Political Science – Class XII

Globalization

1 Mark Questions
Question 1.
Mention the main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). (Delhi
2013)
Answer:
The main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is setting the
rules for the promotion of international trade.
Question 2.
How far is it correct to say that globalisation results in the erosion of state
sovereignty? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The globalisation affects the state sovereignty to some extent because the
State Government have to follow the international decisions on various
global issues.
Question 3.
How far is it correct to say that globalisation actually increases the activities
of the state? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation has actually increased the activities of the state in political,
economic and cultural fields.
Question 4.
What is globalisation? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
Question 5.
Where did the seventh meeting of world social forum take place?
(i) Porto Alegre
(ii) Nairobi
(iii) London
(iv) New York
Answer: Nairobi
Explanation: It’s first meeting was held in Port Alegre but seventh meeting in
Nairobi Kenya.

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Question 6.
Mention the main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
To set the rules for the promotion of international trade is the main function
of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
Question 7.
When was new economic policy adopted?
The new economic policy was adopted in 1991.
Question 8.
What is the problem of increasing interdependence of countries?
This gross interdependence may hurt the spirit of sovereignty. It is because
people in these countries are virtual patriotic and astute to the sanctitive
and exclusive term ‘‘Nationalism”.
Question 9.
How has globalisation involved greater trade in commodities across the
globe?
Globalisation has involved greater trade in commodities across the globe
because trade barriers like tariff, duties and number of other imports as also
labour laws have been removed or relaxed.
2 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Mention any two benefits of globalisation, (All India 2015)
Answer:
Two benefits of globalisation are:
 It provides job opportunities for the youth.
 It provides the exchange of ideas, capital, commodities and people
from one place to another.
Question 2.
Mention any two political consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What are the political consequences of there globalisation. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Following are the consequences of political globalisation -
 It has eroded the capacity of the state by reducing the ability of
government to do what they want to do.
 The concept of welfare state has been reduced to a more minimalist
state all over the world.

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Question 3.
How has technological advancement affected globalisation? (Delhi 2012)
OR
How have technological advancement and recognition of inter-
connectedness affected globalisation? All India 2008
Answer:
Technology remains an important factor with regard to globalisation. The
technological inventions such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has
revolutionised communication between various global factors. Hence,
invention of printing laid basis for the creation of nationalism. Thus,
technological advancement and regonition of inter-connectedness affected
globalisation.
Question 4.
What is cultural homogenisation? Give an example to show that its
consequence is not negative. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Globalisation which led to rise of a uniform culture known as cultural
homogenisation. It is intermingling of one culture with another one.
The consequenes are not always negative as jeans can even go well with
khadi kurta. Now-a-days, Americans also wear jeans and kurta.
Question 5.
Does globalisation lead to cultural homogenisation or cultural
heterogenisation or both? Justify. (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation has affected our domestic life, food, drink, dress and ideas. It
has even affected people’s preferences leading to the fear to threatening
world culture. This fear is true upto some extent as globalisation has led to
rise of a uniform culture known as cultural homogenisation.
On the other hand, cultural homogenisation has contrary effects too. It
makes to each culture more distinctive and unique. This process is called
cultural heterogenisation.
Question 6.
What are the economic consequences of globalisation? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Following are the economic consequences of globalisation:
 It deals with increasing the trade in commodities all around the world.
The restrictions imposed by various states on each other’s imports
have been removed.
 Globalisation benefits some sections of society while other sections of
society are left deprived. Developed countries gain more as compared
to developing countries.

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Question 7.
Define cultural heterogenisation. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
When globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and
distinctive. It is called cultural heterogenisation.
Question 8.
Mention any one problem created by protectionism. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Protectionism is practiced by states to protect the economic and business
interest of domestic industries, companies, traders etc.
In long-term, protectionism weaken the industry as without competition
there will be no innovation, efficiency which may result in lower quality and
expensive production. This way domestic product can not compete with
foreign product.
Question 9.
What is meant by flows in relation to globalisation? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Flows in relation to globalisation refer to movement of ideas, capital,
commodity and people from one part to another parts of world, which
causes the process of globalisation to exist.
Question 10.
What is meant by social safety nets? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Social safety nets refer to welfare measures implemented by states to
provide social security to poor and weaker section of society who is at the
receiving end of economic development.
Question 11.
“Welfare State is getting replaced by market.” Analyse the reason for this
change?
“Welfare state is getting replaced by market”, the reason behind this change
was due to:
 Globalisation results in erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of
government to do what they do.
 The old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state
that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law
and order and the security of its citizens.
 It withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at
economic and social well being. Hence, it is the market that becomes
prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

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  The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over
the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take
decisions on their own.
4 Marks Questions
Question 1.
Explain any four economic consequences of globalisation. (All India 2017)
OR
Mention any four political consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any two economic consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any four consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What is meant by globalisation? Explain any three cultural consequences of
globalisation. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Describe any two cultural consequences of globalisation. (All India 2009)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
Political consequences - The political consequences can be understood
through following points ;
 It decreases the role of state. It leads to market state rather than
welfare state.
 It leads to the emergence of IMF, World Bank and WTO etc.
 Market factors influences the decision-making process of the
governments.
 It has affected the traditional concept of state sovereignty.
Economic consequences - The economic consequences can be understood
through following points :
 It focuses on the development of some elite groups of the society.
 Economic globalisation enhances the disparities among the different
classes of the society.
 It also increases the role of WTO, World Bank and IMF.
 Economic globalisation leads to consumerism which enhances the
market’s role in society.
Cultural consequences - The cultural consequences can be understood
through following points :

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  It leads to cultural dominance that is the dominance of Western
culture.
 It also leads towards the unification of the culture that is cultural
homogenisation.
 Due to cultural homogenisation, cultural globalisation leads towards
cultural heterogenisation.
 It also leads to cultural colonialism.
Question 2.
Explain any two positive and any two negative effects of globalisation. (All
India 2014)
Answer:
Positive Impacts of globalisation are:
 Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.
 It attracts private foreign capital investment.
 It creates new job opportunities.
 It raises standard of living.
 It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.
 It attracts foreign direct investment also.
Negative impacts of globalisation are :
 These foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects only
in place of social welfare.
 It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the
poor more poorer.
 Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in
country.
Question 3.
What is globalisation? Highlight any three causes of globalisation, (All India
2014)
OR
Explain any four factors responsible for the development of globalisation.
(All India 2013)
OR
Define globalisation. Explain any three causes of globalisation. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
The factors responsible for globalisation are :
 Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days technology
is the most important element. The invention of the telegraph, the

6
 telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication
between various global factors and hence, invention of printing laid
the basis for the emergence of nationalism. The technology affects
both our personal and collective lives.
 The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital,
commodities and people from one place to another. The transfer of
capital and commodities is likely to be wider and quicker, than the
transfer of people across different parts of the world.
 It is not just the availability of improved communication which led to
the emergence of globalisation, rather the role of people in different
parts of the world is also significant who recognise these
interconnections with the rest of the world.
 The events taking place in one part of world have an influence, on the
other part of the world.
Here, we can take an example of bird flu or tsunami, which is not
confined to only one nation. It has affected the world as whole.
Similarly, any major economic event would have an immediate impact
on the local, national or regional environment at the world level.
Question 4.
How has technology contributed to globalisation? Explain. (Delhi 2013; All
India 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
Technology has contributed to globalisation in the following ways:
 The technological invention such as telegraph, telephone and the
microchip has revolutionised communication between various global
factors and hence invention of printing laid the basis for the
emergence of nationalism. Thus, technology influences the way we
think of our personal and collective lives.
 The sharing of ideas, capital, commodities and people throughout the
globe has been made possible only by technological advancement.
 The transfer of capital goods and services is likely to be wider and
quicker than the transfer of people across the various parts of the
world.
 Technological advances has reduced the physical distances and
increased inter connectedness world widely.
Question 5.
Explain any four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What is meant by globalisation? List any two forms of resistance to

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globalisation. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
The four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted are :
 Leftist parties argue that contemporary globalisation represents a
global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.
 Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state
to protect the interest of its poor.
 Rightist parties expresse anxiety over the political economic and
cultural effects.
 The cultural globalisation would harm age old values of people while
harming their traditional culture.
Question 6.
“Globalisation has shifted power from nation-states to global consumers.”
Justify the statement. (HOTS; All India 2012)
Answer:
Globalisation has shifted power from nation-states to global consumers
because of the following points:
 Revolution in information technology and electronic media and
development in the field of science and technology.
 Collapse of communism and the end of cold war with the
disintegration of Soviet Union.
 Advances in the field of transport and communication and growth of
MNCs. These MNCs are the efforts of the developed nations to make
the whole world as one single market.
 Rising debts of developing states that have forced the IMF and World
Bank to ask developing states to adopt the path of disinvestment and
globalisation.
Question 7.
Define globalisation. How is it different from internationalisation? (All India
2011)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
It is different from internationalisation on the basis of following points :

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  Internationalisation believes in the integrity of community whereas
globalisation believes in one umbrella concepts and sharing of ideas
between other states.
 Internationalisation believes in the use of resources of all the world
equally for the benefit of mankind, but globalisation emphasise on the
development of resources for the welfare and support of community.
 Internationalisation also believes in the universal brotherhood and
international peace whereas globalisation believes in the concept of
flows of ideas, people and commodities throughout the globe, it also
encourages the richer countries to support the poorer countries’
economy.
Question 8.
Define globalisation. It is a multi dimensional concept? Justify. (All India
2009)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
Yes, it is multi-dimensional concept because it has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these are very different to each other. It is
wrong to say that globalisation is purely economic concern and would be
purely cultural phenomena. Globalisation has, affected the globe unevenly.
It is important to avoid drawing general conclusions about the impact of
globalisation.
Question 9.
Explain any three reasons for resistance to globalisation. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Explain the concept of globalisation and any two reasons for resistance to it.
(All India 2013)
Answer:
For meaning of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital,
commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
The four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted are :
 Leftist parties argue that contemporary globalisation represents a
global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.
 Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state
to protect the interest of its poor.
 Rightist parties expresse anxiety over the political economic and
cultural effects.

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  The cultural globalisation would harm age old values of people while
harming their traditional culture.
Question 10.
Explain the positive impacts of globalisation on the present day world. (Delhi
2015)
OR
What is meant by globalisation? Highlight any of its two good and two bad
aspects. (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has
political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
adequately distinguished.
Positive Impacts of globalisation are:
 Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.
 It attracts private foreign capital investment.
 It creates new job opportunities.
 It raises standard of living.
 It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.
 It attracts foreign direct investment also.
Negative impacts of globalisation are:
 These foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects only
in place of social welfare.
 It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the
poor more poorer.
 Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in
country.
Question 11.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the culture of a country. (All
India 2015)
Answer:
The effects of globalisation on the culture of a country are :
 Cultural globalisation affects our food, clothes and thinking. But some
times external influence simply enlarge our choices and sometimes
they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional norms,
e.g. the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and therefore does
not pose any real challenge. In the same way blue jeans can go well
with a homespun khadi kurta. Here the outcome of outside influences
is a new combination that is unique. This clothing combination has
been exported back to the country that gave us blue jeans.

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  The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves
it imprint on a less powerful society, and the world begins to look
more like a dominant power wishes it to be.
 This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of
humanity for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of
the entire globe.
 So we can say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and
promotes cultural homogenisation.
Question 12.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country. (All
India 2015)
Answer:
Following are the three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country
 Economic globalisation gives more importance to institutions like the
IMF and the WTO.
 It involves greater economic flows among different countries of the
world.
 As the restrictions imposed by different countries have been reduced,
so, greater trade in commodities across the globe can be seen.
 It has led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries through
internet and computer.
 Economic globalisation has also brought economic ruin for the weaker
countries, especially for the poor within these countries.
Question 13.
Describe any three factors which are responsible for globalisation, (All India
2015)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas,
capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a
multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
The factors responsible for globalisation are :
 Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days technology
is the most important element. The invention of the telegraph, the
telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication
between various global factors and hence, invention of printing laid
the basis for the emergence of nationalism. The technology affects
both our personal and collective lives.
 The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital,
commodities and people from one place to another. The transfer of
capital and commodities is likely to be wider and quicker, than the
transfer of people across different parts of the world.

11
  It is not just the availability of improved communication which led to
the emergence of globalisation, rather the role of people in different
parts of the world is also significant who recognise these
interconnections with the rest of the world.
 The events taking place in one part of world have an influence, on the
other part of the world.
Here, we can take an example of bird flu or Tsunami, which is not confined
to only one nation. It has affected the world as whole. Similarly, any major
economic event would have an immediate impact on the local, national or
regional environment at the world level.
Question 14.
Explain any three benefits of globalisation with examples. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The three benefits of globalisation are as follows:
(i) Economic benefits
 It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
 It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
 The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also
been reduced.
 This has spread internet and computer related services across
national boundaries.
(ii) Technological benefits
Technological equipments as telephone , internet, telegraph and microchip
have contributed to globalisation by exchanging ideas, capitals and people to
make convenient to move from one place to another at a fast pace under the
process of globalisation.
(iii) Political Benefits
 The primary status remains unchallenged basis of political
community.
 States have received a boost under globalisation to become more
powerful and strong.
Question 15.
How has globalisation impacted India and how is India impacting
globalisation? (All India to 2008)
Answer:
Globalisation affected India economically, socially and culturally.
 After adopting New Economic Policy in 1991, India has removed
restrictions on imports of goods. It also encouraged the investors to
invest in India. FDI to produce goods and services has increased, it
also enhanced foreign exchange reserves.

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  After adopting globalisation, USA and European culture spread in
India. The food habit and dressing style is changing. Families are
converting from joint to the nuclear. Eating burgers and pizzas and
wearing jeans have brought dramatic change in our lives.
 In India, information technology and space technology have been
enhanced after globalisation. India is also involved in trade and
commerce with other nations. Even though at some places India plays
a leadership role. However, in India, resistance to globalisation has
come from various quarters.
These are as follows:
 Trade unions of industrial workforce, as well as social movements and
farmer agitation against monopoly MNCs, are also some forms of
resistance to globalisation.
 The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European
firms has also generated widespread opposition in India.
Passage-Based Questions
Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions:
(Delhi 2016)
At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity
that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the
old ‘welfare sate’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs
certain core functions such as the maintenace of law and order and the
security of its economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it
is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social
priorities.
(i) What do the words ‘erosion of state capacity imply? Explain with the help
of an example.
(ii) Why is the concept of welfare state giving way to a minimalist state?
(iii) How has market become the prime determinant of social priorities?
Answer:
(i) The word ‘erosion of state capacity’ refers to reduction, of role of state in
society and economy. Today, state is not regulator of economy, it is
determined by free market forces. State has started reducing subsidies on
food, petrol fertilisers, etc gradually.
(ii) The welfare state is giving way to minimalist state which performs certain
core functions such as, the maintenance of law and order and the security
of its citizens because of changing role of state under the forces of
globalisation which has been reducing the role of state.
(iii) The market has become the prime determinant of social priorities.
Today, state is acting, making decision on the basis of market forces. It is
the market which has been forcing the state and society what to do and
what not to do. Our societal priorities are being influenced by market. It is

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market which determines what and how we have to eat, drink watch, dress
etc.
Question 2.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (All
India 2016)
Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the
state continues to be unchallenged basis of political community. The old
jealousies and rivalries between countries have not ceased to matter in
world politics. The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law
and order, national security) and consciously withdraws from certain
domains from which it wishes to. States continue to be important.
Indeed, in some respects state capacity has received a boost as a
consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the
disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens.
(i) What are the two most essential functions of the state?
(ii) How do enhanced technologies enable the state to rule better?
(iii) Justify with the help of an example that globalisation gives a boost to the
state capacity.
Answer:
(i) The two most essential functions of the state is to defend and secure the
boundaries of the state to maintain national security and to provide justice
and maintain law and order.
(ii) Enhanced technologies, enable the state to collect important information
about its citizens which helps the state to keep surveillance on its people
continuously.
(iii) Globalisation has given boost to the state capacity because it has made
available advance technology to state to rule its people better. Thus,
globalisation has made state more powerful than before.

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