INTRODUCTION :-
Hydrostatic forces are the resultant force caused by the pressure loading of a liquid acting on
submerged surfaces. Calculation of the hydrostatic force and the location of the center of pressure
are fundamental subjects in fluid mechanics. The center of pressure is a point on the immersed
surface at which the resultant hydrostatic pressure force acts.
. EQUIPMENT :-
Equipment required to carry out this experiment is the following:
• Armfield F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus,
• A jug, and
• Calipers or rulers, for measuring the actual dimensions of the quadrant .
THEORY :-
In this experiment, when the quadrant is immersed by adding water to the tank, the hydrostatic
force applied to the vertical surface of the quadrant can be determined by considering the following
[1] ,The system is in equilibrium if the moments generated about the pivot points by the hydrostatic
force and added weight (=mg) are equal,
THEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF CENTER OF PRESSURE :-
The center of pressure is calculated as:
• Partially immersed vertical plane .
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :-
• Wipe the quadrant with a wet rag to remove surface tension and prevent air bubbles from
forming.
• Place the apparatus on a level surface, and adjust the screwed-in feet until the built-in circular
spirit level indicates that the base is horizontal. (The bubble should appear in the center of the spirit
level.)
• Position the balance arm on the knife edges and check that the arm swings freely.
• Place the weight hanger on the end of the balance arm and level the arm, using the counter
weight, so that the balance arm is horizontal.
• Add 50 grams to the weight hanger.
• Add water to the tank and allow time for the water to settle.
• Close the drain valve at the end of the tank, then slowly add water until the hydrostatic force on
the end surface of the quadrant is balanced. This can be judged by aligning the base of the balance
arm with the top or bottom of the central marking on the balance rest.
• Record the water height, which displayed on the side of the quadrant in mm. If the quadrant is
partially submerged, record the reading in the partially submerged portion of the Raw Data Table
• Repeat the steps, adding( 50 g) weight each time, until the final weight of (500 g) is reached.
When the quadrant is fully submerged, record the readings in the fully submerged part of the Raw
Data Table.
• Repeat the procedure in reverse by progressively removing the weights.
• Release the water valve, remove the weights, and clean up any spilled water.
Equations :
hexp=(2*m*l)\ρ*b*d2 htheo=H-(d\3) fexp=(w*l)\hexp ftheo=(w*l)\htheo
whene:
m: mass used (kg)
l: Length of balance arm, L (m)=(0.27)
ρ=density of water(100kg\m3)
d=Height of quadrant endface, D (m)
H=Distance from base of quadrant to pivot, H (m)=(0.21)
w=weight (N)
b=Width of submerged, B (m)=(0.075) .
RESULT :-
Record the following dimensions:
• Height of quadrant endface, D (m) =
• Width of submerged, B (m)=
• Length of balance arm, L (m)=
• Distance from base of quadrant to pivot, H (m)= All mass and water depth readings should be
recorded in the Raw Data Table .
Test no mass(kg) d(m) h.exp(m) h.theo(m) f.exp(N) f.theo(N)
1 0.3 0.105 0.199 0.164 4.06 4.93
2 0.22 0.085 0.223 0.194 2.664 3.05
3 0.16 0.070 0.239 0.216 1.806 1.998
