu 1966 esa fd;k x;kA

 blds izFke vè;{k eksjkjth nslkbZ Fks ftuds R;kxi= ds i'pkr~ ds- guqearS;k nwljs vè;{k cusA
 blus 1969 esa viuh flQkfj'ksa nhA
 blus 22 flQkfj'ksa dh Fkh&
 vuqPNsn 263 ds rgr vUrjjkT;h; ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k tk,A
 fu"i{k O;fDr dks jkT;iky fu;qDr fd;k tk,
 jkT;ksa dks vf/kd 'kfDr;k¡ nh tkuh pkfg,
 jkT;ksa dks vf/kd foÙkh; lalk/ku fn, tkus pkfg,
 jkT;ksa esa dsUnzh; cyksa dh rSukr djus dh la?k dh 'kfDr ;Fkkor~ cuh jguh pkfg,A

juthr flag ljdkfj;k

 bldk xBu 1983 esa fd;k x;kA
 blus 1987 esa flQkfj'ksa nhA
 blds }kjk dqy 247 flQkfj'ksa nh xbZ
 vuqPNsn 263 ds rgr LFkkbZ vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k tk,A
 vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx vafre fodYi ds :i esa gh fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk bldk nq:i;ksx uk fd;k
tk,A
 jkT;iky dh fjiksVZ ds ckn gh ?kks"k.kk dh tkuh pkfg,A
 fjiksVZ lf{kaIr ] Li"V ] lHkh rF; ]o vk/kkj
 fjiksVZ %& ehfM;k
 dk;Zdkjh ljdkj dks ekSdk nsukA

Page No. [1]

Polity Notes
 fo/kku lHkk dks Hkax ugha djukA
 vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dks vf/kd etcwr cuk;k tk, rFkk ,slh dqN vkSj vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk
l`tu fd;k tk,A
 jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk uke cnydj ^jk"Vªh; fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd ifj"kn~ fd;k tk,A
 {ks=h; ifj"knksa dks vkSj vf/kd lfØ; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ds le; eq[;ea=h ls ijke'kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk ;g izko/kku lafo/kku esa tksM+k
tkuk pkfg,A
 izfrf"Br O;fDr ------------
 lÙkk/kkjh ny
 vYila[ ;d
 mijk"Vªifr] yksdlHkk vè;{k ls ijke'kZ
 jkT;iky dks fcuk fdlh Bksl dkj.k ds dk;Zdky dh lekfIr ls iwoZ ugha gVk;k tkuk pkfg,A

 nksuksa lnuksa esa viuk i{k j[kus dk volj nsukA

 ;fn f='kadq laln gks---------- pkj fodYi
 fo/kku ifj"kn~ ds fy, izLrko ikfjr gksrk gS rks fuf'pr le; esa laln ds le{k j[kukA
 vuqPNsn 163 ds rgr~ nh xbZ foosdk/khu 'kfDr;k¡
 jkT;ksa esa dsUnzh; cyksa dks rSukr djus dh dsUnz dh 'kfDr ;Fkkor~ cuh jguh pkfg, ¼vFkkZr~ jkT;ksa dh
lgefr ds fcuk dsUnz jkT; esa lSU; cyksa dh rSukr dj ldrk gSA½
 fuxe dj esa jkT;ksa dks fgLlsnkjh nh tkuh pkfg,
 dsUnz dks leorhZ lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus ls igys jkT;ksa ds lkFk ijke'kZ djuk pkfg,A
 jk"Vªfgr esa ,d :i dkuwu dh vko';drk gksA
 vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ esa ijke'kZA
 jkT;lHkk dh Hkwfedk ;Fkkor~ jguh pkfg,A
 laln ds vuqeksnu ds ckn gh eq[;ea=h ds fo:) tk¡p vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
 vuqPNsn 3 ;Fkkor~ jgs ¼la?k dh 'kfDr jkT; ds iquxZBu dh½
 f=Hkk"kk QkWewZyk leku :Ik ls ykxw djus dh fn'kk esa dne mBkus pkfg,A
 Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa ds fy, vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tk,
 vkdk'kok.kh] nwjn'kZu] nwjlapkj ds ekeyksa esa jkT;ksa dks Lok;Ùkrk ugh nh tk,A
 ;fn jkT; fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kk tkrk gS rks pkj ekg esa fu.kZ;
 ;fn iqufoZpkj ds fy, ykSVk;k tkrk gS Rkks nks ekg esa
 jk"Vªifr ;fn jkT; ds fdlh fo/ks;d dks vLohdkj djrk gS rks mls bldk dkj.k crk;k tkuk pkfg,
;fn jkT; ds v/;kns'k dks vkjf{kr j[kk tkrk gS rks jk"Vªifr dks 15 fnu esa fu.kZ; ysuk gksxk A
 jkT; ljdkj ,d ckj v/;kns'k dks iqu% iz[;kfir dj ldrh gS nqljh ckj ugha
 djk/kku ls lacaf/kr vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz ds ikl gks rFkk 'ks"k vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa ds ikl gksA
 f'k{kk%& ekud dsUnz }kjk
 UGC & dsUnz dk fØ;kUo;u jkT;ksa ds }kjk
 CM dks 30 fnu dk le; nsukA
 mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k dk LFkkukUrj.k mlh dh bPNk ls gksuk pkfg,A
 lkekU; turk dh Hkk"kk
 [kfut ] izkdfrd xSl vkfn & 2 o"kZ

Page No. [2]

Punchhi Commission
iqaNh vk;ksx
Punchhi Commission Madan Mohan Punchhi
iqaNh vk;ksx enu eksgu iqaNh
❖ Constituted-2007.
bldk xBu 2007 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds HkwriwoZ U;k;k/kh’k enu eksgu iqaNh dh v/;{krk esa fd;k
x;kA
❖ Recommendations- 2010.
blus 2010 esa viuh flQkfj’ksa izLrqr dhA
❖ Some broad agreement is reached flQkfj'ksa%&
between the Union and states before • leorhZ lwph ij dkuwu cukus ls igys
introducing legislation in Parliament on
la?k dks jkT;ksa ds lkFk O;kid le>kSrk
matters in the Concurrent List.
djuk pkfg, ¼leorhZ lwph esa
❖ He Union should be extremely
restrained in asserting Parliamentary
mYysf[kr fo"k;ksa ij½
supremacy in matters assigned to the
states. Greater flexibility to states in
• dsoy lalnh; loksZPprk fl) djus ds
relation to subjects in the State List and fy, la?k dks leorhZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa
“transferred items” in the Concurrent ij dkuwu ugha cukuk pkfg,A
List is the key for better Centre-state
relations. • ;fn jk"Vªfgr esa dkuwu dh ,d:irk
❖ The Union should not make legislations vko’;d gks rks gh l?k dks leorhZ
on concurrent list just to prove lwph ij dkuwu cukuk pkfg,A
Parliamentary supremacy.
❖ There should be a continuing auditing
• leorhZ lwph ij dkuwu cukrs le;
role for the Inter-state Council in the
matters relating to legislations on vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dks vads{k.k dk
concurrent list. vf/kdkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,
❖ The President also to decide on • ;fn jkT;iky jkT; ds fo/ks;d dks
assenting or withholding assent to a jk"Vªifr ds fy, vkjf{kr j[krk gS rks
state bill reserved for his consideration
jk"Vªifr dks 6 ekg ds Hkhrj vo’;
by the governor within 6 months. (Art.
200). dksbZ fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg, ¼vuqPNsn&200½
❖ While selecting Governors, the following • jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ds le; fuEu
guidelines should be followed-
ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,&
(i) He should be eminent in some walk of
life o izfrf"Br O;fDr jkT;iky cusA
(ii) He should be a person from outside o og jkT; ls ckgj dk O;fDr gksA
the stat
(iii) He should be a detached figure and
o jkT; dh LFkkuh; jktuhfr esa lfØ;
not too intimately connected with the
local politics of the states Hkwfedk uk jgh gksA
(iv) He should be a person who has not o fiNys dqN le; ls jktuhfr esa
taken too great a part in politics lfØ; uk jgk gksA
generally and particularly in the
recent past • jkT;iky dks fcuk fdlh Bksl dkj.k ds
5 lky ds dk;Zdky ls iwoZ ugha gVk;k
❖ Governor’s removal should be like the
impeachment process of the President tkuk pkfg,A
and it should be included in the • jk"Vªifr dh Hkk¡fr jkT;iky dks gVkus
Constitution.
ds fy, Hkh egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k dk
❖ Article 163 does not give the Governor
izko/kku gks rFkk bls lafo/kku esa tksM+k
discretionary powers. Therefore he
should act with the advice of council of tk,A
ministers.
❖ Article 163 does not give the Governor • vuqPNsn 163 ds rgr~ jkT;iky dks
discretionary powers. Therefore he foosdk/khu 'kfDr ugha nh xbZ gS vr%
should act with the advice of council of jkT;iky dks ea=hifj"kn~ dh lykg ls dk;Z
ministers.
djuk pkfg,A
❖ In respect of bills passed by the
• fo/kkulHkk }kjk ikfjr fd, x, fdlh
Legislative Assembly, the Governor
should take the decision within 6 fo/ks;d ij jkT;iky dks 6 ekg ds Hkhrj
months fu.kZ; ysuk gksxkA
❖ In the case of a hung assembly then the • ;fn fo/kkulHkk ds vke&pqukoksa es afdlh
largest party or coalition formed before ny dks Li"V cgqer ugha feyrk gS rks
the election should be invited by the pquko iwoZ ds lcls cM+s xBca/ku vFkok
governor to form a government by the jktuhfrd ny dks ljdkj cukus ds fy,
Governor (pre-poll coalition should be vkeaf=r djuk pkfg,A ¼pquko iwoZ ds
treated as a party).
xBca/ku dks ,d jktuhfrd ny gh ekuk
tkuk pkfg,½
❖ The Governor should select the Chief ❖ ljdkj cukus gsrq vkeaf=r djrs le;
Minister in the order of preference fuEufyf[kr Øe dk /;ku j[kk tkuk
indicated here. pkfg,A
1. The group of parties which had pre-poll 1- pquko iwoZ xBca/ku okys nyksa dk lewg
alliance commanding the largest number
ftlds ikl lcls cM+h la[;k gksA
2. The largest single party staking a claim
to form the government with the support 2- lcls cM+k jktuhfrd ny tks nwljksa ds
of others leFkZu ls ljdkj cukus dk nkok is'k djsaA
3. A post-electoral coalition with all 3- pquko ckn dk lcls cM+k xBca/ku ftlesa
partners joining the government lHkh ny ljdkj esa 'kkfey gksuk pkgrs gSA
4. A post-electoral alliance with some 4- pquko ckn dk xBca/ku ftlesa lHkh ny
parties joining the government and the ljdkj esa 'kkfey uk gks jgs gksA dqN ny
remaining including independents
'kkfey gksuk pkgrs gks vkSj dqN ckgj
supporting the government from outside
jgdj leFkZu nsuk pkgrs gksA
❖ Before dismissal, a Chief Minister • eq[;ea=h dks gVkus ls iwoZ mls ¶yksj
should get a chance to prove his VsLV dk volj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
majority on the floor of the House
• jkT;iky ls lHkh xSj&laoS/kkfud nkf;Ro
❖ All non-constitutional responsibilities
should be taken away from the ys fy, tkus pkfg, tSls& fo’ofo|ky;ksa
governor like that of Governors acting ds dqykf/kifr dk nkf;RoA
as Chancellors of Universities. • vuqPNsn 352 o 356 ds rgr vkikrdky
❖ Emergencies under Art. 352 and 356 dh mn~?kks"k.kk vafre fodYi ds :i esa
should be declared as a last resort. gh dh tkuh pkfg,A budh 'krsZ dfBu
Conditions should be made stricter.
cukbZ tk,A
❖ The guidelines set forth in the
judgement of the Supreme Court in S.R. • ,l-vkj- cksEebZ okn 1994 esa mPpre
Bommai Case (1994) should be U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ;ksa dks
incorporated in the Constitution. lafo/kku esa tksMk+ tk,A
❖ Instead of dissolving the council of • vuqPNsn 356 ds rgr ea=hifj"kn~ o
ministers and the legislature under
Art.356, there should be a provision for
jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk dks Hkax djus dh
“localised emergency” ctk; LFkkuh; vkikrdky dk fodYi
❖ Suitable amendments to Article 263 are j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
required to make the Inter-State Council a
• vuqPNsn 263 ds rgr xfBr
credible, powerful and fair mechanism for
management of inter- state and Centre- vUrjjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ vf/kd fo’oluh;]
state differences. 'kfDr’kkyh rFkk fu"i{k gksuh pkfg,A
❖ The Zonal Councils should be made more • bldh Hkwfedk dks vf/kd izHkkoh cuk;k
active and should meet at least twice a
year.
tkuk pkfg,A
❖ Like the Empowered Committee of • {ks=h; ifj"knksa dks vf/kd lfØ; fd;k
Finance Ministers of States, an tkuk pkfg, rFkk o"kZ esa de ls de nks
empowered committee of CMs should be
cSBd vfuok;Z dh tkuh pkfg,A
constituted.
❖ New all-India services in sectors like • jkT;ksa ds foÙkeaf=;ksa dh ,EikoMZ desVh
health, education, engineering and dh Hkk¡fr jkT;ksa ds eq[;eaf=;ksa dh
judiciary should be created.
,EikoMZ desVh dk Hkh xBu gksuk
❖ To make the federal structure stronger, pkfg,A
the powers of Rajya Sabha should be
enlarged making it more effective. Also • ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk l`tu
states should be given equal fd;k tkuk pkfg,& 1- LokLF; 2- f'k{kk
representation in Rajya Sabha. 3- bathfu;fjax 4- JfedA rFkk budk
❖ The scope of devolution of powers to izca/ku ;Fkkor~ dsUnz ds ikl gh jgsA
local bodies to act as institutions of self-
government should be constitutionally • la?kh; <k¡ps dks l’kDr djus ds fy,
defined through appropriate jkT;lHkk dh 'kfDr;ksa dks c<+k;k tkuk
amendments. pkfg, rkfd bldh Hkwfedk vf/kd
❖ The royalty rates on major minerals izHkkoh gks rFkk jkT;lHkk esa jkT;ksa dks
should be revised at least every 3 years. leku izfrfuf/kRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
❖ The share of cesses and surcharges • dsUnzh; dj laxzg esa midj o vf/kHkkj
should be brought down in the central dh fgLlsnkjh dks lhfer fd;k tk,A
pool of taxes.
❖ The Finance Commission, which • foÙk vk;ksx tks orZeku esa foÙk ea=ky;
functions as a division in the Ministry ds v/khu foHkkx ds :i esa dk;Z djrk
of Finance should be separated, and gS] bls vyx fd;k tk, rFkk bldk
should have its separate secretariat. i`Fkd lfpoky; gksA
Polity
 FEDERAL SYSTEM UNITARY SYSTEM

1. Written Constitution 1. Constitution may be written (France) or unwritten

2. Supremacy of the Constitution (Britain)
2. Constitution may be supreme (Japan) or may not
3. Constitution is source of powers
be supreme (Britain)
4. Rigid Constitution 3. Not necessary that Constitution is source of
5. States have residuary powers powers.
6. Provision of Judicial Review 4. Constitution may be rigid (France) or flexible
7. Dual Constitution (Centre & States have separate (Britain)
5. Centre has residuary powers
constitution
6. No provision of Judicial Review
8. Dual citizenship 7. Single Constitution
9. Dual legislature 8. Single citizenship
10. Dual Executive 9. Single legislature
11. Dual Judiciary 10. Single Executive
11. Single Judiciary
12. States have more powers
12. Centre has more powers
13. Example: U.S.A. 13. Example: Britain
 la?kkRed O;oLFkk ,dkRed O;oLFkk
1- fyf[kr lafo/kku gksrk gSA 1- lafo/kku fyf[kr vFkok vfyf[kr nksuksa izdkj dk gksrk
2- lafo/kku dh loksZPprk gksrh gSA gSA
3- lafo/kku 'kfDr;ksa dk L=ksr gksrk gSA 2- lafo/kku dh loksZPprk ugha gksrh
3- vko’;d ugha fd lafo/kku 'kfDr;ksa dk L=ksr gks@dsUnz
4- dBksj lafo/kku
'kfDr dk L=ksr gksrk gSA
5- vof’k"V 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa ds ikl gksrh gSA 4- yphyk lafo/kku
6- U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dk izko/kku ikl gksrh gSA 5- vof’k"V 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz ds ikl gksrh gSA
7- nksgjk lafo/kku ¼dsUnz] jkT;ksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd½ 6- U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dk izko/kku ugha gksrk gSA
8- nksgjh ukxfjdrk 7- ,dy lafo/kku
8- ,dy ukxfjdrk
9- nksgjh fo/kkf;dk
9- ,dy fo/kkf;dk
10- nksgjh dk;Zikfydk
10- ,dy dk;Zikfydk
11- nksgjh U;k;ikfydk 11- ,dy U;k;ikfydk
12- jkT;ksa ds ikl vf/kd 'kfDr;k¡ 12- dsUnz ds ikl vf/kd 'kfDr;k¡
13- mnkgj.k & ;w-,l-,- 13- mnkgj.k & fczVsu
FEDERAL FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh ifjla?kh; fo’ks"krk,¡

❖ Written Constitution ❖ fyf[kr lafo/kku

❖ Supremacy of the Constitution ❖ lafo/kku dh loksZPprk
❖ Constitution is the source of powers which means it ❖ lafo/kku 'kfDr;ksa dk L=ksr gS vFkkZr~ la?k ,oa
provides powers to both Union and States. jkT; nksuksa dks 'kfDr lafo/kku iznku djrk gSA
❖ Constitution is rigid in case of amendment of ❖ dsUnz jkT; laca/kksa esa la’kks/ku ds ekeys esa Hkkjrh;
Centre-State relations lafo/kku dBksj gSA
❖ Provision of judicial review which means the Union ❖ U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dk izko/kku gS ftl dkj.k
can not make any arbitrary amendments to the la?k euekuk la’kks/ku ugha dj ldrk vkSj uk gh
constitution or pass any arbitrary bills euekuk fo/ks;d ikfjr dj ldrk gSA
❖ Dual Legislature ❖ nksgjh fo/kkf;dk
✓ Parliament ✓ laln
✓ State Legislature ✓ jkT; fo/kkue.My
❖ Dual Executive- Separate government of Centre and ❖ nksgjh dk;Zikfydk& dsUnz o jkT;ksa dh
States vyx&vyx ljdkj
 UNITARY FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,d ,dkRed fo’ks"krk,¡

❖ Single Constitution- meaning no separate • ,dy lafo/kku & vFkkZr~ jkT;ksa ds i`Fkd lafo/kku ugha gSA
constitution of states. • ,dy ukxfjdrk
❖ Single Citizenship • dsUnz ds ikl vf/kd fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ gS ¼la?k lwph esa
❖ Centre has more legislative powers(Union
jkT; lwph ls vf/kd fo"k;½
list has more items than State list)
❖ Centre have residuary powers • vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz ds ikl gSA
❖ Union has been given priority in • leorhZ lwph ij la?k dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA
Concurrent list. • dsUnz jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ij vfrØe.k dj ldrk gS
❖ Centre can encroach over items of state list ¼&vuqPNsn&249] 250] 252] 253½
(Art. 249,250,252,253) • jkT;iky jkT;fo/kkue.My ds fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr ds
❖ Governor can reserve the bills passed by fy, vkjf{kr j[k ldrk gSA
State Legislature for the President.
• jkT;ksa esa jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr dsUnz ds }kjk dh tkrh
❖ Appointment of Governor in States by the
gSA
Centre.
❖ Centre can give directions to State on many • vusd ekeyksa esa dsUnz jkT;ksa dks funsZ’k ns ldrk gS
matters(Art. 256,257,350(A),339,347) ¼vuqPNsn&256] 257] 350¼,½] 339] 347½
 UNITARY FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,d ,dkRed fo’ks"krk,¡
❖ Provision of deployment of Central forces in states. • jkT;ksa esa dsUnzh; cyksa dh fu;qfDr dk izko/kku
❖ Inquiry against Chief Minister. • eq[;ea=h ds fo:) tk¡p
❖ Centre has more financial resources. • foÙkh; lalk/ku dsUnz ds ikl vf/kd gSA
❖ Election Commissioners appointed by Centre. • fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr dsUnz }kjk fd;k tkukA
❖ CAG appointed by the Centre which audits both • CAG dh fu;qfDr dsUnz }kjk dh tkrh gS tks dsUnz o jkT;
Centre and States. nksuksa dk vads{k.k djrk gSA
❖ Integrated Judiciary. • ,dy U;k;ikfydk
❖ No Equality of State Representation(like USA) in • jkT;lHkk esa jkT;ksa dks leku izfrfuf/kRo ¼vesfjdk dh Hkk¡fr½ ugha
Rajya Sabha, where representation is given on the
fn;k x;k gS cfYd jkT;ksa dks jkT;lHkk esa tula[;k ds vk/kkj
basis of population.
ij izfrfuf/kRo fn;k x;k gSA
❖ Indian Constitution becomes unitary in all the
three types of Emergencies(Art. 352,356,360)
• rhuksa izdkj ds vkikrdky esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,dkRed gks tkrk
❖ All India Services managed by Centre. gS ¼vuqPNsn 352] 356] 360½
❖ According to Article-3, Union can create new States • vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk izc/a ku dsUnz }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
and also change the boundary, area, name of the • vuqPNsn&3 ds rgr~ la?k u, jkT; dk xBu rFkk jkT;ksa ds lhek]
State. {ks=] uke esa cnyko dj ldrk gSA
❖ Flexible Constitution- Many amendments can be • yphyk lafo/kku& lafo/kku esa vusd la’kks/ku lk/kkj.k cgqer ls
passed by simple majority and most of the fd, tk ldrs gS rFkk vf/kdka’k lafo/kku la’kks/kuksa esa jkT;ksa dh
amendments do not require consent of the states. lgefr vko’;d ugha gSA
✓ mi;ZDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ❖ It is clear from the above facts that the Indian
esa ^QsMjy* ¼la?kkRed½ o ^;wfu;u* ¼,dkRed½ constitution has the characteristics of both
nksuksa dh fo’ks"krk,¡ gS blfy, bls ^v)Z 'federal' and unitary', hence it is called ‘quasi-
ifjla?kh;* dgk tkrk gSA federal’.
✓ ;|fi lafo/kku esa dgha ij Hkh ^QsMjy* 'kCn dk ❖ Although the word 'federal' has not been used
iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gS cfYd lHkh txg anywhere in the constitution, the word 'union'
^;wfu;u* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA has been used everywhere.
✓ MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMd+ j ds vuqlkj 'kkafrdky esa ❖ According to Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, the
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku la?kh; (Federal) gS rFkk Indian constitution in peacetime is federal and
vkikrdky ds nkSjku ;g ,dkRed (Union) gks it becomes unitary during the Emergency.
tkrk gSA ❖ Various Commissions Sarkaria Commission,
✓ fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ljdkfj;k vk;ksx] iqaNh vk;ksx Punchhi Commission and Supreme Court have
o mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh
also considered the basic nature of Indian
ewy izd`fr dks la?kh; (Federal) ekuk gSA
Constitution as federal.
✓ QsMjy LVªDpj ¼la?kh; lajpuk½ dks lafo/kku dk
❖ The federal structure has been considered the
cqfu;knh <k¡pk ekuk x;k gSA
basic structure of the constitution.
 Reasons for the development of
Hkkjr esa la?kokn ds fodkl ds dkj.k federalism in India

1. {ks=h; nyksa dk mn; & 1967 esa {ks=h; nyksa dk 1. Rise of regional parties - Regional parties
mn; gqvkA emerged in 1967.
2. 1977 esa turk ikVhZ dk mn; & blesa {ks=h; usrk 2. Rise of Janata Party in 1977 - Regional
leaders were more influential in this.
vf/kd izHkko’kkyh FksA
3. Coalition politics
3. xBca/ku dh jktuhfr 4. Economic reforms of 1991
4. 1991 ds vkfFkZd lq/kkj i. States' dependence on center
✓ jkT;ksa dh dsUnz ij fuHkZjrk de gqbZ decreased
✓ jkT;ksa ds foÙkh; lalk/ku c<+s ii. States' financial resources increased
5. dsUnzh; djksa esa jkT;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh vf/kd gksuk 5. States' share in central taxes to be higher
6. U;kf;d lfØ;rk 6. Judicial activism
7. bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k dh lfØ;rk 7. Active role of electronic media.
8. Lack of political awareness among
8. Ykksxksa esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk dk vHkko
people
9. Ukhfr vk;ksx dk xBu & ;kstuk fuekZ.k esa jkT;ksa dh 9. Formation of NITI Aayog - The role of
Hkwfedk c<+h gSA states in planning has increased.
Polity Notes

ojh;rk Øe
1. jk"Vªifr
2. mijk"Vªifr
3. iz/kkuea=h
4. jkT;iky ¼Lo;a ds jkT; dk½
5. HkwriwoZ jk"Vªifr
5-A. miiz/kkuea=h
6. Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;/kh'k (CJI) o yksdlHkk v/;{k
7. dsfcusV ea=h] foi{k dk usrk] uhfr vk;ksx dk mik/;{k] HkwriwoZ iz/kkuea=h] eq[;ea=h ¼Lo;a ds jkT; dk½
7-A. Hkkjr jRu ls lEekfur O;fDr
8. jktnwr o mPpk;qDr
jkT;iky o eq[;ea=h ¼Lo;a ds jkT; ls ckgj½
9. mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k
9-A. UPSC dk v/;{k] CAG, eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr
10. jkT;lHkk milHkkifr] yksdlHkk mik/;{k] jkT;ea=h ¼dsUnz½ mieq[;ea=h ¼Lo;a ds jkT;½
11. egkU;k;oknh] dsfcusV lfpo] UT dk mijkT;iky
12. lsuk/;{k
13. fons'kh nwr
14. fo/kkuifj"kn dk lHkkifr] fo/kkulHkk v/;{k] mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
15. jkT; ds dsfcusV ea=h] miea=h ¼dsUnz½] UT dk eq[;ea=h

lafo/kku dk la'kks/ku
¼Hkkx&20] vuq P Ns n &368½
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx&20 dk vuqPNsn&368 laln dks lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku djus dh 'kfDr nsrk gS fdUrq laln mu
izko/kkuksa dks la'kksf/kr ugha dj ldrh tks lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps ls lacaf/kr gSA

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