AIMSTUTORIAL FUNCTIONS

7. If A = { -2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A B is a surjection

1. Define one - one function. Give an example. defined by f (x) = x2 + x + 1, then find B.
A: If f: A  B is such that distinct elements of A have A: f (-2) = (-2)2 + (-2) + 1 = 3
distinct f - images in B, then f is said to be a one - f (-1) = (-1)2 + (-1) + 1 = 1
one function. f (0) = 02 + 0 + 1 = 1
Eg: f : R R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 is one - one. f (1) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
f (2) = 22 + 2 + 1 = 7
Since f : A B is a surjection,
2. Define onto function. Give an example. B = f (A) = {3, 1, 7}.
A: Let f : A  B. If every element of B occurs as the
image of atleast one element of A, then f is said to
7(a).If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A  R is a function
be an onto function.
x2 - x + 1
Eg: f : R  R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 is onto. defined by f(x) = , then find the
x +1
1 7 13 
3. f : N  N is defined as f(x) = 2x + 3. Is f onto ? range of f. Ans :  , 1, , .
Explain with reason. 2 4 5
A: Here codomain of f = N.
Range of f = { f(1), f(2), f(3),..........}  π π π π
7(b).If A = 0, , , ,  and f : A  B is a
= { 5, 7, 9,..........}  6 4 3 2
N surjection defined by f(x) = cos x then find B.
Hence f : N  N is not a surjection (onto)
 3 1 1 
Ans : 1, 2 , ,
, 0 .
4. If f : R - {0}  R is defined by f(x) = x3 - 1/x3, then  2 2 
show that f(x) + f(1/x) = 0.
A: f (x) = x3 - 1/x3
2 4
cos x + sin x
Now f (x) + f(1/x) = x3 - 1/x3 + 1/x3 - x3 = 0. 8. If f(x) = x  R then show that
2 4
sin x + cos x

 3x - 2, x 1 f(2012) = 1
 2 4
2 cos x + sin x
 x -2, - 2  x  2
5. If f(x) =  then find f(4), f(2.5), A: Given that f(x) = 2 4
2x + 1, x<-3 sin x + cos x
f(- 2), f(- 4), f(0), f(-7). 2 4
1- sin x + sin x
A: i) f(4) = 3(4) - 2 = 10 f(x) = 2 4
1- cos x + cos x
ii) f(2.5) is not defined 2 2
iii) f(- 2) = (- 2)2 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 1- sin x (1  sin x)
= 2 2
iv) f(- 4) = 2 (- 4) + 1 = - 8 + 1 = - 7 1- cos x (1 - cos x)
v) f(0) = 02 - 2 = - 2 2 2
1- sin x cos x
vi) f(- 7) = 2 (- 7) + 1 = - 14 + 1 = - 13. = 2 2 = 1
1- cos x sin x

6. If a function is defined as  f(2012) = 1 .

 x + 2, x > 1 1- x 2
 9. If f : R R is defined by f(x) = , then find
f x = 2,-1 ≤ x ≤ 1 1+ x 2
(
)

 x - 1,-3 < x < -1 f (tan ).


Find the values of (i) f(0) (ii) f(2) + f(-2). 1- x 2
A: Given that f : R R, f (x) =
2
1+ x 2
A: (i) f (0) = 2 1 - tan 
 f (tan ) = = cos 2.
1+ tan 2 
(ii) f(2) + f(-2) = {2 + 2} + {-2 -1]

=4-3

= 1.

AIMSTUTORIAL :1:
QNO:1 & 2
 AIMSTUTORIAL FUNCTIONS

2x  1 13.If f : R  R, g : R  R, are defined by

10. f : R  R is defined as f(x) = , then this f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find (fog) (2).
3
function is injection or not? Justify. A. Given that f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1.
A: Let x1, x2  domain R such that f(x1) = f(x2)  (fog) (2) = f g(2)]
2x1  1 2x 2  1 = f(22 + 1)
  = f(5)
3 3
 2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1 = 3(5) - 1
 2x1 = 2x2 = 14.
 x1 = x2
Hence f : R  R is an injection. 14.If f: R  R is defined by f(x) = 2x2 + 3 and
g(x) = 3x - 2 then find i) fog(x) ii) gof (x),
11. If f : R  R, g : R R are defined by f (x) = 4x -1 iii) fof (0), iv) [go(fof)](3).
and g (x) = x2 + 2, then find
 a + 1 A: Given that f(x) = 2x2 + 3 and g(x) = 3x - 2
(i) (gof)   (ii) go[fof (0)].
 4  i) fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f[3x - 2] = 2(3x - 2)2 + 3
A: f : R R , g : R R are given by f (x) = 4x - 1, = 2(9x2 + 4 -12x) + 3 = 18x2 - 24x + 11
g(x) = x2 + 2 ii) gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[2x2 + 3] = 3(2x2 + 3) - 2
 a +1    a + 1  = 6x2 + 9 - 2 = 6x2 + 7
(i) (gof)   = g f  
 4    4  iii) fof(0) = f[f(0)] = f[3] = 2(3)2 + 3 = 21
 4(a  1)  iv) [go(fof)](3) = g[fof(3)] = g[f{f(3)}]
= g  1
 4  = g[f(21)] = g[2(21)2 + 3]
= g [ a + 1 - 1]
= g[885] = 3(885) - 2 = 2653.
= g (a)
= a2 + 2 15.If f : R  R, g : f : R  R are defined by
(ii) g [(fof) (0)] = g [f{f(0)}] f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find
= g [f(-1)] (i) fog (2) (ii) (gof) (2a - 3).
A. Given that f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1.
= g( -4 - 1)
(i) (fog)(2) = f [g(2)] = f(22 + 1) = f(5) = 3(5) - 1 = 14
= g(-5)
(ii) (gof) (2a - 3) = g[f(2a - 3)] = g[3(2a - 3)-1]
= (-5)2 + 2
= g(6a - 10)
= 27. = (6a-10)2 + 1
= 36a2 - 120a + 101.
x 1
12.If f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = for x  R are two y
2 y
16.If f(y)  , g(y) = then show that
functions, then find 1 y 2 1  y2
(i) (gof) (x) (ii) (fog)(x). (fog)(y) = y.
x 1 y
A. Given that f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = y
2 A. Given that f(y)  , g(y) =
1 y 2 1  y2
(i) (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = g(2x - 1)
 (fog) (y) = f [g(y)]
 2x  1  1 2x
=  x
2 2  y 
 
 x  1  x  1    1  y2 
 
(ii) (fog)(x) = f[g(x)] = f   = 2 2   1 y
 2    = f =
y 2
 1  y 2  1
=x+1-1=x 1  y2
 (gof) (x) = x and (fog)(x) = x.

y 1  y2
= .
1  y2 1  y2  y 2

y
=  (f o g) (y) = y..
1

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO:1 & 2 :2:

AIMSTUTORIAL FUNCTIONS

17.If f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x, then find

fo(goh) (x).  x = 2y = f -1 (y)  f is bijection
A: Given f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x  f -1 (x) = 2x.
(iv) f : Q  Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
fo(goh)(x) = f[g(h(x)] = f[g(2x)] let x  domain Q and y  codomain Q such that
= f[(2x)2] = f[4x2] f(x) = y
= 2.
 5x + 4 = y
18.If f(x) = x , g(x) = 2x then solve the equation
2  5x = y - 4
y-4
fog(x) = gof(x).   x = = f -1(y)
5
 
2
A: fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f(2x) = 2x = 22x x-4
x
2  f -1 (x) = .
and gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[x2] = 2 5
2
x
Since, fog(x) = gof(x)  22x = 2 21.If f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ........ for |x| < 1 then show
 2x = x2  x2 - 2x = 0  x(x - 2) = 0 x-1
that f-1 (x) = .
 x = 0 or 2. x
1
A: Given that f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ....... =
1- x
x 1
19. If f(x) = , then find (fofof) (x). 2 a
x 1 (  a + ar + ar + ................. = , r < 1)
x 1 1- r
1 Let f(x) = y  x = f-1 (y)
 x  1  x  1
A: (fof) (x) = f   x 1 1 1 1
 x  1 1   y  1- x =  x = 1- .
x 1 1- x y y

x 1  x 1 y -1 y -1 x -1
 x=
y
-1
 f (y) 
y

-1
f (x) =
x
.
x  1 x  1
2x
 22.Determine whether the following functions are
2 even or odd.
(f o f o f) (x) = f [ f o f (x)] = f(x). (i) f (x) = ax - a-x + sinx
 ex - 1 
20.Find the inverse of the following functions (ii) f (x) = x  x  .
(i) If a, b  R, f : R R defined by f (x) = ax + b (a  0)  e + 1
(ii) f : R ( 0 ,  ) defined by f (x) = 5x A: (i) f(x) = ax - a -x + sinx
(iii) f : (0,  ) R defined by f (x ) = log2x Now f (-x) = a-x - a-(-x) + sin(-x)
(iv) f : Q  Q defined by f(x) = 5x + 4. = a-x - ax - sinx
A: (i) If a, b  R, f : R R defined by f(x) = ax + b = -{ax - a-x + sinx]
( a  0) = - f (x)
Let x  domain R and Y  codomain R such that So f (x) is an odd function.
f (x) = y
 ex - 1 
 ax + b = y (ii) f (x) = x  x 
 e +1 
 ax = y - b
y -b
 x = a = f -1 (y)  f is bijection  e-x - 1 
x - b f (-x) = (-x)  -x 
 f -1 (x) = a  e +1 
(ii) f : R  (0,  ) defined by f(x) = 5x  1 
- 1 
Let x  R and y  (0,  ) such that f(x) = y 
e x  1- ex 
 
 5x = y = (-x)  1 + 1  = (-x)  x 

 e x


 1+ e 
 x = log5 y = f -1 (y)  f is bijection
 f (x) = log5x
-1
 ex - 1 
(iii) f : (0,  ) R defined by f (x) = log2x = x  x 
let x  (0,  ) and y  R such that f (x) = y  e  1
 log2 x = y So f (x) is an even function.

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO:1 & 2 :3:

 FUNCTIONS
AIMSTUTORIAL

2 + x + 2 -x
23. Find the domain of the real valued function 28.Find the domain of .
x
2x 2 - 5x + 7 2 + x + 2 -x
f(x) = A: Let f(x) =
 x - 1 x - 2  x - 3  . x
The function f(x) is defined for
A: To get the domain of f, (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)  0. 2 + x > 0  x > - 2  (1) and
 x  1, 2, 3 2 - x > 0  x < 2  (2) and
 Domain of f = R - {1, 2, 3} x  0  (3)
from (1) and (2) and (3)
24.Find the domain of the function
1
x  [-2,2] - {0} (or) x  [-2,0)  (0,2] .
f (x) = .
(x2 - 1)(x + 3)
28(a). Find the domain of the following real valued
1 functions :
A: f (x) = R
(x 2 - 1)(x + 3) (i) f(x)  (x  2)(x  3) Ans : R - (-2, 3)
 (x - 1) ( x + 3)  0
2

(ii) f(x)  2  x  1 x Ans : [-1, 2].

 (x + 1) ( x - 1) ( x + 3)  0
 x -3, -1, 1 (iii) f(x)  x 2  3x  2 Ans : R - (1, 2).
 Domain of f = R - {-3, -1, 1}.
25. Find the domain of the real valued function 29. Find the domain of f (x) = lo g 0 .3 (x - x 2 ) .
1
f(x) = . f (x) = log0.3 (x - x 2 )  R
6x  x 2  5
A. To get the domain, 6x - x2 - 5  0  x - x2 > 0
x2 - 6x + 5  0  x (1 - x) > 0
x2 - x - 5x + 5  0  x (x - 1) < 0
x(x - 1) - 5 (x - 1)  0  x  (0, 1)
(x - 1) (x - 5)  0
Domain of f = (0, 1).
 x  1, 5
 Domain of f(x) = R - {1, 5}
30. Find the domain of the real valued function
26. Find the domain of the real valued function 1 1
(i) f(x) = a > 0 (ii) f (x) =
1- x 2
.
f(x)   x  α  x  β   0  α  β  . x 2 - a2
A: To get the domain (x - ) (x - )  0. A: To get the domain of f, x2 - a2 > 0.
x   or x  .  (x + a) (x - a) > 0.
x (-  , ]  [ )  x < - a or x > a.
 Domain of f = (-  , ]  [ )  x (- , - a)  (a, )
 Domain of f = (- , - a)  (a, ).
27. Find the domain of the function 1
(ii) f (x) = R
(i) f (x) = x 2 - 25 (ii) f (x) = 4x - x 2 . 1  x2
 1 - x2 > 0
A: (i) f (x) =x 2  25  R  x2 - 1 < 0
 x2 - 25  0  (x + 1) ( x - 1) < 0
 (x + 5) (x - 5)  0  x  (-1, 1)
 x (-  , -5] U [5,  )  Domain of f = (-1, 1)
 Domain of f = (-  , -5] U [5,  )
31. Find the domain of the function
f (x) = log (x2 - 4x + 3).
(ii) f (x) = 4x  x 2  R
 4x - x2  0 A: f (x) = log (x2 - 4x + 3)  R
 x(4 - x)  0  x2 - 4x + 3 > 0
 x(x - 4)  0  (x - 1) (x - 3) > 0
 x  [0, 4]  x  (-  , 1) U (3,  )
 Domain of f = [0 4]. Domain of f = (-  , 1) U (3,  ).

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO:1 & 2 :4:

AIMSTUTORIAL FUNCTIONS

32. Find the domain of the function 35. Find the domain and range of
1 2+x x
f (x) = log(2 - x ) . (i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) =
2- x 1+ x 2
x
1 (iii) f(x) = 9- x2 (iv) f(x) = .
f (x) = log(2 - x) 2- 3x
2+x
 2 - x > 0 and 2 - x  1 A: (i) f x = ∈R

(
)
2-x
 x - 2 < 0 and x  1. 2-x  0
 x < 2 and x  1.
 x 2
 x  (-  , 2) and x  1 Domain of f = R - {2}.
Domain of f = (-  , 1)  (1, 2). Let f (x) = y

33. Find the range of the function 2 x

 2x  y
(i) f (x) = log |4 - x2|
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x .  2 + x = 2y - xy
A: (i) f (x) = log |4 -x2|  R
 x(1+y) = 2(y-1)
2(y  1)
Let f (x) = y
x = y 1
 log |4 - x2| = y
Clearly x is not defined for y + 1  0
 |4 - x2| = ey > 0  y  R  Range of f = R - {-1}
 Range of f is R. .
(ii) f (x) = [x]  x  R x
(ii) f(x) =
 [x] - x  0 1+ x 2
 x  [x] x
f(x) = ∈R
x  Z 1+ x 2
 Domain of f = Z  1 + x2  0
 Range of f = {0}.  Domain of f = R
34. Find the range of Let f(x) = y
x2 - 4 x
 =y
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = 9 + x 2 . 1+ x 2
x-2
 x = y + yx2
x2 - 4  yx2 - x + y = 0
A: (i) f(x) = R
x-2 1± 1  4y2
x-2 0 x = 2y
∈R

x 2  1 - 4y2  0 and y  0
 Domain of f = R - {2}  ( 1 + 2y) (1-2y)  0 and y  0
Then y = x + 2 x  2 y 4  ( y + ½) (y - ½)  0 and y  0
Range of f = R - {4}.
 y  [-½, ½] and y  0
(ii) f(x) = 9 + x 2 Also x = 0  y = 0
Let y = f(x) =  Range of f = [-½, ½]
9 + x2  R
 Domain of f = R
(iii) f x = 9- x2 ∈ R
(
)

When x = 0, f (0) = 9 = 3
When x  R - {0}, f(x) > 3  9 - x2  0
 Range of f = [3,  ).  x2 - 9  0
 (x + 3) (x - 3)  0
 Domain of f = [-3, 3]
Let f (x) = y

9 - x2 = y
9 - x2 = y2
x= 9 - y2

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO:1 & 2 :5:

 FUNCTIONS
AIMSTUTORIAL
 9 - y2  0
 y2 - 9  0 iii) Also (2 + f) (1) = 2 + f(1) = 2 + 2 = 4
 (y-3) (y+3) < 0
(2 + f) (2) = 2 + f(2) = 2 - 3 = - 1
y  [-3, 3]
Since y takes only non negative values (2 + f) (3) = 2 + f(3) = 2 - 1 = 1
 Range of f = [0, 3].  2 + f = {(1, 4)(2, -1) (3, 1)}
x iv) take f (1)  f(1)  2
(iv) f(x) = ∈R
2- 3x
f (2)  f(2)  3 (not valid)
 2 - 3x  0
 x  2/3 f (3)  f(3)  1 (not valid)
Domain of f is R - {2/3}
Let f (x) = y 
 f  1, 2 
x
 2 - 3x = y
 x = 2y - 3xy
 x( 1+3y) = 2y
2y
 x = 1  3y
 1 + 3y  0
 y  -1/3
 Range of f = R - {1/3}.

36. If f and g are real valued functions defined by

f (x) = 2x - 1 and g (x) = x2, then find
(i) (fg) (x) (ii) (f + g + 2) (x).

A: f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = x2
(i) (fg)(x) = f(x) g(x)

= (2x -1) (x2)

= 2x3 - x2
(ii) (f + g + 2) (x) = f(x) + g(x) + 2
= 2x - 1 + x2 + 2
= x2 + 2x + 1
= (x + 1)2...

37. If f = {(1,2) (2,-3) (3,-1)} then

find (i) 2f (ii) f2 (iii) 2 +f (iv) f.
A: Given f = {(1, 2)(2, -3)(3, -1)}
i) Now 2f(1) = 2[f(1)] = 2(2) = 4
2f(2) = 2[f(2)] = 2(-3) = - 6
2f(3) = 2[f(3)] = 2(-1) = -2
 2f = {(1, 4)(2, -6) (3, -2)}
ii) Also f2(1) = [f(1)]2 = (2)2 = 4
f2(2) = [f(2)]2 = (-3)2 = 9
f2(3) = [f(3)]2 = (-1)2 = 1
 f2 = {(1, 4)(2, 9) (3, 1)}

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO:1 & 2 :6:

AIMSTUTORIAL MATRICES
interchanging the rows into columns of a matrix,
1. Define “Triangular matrix”. is called ‘transpose of the matrix’.
If A is a matrix, its transpose is denoted by AT or A1.
A square matrix A  ai j  is said to be
nxn
1 4
(i) upper triangular if aij = 0 for all i > j. 1 2 3  2 5 
(ii) lower triangular if aij = 0 for all i < j. Eg: If A =   , then AT =   3x2
4 5 6 2 x 3 3 6 
A square matrix which is either upper triangular
or lower triangular is called a triangular matrix. Trace of matrix:- In a square matrix, the sum of
the principal diagonal elements is called the trace
of the matrix. It is denoted by Tr (A).
 x - 3 2y - 8   5 2 
2. If 
z + 2 6   -2 a - 4  than find the  1 2 3
    4 5 6 
values of x, y, z and a. Eg: If A =   , then Tr (A) = 1 + 5 + 9 = 15.
7 8 9 
 x - 3 2y - 8   5 2 
A: Given that  =
z + 2 6   -2 a - 4 

6. Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of
Equating the corresponding elements, we get
 1 2 -1 / 2 
x-3=5  x=8  0 -1 2 
  .
2y - 8 = 2  y = 5  -1 / 2 2 1 
z + 2 = -2  z = - 4 A: Trace of a Matrix : The sum of the elements in
a - 4 = 6  a = 10 the principal diagonal of a square matrix is called
trace of a matrix.
 x = 8, y = 5, z = - 4, a = 10.
 1 2 -1 / 2 
 2 
1 2 3 8 Let A =  0 -1
 then
3. If A =  , B =   and 2x + A = B, then  -1 / 2 2 1 
3 4 7 2
find X. Tr(A) = 1 + (- 1) + 1 = 1.
A: Given that 2x + A = B
 2x = B - A 7. Define (i) Symmetric matrix
(ii) Skew symmetric matrix.
3 8  1 2 A: (i) Symmetric matrix:- The square matrix A is
=   -  
7 2 3 4 said to be symmetric is AT = A.

 3 1 8  2 1 2 3 a b c 
2X =   2 4 5  b c a 
7  3 2  4 Eg: A =  ,B=  
3 5 6  c a b 
2 6 
2X =  
 4 2  (ii) Skew - symmetric matrix :- The square
matrix A is said to be ‘skew symmetric’ if AT = -A
1 3
 X =  2 1 0 1 2  0 a b
 
 1 0 3   a 0 c 
Eg: A =  ,B=  
1 2 3 3 2 1  2 3 0   b c 0 
4. If A =   ,B=   find 3B - 2A.
3 2 1 1 2 3

3 2 1 1 2 3 8. For any square matrix A, show that AA  is

A: 3B - 2A = 3    2  symmetric.
1 2 3  3 2 1 A : Let A be a square matrix

 9 6 3   2 4 6   7 2 3  take (AA ) = (A ) A  = AA 

=     
 3 6 9   6 4 2   3 2 7   (AA )  AA 

5. Define (i) Transpose of a matrix (ii) Trace of

 AA  is a symmetric matrix.
square matrix.
A: Transpose of Matrix:- The matrix obtained by

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 3 & 4 :7:

 MATRICES
AIMSTUTORIAL
 -6 6 
 2 -4  13 0 
9. If A =   , then find A + AT and AAT. =  
 -5 3   -1 10 

 2 -4   2 -5  - 6 12  -2 1 -4 11

A: A + AT =  +    9 0   5 0  
 -5 3   -4 3  3BT - A =  -   = 4 0 .
 3 6   -1 4   4 2 
 2 + 2 -4 - 5 
=  
 -5 - 4 3 + 3  1 4 7  -3 4 0 
12.If A =   ,B=   then
 4 9  2 5 8   4 -2 -1
=  .
 9 6  show that ( A + B)T = AT + BT.
 2 -4   2 -5  1 4 7  -3 4 0  -2 8 7 
AAT =     A: A + B =   +  4 -2 -1 = 6 3 7 
 -5 3   -4 3   2 5 8     
 4 + 16 -10 - 12   -2 6 
=    8 3
 -10 - 12 25 + 9 
(A + B)T =    (1)
 20 22   7 7 
=  .
 22 34 
 1 2 -3 4   -2 6 
 4 5   4 -2  
 cos sin  AT + BT =  +   =  8 3   (2)
10.If A =   , show that AAT = ATA.  7 8   0 -1  0 7 
 -sin cos 
 cosα sinα   cosα -sinα  From (1) & (2) , (A + B)T = AT + BT
A: AA  =   
 -sinα cosα   sinα cosα   1 2 
 2 1 2 
13.If A =  1 3 4 
, B   3 0 
 cos2  + sin2  -cossin + sincos   

=  

 5 4 
 -sincos + cossin sin2  cos2  
 1 0 then verify  AB   BA 
=  
 0 1
 1 2 
 cos -sin   cos sin   2 1 2   3 0 
ATA =    A: AB =    
 sin cos   -sin cos   1 3 4   5 4 
 cos2   sin2  cossin - sincos 

=    2  3  10 4  0  8 
sin2   cos2  
 sincos - cossin  =  
 1  9  20 2  0  16 
 1 0
=    15 4 
 0 1 = 
 -28 -18 
 = AAT = ATA
-2 1 15 28 
 5 0 -2 3 1  AB  =  
 4 18 
11.If A =   and B =   , then find
 -1 4 4 0 2 
2 1 
2A + BT and 3BT - A. 1 -3 5 
Now B  A  =  -2
-1 3 
 -4 2 - 2 4 
 0 4  
10 0     2 -4 
A: 2A + BT =   +  3 0
 -2 8   1 2 
 2 + 3 + 10 1 - 9 - 20 
= 
 -4 - 2 2 + 4   -4 + 0 + 8 -2 + 0 - 16 
10 + 3 0 + 0 
=  
 -2 +1 8 + 2  15 -28 
= 
-18  ∴  AB  = B  A 
4

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 3 & 4 :8:

AIMSTUTORIAL MATRICES
i 0
17.If A = 
- i 
then show that A2 = - I.
 2 0 1  -1 1 0  0
14.If A =   and B =   then
 -1 1 5   0 1 -2  i 0
A : Given that A =  
find  AB  .
0  i 
 i 0   i 0  i2  0 0  0 
 2 0 1  1 1 0  A2     
A: Given A =   and B =  0 1 2  0  i 0  i  0  0 0  i2 
 1 1 5   
 1 0  i2 0   1 0  1 0
 2 0 1  1 1         
 0 i   0 1 0 1 
2
AB =  1 1 5  
   0 2 

 2  0  0 0  0  2   2 2   2 4 0 0
    18. If A =   and A2 =  ,
 1  1  0 0  1  10   2 9   -1 k  0 0
find the value of k.
 2 2 
 (AB)    0 0
 2 9 A: A.A =  
0 0

2 4  2 4 0 0
  -1 k   -1 k  =  0 0 
     
-1 2 3 
 2 5 6  4-4 8 + 4k  0 0
15. If A =   is symmetric, find the value
  -2 - k -4 + k 2  =  0 0 
 3 x 7     
of x.
Equating 1st row 2nd column elements, we get
A: Given that A is symmetric.
 A = AT  4k + 8 = 0
 4k = -8
-1 2 3  -1 2 3 
 2 5 6  2 5 x  k = -2.
 =  
 3 x 7   3 6 7 
a b c
Equating 3rd row 2nd column elements, we get x = 6 b c a
19. Find the value of the determinant
c a b
 0 4 -2 
-4 0 8  a b c
16. If A =   is a skew symmetric matrix,
 2 -8 x  b c a
A: = a(bc - a2) - b(b2 - ca) + c(ab - c2)
find the value of x. c a b
A: Given that A is skew symmetric = abc - a3 - b3 + abc + abc - c3
 AT = -A = 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3
 0 4 -2  0 -4 2  20. Find the value of the determinant
-4 0 8   4 0 -8 
 =   a-b b-c c- a
 2 -8 x  -2 8 -x 
b-c c- a a-b
Equating 3rd row 3rd column elements, we get x = -x .
c-a a-b b-c
 2x = 0  x = 0
R1  R1 + R2 + R3
a-b b-c c -a 0 0 0
b-c c -a a-b b-c c -a a-b
A: = =0
c -a a-b b-c c -a a-b b-c
since R1 contains all zeros, determinant value is 0.

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 3 & 4 :9:

 MATRICES
AIMSTUTORIAL

 12 22 32  1 0 -1
 2 
2 32 42  -2 x 1
21. Find the determinant of  25. If is a singular matrix, find the value
2 2 . 2 0 -2
3 4 52 
of x.
1 4 9  1 0 -1
4 9 16 -2 x 1 
A: Now A:   is a singular matrix
9 16 25  2 0 -2
= 1(225 - 256) -4(100 -144) + 9(64- 81) 1 0 -1
= -31 + 176 - 153 -2 x 1
= -8.  =0
2 0 -2
a h g  by expanding the determinant along C2
h b f  - 0 + x (-2 + 2) + 0 = 0
22.Find the determinant of the matrix  .  x(0) = 0
 g f c  This is true for all real values of x.

a h g 26. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix

h b f  cosα -sinα 
A: = a (bc - f2) - h(ch - fg) + g(gh- bg) A=  .
g f c  sinα cosα 

= abc - af2 - ch2 + fgh + fgh - bg2 cosα -sinα

A: |A| =
= abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 . sinα cosα
23. If  is a complex cube root of 1, then show = cos  + sin2  = 1
2

 cosα sinα 
   Adj A =  .
 -sinα cosα 
  
that = 0.
 
  1  cosα sinα 
A-1 = | A | Adj A =  .
 -sinα cosα 
C1  C 1 + C 2 + C 3

          1 2 
27. Find the inverse of the matrix  .
           3 -5 
A: =
 
        a b 1 d -b 
A: If A =   , then A-1 =
 c d ad - bc  -c a 
  
1 2 
   Here A =  
= ( 1 +  +  = 0 ) 2
 3 -5 
  
1 -5 -2  1
= 0.
1(-5) - 3(2) -3 1 
A-1 = A-1 = | A | Adj A

1 0 0 1  5 2 
11  3 1 
2 3 4 =
24. If = 45, find x.
5 -6 x
1 5 2 
11 3 -1
1 0 0 =
2 3 4
A: Given that = 45 28.Find the minors of -1 and 3 in the matrix
5 -6 x
 1(3x + 24) - 0 + 0 = 45  2 -1 4 
 0 -2 5 
 3x = 45 - 24 = 21  .
 x = 7.  -3 1 3 

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 3 & 4 : 10 :

AIMSTUTORIAL MATRICES

 0+abc-abc 0+b2c-b2c 0+bc 2 -bc 2 

0 5  
A. Minor of -1 = = 15  
3 3 = -a2c+0+a2c -abc+0+abc -a2c+0+ac 2 
 2 2 
 a b-a b+0 ab2 -ab2 +0 abc-abc+0 
2 1
Minor of 3 = = -4
0 2
0 0 0
 0 0 0 O
3x3.
29. Find the cofactors of the elements of 2, -5 in 0 0 0
 
 -1 0 5 
 1 2 -2 
the matrix  . 1 1 1
-4 -5 3 
1 1 1
32.Find the rank of the matrix A =  .
-1 5 1 1 1
A: Cofoctor of ‘2’ = (-1)2+2
-4 3
1 1 1
= - 3 + 20 = 17. 1 1 1
A: A=  
-1 5
Cofactors of ‘-5’ = (-1)3+2 1 1 1
1 -2 R2 R2 - R1, R3  R3 - R1
= - ( 2 - 5) = 3.
1 1 1
30.Constract a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements are 0 0 0
  
given by aij 
1
i  3j .
0 0 0
2 This is in the echelon form.
No. of non zero rows = 1
1
A : Given that aij i  3j .  Rank of the given matrix = 1.
2
 a11 a12 
a a22   1 2 1
Take a 3 x 2 Matrix A =  21 -1 0 2 
a31 a32  33.Find the rank of the matrix A =  .
1 1 5  1 2 1  0 1 -1
a11  1  3(1)  1, a12  1  3(2) 
2 2 2 A = -1 0 2 
1 1 1  0 1 -1
a21  2  3(1)  , a22  2  3(2)  2 A:  
2 2 2 R2  R2 +R1
Now,
1 1 3
a31  3  3(1)  0, a32  3  3(2)  1 2 1 
2 2 2  
~ 0 2 3 
 5  
1 2 0 1 -1
 
1 R3  2R3
2
2 
  1 2 1
Required Matrix is  3.

0
2  ~ 0 2 3
0 2 -2
 
R3  R3 - R 2
 a 2 ab ac 
 0 c -b   
-c 0 a  2 1 2 1 
31.Simplify  ab b bc  . ~ 0 2 3 
  ac bc c 2 
 b -a 0 
  0 0 -5
 
This is in the echelon form.
 
2
 0 c -b a ab ac  No. of non zero rows = 3
-c 0 a  ab b2 bc   Rank of the given matrix = 3.
A.  
 b -a 0  ac bc c 2 
 

AIMSTUTORIAL : 11 :
QNO : 3 & 4
 AIMSTUTORIAL ADDITION OF VECTORS

1. Define coplanar vectors, non-coplanar 6. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector
vectors.
a = 2 i +3j +k .
A: Vectors whose line of supports are in the same
plane or parallel to the same plane are called A: Given that a  2 i  3 j  k
coplanar vectors. Vectors which are not coplanar a
are called non coplanar vectors. The unit vector in the direction of a is a .
2. Define linear combination of vectors?
Here a  22  32  12  14
A: Let a1, a2 , a3 .........,an be vectors and x1, x2,
2i  3 j  k
x 3 ........x n be scalars. T hen the vector  Required unit vector 
14
x1 a1  x 2 a 2  x 3 a3  ..........  x n an is called
7. Find a vector in the direction of vector
linear combination of vectors
a = i - 2 j that has magnitude 7 units.
a1, a2 , a3 .........,an .
A : The unit vector in the direction of a is
3. I f OA = i + j + k, AB = 3 i - 2j + k, BC = i + 2j - 2k a n d a i 2j i 2j
 
CD = 2 i + j + 3k , then find the vector OD . a 12  ( 2)2 5
A: Now OD = OA + AB + BC + CD  The vector having magnitude 7 and in the
= i + j + k + 3 i - 2 j + k + i + 2 j - 2k + 2 i + j + 3k 
7 i 2j   7 i  14 j
direction of a is  .
= 7 i + 2 j + 3k . 5 5

4. Let a = i+2j+3k and b = 3i+j. Find the unit 8. Write direction ratios of a = i + j - 2k and
vector in the direction of a+b. hence calculate its direction cosines.
A. a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j A : The direction ratios of a  i  j  2k are (1, 1, -
= 4 i  3 j  3k 2)
a
a  b  16  9  9  34 The unit vector in the direction of a is a .

 Unit vector in the direction of a  b

Here a  12  12  ( 2)2  6
ab
= ab i  j  2k
The unit vector in the direction of a is
6
4 i  3 j  3k  1 1 2 
= .
34 Hence, direction cosines are  , , .
 6 6 6

5. Let a = 2 i + 4 j - 5k, b = i + j + k, c = j + 2k .
Find the unit vector in the opposite direction
9. If , ,  are the angles made by the vector
of a + b + c .
3 i - 6 j + 2k with the positive directions of
A: a + b + c = 2 i + 4 j - 5k + i + j + k + j + 2k
the coordinate axes then find cos, cos, cos.
= 3 i + 6 j - 2k A : Given that a = 3 i  6 j  2k
| a + b + c | = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7 .
a 3 i  6 j  2k
 Unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c
â  
a 7
(a + b + c) 3 6 2
= - a+b+c cos   , cos    cos   .
7 7 7
-(3 i + 6 j - 2k)
= .
7

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 5 & 6 : 12 :

AIMSTUTORIAL ADDITION OF VECTORS

13. ABCDE is a pentagon. If the sum of the

10.If - 3 i + 4 j + λk and μ i + 8 j + 6k are
collinear vectors, then find  and . vectors AB, AE, BC, DC, ED and AC is λAC ,

A: Vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k then find the value of .

a1 a2 a3 A: ABCDE is a pentagon.
are collinear then b = =
1 b2 b3 Given that

Here - 3 i + 4 j + λk , μ i + 8 j + 6k are collinear

vectors. AB + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC = λAC
-3 4 λ
 = =  (AB + BC) + AC + (AE + ED + DC) = λAC
μ 8 6
λ 1 -3 1  AC + AC + AC = λAC
 = =
6 2 μ 2  3AC = λAC  = 3.

 =3 = - 6.
14.Show that the points - 2a + 3b + 5c,

11.If a = 2 i + 5 j + k and b = 4 i + m j + nk are a + 2b + 3c, 7a - c are collinear, where a, b, c

are three non coplanar vectors.
collinear vectors, then find m and n.
A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C be the given three
A: Given a  2 i  5 j  k b  4 i  m j  nk points.
2 5 1 1 5 1  OA = - 2a + 3b + 5c ,
a,b are collinear      
4 m n 2 m n OB = a + 2b + 3c ,
1 5 1 1 OC = 7a - c
  ; 
2 m 2 n
 m  10, n  2 . Now AB = OB - OA = 3a - b - 2c

AC = OC - OA = 9a - 3b - 6c
12. I f the posi tion v ect o rs o f A, B and C
= 3(3a - b - 2c)
are - 2 i + j - k , - 4 i + 2 j + 2 k and 6 i - 3 j - 13 k
 AC = 3 AB
r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d AB = λAC , then find
th e v alue of  .
 AB, AC are collinear vectors.
A: Let O be any origin.
A, B, C are collinear points.
OA = - 2 i + j - k , OB = - 4 i + 2 j + 2k ,
15.Is the triangle formed by the vectors
OC = 6 i - 3 j - 13k
3 i + 5 j + 2k , 2 i - 3 j - 5k and - 5 i - 2 j + 3k
AB = OB - OA = - 2 i + j + 3k
equilateral?
AC = OC - OA = 8 i - 4 j - 12k A: Let ABC be the given triangle.

Given that AB = λAC AB = 3 i + 5 j + 2k

 - 2 i + j + 3k = λ(8 i - 4 j - 12k)  | AB | = 9 + 25 + 4 = 38 units

 - 2 i + j + 3k = - 4λ(-2 i + j + 3k) BC = 2 i - 3 j - 5k
 -4 = 1  | BC | = 4 + 9 + 25 = 38 units
 = -1/4.
CA = - 5 i - 2 j + 3k

 | CA | = 25 + 4 + 9 = 38 units

 | AB | = | BC | = | CA | , thus ABC is
equilateral.

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 5 & 6 : 13 :

 AIMSTUTORIAL ADDITION OF VECTORS
 b+c 
 r  (1- t) a + t   where t is any scalar..
VECTOR EQUATIONS OF LINE  2 
AND PLANE 5. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
through the points i - 2j + 5 k , - 5j - k and
1. Find the vector equation of the line passing -3 i + 5 j .
through the point 2 i + 3j + k and parallel to A: Vector equation of the plane passing through the

the vector 4 i - 2 j + 3k . points i - 2 j + 5 k , - 5 j - k and -3 i + 5 j is

A: Vector equation of the line passing through the r  (1- t - s) a  t b  s c
point 2 i + 3 j + k and parallel to the vector
⇒ r = 1- t - s i - 2 j + 5 k + t -5 j - k + s 3 i + 5 j

)
(

)
(

)
(

)
4 i - 2 j + 3k is r = a + tb . where t, s are any scalars.

 r  2 i + 3 j + k + t(4 i - 2 j + 3k) where t is any 6. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
scalar. through the points (0, 0, 0) (0, 5, 0) and (2, 0, 1)
A : Let the position vectors are
2. Find the vector equation of the line joining the
a  0, b  5 j, c  2 i  k
points 2 i + j + 3k and - 4 i + 3 j - k .
Equation of the plane passing through the points
A: Vector equation of the line joining the points
A(a), B(b), C(c ) is
2 i + j + 3k and -4 i + 3 j - k is
r  (1  s  t)a  sb  tc ; s, t  R
r = (1- t) a + t b
    
 r  (1  s  t) 0  s 5 j  t 2 i  k ; s, t  R 
 r  (1- t) (2 i + j + 3k) + t(-4 i + 3 j - k) where  r  s  5 j   t  2 i  k  ; s, t  R
t is any scalar.
3. OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a, OC = c , find 7. Find the vector equation of the plane through
the vector equation of the side BC. the points 2 i + 4j + 2 k , 2 i + 3j + 5k and
A:
parallel to the vector 3 i - 2j + k .
A: Vector equation of the plane through the points
2 i + 4 j + 2 k , 2 i + 3 j + 5k and parallel to the
Given that OABC is a parallelogram with
vector 3 i - 2 j + k is
OA = a, OC = c . Vector equation of the side BC
is vector equation of the line through the point C r  (1- t) a + t b + s c
and parallel to the vector OA .  r =(1- t) (2i +4j +2 k)+t(2i +3j +5k)+s(3i - 2j + k)
r  OC + t OA where t, s are any scalars.
r  c + t a where t is any scalar.. 8. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the
4. If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vectors (-2, 3, 1), (2, -3, 4).
vertices A, B, C respectively of ABC, then find A: Vector equation of the plane passing through the
the vector equation of the median through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the vectors (-2, 3, 1),
vertex A. (2, -3, 4) is
Let O be the origin. r a+tb+sc
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c .  r = i + 2 j + 3 k + t(-2 i + 3 j + k) + s(2 i - 3 j + 4 k)
Let D be the midpoint of BC.
where t, s are any scalars.
b+c
 OD 
2
Now, vector equation of the median AD is
r  (1- t) a + t b

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 5 & 6 : 14 :

AIMSTUTORIAL MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
2 2 + 3 - 5 = 0
1. If a and b are non-zero, non collinear vectors and
2 2 + 5  2  5 = 0
| a + b |=| a - b | , then find the angle between a and b .
 2 + 5 - 1 2  5 = 0

)
(

)
A: Given that | a + b |=| a - b |  - 1 2   5 = 0

)
(

)
Squaring on both sides,
-5
2 2  = 1 or .
  a |  |b |  2a.b =  a |  |b |  2a.b 2

4 a.b = 0 5. If a = i + 2 j - 3k and b = 3 i - j + 2k , then

 a . b = 0 show that a + b , a - b  are mutually

0
 Angle between a and b = 90 perpendicular .
A: Given that a  i  2 j  3k , b  3 i  j  2k
2. If a = 6 i + 2j + 3k and b = 2 i - 9j + 6k , then
Now
find the angle between a and b . a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k  4 i  j  k
A: Let  be the angle between a and b .
a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k  2 i  3 j  5k
a.b
cosθ =
|a| |b| Take a  b  . a  b 
6(2) + 2(-9) + 3(6)   4 i  j  k  2 i  3 j  5k 
=
36 + 4 + 9 4 + 81+ 36  4( 2)  1(3)  1( 5)  8  3  5  0

 a . b = a1 b1 + a2b2 + a3b3  Hence a  b , a  b  are mutually

12 perpendicular.
cosθ =
7(11)
6. Find the vector equation of the plane through
 θ = Cos -1
  12
77
. the point (3, -2, 1) and perpendicular to the
vector (4, 7, -4).
A: Vector equation of the plane through the point
3. If a = i - j - k, and b = 2 i - 3 j + k , then find
a = (3, -2,1) and perpendicular to the vector
the projection vector of b on a and its
s n = (4,7, -4) is ( r - a).n = 0
magnitude.
 r.n = a.n
A: Given that a = i - j - k , b = 2 i - 3 j + k
 r.(4 i + 7 j - 4 k) = 3(4) - 2(7) + 1(-4)
Projection vector of b on a .  r.(4 i + 7 j - 4 k) + 6 = 0
(b. a) a

|a|2 7. Find the angle between the planes
[1(2)-1(-3)-1(1)] ( i - j -k) r.( 2 i - j + 2 k) = 3 and r.( 3 i + 6 j + k) = 4 .

2 2 2
1 + (-1) + (-1) A: Let  be the angle between the planes
4
 ( i - j - k) r.( 2 i - j + 2 k) = 3 and r.( 3 i + 6 j + k) = 4 .
3
4 4 n1 . n2
Now cos =
Its magnitude =  3 1+1+1 = . |n1|. |n2 |
3
2(3)-1(6)+2(1)

4. If the vectors  i - 3 j + 5k and 2 i -  j - k are 2 +(-1)2 +22
2
32 +62 +12
perpendicular to each other, find . 6-6+2

A: Given  i - 3 j + 5k and 2 i -  j - k
that are 9 46
perpendicular vectors. 2

3 46

 
 i - 3 j + 5k . 2 i -  j - k = 0
)
(

-1 2
  = Cos .
   2    3     5  1  0 3 46

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 7 : 15 :
 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
AIMSTUTORIAL
11.Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the
vectors i + j + k and 2 i + j + 3k .
8. Find the distance of a point (2, 5, -3) from the i j k


plane r. 6 i - 3 j + 2k = 4 .  A: a x b = 1 1 1
2 1 3
A: Given plane equation is r . 6 i  3 j  2k  4 .   = i(3 - 1) - j(3 - 2) + k(1- 2)
Its cartesian equation is =2i - j -k
x i  y j 
 zk . 6 i  3 j  2k  4 .  a x b = 4 + 1+ 1 = 6
 6x - 3y + 2z - 4 = 0. Unit vectors perpendicular to both a and b is
 The distance of the point (2, 5, -3) from the (a x b)
=±
6(2)  3(5)  2( 3)  4 axb
given plane is (2 i - j - k)
62  ( 3)2  22 
6
12  15  6  4 13
 units 12.If  is the angle between the vectors i + j and
36  9  4 7 j + k then find sin .
i j k
9. If a =2 i - j + k and b = i - 3 j - 5k then find
A: a x b = 1 1 0
axb. 0 1 1
i j k  i (1  0)  j(1  0)  k(1  0)

axb 2 1 1  i  j k
A:
1 3 5 sin =
|axb|
| a || b |
 i (5  3)  j ( 10  1)  k (  6  1)
1+ 1+1
=
 8 i  11j  5k 1+ 1 1+1
axb 64  121  25  210 .  sin =
3
.
2
10.If a = 2 i - 3 j + k and b = i + 4 j - 2k then 13. Find the area of the parallelogram having

  
find a + b x a - b .  2 j - k and - i + k as adjacent sides.

A: Given a  2 i  3 j  k , b  i  4 j  2k A: Let a and b be the adjacent sides of the

parallelogram.
a  b  x a  b  a x a  a x b  b x a  b x b i j k
 0  b x a  b x a  0  2 b x a a x b = 0 2 -1
-1 0 1
i j k
= i(2 + 0) - j(0 - 1) + k(0 + 2)
b x a  1 4 2
2 3 1 = 2 i + j + 2k
Area of the parellelogram
 i (4  6)  j(1  4)  k( 3  8)   2 i  5 j  11k
=| a x b |
  
 ab x ab  2 b x a     4 + 1+ 4
= 3 square units.

= 2 2 i  5 j  11k 
= 4 i  10 j  22k .

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 7 : 16 :
AIMSTUTORIAL MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
 Area of the given parallelogram
14. The vectors AB = 3 i - 2 j + 2k and 1
= |axb|
AD = i - 2k represent the adjacent sides of 2
parallelogram ABCD. Find the angle between 1
the diagonals. = (10 3 ) = 5 3 square units.
s.
2
A. AB  3 i  2 j  2k , AD  i  2k
16. If | a |= 13,| b |= 5 and a.b = 60 , then find
Diagonals are AC and BD
| a x b |.
AC = AB  BC
A: We know that
= AB  AD
| a x b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 - (a.b)2
= 4i 2j
| a x b |2 = (132 ) (52 ) - (60)2
BD = BC  AD = (132) (52) - (122)(52)
= 52 (169 - 144)
= AD  AB = (52)(52)
= 2 i  2 j  4k | a x b | = (5) 5 = 25 .
Let  be the acute angle between the diagonals
17.Find  in order that four points A(3, 2, 1),
AC . BD
B(4, , 5), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 5, -1) be coplanar.
 cos =
AC BD
A: Given points A, B, C, D are coplanar, so
 4 i  2 j  .  2 i  2 j  4k   AB
 AC AD  0
=
16  4 4  4  16 43   2 5 1 1 2 4
8  4  0  43 2  2 2  1  0  1 0 3  0


= 2 5 2 6
  63 5  2 1  1 3 3 2
 1(0  9)  (  2)  ( 2  9)  4(3  0)  0
12  9  (  2)7  12  0
=
4 5 6
 9  7  14  12  0  7  35  0    5
3
= 18.Determine  if the volume of the paralleopiped
10
whose edges are i + j, 3 i - j and 3 j + λk
 3
 = Cos  10  .
-1 
is 16 cubic units.
 
A: a  i  j , b  3 i  j , c  3 j   k
15.Find the area of the parallelogram whose The volume of the tetrahedron having edges
diagonals are 3 i + j - 2k and i - 3 j + 4k . a b c is a b c  .
A: Diagonals of the parallelogram are
a = 3 i + j - 2k and b = i - 3 j + 4k . 1 1 0
 a b c   3 1 0
i j k
0 3 
axb= 3 1 -2
= 1 (-  - 0) - 1 (3 - 0) = -  - 3 = - 4
1 3 4  Volume of the parallelopiped

= i(4 - 6) - j(12 + 2) + k(-9 - 1)   4  16     4

= -2 i -14 j - 10k 19. Find the volume of the tetrahedron having

| a x b | = 4  196  100 the edges i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k .
A. Given edges of tetrahedron are
= 300 = 10 3
a  i  j k , b  i  j, c  i 2j k

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 7 : 17 :
 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
AIMSTUTORIAL
1 1 1
a b c   1 1 0
1 2 1
= 1(-1 - 0) - 1(1 - 0) + 1(2 + 1)
=-1-1+3
= 1.
 Volume of the tetrahedron
1
= a b c 
6 
1
= 1
6
1
= cubic units.
6

20.If a = (1, -1, -6), b = (1, -3, 4), c = (2, - 5, 3),

then compute a x b x c .  

A. a x b x c 
= a . c  b  a . b c  
= 1(2)  1( 5)  6(3)  i  3 j  4k 

 1(1)  1( 3)  6(4) 2 i  5 j  3k 

= 2  5  18 i  3 j  4k 

 1  3  24 2 i  5 j  3k 
 
=  11 i  3 j  4k  20 2 i  5 j  3k  
=  11 i  33 j  44k  40 i  100 j  60k

= 29 i  67 j  16k .

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 7 : 18 :
AIMSTUTORIAL TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S

1. Eliminate ‘’ from x = a cos3, y = b sin3. y = sin2x 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0

A: Given: x = a cos3, y = b sin3.

x y
  cos3 θ,  sin3 θ
a b
2/3 2/3
x y
   cos2 θ,    sin2 θ
a b
2/3 2/3
x y
     cos2 θ  sin2 θ  1
a b 5.Draw the graph of y = cos2x in (0, ).
2/3 2/3 A:
x y
     1.
a b

2. Eliminate  from
x = a (sec  + tan ) y = b (sec - tan ).
A: Given that
sec  + tan  = x/a, sec  + tan  = y/b
(sec  + tan ) (sec  - tan ) = (x/a) (y/b)
sec2  - tan2  = xy/ab  1 = xy/ab

 xy  ab .

2(a). Eliminate  from x = a cos4 y = b sin4  .

1
x y 6. If sin =  and  does not lie in the
Ans: + =1 3
a b 3rd quadrant, find the value of cos.

 -  
3. Draw the graph of y = tan x in  ,  .
 2 2

 -  
A: Table for y = tan x in  ,  .
 2 2
1
- -   Here sin =  and  3
x 0 3
2 4 4 2 so  4

y = tanx undefined -1 0 1 adjacent si de to θ

From the figure, cos θ  .
undefined hypotenuse
2 2
 .
3
7. If cos = t (0 < t < 1) and  doesnot lie in the
first quadrant, find the values of sin and
tan.
A. Given cos = t, (0 < t < 1) and  Q1
so  Q4

From the figure,

4. Draw the graph of y = sin 2x in [-, ].
A: Table for y = sin 2x in [-, ]
      
x - 0 
4 2 4 4 2 4

AIMSTUTORIAL : 19 :
QNO : 8 & 9
 TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S
AIMSTUTORIAL
11. If 3sin + 4cos = 5, then find the value of
 1  t2
sin     1  t2 4sin - 3cos.
1 A: Given 3sin + 4cos = 5  (1)
take 4sin - 3cos = k  (2)
 1 t2
tan   . Now, (1)2 + (2)2
t
 9 sin2 θ  16 cos2 θ  24 sinθ cosθ  16 sin2 θ
4 9cos2 θ  24 sin θcosθ  25  k 2
8. If sin = and  is not in the first quadrant,
5
find the value of cos.
  
 9 sin2 θ  cos2 θ  16 sin2 θ  cos2 θ  25  k 2
 9  16  25  k 2  0  k  0
4
A. sin = and  Q1
5 12.If cos  + sin  = 2 cos , prove that
So  Q2
cos  - sin  = 2 sin 
A: Now cos + sin = 2 cos 
From the figure  sin = ( 2 - 1) cos 
multiplying both sides by 2 + 1,
3 ( 2 + 1) sin = ( 2 - 1) ( 2 + 1) cos 
cos   .
5
 2 sin  + sin  = cos 
9. Prove that  2 sin  = cos sin 
π 3π 5π 7π 9π  cos - sin = 2 sin .
cot cot cot cos cot = 1.
20 20 20 20 20
13. If a cos - b sin c then show that
0
 180 a sin + b cos  ± a2 +b2 - c2 .
A:   90
20 20 A : Given a cos - b sin c ------ (1)
π 3π 5π 7π 9π Let a sin + b cos k ------- (2)
Now cot cot cot cos cot
20 20 20 20 20
Squaring and adding (1) and (2) then we get
= cot 90 cot 270 cot 450 cot 630 cot 810
a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ab sin cos
= cot 90 cot 270 (1) cot (900 - 270) cot (900 - 90)
a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ab sin cosc2 +k2
= cot 90 cot 270 tan 270 tan 90
a2 (cos2 + sin2 b2 (cos2 + sin2 c2 +k2
= (tan 90 cot 90) (tan 270 cot 270)
a2 b2 c2 +k2
= (1) (1) a2 b2 - c2 = k2
 k   a  b  c
2 2 2 .
= 1.

10.If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, 14. Find the value of

prove that
π 4π 6π 9π
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0. sin2 + sin2 + sin2 + sin2 .
A: Given that A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic 10 10 10 10
quadrilateral, 2 π 4π 6π 9π
A + C = 1800  C = 1800 - A A: sin  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2
10 10 10 10
B + D = 1800 D = 1800 - B
2 π  6π  6π  π
= sin  sin2  π    sin2  sin2  π  
Now cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D 10  10  10  10 
= cos A + cos B + cos (1800 - A) + cos (180o - B)

 cosA + cosB - cosA - cosB

= 0.

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 8 & 9 : 20 :

AIMSTUTORIAL TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S
2 5
 Period of f(x) =  .
π 6π 6π π (4 / 5) 2
 sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2
10 10 10 10
19.Find the period of
 π 6π   π π π 
 2  sin 2  sin 2  2  sin 2  sin 2    tan (x + 4x + 9x + .............+ n2x).
 10 10   10  2 10  A: tan (x + 4x + 9x + .............+ n2x)
 π π = tan (12 + 22 + 32 +.............n2)x
 2  sin 2  cos 2  2(1)  2 .
 10 10 
 n  n  1 2n  1 
= tan  6
x
14(a)Show that  
π 2π 3π 4π
cos2 +cos2 +cos2 +cos2 =2 . 
10 10 10 10 Period of tan ax is
a
15.Express 3cos250 + sin25 0 as a sine angle.
 n  n  1 2n  1 
2  Period of tan  x
3 cos 25  sin 250
0
 6 
A:
2
π 6π
is 
3 1 n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1 2n  1 .
= cos 250  sin 250
2 2 6
= sin600 cos250 + cos600 sin250 20.Find the period of the function
= sin (60 +25 ) = sin 85 .
0 0 0 x x
f x = 2sin + 3cos
(
)
.
4 3
16. What is the value of x x
A: Given function is f x = 2sin + 3cos

(
)
0 0 0 0
tan20 + tan40 + 3tan20 tan40 . 4 3
A: Take tan 600 = tan (200 + 400)
 
0
tan 20  tan 40 0  2π 2π 
Period of f(x) = LCM of  , 
tan 600 =
1  tan 200 tan 400 π π
 4 3 
tan 200  tan 400 = LCM of {8, 6}
 3
1  tan 200 tan 400 = 24.

21. Find the period of f(x) = sin(5x + 3).

 3(1  tan 200.tan 400 )  tan 200  tan 400
2π
 3  3 tan 200.tan 400  tan200  tan 400 A: Period sin (ax + b) is a

 tan200  tan 400  3 tan200.tan 400  3 2π

 Period of sin(5x + 3) is
5
22. Find the period of f(x) = | sin x |.
17.What is the value of tan560 - tan 110 - tan560 tan110.
A: Given f(x) = |sin x|
A: Take tan 450 = tan(560 - 110).
f( + x) = |sin ( + x)| = | - sin x| = sin x = f(x)
tan 56  tan110 0 Hence, period of |sin x| is .
 1
1  tan 56 0 tan110 23. Find a cosine function whose period is 7.
 1  tan 56 0 tan110  tan 56 0  tan110 . A: Take a cosine function as ‘cos ax’.
Now, period of cos ax is 7
 tan 56 0  tan110  tan 56 0 tan110  1
2π 2π 2π
18.Find the period of the function   7 a   a
a 7 7
 4x + 9 
f(x) = cos  .  The required cosine function is
 5 
4 9  2π   2π 
A: f(x) = cos  x +  cos    x  cos  x.
5 5  7   7 

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 8 & 9 : 21 :

 TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S
AIMSTUTORIAL
24.Find a sine function whose period is 2/3. Maximum of f(x)  a2  b 2

A: Take a sine function as ‘sin ax’.  9  16  5 .

2 Minimum of f(x)   a2  b2 = - 5.
Now, period of sin ax is
3
29.Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x)
2π 2
   a  3π  a  3π = 7 cos x - 24 sin x + 5.
a 3 A: Given f(x) = 7 cos x - 24 sin x + 5.
 The required sine function is sin (3)x.
= ± sin3x. Compare with a cos x  b sin x  c then we get
a = 7, b = - 24, c = 5.
5sinx + 3cosx Maximum value =
25. Find the period of .
4sin2x + 5cosx c  a2  b2  5  72  ( 24)2
A: Period of sinx = 2, Period of cosx = 2.
2π  5  49  576  5  625  5  25  30
Period of sin2x =  π , Period of cosx = 2. Minimum value =
2
Period of the given function c  a2  b2  5  72  ( 24)2
= L.C.M. of {2, } = 2.
 5  49  576  5  625  5  25  20 .
26.Find the period of cos4x.
30.Find the maximum and minimum values of
A: Let f(x) = cos4x
 π  π
Now, f( + x) = cos4 ( + x) f(x) = cos  x +  + 2 2sin  x +  - 3.
 3  3
= (- cos x)4 = cos4 x = f(x).
A: Maximum value of f(x) = c + a2 + b2
If f(p + x) = f(x) then ‘p’ is the period of
2
f(x) where ‘p’ is least. = - 3 + 12 + 2 2

Period of cos4x is . = - 3 + 1+ 8
=-3+3
27. If sec + tan = 5 find the quadrant in which  = 0.
lies and find the value of sin. 2 2
Minimum value of f(x) = c - a + b
A: Given that sec + tan = 5..............(1) =-3-3
We have sec2  - tan2  = 1 = - 6.
 (sec + tan)(sec - tan) = 1
1 31. Find the range of 13 cosx + 3 3sinx - 4 .
sec - tan = ..................(2)
5
1 A: Let f(x) = 13 cos x  3 3 sin x  4
(1)  (2)  sec θ  tan θ  sec θ  tanθ  5 
5 Compare with a cos x  b sin x  c then we get
26 13 a = 13, b = 3 3 , c = 4.
 2 sec θ   sec θ 
5 5
Maximum value = c  a2  b 2
1
(1)  (2)  sec θ  tanθ  sec θ  tan θ  5 
5   4  (13)2  (3 3 )2   4  169  27
24 12
 2 tan θ   tan θ 
5 5   4  196   4  14  10

since, sec > 0, tan  >   lies in I quadrant. Minimum value = c  a 2  b 2

tan θ 12 / 5 12   4  196   4  14   18
Now,   .
sec θ 13 / 5 13  Range of f(x) = [ -18, 10].
12 32.Find the extreme values of cos2x + cos2x.
 sin = . A. We know that extreme values of cos2x are 0, 1.
13
28.Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) Now cos2x + cos2x
= 3sinx - 4 cosx. = 2cos2x - 1 + cos2x
A: f(x) = 3sinx - 4 cosx = 3cos2x - 1.

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 8 & 9 : 22 :

AIMSTUTORIAL TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S
(sin2 1)2 = 0 sin = 1 cosec = 1
Extreme values of 3cos2x - 1 are
= 3(0) -1, 3(1) - 1.  sinn x + cosecn = (1)n + (1)n = 2 .
= -1, 2.
37. If tan2= (1 - e2), show that
sec + tan3 . cosec = (2 - e2)3/2.
1o 1o
33.Simplify: sin 52 - sin2 22 .
2
A: LHS = sec + tan3 . cosec
2 2

1
o
A: sin 52 - sin2 22
2 1
o

 sec θ 1  tan2 θ 
2 2

 1 o  1 o o o
 1  tan2 θ 1  tan2 θ  
1 1
= sin  52 + 22  sin  52 - 22 
 2   2 
 
3/2
 2   2  1  tan2 θ
(  sin2 A - sin2 B = sin ( A + B) sin(A - B))
 
3/2
 1  1  32
= sin 75o. sin 30o

 
3/2
 3 + 1  1   2  e2  RHS .
=
 2 2   2 
 
38.Prove that tan700 - tan200 = 2tan500.
3 +1
= .
4 2 A. Clearly 700 - 200 = 500.

1o
2 1o 
 tan 700  20 0  tan500 
34. Evaluate cos 112 - sin2 52 .
2 2 tan700  tan 200
1
o
1
o   tan500
A: cos 2 112 - sin 2 52 1  tan70 tan 20
0 0

2 2
 tan700  tan 200
1 o
1 
o  1o 1o    tan500
= cos  112 + 52  cos  112 - 52 

 2 2  
 2 2  
1  tan 90  20 tan 20
0 0
 0

( cos2A - sin2 B = cos(A + B) cos (A - B)) tan700  tan200

  tan500
= cos 165o cos 60o 1  cot 200 tan200
tan700 - tan200 = 2tan500.
 3 + 1 1 
=- 
 2 2   2  (cos 165 = cos (180 - 15 )
o o o
  cos90  sin 90
= - cos 15o) 39.Prove that  cot 360 .
cos 90  sin 90
 3 +1
=- 
 4 2  . cos 90  sin90
  A: Now .
cos90  sin90
π A π A
35. Evaluate sin2  +  - sin2  -  .
 8 2  8 2  cos 90  sin90 
π A π A  
2
A: Take sin     sin2     cos 90 
 8 2  8 2  cos90  sin90 
 
π A π A π A π A  cos 90 
 sin     sin   
8 2 8 2   8 2 8 2  1  tan90
π 1 
 sin sin A  sin A 1  tan 90
4 2
tan 450  tan90
36. If sin + cosec = 2, find the value of 
1  tan 450 tan90
sinn + cosecn, n  Z.
A: Given that sin + cosec = 2 
 tan 450  90 
1 = tan 540.
 sin α   2  sin2 α  1  2 sin α
sin α = tan (900 - 360)
sin2- 2sin + 1 = 0 = cot 360.

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 8 & 9 : 23 :

 TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S
AIMSTUTORIAL
 2  2.2cos2   2  2cos  2  1  cos 
cos110 + sin110
40. If tanθ = , and  is not in third
cos110 - sin110  
 2.2cos2  2cos .
quadrant, find . 2 2
cos 110  sin 110
A: Given that tan θ 
cos 110  sin 110
44.Prove that cos550 + cos650 + cos 1750 = 0.
cos110 sin110 A: cos650 + cos550 + cos 1750

0 0 1  tan110  650  550   650  550 
 tan   cos110 cos110   2cos  0
cos11 sin11 1  tan110  cos    cos175
0
 0  2   2 
cos11 cos11
 2cos 600 cos50  cos 1800  50 
 tan(45  11 )
0 0

1
 tan560  2. .cos 50  cos 50  cos 50  cos 50  0
2
tan   tan560    560   Q1.

3+ 5
41. If sin α = cos α , show that a sin2 + bcos2 = b. 45.Prove that cos480 cos 120 = .
8
a b
A: Let sinα cos α 1 1
 = A. cos480 cos 120 = (2cos480 cos 120)
a b k 2
 a = k sin  b = k cos  1
Now a sin2 + b cos 2 =
2
  
cos 480  120  cos 480  120  
= (k sin ) sin 2 + (k cos ) cos 2
= k [ cos2 cos + sin 2 sin] 1
= cos 600  cos360 
= k cos (2 - ) 2
= k cos
= b. 1 1 5  1
b = 2 2  4 
42.If tan = , then prove that acos2 + bsin2 = a.  
a
sin  b 1  2  5  1
A. Given :  = 2 
cos  a  4 
sin  cos 
  3 5
b a = .
8
sin  cos  1
Let   .
b a k 46.Prove that sin500 - sin700 + sin100 = 0.
 a = kcos, b = ksin
Now acos2 + bsin2
A. sin500 - sin700 + sin100
= k cos cos2 + ksin sin2
= k[cos2 cos + sin2 sin  500  700   500  700 
  sin10
0
= k cos(2 - ) = 2cos   sin 
 2   2 
= k cos
= a. = 2cos600 sin (-100) + sin100
 1
π 2

= 2    sin10  sin10
0
0

43. If 0 < θ < , show that

8 = - sin 100 + sin100.
θ = 0.
2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos4θ = 2cos   .
2

47.Prove that 4 cos660 + sin84 0 = 3 + 15 . 
A: Take 2  2  2  2cos 4θ A: LHS = 4[cos 660 + sin 840]
 4 cos 660  sin(900  6 0 
 2  2  2 1  cos 4   2  2  2.2cos2 2
 4 cos 660  cos 60 
 2  2  2cos 2  2  2 1  cos 2 

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 8 & 9 : 24 :

AIMSTUTORIAL TRIGNOMETRY RATIO’S
CD CD
2 sin   sin  
 66  6   66  6 
0 0 0 0
 2   2 
 4.2 cos   cos  
2 2  64  4 
0 0
 64  4 
0 0
     sin340  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
 cos C  cosD  = sin 340 - 2sin340 sin 300
 
  2cos  C  D  cos  C  D    1
  2   2  = sin340 - 2sin 340  
    2
= sin340 - sin340 .
= 0.
 720   600 
 8 cos   cos   -4
 2   2  51.If 1800 <  < 2700 and sin  = , calculate
5
 8 cos 360.cos 300
θ θ
sin and cos .
 5  1 3 2 2
 8 .
 4  2
  5 1  3

 15  3  RHS .

48.Show that cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400 =

1
. A: 1800 <  < 2700
2
A: We know that cosA cosB + sinAsinB = cos(A - B). θ
 900   1350
 cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400 2
= cos (1000 - 400) θ
= cos600   Q2
2
1
= . θ 1  cos θ
2 sin 
2 2
49.Show that cos420 + cos780 + cos1620 = 0.
1
 3  8 2
Now cos cos420 + cos780 + cos1620 5   .
 5(2) 5
2
= cos 780 + cos 420 + cos 1620

 780  420   780  420  θ 1  cos θ

2cos cos cos 
=     2 2
 2   2 
 3 

 cos 1800  180  1
5 
2

1
.
 5(2) 5
 2 cos 600 cos180  cos180 2
0

( cos 180  θ   cos θ )  52.If sin =
3
5
, where
π
2
 α  π evaluate
 1 cos3 and sin2
 2   cos180  cos180
 2
0 0 A:
= cos18  cos18 = 0.
3
50. Find the value of sin 340 + cos 640 - cos40. sin α  and  Q2.
5
A: Now sin340 + (cos640 - cos40)

 cosC - cosD =

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 8 & 9 : 25 :

 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
AIMSTUTORIAL
n
 ex + e-x ex - e-x 
n = - 
3 A: Now (cosh x - sinh x)
1. If sinh x = , find cosh 2x and sinh 2x.  2 2 
4
3 n
A: Given that sinh x =  e x + e-x - e x + e-x 
4
We know that cosh2 x - sinh2 x = 1 = 
 2 
 cosh2 x = 1 + sinh2 x
2 n
3  2e-x 
= 1+   = 
4  2 
9
= 1+ = e-nx - (1)
16
25 Also cosh nx - sinh nx
cosh2 x =
16
5  enx +e-nx   enx - e-nx 
 cosh x = . =  -  
4  2 2
   
Now sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
 3  5  enx +e-nx -enx +e-nx
= 2   =
 4  4  2
-nx
15 2e
= =
8 2
cosh2 x = 1 + 2sinh2 x = e-nx - (2)
2 From (1) & (2)
3
= 1+ 2   (cosh x - sinh x)n = coshh nx - sinh nx.
4
 9  4. Prove that (cosh x + sinh x)n
= 1+ 2  
 16  = cosh (nx) + sinh (nx).
89
=
8 LHS   cosh x  sin h x 
n

17 n
= .  ex  ex ex  ex 
8   
5 A:  2 2 
2.If coshx = then find (i) cosh(2x) (ii) sinh(2x).
2  ex  ex  ex  ex 
n

5  
A: Give coshx = then  2 
2  
2 n
5 25  4  2 ex 
sinh x  cosh2 x  1     1  
2 4  2 


21

21  e nx  
4 2
RHS  cosh nx  sinh nx
2
5 enx  e nx enx  e  nx
(i) cosh(2x)  2 cosh2 x  1  2    1  
 2 2 2
 25  25 23 enx  e  nx  enx  e  nx
 2   1 1 
4 2 2 2
  nx
2e
(ii)sinh(2x)  2 sinh x cosh x 
2
5  21  5 21
 2. .    enx  
2  2  2
From  a n d  (coshx + sinhx)n = cosh nx + sinh nx.
3. Prove that
5. Prove that cosh4x - sinh4x = cosh(2x).
(cosh x - sinh x)n = cosh nx - sinh nx.
A: LHS = cosh4x - sinh4x
= (cosh2x)2 - (sinh2x)2

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 10 : 26 :
AIMSTUTORIAL HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

ex+y - e-x+y +ex-y - e-x-y - [ex+y +e-x+y - ex-y - e-x-y ]

= (cosh x + sinh x) (cosh x - sinh x)
2 2 2 2 =
4
= [cosh(2x)] (1) = cosh(2x) = RHS.
2[ex-y - e-x+y ]
=
4
6. If sinh x = 3, then show that x = log e (3 + 10 ) .
e x-y - e-(x-y)
A: Given that sinh x = 3 =
2
 x = sinh-1 3 = sinh(x - y)
 sinh-1 x = loge (x + x2 +1)
 sinh(x - y) = sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y..
= log(3 + 32 +1) 11.Prove that
cosh (x + y) = cosh x . cosh y + sinh x . sinh y.
= log(3 + 10) .
A: RHS = cosh x . cosh y + sinh x . sinh y
7. If sinhx = 5 then show that x = loge 5 + 26 .  
A: Given that sinhx = 5  ex  e x   ey  e  y   e x  e x   e y  e  y 
    
2

x = sinh-1 (5) = loge 5  5  1   2 
 ex e y  e x e y
2   2 
 e x ey  e  x e y 
2 

 
Hence, x = loge 5   26   4 

 
 ex e y  ex e y  e x ey  e x e y 
 sinh1 x  log x  x 2  1   
 e
 4
 

2e x e y  2e x e y 2 e  e 
x y  ( x  y)
-1 1 1 
8. Show that tanh = loge 3 .  
2 2 4 4
A: We know that tanh-1x =
1  1+ x  xy
e e ( x  y)
loge     cosh(x  y)  LHS
2  1- x  2
 1
-1 1 1  1+ 2 
 tanh = loge  
2 2  1- 1  2tan hx
 2 12.Prove that sinh 2x = .
1- tanh2 x
 3  A: sin 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x.
1  2 
 loge     1 =
2 sinh x cosh x
2   1    loge3 . 1
  2   2
 
2sinh x cosh x
= cosh2 x  sinh2 x
9. If coshx = sec then prove that
x θ
tanh2 = tan2 . 2 sinh x cosh x
2 2
= cosh2 x  1  sinh x 
2
2 x cosh x  1 sec θ  1
A. tanh   2
2 cosh x  1 sec θ  1  cosh x 
1 θ 2 tan hx
1 2 sin2
cos θ 1  cosθ 2  tan2 θ = .
  1  tanh2 x
1 1  cos θ θ 2
1 2 cos2
cos θ 2 13.Show that cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh2 x.
A : cosh 2x = cosh (x +x)
= coshx.coshx + sinhx.sinhx
= cosh2 x + sinh2x
10. Prove that sinh(x - y) = sinhx coshy - coshx  cosh2x - sinh2x = 1
sinhy. = (1+sinh x) + sinh2x
2
A: sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y. = 1 + 2sinh2x.
 ex - e-x  ey + e-y   ex + e-x  e y - e-y 
=   -    14.For any x  R, show that cosh 2x = 2 cosh2 x -1.
 2  2 2  2
      A. cosh 2x = cosh (x + x)
= cosh x. coshx + sinhx.sinhx

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 10 : 27 :
 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
AIMSTUTORIAL
= cosh2 x + sinh2x 2x ± 2 x 2 - 1
=
 cosh2x - sinh2x = 1 2
= cosh2x + (cosh2x - 1)
= 2cosh2x - 1.  x  x2  1
15.Prove that sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x.
A: sinh 3x = sinh(2x + x) Since x  [1, ), et  1
= sinh 2x cosh x + cosh 2x sinh x  et = x + x 2 - 1
= 2sinh x cosh x cosh x + (1+2sinh2 x) sinh x
t = loge (x + x 2 - 1)
= 2sinh x (cosh x) + sinh x + 2sinh x
2 3

= 2sinh x (1 + sinh2 x) + sinh x + 2sinh3 x  cosh1 x = loge (x + x 2 - 1) .

= 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x.
-1 1  1+ x 
18.Prove that Tanh x =
2
loge   for x (-1, 1).
 1- x 
16. Prove that sinh -1x = log(x + x 2 + 1) , for
A: Let Tanh-1 x = t
x R.
 x = tanh t
A: Let sinh-1 x = t
 x = sin ht et - e-t
x=
et + e-t
t -t
e -e
x= 1 e t + e-t
2  =
x e t - e-t
1 By componendo and dividendo,
 2x = et 
et
1  x et + e-t  e t  e  t 2et
2xet = (et)2 -1  = =
1  x e t + e-t  et  e  t 2e-t = e
2t

(et)2 - 2xet - 1 = 0.
By the definition of logarithm,
 1+ x 
2x + 4x 2 + 4 2t = loge  
 et =  1- x 
2
1  1+ x 
t = loge  
2x ± 2 x 2 + 1 2  1- x 
= = x± x2 +1
2 1  1+ x 
 Tanh-1x = log  .
 et > 0 2  1- x 
et  x  x 2  1
19.Show that f(x) = sinhx is an odd function.
By the definition of logarithm,
t = loge(x + e x  e x
x2  1 ) A: We know that sinh x 
2
 sinh-1x = loge(x + x 2  1 ). x x
 e x  e x 
e e
 sinh  x        sinh x
17. For any x  [1, ), prove that 2  2 
cosh-1 x = loge(x + x 2 - 1 ).  sinh(  x)   sinh x
A: Let cosh-1 x = t
 x = cosh t  sinh x is an odd function

et + e-t 20.Show that f(x) = cosh x is an even function.

x=
2
e x  e x
t 1 A. We know that cosh x 
 2x = e  2
et x
 2xet = (et)2 + 1 e e x
e  e x
x
 cosh(  x)    cosh x
 (et)2 - 2xet + 1 = 0. 2 2

2x ± 4x 2 - 4 cos(-x) = coshx
et =  coshx is an even function.
2

AIMSTUTORIAL QNO : 10 : 28 :