Math LO 6 Concepts 1. Linear functions 2. Piecewise function 3. Absolute-Value Functions 4. STEP function 5. Direct variation 6. Inverse variation 7. Intercepted part 8. Composition of functions 9. Translation of linear function Linear Functions A function of the form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 is called a linear function. If 𝒎 = 𝒐, the result is 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃, which is called a constant function. If 𝒎 = 𝟏 and 𝒃 = 𝟎, then the result is 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙, which is called the identity function. There are three forms of the Linear Function you need to be familiar with: 1) y = m× + B (Slope-Intercept Form) 2) A× + By = C ( Standard Form) 3) y - 𝐲𝟏 = m (×-𝐱 𝟏 ) (Point-slope Form)
Notes The domain of any linear function is all real numbers. If 𝒎 ≠ 𝟎, then the range is also all real numbers. If 𝒎 = 𝒐, the function is constant and the range is {b}. Graphing Linear Functions The graph of a linear function is a line with slope m and y intercept b.
𝒎>𝟎 Increasing on −∞, ∞ Domain: −∞, ∞ Range: −∞, ∞ Piecewise Function A function that combines pieces of different equations. Each piece is for a different domain (set of x values).
Example 𝟐 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒙≤𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙>𝟏
Absolute value Function
Absolute value function is a graph looks like a V pointing in the upward direction. 𝒚 = − 𝒙 is going to reflect over the x-axis so instead of opening in the upward direction, it is going to open downward.
Step function • It is the function whose graph has breaks or discontinuities. • Is a function which have some constant functions. Its graph has breaks or discontinuities. • It is called step function because the graph appears to be a series of steps. • It is also called the Greatest integer function or floor function. • This function is denoted by symbols such as 𝒙 , 𝒙 , and int(x). • The domain is the set of real numbers. • The range is the set of integers.
Direct & Inverse Variation
“Pay is directly proportional to hours worked”, “Average speed is inversely proportional to finishing time” Such statements describe how one quantity varies with respect to another. Types of Variation Direct Variation y varies directly with x (y is (directly) proportional to x) means 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙 𝒌 ≠ 𝟎 is called the constant of variation.
The equation of direct variation 𝒚 =
𝒌𝒙, 𝒌 ≠ 𝒐, gives a linear model with nonzero slope that passes through the origin.
Inverse Variation y varies inversely with x (y is inversely proportional to x) means 𝒚 = 𝒌/𝒙 𝒌 ≠ 𝟎 is called the constant of variation Joint Variation w is jointly proportional to x and y (or w varies jointly as x and y) means 𝒘 = 𝒌𝒙𝒚 𝒌 ≠ 𝟎 is called the constant of variation. Note The three basic types of variation also can be combined. Example Newton’s law of gravitation, “The force of attraction F between two objects is jointly proportional to their masses m1 and m2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance d between them,” has the equation 𝒎 𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝑭=𝑲 𝒅𝟐 Slope-Intercept Form
𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 are perpendicular if and 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 are parallel if and
𝟏 only if 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 only if 𝒎𝟏 = − . In this case, the 𝒎𝟐 slope of 𝒍𝟏 is the negative reciprocal of the slope of 𝒍𝟐 . Composition of Functions • Composition of functions is when one function is inside of another function. • If we have two functions 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙), then composite of 𝒈 in 𝒇 is denoted by (𝒇𝒐𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙) Example 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 Find: 1) 𝒇𝒐𝒈 2) 𝒈𝒐𝒇 Solution 1) 𝒇𝒐𝒈 = 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 − 𝟒 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 − 𝟒 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑 2) 𝒈𝒐𝒇 = 𝒈 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 −𝟑 = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑 = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 Intercepted part • The x-intercept is the intersection of the line with the x-axis. As y = 0 everywhere along the x-axis, the x-intercept is obtained by putting y = 0 into the equation for the line. • The y-intercept is the intersection of the line with the y-axis. As x = 0 everywhere along the y-axis, the y-intercept is obtained by putting x = 0 into the equation for the line. Transformations of Linear Function 1. The graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒂 is the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) moved |a| units up when a is positive down when a is negative
2. The graph of 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒂) is the graph
of 𝒇(𝒙) moved |a| units to the left when a is positive right when a is negative.
3. The graph of −𝒇 𝒙 is the graph of
𝒇(𝒙) reflected in the x-axis.
4. When 𝒂 > 𝟏, the graph of
𝒂𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 is the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) stretched vertically by a factor of a. 5. When 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏, the graph of 𝒂𝒇(𝒙) is the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) compressed vertically by a factor of a.
