Example 5.1. Finding the Performances of a Dc-Dc Converter ‘The de converter in Figure 5.2a has a resistive load of R = 100 and the input voltage is V, = 220V. When the converter switch remains on, its voltage drop is tx, = 2V and the chop- ping frequency is f = 1kHz. If the duty cycle is 50%, determine (a) the average output voltage Vz, (b) the rms output voltage V,, (c) the converter efficiency, (d) the effective input resistance R; of the converter, (e) the ripple factor of the output voltage RF,,, and (f) the mms value of the fundamental component of output harmonic voltage. Solution V, = 220V,k = 0.5, R = 100, and», = 2V. a From Eq. (58), V, = 05 X (220 — 2) = 109V. b. From Eq. (59), V, = VS x (220 = 2) = 154.15V, The output power can be found from or pad [yt Mo RON (5.12) = 05 x 2082)" _ as762w 10 ‘The input power to the converter can be found from (13) ‘The converter efficiency is Pa _ 2376.2 P2398 99.09% @. From Eq. (5.11), R, = Vil, = V,(VIR) = 220 X (109/10) = 20.180, ©. Substituting V, from Eq. (5.8) and V,, from Eq. (5.9) into Eq. (5.6) gives the ripple factor as ave fly eV VE 4) = Vis — 1 = 100% RF, ‘The output voltage as shown in Figure 5.2b can be expressed in a Fourier series as ve Gs) + FES) (1 = cos 2rewk) sin 2nwft ‘The fundamental component (for n = 1) of output voltage harmonic can be determined from Bq. (5.15) as ¥, = un) v,(4) = B= [in 2k cos 2afi + (1 — cos 2nk) sin 2nfi] = 16) 2) x2 sin(2m X 1000r) = 138.78 sin( 6283.2r) and its root-mean-square (rms) value is V, = 138.78/V2 = 98.13.Example 5.5 Finding the Values of LC Filter for the Buck Regulator ‘The buck regulator in Figure 5.17a has an input voltage of V, = 12V.'The required average out- put voltage is V, = 5V at R = 500 and the peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is 20 mV. The switching frequency is 25 kHz. If the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is limited to 0.8 A, determine (a) the duty cycle k, (b) the filter inductance L. (c) the filter capacitor C, and (d) the critical values of L and C. Solution V, = 12V, AV. = 20mV, Al = O.8A, f = 25kHz,and V, = 5 v. a. From Eq. (5.56), V, = kV, and k = V/V, = 5/12 = 0.4167 = 41.67%. b. From Bq. (5.59), = 145.83 4H © From Eq. (5.61), 5.83mH 2x25 x 108 4167 16 x 145.83 x 10° x (25 x 10°) = 04uFExample 5.6 Finding the Currents and Voltage in the Boost Regulator A boost regulator in Figure 5.18a has an input voltage of V, = 5V. The average output volt age V, = 15V and the average load current J, = 0.5. The switching frequency is 25 kHz. If L = 150pH and C = 220uF, determine (a) the duty eyele &, (b) the ripple current of inductor AJ,(c) the peak current of inductor 12, (d) the ripple voltage of filter capacitor AV,,and (e) the critical values of L and C. Solution V, = SV.V, = 1SV, f= 25kHz, L = 150nH,and C = 220nF. a, From Bq. (5.70), 15 = S/(1 — k) or k = 2/3 = 0.6667 = 66.67%. b. From Eq. (5.75), 5x (15—5) OBA 25,000 x 150 < 10 x 15 Ar From Eq. (5.73). i, = 0.5/(1 — 0.667) = 1.5A and peak inductor current, page Mais > 5 945A, 4. From Eq. (5.79), = 05 X 0.6667 __ 25,000 x 220 x 10° AV, = 6061mV e R= ve 309 Ia . (1=K)kR _ (1 — 0.6667) x 0.6667 x 30 _ fF 2x 25x I 0.6667 k From Eq. (581), we get C, = ap = O78 rom Eq, (581). we set Ce = 958 = 5555 x 10° x 30 From Eq. (5.80), we get Le = 44 LFExample 5.7. Finding the Currents and Voltage in the Buck-Boost Regulator The buck-boost regulator in Figure 5.19a has an input voltage of V, = 12. The duty cycle k = 0.25 and the switching frequency is 25 kHz. The inductance L = 150 pH and filter capaci- tance C = 220 pF. The average load current J, = 1.25A. Determine (a) the average output voltage, V,; (b) the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple, 4 V,;(c) the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor, A/; (d) the peak current of the transistor, J,: and (e) the critical values of L and C. Solution V,= 12, = 0.25,], = 125A, f = 25kHz, L = 150 pHand C = 220 pF. a. From Eq, (586), V, = —12 x 0.25/(1 - 0.25) = -4V. b. From Eq, (5.95), the peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is, 1.25 x 025 AV, = = 568mV 25,000 x 220 x 10° c From Eq, (5.92), the peak-to-peak inductor ripple is 12 x 0.25 Als 25,000 x 150 x 10° = 08AExample 5.8 Finding the Currents and Voltages in the Cuk Regulator ‘The input voltage of a Ck converter in Figure 5.20a is V; = 12V. The duty eyele is k = 0.25 and the switching frequency is 25 kHz. The filter inductance is Ly = 150 1H and filter capacitance is C2 = 220 wF. The energy transfer capacitance is C; = 200 wF and inductance L; = 180 wH. ‘The average load current is /, = 1.25A. Determine (a) the average output voltage V,; (b) the average input current /,; (c) the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor Ly, Af; (d) the peak- to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C;, AV;,; () the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor Lp, Als; (f) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C2, AV,9; and (g) the peak current of the transistor Jp Solution V, = 12V, k = 0.25, ly = 125A, f = 25 kHz, Ly = 180 pH, Cy = 200 pF, Ly = 150 pH, and Cy = 220 pP. a. From Eq. (5.108), V, = 0.25 x 12/(1 = 0.25) = -4V. b. From Eq. (5.111), & = 1.25 x 0.25/(1 = 0.25) = 0.42.4. From Eq, (5.114), Af, = 12 x 0.25/(25,000 x 180 x 10) = 0.67A. a. From Eq. (5.120), AV,, = 0.42 x (1 — 0.25)/(25,000 x 200 x 10") = 63mvV. e. From Eq. (5.117), Ab = 0.25 X 12/(25,000 x 150 x 10%) = 0.8. f From Eq. (5.121), AV.. = 0.8/(8 X 25,000 x 220 x 10°) = 18.18mV. g. The average voltage across the diode can be found from Vin = —kVan = “Vik = Ve (6.127) For a lossless circuit, J;2Vjy = Vylo and the average value of the current in inductor Lo is (5.128) ‘Therefore, the peak current of transistor is Ah Ab 0.67 08 By ty + 2B = 0.42 + 9 6 1:25 A+ Sh hia +S = 042 + + 1.25 + 405AExample 6.1 Finding the Parameters of the Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter The single-phase half-bridge inverter in Figure 6.2a has a resistive load of R = 2.40 and the de input voltage is V, = 48V. Determine (a) the rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency V,1,(b) the output power P,,(c) the average and peak currents of cach transistor, (d) the peak reverse blocking voltage Vie of each transistor, (e) the average supply current J,, (f) the THD, () the DF, and (h) the HF and LOH Solution V, = 48V and R = 2.49. From Eq. (6.11), Vor = 0.45 X 48 = 21.6V. Pp b. From Eq, (6.9), V, = V2 = 48/2 = 24V. The output power P, = V2/R = 247/24 = 240 W. ¢. The peak transistor current J, = 24/2.4 = 10. Because each transistor conducts for a 50% duty cycle, the average current of each transistor is /g = 0.5 X 10 = SA. dd. The peak reverse blocking voltage Vag = 2 X 24 = 48V. fe. The average supply current J, = P,/Vs = 240/48 = 5A. f, From Eq, (6.11), V;1 = 0.45V, and the rms harmonic voltage Vj, v= (= vz.) = V3 — V3,)!2 = 0.2176V, From Eq. (6.6), THD = (0.2176V,)/(0.45V,) = 48.34%. g From Eq, (6.10), we can find V,,, and then find, SZ (Von)?! _ [( Yon? , (Yes)? =|(2) + + LS GH) =e) + Ge) + From Eq, (6.7), DF = 0.024V,/ (0.45V,) = 5.382% h. The LOH is the third, V,; = Vin/3. From Eq, (6.5), HF; = Vi/Vin = 13 and from Eq. (6.8), DF; = (V,3/3*)/Vor = 1/27 = 3.704%. Because V,3/Vo1 which is greater than 3%, LOH = V,3.Example 6.2 Finding the Parameters of the Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter Repeat Example 6.1 for a single-phase bridge inverter in Figure 6.3a. Solution V, = 48V and R = 2.40. a. From Eq, (6.17), Vi = 0.90 x 48 = 43.2V. b. From Eq. (6.15), V,, = V, = 48V. The output power is P, = V2/R = 487/2.4 = 960W. ¢. The peak transistor current is J, = 48/24 = 20A. Because each transistor conducts for a 50% duty cycle, the average current of each transistor is I = 0.5 X 20 = 10A. d. The peak reverse blocking voltage is Vag = 48V. The average supply current Ly = P,/Vs = 960/48 = 20. ° Solution V, = 48V and R = 240. a. From Eq. (6.17), Vj = 0.90 x 48 = 43.2V. b. From Eq. (6.15), V, = V, = 48V. The output power is P, = VR = 487/2.4 = 960W. The peak transistor current is J, = 48/2.4 = 20A. Because each transistor conducts for a 50% duty cycle, the average current of cach transistor is Jy = 0.5 x 20 = 10A. d. The peak reverse blocking voltage is Vz = 48V. e. The average supply current /; = P,/V; = 960/48 = 20. (a) Cireuit £. From Eq, (6.17), Vj = 0.9V,. The rms harmonic voltage Vj, is n( 3 ws)" n=35I.. 3)? = 0.4359¥, From Eq. (6.6). THD = 0.4359V,/(0.9V,) = 48.43%. (8 Cel From Eq. (6.7). DF = 0.048V,/(0.9V,) = 5.333%. 0.048V, from Eq. (68), DF; = (Vov3?)/Von = 1/27 = 3.704%. h, The LOH is the third, V3 = V/3. From Eq. (6.5), HFs = Vax/Vo1 = 1/3 = 33.33% andExample 6.3 Finding the Output Voltage and Current of a Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter with an RLC Load The bridge inverter in Figure 6.3a hasan RL-Cload with R = 100, = 31.5mHandC = 112pF. ‘The inverter frequency is fy = 60Hz and de input voltage is V, = 220V. (a) Express the instan- taneous load current in Fourier series. Calculate (b) the rms load current at the fundamental frequency [,1, (c) the THD of the load current, (d) the power absorbed by the load Py and the fundamental power Po, (e) the average current of de supply /,, and (f) the rms and peak current of each transistor. (g) Draw the waveform of fundamental load current and show the conduction intervals of transistors and diodes. Calculate the conduction time of (h) the transistors, (i) the diodes, and Gj) the effective load angle 8. Solution V, = 220V, fo = 60Hz, R = 100, = 31.5mH,C = 112pF, and w = 20 X 60 = 377 rad/s. The inductive react nce for the nth harmonic voltage is Xz, = wok. = fn X 60 X 31.5 X 10 = j11.87n O ‘The capacitive reactance for the nth harmonic voltage is j10® =P3.68 2nm & 60 X 112 n ‘The impedance for the nth harmonic voltage is ————————. 1 its = ie (wot =a) = 10° + (18m = 28600 9 and the load impedance angle for the th harmonic voltage is 23.68/n 1.87" a 2.368, = tar(tasm - 22) a. From Eq, (6.16), the instantaneous output voltage can be expressed as 8, = 10 v(t) = 280.1 sin(3771) + 93.4 sin(3 X 3771) + 56.02 sin(S x 3771) + 40.02 sin(7 x 3771) + 31.12 sin(9 x 3771) + ++ Dividing the output voltage by the load impedance and considering the appropri- ate delay due to the load impedance angles, we can obtain the instantaneous load current as i,(0) = 18.1 sin(3771 + 49.72") + 3.17 sin(3 x 3771 - 70.177) + sin(5 X 3771 — 79.63°) + 0.5 sin(7 X 377 ~ 82.85") + 0.3 sin(9 x 3771 = 84.52°) + b. The peak fundamental load current is Jy; = 18.1 A. The rms load current at funda- mental frequency is f,, = 18.1/V2 = 128A.g h e Considering up to the ninth harmonic, the peak load current, In = (18.2 + 3.17? + 1.0? + 0.5? + 0.37)'? = 18.414 ‘The rms harmonic load current is — Un = Bin)? _ 18.47 — 18. a v2 i v2 2.3789A, th Using Eq. (6.6), the THD of the load current is Cin = Tin)? (cs » THD = Ta 81 1 - 1 = 18.59% ‘The rms load current is 1, = In/V2 = 18.41/V2 = 13.02. A, and the load power is P, = 13.0 X 10 = 1695 W. Using Eq. (6.13), the fundamental output power is P,, = BR = 128° x 10 = 1638.4W The average supply current J, = P,/V, = 1695/220 = 7.7A. The peak transistor current J, = J, = 1841A. The maximum permissible rms current of each transistor is Jg¢ max) = L/V2 = 4/2 = 1841/2 = 92. ‘The waveform for fundamental load current i;(2) is shown in Figure 6.4. From Figure 6.4, the conduction time of each transistor is found approximately from wt, = 180 — 49.72 = 130.28° or f) = 130.28 X w/(180 X 377) = 6031 ps. ‘The conduction time of each diode is approximately = 180 x 377 87 BS ty = (180 — 130.28) x ‘The effective load angle can be found from Volo C08 0 = P, or 220 X 13.02 X cos 6 = 1695 which gives 9 = 53.73° © Fundamental N, 5.333 ms . 8.333 J 1.944 ms 16.667 ms 1.8638 msExample 6.4 Finding the Output Voltage and Current of a Three-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter with an RL load ‘The three-phase inverter in Figure 6.6a has a Y-connected load of R = 59 and L = 23mH.The inverter frequency is fy = 60Hz and the de input voltage is V, = 220V. (a) Express the instanta- neous line-to-line voltage %,» (1) and line current i,(¢) in a Fourier series. Determine (b) the rms line voltage Vz, (c) the rms phase voltage V,, (d) the rms line voltage V;1 at the fundamental frequency, (e) the rms phase voltage at the fundamental frequency V,1, (f) the THD, (g) the DF, (h) the HF and DF of the LOH, (i) the load power P,, (j) the average transistor current Loa.) and (k) the rms transistor current Lo¢ms) Solution V, = 220 VR = 5O,L = 23 mH, fy = 60 Hz, and w = 2 X 60 = 377 rads. Using Eq. (6.20a), the instantaneous line-to-line voltage v4, (1) can be written for a positive sequence as gp (0) = 242.58 sin (3771 + 30°) — 48.52 sin 5(377%1 + 30°) 34.66 sin 7(377¢ + 30°) + 22.05 sin 11(3771 + 30°) + 18.66 sin 133771 + 30°) — 14.27 sin 17(377¢ + 30°) + +++ 21 = VR + (nol )?Ltan (nw L/R) = V5? + (8.67n)? Laan (8.6705 Using Eq. (6.26), the instantaneous line (or phase) current for a positive sequence is given by iq) = 14 sin (377t — 60°) — 0.64 sin(5 x 377% + 36.6") = 0.33 sin(7 X 377t + 94.7°) + 0.13 sin(11 % 3771 + 213°) +0.10 sin( 13 x 3771 + 272.5°) — 0.06 sin(17 x 3771 + 391.99) = +++ From Eq. (6.21), V, = 0.8165 x 220 = 179.63 V. From Eq. (6.24), Vp = 0.4714 x 220 = 103.7 V. From Eq, (6.23), Vir = 0.7797 x 220 = 171.53 V. Vp = Vial V3 = 99.03 V. From Eq. (6.23), Vir = 0.7797V, 4, ) © = (VE — Vi,)22 = 0.24236V, From Eq. (6.6), THD = 0.24236V,/(0.7797V,) = 31.08%. The rms harmonic line voltage is ~ 7,271" Vin = | _ >, (“#) ] 0.00941 V, From Eq. (6.7), DF = 0.00941 (0.7797V,) = 1.211% ‘The LOH is the fifth, Vs = V;,/5. From Eq. (6.5), HFs = Vis/Vi1 = 1/5 = 20%, and from Eq. (6.8), DFs = (Vis/5?)/Vp = 1/125 = 0.8% For Y-connected loads, the line current is the same as the phase current and the rms line current, (1? + 0.64 + 0 + 0.4 2 + 0.062) +0 v2 ‘The load power Py = 3/7R = 3 X 9.91 x 5 = 1473 W. ‘The average supply current J, = P.J220 = 1473/220 = 6.7 A and the average transis- tor current Ig,,, = 6.7/3 = 2.23 A Because the line current is shared by three transistors, the rms value of a transistor current is Ig,,,., = I:/V3 = 9.91V4 = S.A i = 991AExample 6.5. Finding the Allowable Limit of the Dc Input Source A single-phase full-bridge inverter controls the power in a resistive load. The nominal value of input de voltage is V, = 220V and a uniform pulse-width modulation with five pulses per half cycle is used. For the required control, the width of each pulse is 30°, (a) Determine the rms volt- age of the load. (b) If the de supply increases by 10%, determine the pulse width to maintain the same load power, If the maximum possible pulse width is 35°, determine the minimum allowable limit of the de input source. Solution a. V, = 220V, p = 5,andd = 30°. From Eq, (6.31), V, = 220V5 x 30/180 = 2008V. b. V, = 11 x 220 = 242V. By using Eq. (6.31), 242V58/180 = 200.8 and this gives the required value of pulse width, 8 = 24.75°. ‘To maintain the output voltage of 200.8 V at the maximum possible pulse width of 5°, the input voltage can be found from 200.8 = V,V5 x 35/180, and this yields 203.64. 8 the minimum allowable input voltage, V, Example 11.2 Finding the Performance Parameters of a Single-Phase Full-Wave Controller with an RL Load ‘The single-phase full-wave controller in Figure 11.5a supplies an RL load. The input rms volt- age is V, = 120 V, 60 Hz. The load is such that L thyristors are equal: «; = a = 1/2. Determine (a) the conduction angle of thyristor 7;, 8; (b) the rms output voltage V,,, (c) the rms thyristor current J,; (d) the rms output current J,; (e) the average current of a thyristor /,; and (f) the input PF. Solution R=250, L = 65mH, f = 60Hz, w = 2m x 60 = 377 rad/s, V, = 120V, « = 90°, and an! (wL/R) = 44.43°. a, The extinction angle can be determined from the solution of Eq. (11.9) and an it- erative solution yields 8 = 220.35°. The conduction angle is 8 = B — « = 220.35 — 90 = 130.35°, b. From Eq. (11.11), the rms output voltage is V, = 68.09 V. ¢. Numerical integration of Eq. (11.12) between the limits wf = a to B gives the rms thyristor current as Iz = 15.07 A. @. From Eq. (11.13), J, = V2 X 15.07 = 213A e. Numerical integration of Eg. (11.14) yields the average thyristor current as I, = 823 A, f, The output power P, = 213° x 2.5 = 1134.2 W, and the input VA rating is VA = 120 x 21.3 = 2556 Ws therefore, P, 34. pr = fe = 1134200 Va = 3555 7 O44 (lagging)Example 11.1. Finding the Performance Parameters of a Single-Phase Full-Wave Controller A single-phase full-wave ac voltage controller in Figure 11.2 has a resistive load of R = 10 0 and the input voltage is V, = 120 V (rms), 60 Hz. The delay angles of thyristors 7, and T) are equal: a, ‘7/2. Determine (a) the rms output voltage V,, (b) the input PF, (c) the average current of thyristors /, and (d) the rms current of thyristors Zz. Solution R= 100, VY, = 120 V, 0 = w/2, and Vy, = V2 x 120 = 169.7 V. a, From Eq, (11.1), the rms output voltage b, The rms value of load current is J, = V,/R = 84.85/10 = 8.485 A and the load power is P, = E.R = 8.485 x 10 = 719.95 W. Because the input current is the same as the load current, the input VA rating is VA = Vil, = Velg = 120 X 8.485 = 1018.2 W The input PF is edie [iene ey (12) 1 _ 719.95 = a= Torn 7 0707 (lassing) The average thyristor current 1 tA 3a = 2% cose +1) a3) [ V2 V,sin wt d(wt) 120. = V2 x 9 = TA d. The rms value of the thyristor current Ig = [sce [2v3simtord(an |” “(1 = cos 2ur) aon |” = [ime f - eli(e-« + sna)" (tyExample 11.3. Finding the Performance Parameters of a Three-Phase Full-Wave Controller The three-phase full-wave controller in Figure 11.9 supplies a Y-connected resistive load of R = 100 and the line-to-line input voltage is 208 V (rms), 60 Hz. The delay angle is a = 7/3 Determine (a) the rms output phase voltage V,, (b) the input PF, and (c) the expression for the instantaneous output voltage of phase a. Solution Vi, = 208 V, Ve = Vi/V3 = 208/V3 = 120 V, a = w/3, and R = 10.0. a. From Bg. (11.19) the rms output phase voltage is V, = 100.9 V. b. The rms phase current of the load is J, = 100.9/10 = 10.09 A and the output power is P, = SER = 3 x 10.09? x 10 = 3054.24 W Because the load is connected in Y, the phase current is equal to the line current, 4, = L, = 10.09 A. The input VA VA = 3 Vil, = 3X 120 x 10.09 = 3632.4 VA ‘The PF is Po _ 3054.24 Va = goad = 084 (lagging) PF © If the input phase voltage is taken as the reference and is bay = 1202 sin wt = 169.7 sin wf, the instantaneous input line voltages are van = 208V2 sin (wr + z) = 294.2 sin(wr + =) eae = 294.2 sin (wr - =) Tm ea = 294.2 sin (or - =) The instantaneous output phase voltage v,,, Which depends on the number of conduct- ing devices, can be determined from Figure 11.8a as follows: For0 < wt < w/3: Yan = 0 For w/3 < of < 2/3: Um, = Van/2 = 147.1 sin(wt + 7/6) For 2n/3 Sof < tO, = vgci2 = —veq/2 = 147.1 sin(«r — Tw/6 — 7) For 7 = wt < 4q/3: Yan = 0 For 47/3 = wf < Sa/3: an For Sa/3 = wf < 2m: vagl2 = 147.1 sin(wt + 7/6) 147.1 sin(wt — 7n/6 — 7) Yn = Vacl2Example 13.1 Finding the Performance Parameters of a Flyback Converter The average (or de) output voltage of the flyback circuit in Figure 13.1a is V, = 24V at a resistive load of R = 0.8 ©. The duty-cycle ratio is k = 50% and the switching frequency is f = LkHz, The on-state voltage drops of transistors and diodes are V; = 1.2 V and V, = 0.7 V. respectively. The turns ratio of the transformer is a = Ny/Np = 0.25. Determine (a) the average input current J,, (b) the efficiency 1, (c) the average transistor current 1), (d) the peak transistor current [,, (c) the rms transistor current Ja, (f) the open-circuit transistor voltage V,., and (g) the primary magnetizing inductor L,. Neglect the losses in the transformer and the ripple current of the load. Solution a= NJN, = 0.25 and J, = V,/R = 2408 = 30A. a. The output power P, = V,J, = 24 x 30 = 720W. The secondary voltage Vs V, + Vi = 24 + 0.7 = 24.7 V. The primary voltage Vj = Vola = 24,710.25 = 988 V. ‘The input voltage V, = V; + V; = 98.8 + 1.2 = 100 and the input power is P= Voly = 1.21, + Valo + Pp Substituting J; = J, gives 1,(100 ~ 1.2) = 0.7 x 30 + 720 = 7 5 B88 b. P, = Vi = 100 X 7.5 = 750 W. The efficiency 1) = 75/750 = 96.0%. © h=h=75A. de Jy = 2shk = 2X 7.5105 = 30A. e. Ig = VEBly = X 30 = 12.25 A, for 50% duty eycle. f. Vi. = V, + Vola = 100 + 24.7/0.25 = 198.8 V. g. Using Eq. (13.2) for J, gives L, = V,k/fl, = 100 x 0.5)(1 x 10° x 30) = 1.67 mH.Example 13.3 Finding the Performance Parameters of a Push-Pull Converter The average (or de) output voltage of the push-pull circuit in Figure 13.6 is V,, = 24 V ata resis- tive load of R = 0.8 Q. The on-state voltage drops of transistors and diodes are V, = 1.2 V and Vj = 0.7 V, respectively. The turns ratio of the transformer is a = N,N, = 0.25. Determine (a) the average input current J,, (b) the efficiency m, (c) the average transistor current J,, (d) the peak transistor current J,, (e) the rms transistor current Zg, and ({) the open-circuit transistor voltage V,.. Neglect the losses in the transformer, and the ripple current of the load and input supply is negligible. Assume duty eycle k = 05. Solution a = NJN, = 0.25 and I, = V,JR = 24/0.8 = 30. a, The output power P, = V,l, = 24x 30 = 720W. The secondary voltage V>= V, + Vy = 24 + 0.7 = 24.7 V. The primary voltage V; = Vala = 24.7/0.25 = 98.8 V. ‘The input voltage V, = V, + V; = 98.8 + 1.2 = 100 and the input power is Vi = 12Ly + 1.214 + Valo + P, Substituting I, = 1/2 gives 1,(100 ~ 12) = 0.7 x 30 + 720 741 A= ogg 7 TSA b. P, = V,J, = 100 7.5 = 750 W. The efficiency 1 = 720/750 = 96.0%. eI, = 1/2 = 75/2 = 375A. ad = L=75A. e Ip = Vil, = V0.5 X 7.5 = 5.30 A, for 50% duty cycle. f. V,. = 2V, = 2 x 100 = 200V.Example 13.5 Finding the Performance Parameters of an AC Power Supply with a PWM Control The load resistance of the ac power supply in Figure 13.13 is R = 2.5 0. The de input voltage is V, = 100 V. The input inverter operates at a frequency of 20 kHz with one pulse per hali-cycle. The on-state voltage drops of transistor switches and diodes are negligible. The turns ratio of the transformer is a = N/N, = 0.5. The output inverter operates with a uniform PWM of four Ac-ac Cycloconverter FIGURE 13.15, Bidirectional ac power supplies. pulses per half-cycle. The width of each pulse is 8 = 18°, Determine the rms load current. The ripple voltage on the output of the rectifier is negligible. Neglect the losses in the transformer, and the effect of the load on the resonant frequency is negligible. Solution ‘The rms output voltage of the input inverter is V; = V, = 100 V. The rms transformer second- ary voltage is V; = aV; = 0.5 X 100 = 50 V, The de voltage of the rectifier is V, = V2 = 50V. With the pulse width of 8 = 18°, Eq. (6.31) gives the rms load voltage, V, = V,V(pd/m) = 50,4 X 18/180 = 31.6 V.'The rms load current is J, = ViJR = 31.6/2.5 = 12.64 A.