Chapter 1

Solutions

1. WAYS TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

Objective Qs [1 mark]

Which of the following is an example of a solid solution?

(a) Sea water

(b) Sugar solution

(c) Smoke

(d) 22 carat gold

[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]

Question No. 2 and 3 consist of two statements Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (𝐴) and (𝑅) are true but (𝑅) is not the correct explanation of
(𝐴).

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution changes with temperature. Reason

(R): Molarity is a colligative property.

[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]

Assertion (A): Molality of a solution changes with temperature. Reason (R):

Volume of a solution changes with temperature.

[Delhi Gov. SQP Term-1 2021]

Very Short & Short Qs 1 - 3 marks

Define the following term: Molality (m) [CBSE 2017, 14]

Define the following term:

Mole fraction

[CBSE 2014]

6. (A) What do you understand by a binary aqueous solution?

(B) Define the following term: Molarity (M)

[CBSE 2014]

7. Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How can

we change molality value of a solution into molarity value?

[CBSE 2014]

8. Calculate the molarity of 9.8%(𝑤/𝑤) solution of H2SO4 if the density

of the solution is

1.02 g mL−1.

(Molar mass of H2SO4 is 98 g mol−1 )

[CBSE 2014]

9. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol−1 ) in water is

labelled as 10% (by mass). What would be the molality and molarity of the
solution?

(Density of solution = 1.2 g mL−1 ). [CBSE 2014]

2. SOLUBILITY AND VAPOUR PRESSURE

Objective Qs [1 mark]

10. Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature

because dissolution is an: (a) endothermic and reversible process (b)
exothermic and reversible process (c) endothermic and irreversible
process (d) exothermic and irreversible process.

[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]

11. On mixing 20 mL of acetone with 30 mL of chloroform, the total

volume of the solution is:

(a) < 50 mL

(b) = 50 mL

(a) > 50 mL
(b) = 10 mL
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

6. An azeotropic solution of two liquids has a boiling point lower than

either of the two when it: (a) shows a positive deviation from Raoult's
law.

(b) shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law.

(c) shows no deviation from Raoult's law.

 (d) is saturated.

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

7. Which one of the following pairs will form an ideal solution?

(a) Chloroform

and acetone

(b) Ethanol

and acetone

(c) 𝑛-hexane and 𝑛-heptane

(d) Phenol and aniline [CBSE Term-1 2021]

8. Match the following:

Which of the following is the best matched options?

(a) (i) - (B), (ii) - (A), (iii) - (D), (iv) - (C)

(b) (i) - (C), (ii) - (B), (iii) - (D), (iv) - (A)

(c) (i) - (B), (ii) - (A), (iii) - (D), (v) - (C)

(d) (i) - (B), (ii) - (D), (iii) - (A), (v) - (C)

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

9. An unknown gas ' 𝑋 ' is dissolved in water at 2.5 bar pressure and has
mole fraction 0.04 in solution. The mole fraction of ' 𝑋 ' gas when the
pressure of gas is doubled at the same temperature is: (a) 0.08
(b) 0.04
(c) 0.02
(d) 0.92
[CBSE Term-1 2021]
10. Which of the following formula represents Raoult's law for a solution
containing nonvolatile solute?

(a) Psolute = Psolute ∘ ⋅ Xsolute

(b) 𝑃 = 𝐾𝐻 ⋅ 𝑋

(c) PTotal = 𝑃Solvent

(d) Psolute = Psolvent ∘ ⋅ Xsolvent

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

Very Short & Short Qs [1 -3 marks]

11. (A) What type of deviation from Raoult's Law is expected when phenol
and aniline are mixed with each other? What change in the net volume
of the mixture is expected? Graphically represent the deviation.

23.80 mmHg. If 1 mole of a non- volatile non-electrolytic solute is

(B) The vapour pressure of pure water at a certain temperature is

dissolved in 100 g water, Calculate the resultant vapour pressure of the

solution.

[CBSE SQP 2023]

12. The vapour pressure of pure liquid 𝑋 and pure liquid 𝑌 at 25∘C are 120
mmHg and 160 mm Hg respectively. If equal moles of 𝑋 and 𝑌 are
mixed to form an ideal solution, calculate the vapour pressure of the
solution.
[CBSE 2023]

13. Answer the following questions: (A) State Henry's law and explain why
are the tanks used by scuba divers filled with air diluted with helium
(11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen)?

(B) Assume that argon exerts a partial pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the

dissolved in water, KH = 40kbar )

solubility of argon gas in water. (Given: Henry's Law constant for Argon

[CBSE SQP 2022]

14. State Raoult's law for the solution containing volatile components.
What is the similarity between Raoult's law and Henry's law?
[CBSE 2020]
15. State Henry's law. Calculate the solubility of CO2 in water at 298 K
under 760mmHg.
(KH for CO2 in water at 298 K is 1.25 ×

106 mmHg ) [CBSE 2020]

16. Identify which liquid will have a higher vapour pressure at 90∘C if the
boiling points of two liquids 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 140∘C and 180∘C, respectively.
[CBSE 2020]

17. What happens when acetone is added to pure ethanol? [CBSE 2020]

18. Give reasons for the following:

(A) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water than in
warm water.

(B) At higher altitudes people suffer from anoxia resulting in

inability to think. [CBSE 2019]

19. Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions.
[CBSE 2019, 17]

20. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone

and chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength of intermolecular
interactions that develop in the solution. [CBSE 2019]

21. Give reason for the following.

Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm
water. [CBSE 2018]

22. "The main application of Henry's law in respiratory physiology is to

predict how gases will dissolve in the alveoli and bloodstream during
gas exchange. The partial pressure of oxygen is greater in alveolar air
than in deoxygenated blood, so oxygen has a high tendency to dissolve
into deoxygenated blood."
State Henry's law about partial pressure of a

gas in a mixture. [CBSE 2017]

23. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of

maximum boiling azeotropes? [CBSE 2016]

Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry's
24. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at the same temperature.

constant) and why? [CBSE 2016]

25. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult's law? Give an
example. What is the sign of Δmix H for positive deviation?

[CBSE 2015]

26. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive

deviation from Raoult's law? Give an example.
[CBSE 2015]

27. Define Raoult's law.

[CBSE 2014]

28. Define the following terms: Azeotropes

[CBSE 2014]

29. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone?

Give reason.
[CBSE 2014]

3. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Objective Qs [1 mark]
30. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids will have a boiling point lower than
either of the two liquids when it:
(a) shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law

(b) forms an ideal solution

(c) shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law (d) is saturated

[CBSE 2023]

31. In which of the following cases blood cells will shrink?

(a) When placed in water containing more than 0.9% (mass/ volume)
NaCl solution.

(b) When placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass /volume)
NaCl solution.

(c) When placed in water containing 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution.

(d) When placed in distilled water.

[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021] 38. How much ethyl alcohol must be added to

1 litre of water so that the solution will freeze at −14∘C ? (

 K𝑓 for water = 1.86∘C/mol)
(a) 7.5 mol
(b) 8.5 mol
(c) 9.5 mol
(d) 10.5 mol
[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]

39. A 5% solution of cane sugar (molar mass = 342 ) is isotonic with 1%

solution of a substance 𝑋. The molar mass of 𝑋 is:
(a) 171.2 g mol−1
(b) 68.4 g mol−1
(c) 34.2 g mol−1
(d) 136.2 g mol−1
[Delhi Gov. SQP Term-1 2021]

40. The boiling point of a 0.2 m solution of a non-electrolyte in water is (𝐾𝑏

for water = 0.52 K kg mol−1 ):
(a) 100∘C
(b) 100.52∘C
(c) 100.104∘C
(d) 100.26∘C
[CBSE Term-1 2021]

41. The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 0.3 mol of solute per litre
at Temperature 𝑇 is:
(a) 0.3RT
(b) 0.03𝑅𝑇
(c) 0.003𝑅𝑇
(d) 3RT
[Delhi Gov. SQP Term-1 2021]

42. In the following diagram point, ' 𝑋 ' represents:

(a) Boiling point of solution

(b) Freezing point of solvent

(c) Boiling point of solvent

 (d) Freezing point of solution

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

43. Water retention or puffiness due to high salt intake occurs due to:
(a) diffusion

(b) vapour pressure difference

(c) osmosis

(d) reverse osmosis

[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]

In the following question ( 𝑄. No. 44-46) a statement of assertion

followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer
out of the following choices.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of
(A).

(c) (A) is true but ( 𝑅 ) is false.

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

44. Assertion (A): Elevation in boiling point is a colligative property.

Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of solution causes

elevation in boiling point. [CBSE 2023]

45. Assertion (A): Osmotic pressure is a colligative property.

Reason (R): Osmotic pressure is directly

proportional to molarity. [CBSE 2023]

46. Assertion (A): Cryoscopic constant depends on nature of solvent.

Reason (R): Cryoscopic constant is a universal constant.

[CBSE SQP Term-1 2021]

Case Based Qs [4 - 5 marks]

Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow:

47. Henna is investigating the melting point of different salt solutions.

She makes a salt solution using 10 mL of water with a known mass of
NaCl salt.
 She puts the salt solution into a freezer and leaves it to freeze.

She takes the frozen salt solution out of the freezer and measures the
temperature when the frozen salt solution melts.

She repeats each experiment.

Assuming the melting point of pure water as 0∘C, answer the following
questions:

(A) One temperature in the second set of results does not fit the
pattern. Which temperature is that? Justify your answer.

(B) Why did Henna collect two sets of results?

(C) In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glucose, what would have been
the melting point of the solution with 0.6 g glucose in it?

OR

(C) What is the predicted melting point if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10ml
of water? Justify your

answer.

[CBSE SQP 2022]

48. Boiling point or freezing point of liquid solution would be affected by

the dissolved solids in the liquid phase. A soluble solid in solution has
the effect of raising its boiling point and depressing its freezing point.
The addition of non-volatile substances to a solvent decreases the
vapor pressure and

the added solute particles affect the formation of pure solvent crystals.
According to many researches the decrease in freezing point directly
correlated to the concentration of solutes
dissolved in the solvent. This phenomenon is expressed as freezing
point depression and it is useful for several applications such as freeze
concentration of liquid food and to find the molar mass of an unknown
solute in the solution. Freeze concentration is a high quality liquid food
concentration method where water is removed by forming ice crystals.
This is done by cooling the liquid food below the freezing point of the
solution. The freezing point depression is referred as a colligative
property and it is proportional to the molar concentration of the
solution (m), along with vapor pressure lowering, boiling point
elevation, and osmotic pressure. These are physical characteristics of
solutions that depend only on the identity of the solvent and the
concentration of the solute. The characters are not depending on the
solute's identity. (A) When a non volatile solid is added to pure water it
will:

(a) boil above 100∘C and freeze above 0∘C

(b) boil below 100∘C and freeze above 0∘C

(c) boil above 100∘C and freeze below 0∘C (d) boil below 100∘C and

freeze below 0∘C (B) Colligative properties are:

(a) dependent only on the concentration of the solute and independent

of the solvent's and solute's identity.

(b) dependent only on the identity of the solute and the concentration
of the solute and independent of the solvent's identity.

(c) dependent on the identity of the solvent and solute and not on the
concentration of the solute.

(d) dependent only on the identity of the solvent and the concentration
of the solute and independent of the solute's identity.

(C) Assume three samples of juices A, B and 𝐶 have glucose as the

only sugar present in them. The concentration of sample 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶
are 0.1M, 0.5M and 0.2M respectively. Freezing point will be highest
for the fruit juice:

A
 (

(c) C

(d) All have same freezing point

elevation constant (𝐾𝑏)

(D) Elevation of boiling point is inversely proportional to: (a) molal

(b) molality (m)

(c) molar mass of solute (𝑀)

(d) weight of solute (W)

[CBSE Term-1 2021]

\section*{
Very Short & Short 1 -3
Qs marks

Very Short & Short Qs [1 – 3 marks]

water? (B) Ibrahim collected a 10 mL each of fresh water and ocean

49. (A) What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of glucose in

water. He observed that one sample labeled " P " froze at 0∘C while
the other " 𝑄 " at −1.3∘C. Ibrahim forgot which of the two, "P" or "Q"
was ocean water. Help him identify which container contains ocean
water, giving rationalization for your answer.

[CBSE SQP 2023]

50. When 19.5 g of F − CH2 − COOH (Molar mass = 78 g mol−1 ), is

dissolved in 500 g of water, the depression in freezing point is
observed to be 1∘C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of F − CH2 −
COOH.
[Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1 ]
 [CBSE 2023]

51. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Molar mass = 176 g mol−1 ) to be
dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid, to lower its freezing point by 1.5∘C. 𝐾𝑓
= 3.9 K kg mol−1 [CBSE 2020]

52. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol ), calculate the

osmotic pressure at 300 K. [R =
0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1]
[CBSE 2020]

53. What happens when a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is
applied on the solution side separated from solvent by a
semipermeable membrane? [CBSE 2020]

54. Define the following term: Osmotic pressure [CBSE 2017]

55. Define the following term: Colligative properties

[CBSE 2017]

56. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of
269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water if
freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
(Given: molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol−1, molar mass of

glucose = 180 g mol−1 ) [CBSE 2017]

57. Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding
10 g of CaCl2 to 200 g of water. (𝐾𝑏 for water = 0.512 K kg mol−1,
Molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol−1 ) [CBSE 2017, 14]

58. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What
happens if we place blood cells in a solution containing:
(A) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?

(B) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?

[CBSE 2016]

59. Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure

and molar mass of the solute. [CBSE 2015]

60. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol−1 ) to be

dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K 𝐾𝑓 =
5.12 K kg mol−1. [CBSE 2014] 61. A solution containing 15 g urea
 (molar mass = 60 g mol−1 ) per litre of solution in water has the same
osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180
g mol−1 ) in water. Calculate the mass of glucose present in one litre of
its solution. [CBSE 2014]

62. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile

solute is dissolved in it? [CBSE 2014]

63. What are isotonic solutions?

[CBSE 2014]

64. Define the following term: Molal elevation constant (K𝑏) [CBSE 2014]

4. ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASS

Objective Qs [1 mark]

65. 0.5M aqueous solution of glucose is isotonic with:

(a) 0.5MKCl solution

(b) 0.5MCaCl2 solution

(c) 0.5M urea solution

(d) 1M solution of sucrose

[Delhi Gov. SQP Term-1 2021]

66. Which pair of solutions is isotonic at same temperature?

(a) 0.1M urea and 0.1MNaCl

(b) 0.1MNaCl and 0.1MNa2SO4

(c) 0.1M urea and 0.2MMgCl2

(d) 0.1MNa2SO4 and 0.1MCa(NO3)2

[Delhi Gov. SQP Term-1 2021]

Very Short & Short Qs [1 - 3 marks]

67. A 5% solution of Na2SO4 ⋅ 10H2O(M ⋅ W = 322 g) is isotonic with 2%
solution of nonelectrolytic, non volatile substance X. Find out the
molecular weight of 𝑋. [CBSE SQP 2023]
68. Calculate Van't Hoff factor for an aqueous solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] if the
degree of dissociation (𝛼) is 0.852. What will be boiling point of this
solution if its concentration is 1 molal? (𝐾𝑏 = 0.52 K kg/mol ) [CBSE
SQP 2023]

69. The freezing point of a solution containing 5 g of benzoic acid ( 𝑀 =

122 g mol−1 ) in 35 g of benzene is depressed by 2.94 K. What is the

𝐾𝑓 for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol−1 ]

percentage association of benzoic acid if it forms a dimer in solution? [

70. Define the following term:

Abnormal molar mass

[CBSE 2020]

71. Define the following term:

Van't Hoff factor

[CBSE 2017, 12]

72. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of MgSO4(M =

120gmol−1) was dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming MgSO4
undergoes complete ionisation. [CBSE 2016]

73. Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 gof MgCl2(M = 95 g

mol−1) was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes

complete ionization. 𝐾𝑓 for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1 ) [CBSE 2016] 74.

When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS2, the freezing

point lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (𝑆𝑥). [𝐾f for

CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol−1, Atomic mass of sulphur

= 32 g
mol−1 ]
[CBSE
2016]

75. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzen shows a depression

in freezing point of 1.62 K.
Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute
(associated or dissociated).
 (Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol−1, K𝑓 for benzene =

4.9 K kg mol−1 ) [CBSE 2015]

76. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol−1 ) to be

dissolved in 37.2 g2 of water to lower the freezing point by 2∘C
assuming that NaCl undergoes complete dissociation. 𝐾𝑓 for water =
1.86 K kg mol−1 )

[CBSE 2015]