N:Study and se of measurtN; Istrunents - vollmeter,smeter, mull·meter,

nseitloscope, Rea-He reststors, capacltors and inductors.

Aim: 1u sty and utlerstand he usa!e d clemonstrate the
ammetet, malt metet,silleseo, resistors,cpawitors and inductors.meuring! Instrunents Ike voltmeter,
Apparatus IRequtted:
S. No
Anparans Type I:ange (Quartity
Ameter MC (0-2)A
Ametet MI (02)4
oltnctet MC (0-300)V
Voitmeter MI (0-300]V
Multeeter Digital
Cathede RayCscilloscope Analog
Ressto: Ww 3000/3.3A
iducter Care (0-25) nll
Tapictor Electralytic (0- 250) jf
LED/ Fliarescent (0- 100)1"
ennecting Wires Fev

Theor:
Veluneter:Vatete s a devie tlat is used to measure
vultage or potential ditlerence across two grvenpoints. A
voiteet,ts nolng but galvanumeter wth infinite
tesistaie onnected in setiea As shown in inage a
vol:metel t n e t e l i1 llel or 11 shunt
olp:a:on iue to voltagedivision eies. II we
cOnne1i 1n s S Iuglh testst1ce of voltmeet will make
tlie urCuitinsulalog ad o current wvill flow and the
systen wiil stop werki:. Ta measure AC (Alternating Connection of voltineter
CTTent} vohpe, AC voltmeter 0s used and for DC
voitagemeasurenent DC voitmeter is usei.

AnelerAmneler measres current or rate of liow of

Tomeasure
Chate between: (ivepunts on conductor.
point where we
Current, the ciruit must be hreken at the anmeter ter
want ihat curent fobe measured, Jnd he Source
est
inserted at that point. In other words, an ammeter Lond
under test Ik is
be cotiected in series vith the loadlowresistance and
connected in ses because it has
amount of current
CrTent remains sac i eries so th
Ammcter
fowing throu:h ioad will i same as that of
Hereinthecircuit Ais the Anmmeter Cotnected in
and ienteAteter wiil give tie cxACt reading
current i. To measure AC (Alternatin current).
series with B.ttery B and Load i. ta lieasure the
DC Ammeter is used.
ACamnneter is used nd fur DCcurrent1neasuremert
Cutrent Col Currert,i
consumed
W"att Meter:A vatt meter Measures power
Iy devicein a given tite. Normally wat meter gives
Presure (ot
teading in watt or ilowatt AWattuneter has two Oiis
Hre1t col and other voltage
Supcly
the load
coil The power is rduct of V'eltage across P=V'i/ vo'tace. v
ie
td curt vnt Mowin: throtuph the loxd Thclurrent
Connccton of :tt neter isshown below.
col is connected in series ascurrent remains sJme in

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 (concept of Ammeter) and potential coil (Voltate Coll) is connected in parallelas voltage
series
remains same in arallel (concept of Veltmeter).
more clectrical
to measure two or
Multi-ncter:A Imultimeter, shown in Figure is a device usedunctions
iv) measure clectrical stIch as voltape, current.
ouantitics. A multincter can be uscd to
electrical frequetncy
resistance, continity and someare able to measure

Cete
Crrent
Saeret

A Amptifer

Tryuny
Calibrsie
Rreier
AC Crreut Alrmtst
{DirferemIRapri

Ceevertrr

Corrrat ts
FRORES Velgr
V'oltsge.Frequenc: Camsertrt
Resisance Term1nal
alibesed Digitat pte
DY Altenestar

nsirument
Oscilloscape:The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a type o! clectrical electronic
Cathode Rav others
used for showing the measurement and analysis of waveforms and signal vesuS ahother
which is
is a very fast X-Y plotter shows the input
and clectrical phenomenon. Ittypically divided into foursections which are display, vertical
signal or versuIs time. It is wavetcrms,
horizontal controllcrs, and Triggers.The CRÖs are used to analyze the range to the
controllers, low-freuency
time-varying quantitics Irom avery physical quantities
transicnt, phenomena, and other operated on voltages. Thus, the ctherwith the help of the
frtqucncies.The CRO is mainly
radio into the voltage
acccleration, pressure, are convertcd use probes and they are used
like current, strain, Most of the oscilloscopes
mainly involve n the radio, TV
CRO.
transducer and thus represent an a applications of CRO's
anyinstrument. The
for the input of involvingresearch and design.
receiverS,also in laboratory work
Input
Delay Horizonta!
Signal Vertica!
Linc
Screen
Amplifier Deflection Plate
Electron Gun
To CRT -Electron Beam

[HVSUpnly
VSupply
LumincUS
Vertical
To allCircult Heater Focusing Deflection plat Spot
Anode

Time Base Horizontal

Trigger Amplifier
Circuit Generator

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vì) fnction generator is asignal sourcetlat las the capability of producing
Function Generator: A sine
waveforns are
dillerent types of waveforIns as its output siual. The most common output
The frequencies of such
IWaves, triangular Ivaves, square waves, and saw- tooth waves.
waveforms may be adjusted from a fraction of a hertzto several hundredkilz.

vii) Resistors:Resistor is a device which

disspates the energy n the form of
heat Rheostat is a variable resistor, Wipor Eloctic
which is used to control the low of Current

clectric current by manually increasing

or decteasing the resistance. These
rtheostats have a linear resistive path. curent n Col of vnre
The sltding terminal glides over this
path There are two fixed terminals and
third terminal connected to slider
mostly used in laboratory applications. Mostly
houever only one of the (wo is used. These are
material is used
wire-wgund resistive path along alincar cylinder shaped

LACTC FLO
Inductors:The inductor IS
viii)
component which stores the clectrical OUOCURRT NORUCE
energy in the form of magnetic field
when tie electric current passes
of
through it The inductor is made
wire which has thec propcrty of
inductance, ie. it doesn't allotw any
sudden changes in current.|
The inductance of wire
increases by
turns. The
increasing the number of
representing
alpi:abet "l is used for measured in
the inductor, and it is
Henry.
L=N*O/1 Dstance
DrelectC Witt

coinponent which has the ability or

n mots

ix) Capacitors: The capacitor is a form of an electrical charge Conductvo

"Gpacity" to store enery inthe across its
(Static Voltage)
PlaoA

producng a potential diterence rechargeable batteryCapacitor

plates. much like a small parallel conductive [metal) plates
consists of two or more but 0s
or touching each other, a Lood
Lad
whicth are not connected .iL OI by some furm of
electrically separated either ly papet, nica, ceramic, oncuctrve
as waKed ComdiGNe
insulating aternal suh tused in electrolytic Plae wth Ataa AaeB
liquid gel as
plastuc or some lorm ofalayer betLveen capacitors plates is
capacitors. The insulating
Dielectrlc.
commonly called the

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-dwo u)
I

V,
V(in valts)
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Procedure:
1. Connect thecircuit diagram as shown in the figure.
2. Bcfore switchirg ON the 1.4)AC supply, ensurethat allconnections arctightly fitted and the rheostat
position is in Maximum posítion.
3. Now switch ON the1 -)AC supply by closing the DPST svwitch.
Cseve the intensity of the Bulb and note down the Arnneter,Voltrncter readings in the observation
table
5. Now vary the rheostat position and checkwiether the intensity of the bulb changes and note dovwn
the readings.
Simdarly reprat the above procedure in steps tull rheostat position is rcached to Minirnurn position.
Atan brng back the theostat position to its normal position and open the DPST svwitch.
Switch off the power supply.
9. Nowwith the readings in the observation table,. plot the graph in the graph sheet.

ObscrvationTable:
SI. No
Ammcter Volt1neter Resistance
Reading (A) Reading(V (2) Power (W) Intensity of the light
1 0.29 2312
2 0.32
3 65
o.S3 183.
130

Precautions:
1. Avoid !oase connections.
2 Avoid Parallax Errors.
3 Do not touch thecquipments when the power supply is ON.

Resuli: Hence understood tlhe usagc of equipments like Ammeter, Voltmeter,

Wattmeter. Multi-meter.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscopc, Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor and demonstrated an experiment and plotted its
characteristics.

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