INVESTIGATORY PROJECTON

Extraction of essential oils present

in Saunf(Aniseed),Ajwain(Carom)
and Elaichi(Cardamom)

Submitted By-
Arjun mv
Guided by:

Ms. Aruna Kumari

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT on thetopic “Extraction of essential oils present in
Saunf(Aniseed),Ajwain (Carom) and Elaichi(Cardamom)”
has been successfully completedby Arjun mv of class – XII-
Science under the guidance of Ms. Aruna Kumari in particular
fulfilment of the curriculum of CBSE leading to theaward of annual
examination of the year 2023- 24.

Candidate Principal external examiner

 I would like to express my sincere thanks to our chemistry
guide Ms. Aruna Kumari

for her guidance and support in completing my project.

I would like to extend my gratitude to our Principal madam
for providingus with all the facilities that were required.

I would also like to thanks my parents and friends whohelped me

with the necessary suggestion and ideas forcompleting this project.

Roll no- _
Name-Arjun
MV
 Index
Sl.No Topic
1 Certificate
2 Acknowledgement
3 Index
4 Aim
5 Introduction

6 Theory
7 Aniseed plant
8 Requirements
9 Procedure
10 Experimental set up
11 Observations
12 Result
18 Conclusion
19 Bibliography
 Aim of the experiment
Extraction of essential oils presentin Saunf(Aniseed),
Ajwain(Carom) and Elaichi(Cardamom)
 INTRODUCTION

An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid

containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They
are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea
etc. Essential oils are made up of highly volatile
substances which can be extracted from numerous plant
species. Distillation basedrecovery processes such as
steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for the
extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Virtually
all naturally occurring essential oils are made up of
hydrocarbons such as camphene, pentene, limonene,
phellandrene cedrene, and oxygenated hydrocarbons such
as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, lactones,
phenols and organic acids. The essential oil get their
odors from the oxygenated compounds contained in them
and these confer stability on the oil against oxidation.
The hydrocarbons are less stable and they are responsible
for the degradation observed in the oils. The
hydrocarbons contained in the essential oils are often
removed so that the oils can be more stable and still
retain their odours and flavours .
 THEORY
Steam distillation is a type of distillation (a separation or extraction process)
for a temperature-sensitive plant such as natural aromatic compounds. It once
was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds but has
become obsolete by vacuity distillation. Steam distillation still important in
certain industrial sectors. Steam distillation is one of ancient and official
approved methods for isolation of essential oils from plant materials. The plant
materials charged in the alembic are subjected to the steam without maceration
in water. The injected steam passes through the plants from the base of the
alembic to the top. Steam distillation is a method where steam flows through the
material as shown in diagram below. This steam functions as agents that break
up the pores of the raw material and release the essential oil from it. The system
yields a mixture of a vapour and desired essential oil. This vapour is then
condensed further and the essential oil is collected. The principle of this
technique is that the combined vapour pressure equals the ambient pressure at
about 100 °C so that the volatile components with the boiling points ranging
from 150 to 300 °C can be evaporated at a temperature close to that of water.
Furthermore, this technique can be also carried out under pressure depending on
the essential oils extraction difficulty.

We are all familiar with the pleasant odours coming out from flowers, spices and
many trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due to volatile oils present in
them. These smelling volatile oils present in plants are called essential oils.
Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose,
sandalwood, spearmint, thyme, wintergreen are a few familiar examples of
valuable essential oils. The term “essential oils” literally means “oils derived
from the essence” of plants. Essential oils are mainly used for their pleasant
odours and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents in foods. Some are used
in medicines (e.g., camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as insect repellants
(e.g., citronella). Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures of
ester, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are
essentially non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar solvents
such as petroleum ether, benzene etc. Essential oils may occur inall parts of the
plant, but they are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are obtained
from the plants by the process of steam distillation and extraction. The technique
of steam distillation permits the separation of volatile components from non-
volatile materials withoutraising the temperature of the distillation above 100° C.
Thus steam distillation reduces the risk of decomposition of essential oils.
 CAROM OIL(AJWAIN)
 Botanical name : Trachyspermum ammi
 Common Method of Extraction : Distillation
 Aroma: Warm, Pungent, Peppery
 Extraction: Ajwain oil is extracted from the crushed seeds
of ajwain by the method of steam distillation.
Chemical composition: The main constituents of the ajwain oil are
thymol, gamma-terpinene, pcymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene, alpha-
thujene, beta-myrcene, carvacrol, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol.There are
variations in the composition of ajwain oils depending upon the region where it
is cultivated. For instance, ajwain oil collected from Southern India is rich in
thymol.
Uses:
 It is used for skin alinments. Ajwain can help with pimples.
 It is used as digestive aid. One can treat indigestion, ulcers, and various
other bacterial infections of the gut with ajwain seeds and essential oil.
 It is Useful in aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers calming sensations that
relieves neuralgia and migraines

CARDAMOM OIL (ELAICHI)

Botanical Name : Elettaria cardamonumCommon Method Of
Extraction : Steam Distillation
Aroma : Very complex and smooth spice aroma
Extraction: Cardamom oil is extracted using steam
distillation method. For this, seeds of the fruit are used just before they ripe.
The yield
through this process is normally 1 to 5 per cent.
Cardamom oil contains sabinene, myrcene, a-pinene, b-pinene, aphellandrene,
limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, linalool, linalyl
acetate, a-terpineol acetate, citronellol, nerol, terpinen-4-oil, aterpineol,
geraniol, methyl eugenol and trans-nerolidol.
Uses:
 Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for treatment of sciatica,
coughs, abdominal pains, spasm and nervous disorders.
 Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary disease, fever, digestive and
urinary problems in India and China for over 3000 years.
 It is also used to flavour pharmaceutical products. Apart from pharmaceutical
usage, cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in soaps, perfumes and
cosmetic products
 ANISEED OIL(SAUNF)
Botanical Name: Pimpinella anisum
Common Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation
Aromatic Description: Distinctive scent of
licorice. Rich and sweet.
Color: Clear
Constituents: a-pinene,
camphene, B-pinene, linalool, cis-anethole, trans-anethole, safrole,
anisaldehyde, acetoanisole.

Uses:
Its most common flavouring applications include being added to
liqueurs, alcohol, gelatins, various candies, mints, chewing gum,
anddairy products. Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an
aromatic carminative to relieve flatulence, and as an ingredient of
cough lozenges in combination with liquorice.
To add a richer and more robust scent, Aniseed Essential Oil is also
often added to cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners,
creams, soaps, and perfumes.
Aniseed essential oil has aromatherapeutic benefits associated
with relieving asthma, colds or sinus symptoms, as well as
quellingnausea and vomiting.
Aniseed essential oil contains anethol, which is an effective anti-viral
component.
Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both hunting and
fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.
Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that
can eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be
used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-
B, 2C-I and DOB.
 ANISEED PLANT

 Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as `Oil of

Aniseed`, which has now replaced thefruits for medicinal and
flavoring purposes.

 Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid having the characteristic

odor and taste of the fruit. The yieldof oil generally varies from 1.9 to 3.1
per cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent have been reported from Syrian
aniseed. Crushing of fruits prior to distillation gives better yields of oil.
The material should be distilled soon after the crushing to prevent any loss
of oil due to evaporation. Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid, which
solidifies on cooling. The congealing point depends much on the anethole
content and is a valuable criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil
to air causes polymerization, and someoxidation also takes place with the
formation of anisaldehyde and anisic acid.

 The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole, which is present to the

extent of 80 to 90 per cent and is mainly responsible for the characteristic
flavor of the oil. The oil also contains methyl chavicol, p- methoxyphenyl
acetone, and small amount of terpenes and sulfur containing compounds
of disagreeableodour.
 REQUIREMENTS
• Steam generator (Copper
Vessel),
• Round bottom flask
(500 ml),
• Conical flask,
• Condenser,
• Glass tubes,
• Iron stand,
• Sand bath,
• Separatory funnel,
• Tripod stands,
• Burners,
• Saunf(Aniseed) .
• Ajwain(Carom)
• Cardamom(Elaichi)
• Petroleum ether(60-80°C),
PROCEDURE
• Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup.
•The apparatus consists of a steam generator
connected to the round bottom flask through a
glass inlet tube. Theflask is connected to a
water condenser through a glass outlet tube.
Condenser is further attached to a receiver
through an adaptor.
• Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to
produce steam.
• In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed saunf.
• A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed through the
round bottom flask.
•A part of the steam condenses in the round
bottom flask. As more and more steam is
passed, the steam volatile components of saunf
pass through the condenser along with steam.
These contents on condensation are collected
inthe receiver.
•The contents in the round bottom flask
may be heated by a bunsen burner to
prevent excessive condensation ofsteam.
• The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.
• Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml portions
of petroleum ether 3 times.
• Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it
with the help of anhydrous sodium
sulphate.
• Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a
water bath.

The essential oil is left behind

in the distillation flask.
• Find the weight of
the extracted essential
oil.
• Note the colour, odour
and weight of the essential
oil.
EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP
observation
1.) Saunf
(Aniseed):-
• Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm
• Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm(x)
• Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
• Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
• Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25 %
• Colour of the oil = Colourless
• Odour of the oil = Saunf like smell.

3) Cardamom(Elaichi):-
• Weight of elaichi taken = 100 gm
• Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
• Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 .25gm(y)
• Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
• Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25%
• Colour of the oil = Colourless
• Odour of the oil = elaichi like smell.
 RESULT

Essential oils present in aniseed, carom and cardamom areextracted from Steam
distillation method.
 CONCLUSION

 Essential oils smell great, reduce stress, treat fungal

infections, and help you sleep. They are concentrated
extractions from plants. Aprocess called distillation turns the
“essence” of a plant into a liquefied form for many
medicinal and recreational uses.
 Essential oils have many uses outside of aromatherapy. Many people
use them to scent their homes or freshen up things like laundry. They
are also used as a natural scent in homemade cosmetics and high-quality
natural products
 Essential oils enter the body primarily in three ways—applied to
the skin, inhaled, or ingested. Within each of these, there are
many different kinds of application methods. For example, you
can apply essential oils topically using compresses, sprays, baths,
or massagingthem into the skin.
 Other most Essential Oils are
 Lavender (Lavandula officinalis)
 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
 Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
 Lemon (Citrus limonum)
 Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus sideroxylon and
Eucalyptus torquata)
 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
 Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)
 Frankincense (Boswellia carterii)
 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
 Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
 Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small insects such
as head lice, mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal properties.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise
 http://www.essentialoils.co.za/
essential- oils/aniseed.htm
 http://www.ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2016/
November/ 117-127.pdf
 https://in.iherb.com/blog/top-13-essential-
oils-and-
how-they-can-benefit-your-health/236