S → aSb ∣ bSa ∣ ϵ

10. CFG and Unambiguity

Context-Free Grammar (CFG): A set of production rules generating a language where every
derivation has a single parse tree.
Unambiguity: A grammar is unambiguous if every string has a unique parse tree.

11. Regular Language Verification

L = {an bm ∣n, m ≥ 1} : Regular, as it can be expressed by a+ b+ .

L = {an bn ∣n ≥ 1} : Not Regular, proven by Pumping Lemma.
L = {am bn ∣m > n} : Not Regular, as balancing is required.

12. CNF and GNF Construction

1. Normalization Steps:
Remove null, unit, and useless productions.
Convert to Chomsky Normal Form (CNF): Every rule is A → BC or A → a.
Convert to Greibach Normal Form (GNF): Every rule is A → aα, where α is a string of
variables.

13. CFG for (011 + 1)(01):

S → AB, A → 011 ∣ 1, B → 01

Let me know if you'd like detailed explanations for specific questions or visual aids like diagrams for
automata!

yes provide detailed explaination for all these questions

I'll provide a detailed explanation for each question step by step.

1. Definitions

Finite Automata (FA): A mathematical model used to recognize regular languages. It consists of:
A finite set of states (Q).
An input alphabet (Σ).
A transition function (δ ).
An initial state (q0 ).
​

A set of accepting states (F ).

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 Example: Recognizing binary strings divisible by 2.
Q = {q0 , q1 }, Σ = {0, 1}, q0 is the initial state, and F = {q0 }.
​ ​ ​ ​

Transition Diagram: A visual representation of an FA where:

States are represented as circles.
Transitions are arrows labeled with input symbols.
The initial state has an incoming arrow with no source.
Accept states are denoted by double circles.
Example: Diagram for binary divisibility by 2:
q0 → q1 on input 1, and q0 → q0 on 0.
​ ​ ​ ​

2. ε-closure(q) and DFA Construction

ε-closure(q): The set of all states reachable from q using zero or more ϵ-transitions.

Example: For states q0 , q1 , and q2 : ​ ​ ​

ϵ ϵ
q0 ​ ​ q1 , ​ q1 ​ ​ q2 ​

ϵ-closure(q0 ) = {q0 , q1 , q2 }.
​ ​ ​ ​

DFA Construction for Each Language:

1. L = {x ∈ {a, b} : ∣x∣a is odd and ∣x∣b is even} : ​ ​

States track the parity of a and b.

Create four states (Odda , Evenb ), (Odda , Oddb ), (Evena , Evenb ), (Evena , Oddb ). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2. Binary strings where the third symbol from the right is 1:

Use three states to track the last three symbols.
Final state accepts if the third symbol is 1.
3. Strings where the number of 1’s ≡ 3 mod 4 :
Create four states q0 , q1 , q2 , q3 for remainders 0, 1, 2, 3. ​ ​ ​ ​

1
Transition qi ​ ​ q(i+1) mod 4 . ​

4. Strings with three consecutive 0’s:

States track 0, 00, 000.
Transition on 1 resets the progress.

3. DFA and NFA for Substrings

DFA for “000” as a substring:

States track how much of “000” has been seen.
State q3 is the final state for matching.
​

Diagram:
0 0 0
q0 ​ ​ q1 ​ ​ q2 ​ ​ q3 . ​

NFA for two consecutive 0’s:

States q0 → q1 on 0, and q1 → q2 on 0.
​ ​ ​ ​

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 Non-deterministic because it doesn't reset progress for other inputs.

4. Odd 1’s and Even 0’s:

States:
q0 : Even 1’s and Even 0’s (Initial state).
​

q1 : Odd 1’s and Even 0’s.

​

q2 : Even 1’s and Odd 0’s.

​

q3 : Odd 1’s and Odd 0’s.

​

5. Relations Among Automata Types

Regular expressions → NFA → DFA (using subset construction).

DFA → Regular expressions (using state elimination).
ε-NFA adds ϵ-transitions for flexibility, no power difference.

6. Pumping Lemma and L = {0n 1n }:

Assume L is regular.
Pumping length p. For s = 0p 1p :
s = xyz, ∣xy∣ ≤ p, ∣y∣ > 0.
y = 0k , k > 0. Pump y : xy 2 z = 0p+k 1p , which is not in L.

7 & 8. Regular Expressions

1. Odd number of 1’s: (01∗ 1)∗ .

2. Strings ending in 00: (0 + 1)∗ 00.
3. L1 : Same as (2).
​

4. L2 : 0(0 + 1)∗ 1.
​

9. CFG for Equal a’s and b’s:

S → aSb ∣ bSa ∣ ϵ

10. CFG and Unambiguity

CFG is unambiguous if every string in the language has only one parse tree.

11. Regular Language Verification

1. L = {an bm ∣n, m ≥ 1} : Regular.

2. L = {an bn ∣n ≥ 1} : Not regular (Pumping Lemma).
3. L = {am bn ∣m > n} : Not regular (requires counting).

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12. CNF and GNF Conversion

Convert productions:
CNF: Every production A → BC or A → a.
GNF: A → aα, where α is a string of variables.

13. CFG for (011 + 1)(01):

S → AB, A → 011 ∣ 1, B → 01

If you need any of these solved in more depth, let me know!

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