Bio FM 4

Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 7 9 6 6 0 2 6 2 8 1 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2016
1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.

You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
DC (CW/FD) 112431/6
© UCLES 2016 [Turn over
2
1 A researcher used a light microscope to observe epithelial cells from a human cheek.
Fig. 1.1 is a photograph that the researcher made of these cells.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The cells in Fig. 1.1 each have a cell membrane.
State one of the functions of a cell membrane.
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(iii) State how the shape of the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 differs from the shape of a palisade
mesophyll cell in a leaf.
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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.
Fig. 1.2
Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The inner
membrane is folded and used in respiration.
Suggest why the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded.
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© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

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(c) Table 1.1 shows different specialised cells and the average number of mitochondria each cell
contains.
Table 1.1
specialised cell type average number of

mitochondria
liver cell 1000–2000
red blood cell 0
sperm cell 25–75
heart muscle cell 1500
Explain the differences between the average numbers of mitochondria in the cells shown in
Table 1.1.
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[Total: 9]
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2 Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body.

The pathway that nerve impulses travel along during a reflex is called a reflex arc.
(a) Letters A to G show the components of a reflex arc.
A stimulus
B motor neurone
C sensory neurone
D receptor cell
E response
F relay neurone
G effector
Put the components into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.
A E
[1]
(b) Impulses travel between neurones across a synapse.
Describe how impulses travel across the synapse from one neurone to another.
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(c) Drugs such as heroin restrict the movement of impulses across synapses. Users can become
addicted to heroin. When users stop taking heroin they may experience withdrawal symptoms.
(i) State two withdrawal symptoms that heroin users may experience.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.
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6
(d) Heroin abuse may lead to HIV infection. There is currently no approved vaccine that prevents
the spread of HIV. Vaccination stimulates active immunity against specific pathogens.
(i) Explain how vaccination stimulates active immunity.
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(ii) Explain what is meant by passive immunity.
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[Total: 13]
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3 Yeast is used in bread-making. It respires anaerobically, producing carbon dioxide.
(a) Write the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration of yeast in bread-making.
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A baker wants to increase the rate of carbon dioxide production in the bread-making process.
The baker trialled different concentrations of glucose solution in the bread dough.
Fig. 3.1 shows the results.
4.5
4.0
rate of
carbon 3.5
dioxide
production 3.0
/ cm3 per min
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
concentration of glucose solution / %
Fig. 3.1
(b) (i) Predict the rate of carbon dioxide production if the concentration of the glucose solution
was 7.0%.
.................................................................................................................. cm3 per min [1]
(ii) The baker carried out the trials at 30 °C.

The trials were repeated at 20 °C.
Draw a line on Fig. 3.1 to show the rate of carbon dioxide production at 20 °C. [2]
(iii) The baker carried out another trial at 80 °C. No carbon dioxide was released.
State why no carbon dioxide was produced.
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(c) Name one other industrial process that uses yeast.
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8
(d) During the production of penicillin, large fermenters are used. Fig. 3.2 shows a fermenter.
SUHVVXUH
UHOHDVHYDOYH PRWRU
SUREHV
QXWULHQWV VDPSOHWXEH
VWHULOHDLU
FRROLQJZDWHU
ZDWHUILOOHG
MDFNHW
FRROLQJZDWHU
VWLUUHU
WDS
SURGXFWV
Fig. 3.2
(i) Explain the functions of the following parts of the fermenter:
stirrer .................................................................................................................................
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water-filled jacket ...............................................................................................................
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probes ...............................................................................................................................
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[3]
(ii) The air and nutrients that are added to the fermenter are sterile.
State why they must be sterile.
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[Total: 11]
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4 (a) Increasing human population is linked to a change in carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere. Fig. 4.1 shows the carbon dioxide concentration between 1958 and 2010
measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.
400
390
380
carbon
dioxide 370
concentration
/ parts per 360
million
350
340
330
320
310
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
year
Fig. 4.1
Describe how the carbon dioxide concentration has changed between 1958 and 2010.
You will gain credit for using data from Fig. 4.1.
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(b) (i) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

Name one other greenhouse gas.
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(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide enhances the greenhouse effect.
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(c) Mineral ions are needed for plant growth.
Complete Table 4.1 to show the function and effect of the lack of some mineral ions on plants.
One has been done for you.
Table 4.1
mineral ion function in plants effect of lack of mineral ion on plants
nitrate
magnesium
phosphate used for making DNA poor root growth
[4]
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(d) Fertilisers can cause pollution to aquatic systems. Overuse of fertilisers may cause
eutrophication. Lake Udai Sagar in India is an example of an aquatic system that shows high
levels of eutrophication.
Explain what happens in aquatic environments, such as Lake Udai Sagar, when eutrophication
occurs.
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[Total: 17]

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows the different types of human teeth.
PRODUV
SUHPRODUV
FDQLQH
LQFLVRUV
Fig. 5.1
(a) Describe the functions of the canine and molar teeth.
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(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the skulls of a tiger and a rabbit.
WLJHU UDEELW
Fig. 5.2 not to scale
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(i) State two ways in which the teeth of a tiger differ from the teeth of a rabbit, using evidence
from Fig. 5.2.
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(ii) Suggest one feature visible in Fig. 5.2 that indicates the tiger is a carnivore.
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14
(c) Omnivores are animals that eat both animals and plants. Scientists use the number and types
of teeth to classify animals as carnivores, herbivores or omnivores.
Table 5.1 shows examples of different types of mammals and their teeth.
Table 5.1
mammal carnivore, herbivore incisors canines premolars molars total

or omnivore number
of teeth
1 omnivore 12 4 16 12
2 omnivore 12 4 16 12 44
3 herbivore 12 4 12 12 40
4 herbivore 6 2 12 12 32
5 carnivore 12 4 16 10 42
6 carnivore 12 4 10 8 34
X 12 4 12 8 36
(i) Calculate the number of molars as a percentage of the total number of teeth for
mammal 1.
Show your working.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
.............................................................%
[2]
(ii) The skull of an unidentified mammal, X, is likely to be a carnivore.

Discuss the evidence in Table 5.1 for and against classifying mammal X as a carnivore.
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(d) Mechanically digested food travels from the mouth to the stomach. The gastric juice in the
stomach contains hydrochloric acid, giving a low pH environment.
Explain why it is important to have a low pH in the stomach.
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(e) Products of digestion are absorbed through the villi in the small intestine.
Explain how villi are adapted for absorption.
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(f) Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to a protein called gluten. The villi become damaged
causing a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.
Suggest possible effects on the body of a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.
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[Total: 20]
16
6 A new species of frog was discovered in 2009 in the Amazon rainforest in Peru.
Fig. 6.1 shows this frog, Osteocephalus castaneicola.
Fig. 6.1
(a) State the genus of this animal.
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In the past, anatomy was a way to classify species. DNA is now used to aid the classification of
organisms.
(b) (i) Draw and annotate a diagram to show the structure of DNA.
[3]
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(ii) Describe how DNA can be used to classify organisms.
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(c) DNA controls cell function by controlling the production of proteins.
(i) Proteins are coded for by a length of DNA.
What is the name given to the length of DNA which codes for a protein?
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(ii) Describe the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.
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[Total: 10]
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

* 0 1 0 5 4 8 2 2 6 6 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (LK/SG) 129196/2
2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through a human heart and the major blood vessels.
O
L
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) State the names of the structures labelled L, M and O as shown in Fig. 1.1.
L ..................................
M ..................................
O ..................................
[3]
(ii) Identify a letter on Fig. 1.1 that represents a blood vessel that has:
blood with the highest concentration of carbon dioxide ...........
blood with the highest concentration of oxygen ...........
the highest pressure ...........

[3]
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(b) (i) Describe how blood is moved by the heart from blood vessel K to blood vessel J.
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(ii) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.
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[Total: 13]

4
2 Bacteria are classified as belonging to the Prokaryote kingdom.
(a) State two features of all prokaryotes.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
MRSA is a type of bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics. The number of cases of MRSA
identified in hospitals in the USA between 1995 and 2005 was recorded.
Fig. 2.1 shows these data.
400 000
350 000
300 000
250 000
number of cases
of MRSA per year
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
year
Fig. 2.1
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(b) (i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 2.1.
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(ii) Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
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(c) The number of cases of MRSA has decreased since 2005.
Suggest reasons for this decrease.
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[Total: 10]

6
3 Colour blindness in humans is caused by a fault in some of the light receptor cells in the retina of
the eye. Rod cells and cone cells are two types of light receptor.
(a) Complete Table 3.1 to state the function of three types of cell in the eye.
Table 3.1
type of cell in the eye function
..........................................................................................
rod cells
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cone cells
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sensory neurones
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[3]
(b) The number of rod cells and cone cells at places across the retina were recorded.
The diagram of an eye in Fig. 3.1 shows the angles from the fovea where the recordings were
made.
The graph in Fig. 3.1 shows the number of rod cells and cone cells across the retina.
Use Fig. 3.1 to describe and explain the distribution of rod cells and cone cells across the
retina.
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70° 70°
60° 60°
40° 40°
20° 20°
0°
blind spot
fovea optic nerve
fovea blind spot

180 000
160 000
140 000
rod cells rod cells
number of 120 000
rod cells
and 100 000
cone cells
per mm2 80 000
60 000
40 000
20 000 cone cells cone cells
0
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
angle from fovea / degrees
Fig. 3.1

8
(c) Colour blindness is a sex-linked characteristic.
The gene for colour vision is on the X chromosome.
There are two alleles of this gene:
• B is the allele for normal colour vision
• b is the allele for colour blindness.
Fig. 3.2 is a pedigree chart showing the inheritance of colour blindness in a family. The key
shows the sex chromosomes and the alleles of the gene for colour vision.
Key
male with normal colour vision XBY
colour-blind male XbY
female with normal colour vision XBXB
carrier female with normal XBXb
colour vision
colour-blind female X b Xb
Fig. 3.2
Describe evidence from Fig. 3.2 that shows that colour blindness is a sex-linked characteristic.
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(d) A man with normal colour vision (XBY) and a woman who is colour-blind (XbXb) have a
baby.
Complete the genetic diagram to predict the probability that the baby is colour-blind.
parental phenotypes male with normal x colour-blind female

colour vision
parental genotypes XBY x XbXb
parental gametes ............... ............... ............... ...............
offspring genotypes ................... ................... ................... ...................
offspring phenotypes ................... ................... ................... ...................
probability that the baby is colour-blind:
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[4]
[Total: 14]

10
4 (a) Water is one requirement for photosynthesis.
State two other requirements needed by plants to carry out photosynthesis.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Table 4.1 shows the number of hectares of forested area in some countries in Africa in the years
1990, 2000 and 2005.
Table 4.1
hectares of forest per 1000 hectares of land

country
1990 2000 2005
Cameroon 25 22 21
Tanzania 41 37 35
Nigeria 17 13 11
Zambia 49 45 43
Zimbabwe 22 19 18
(b) Calculate the percentage loss of forested area in Nigeria between 2000 and 2005.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
............................................................ %
[2]
(c) Some forested areas are cleared to provide land to grow crop plants. Deforestation reduces
the local rainfall and the concentration of water vapour in the air.
(i) Describe and explain how a reduced concentration of water vapour in the air would
increase the movement of water through crop plants.
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(ii) Describe how water moves from the soil into the roots of crop plants.
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(d) Describe the consequences of deforestation on the animals that live in forests.
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[Total: 14]

12
5 (a) (i) Alcohol can be made by the microorganism yeast.
State the balanced chemical equation for the production of alcohol by yeast.
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(ii) Name the organ that breaks down alcohol in the human body.
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(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a computer model of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which is the enzyme
responsible for breaking down alcohol.
Fig. 5.1
Enzymes have a specific three dimensional shape.
Explain why the shape of an enzyme is important.
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(c) Table 5.1 shows the enzyme activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different temperatures.
Table 5.1
temperature / °C enzyme activity

/ arbitrary units
30 115
42 175
(i) The information in Table 5.1 shows that an increase in temperature increases the activity
of alcohol dehydrogenase.
Explain why an increase in temperature causes an increase in enzyme activity.
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(ii) State one factor, other than temperature, that affects enzyme activity.
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(d) A gene is involved in the production of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
(i) Define the term gene.
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(ii) Describe the role of ribosomes in the synthesis of proteins such as enzymes.
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[Total: 14]
14
6 (a) Table 6.1 shows some of the enzymes, their substrates, products and where they are
produced in the digestive system.
Complete Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
location of enzyme
enzyme substrate product(s)
production
starch salivary glands

.............................. ..............................
maltase maltose
.............................. ..............................
amino acids stomach wall

.............................. ..............................
pancreas and
amino acids
.............................. .............................. small intestinal wall
lipase fats
.............................. ..............................
[5]
(b) Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and passes into the small intestine.
Describe the role of bile in digestion.
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(c) After chemical digestion the products of digestion are absorbed.
Define absorption.
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(d) Lack of protein in the diet can result in protein-energy malnutrition.
State the name of one disease caused by protein-energy malnutrition.
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(e) People that eat a diet that is high in fats are often advised to reduce their intake of fats.
Suggest the health benefits of this change in diet.
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[Total: 15]
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BLANK PAGE
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
© UCLES 2017 0610/42/F/M/17

* 8 8 5 9 8 1 2 6 6 1 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
DC (SC/FC) 145585/4
2
1 (a) (i) Fig. 1.1 is a branching key used to identify different species of bacteria.
Do the bacteria have flagella?
Yes No
Do the bacteria have Do the bacteria have

more than one flagellum? a spiral shape?
Yes No Yes No
Do the bacteria have flagella A B Do the bacteria form

attached at one end only? a chain?
Yes No Yes No
C D E F
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2 shows six different species of bacteria.
Use the key to identify the six different species of bacteria.
Write the letters on the lines in Fig. 1.2.
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[5]
Fig. 1.2
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(ii) State the name of the kingdom that bacteria belong to.
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(b) State one similarity between the structure of bacteria and the structure of viruses.
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(c) Fig. 1.3 is a photomicrograph of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.
45 mm
magnification ×17 300
Fig. 1.3
(i) Write the formula that would be used to calculate the actual length of the bacterium (not
including the flagellum) in Fig. 1.3.
[1]

4
(ii) The actual length of the bacterium shown in Fig. 1.3 is 0.0026 mm.
Convert this value to micrometres (µm).
Space for working.
..................................................... µm [1]
(d) (i) Describe and explain the effects of cholera bacteria on the gut.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) Suggest one treatment for cholera.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

5
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6
2 A study estimated the number of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in
India. Data were collected from two groups of people, those who lived in cities and those who
lived in villages.
18 Key:
city
16
village
14
12
estimated numbers
of people with 10
COPD / million
8
0
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
year
Fig. 2.1
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

7
(a) Compare the number of people with COPD in cities with the number of people with COPD in
villages and suggest reasons for the differences.
Use the data in Fig. 2.1 to support your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[6]
(b) (i) Explain how the body prevents particles in inspired air from reaching the gas exchange
surfaces.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

8
(ii) State two ways in which the composition of inspired air differs from the composition of
expired air.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Alveoli are well-ventilated to provide efficient gas exchange.
(i) State the name of the muscles that cause the ribs to move during ventilation.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) During inspiration the pressure and volume in the thorax changes.
State these changes.
pressure ............................................................................................................................
volume ...............................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

9
3 (a) Ecologists studied an area of woodland and estimated the biomass of each trophic level for
one of the food chains in the woodland.
Some students wanted to use the data to draw a pyramid of biomass for the food chain.
Table 3.1 shows the students’ table.
The students added a column to calculate the width of the bars they would need to draw.
Table 3.1
trophic level biomass / g m−2 width of bar / cm
1 producer 120 12.0
2 primary consumer 48 4.8
3 secondary consumer 16 1.6
4 tertiary consumer 2
(i) Complete Table 3.1 by calculating the missing value and writing it in the table. [1]
(ii) Using the information in Table 3.1, draw a pyramid of biomass.
Label each bar with the trophic level.
[3]
(b) A type of organism gains energy from waste organic material from all trophic levels.
State the name of this type of organism.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

10
(c) (i) Outline how organisms in the first trophic level of the woodland food chain produce
biomass using energy from the Sun.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Explain why the fourth trophic level has the least biomass in this food chain.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) The woodland is a conservation area.
Outline the possible benefits of conserving this specific area of woodland.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

11
4 Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of the human female reproductive system.
F
B
E
D C
Fig. 4.1
(a) Complete Table 4.1 to show the letter and the name of each of the structures that perform
these functions.
Table 4.1
function letter name
releases oestrogen
site of fertilisation
site of implantation
dilates during the process of birth
[4]
(b) Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of a male gamete and a female gamete resulting in a
zygote.
State the number of chromosomes present in a human:
female gamete ...........................
zygote ........................................
[2]

12
(c) Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Fig. 4.2 shows the number of reported cases of chlamydia in females in each age group in
one country.
400 000
350 000
300 000
250 000
number of
chlamydia 200 000
cases in 2008
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
10–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–54 55–64 65+
age group / years
Fig. 4.2
Describe the results shown by the data in Fig. 4.2.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium.
(i) Suggest a treatment for chlamydia.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the name of one other STI.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

13
(iii) Complete the sentences about the spread of STIs.
STIs are transmitted through the transfer of ............................................... during sexual
contact. One way individuals can avoid the spread of STIs is to use a type of
............................................... contraception. One example of this type of contraception
is ............................................... .
[3]
[Total: 14]

14
5 2,4-D is a synthetic plant auxin that is used as a weedkiller.
Researchers investigated the effectiveness of different treatments of 2,4-D on the control of the
weed Conyza canadensis in fields of maize, Zea mays.
The results are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
treatment time of treatment mean dry mass of weed density / number

weeds / g per m2 of weeds per m2
day 7 day 23 day 33
A ✓ 7.40 6.20
B ✓ 3.90 4.90
C ✓ 0.50 1.20
D ✓ ✓ 0.66 1.90
E ✓ ✓ 0.18 0.98
F ✓ ✓ 0.07 0.29
G ✓ ✓ ✓ 0.08 0.51
(a) (i) Maize farmers that had been using treatment C were advised by the researchers to
change to treatment F.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of changing to treatment F.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(ii) Suggest two factors that could decrease the effectiveness of 2,4-D.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

15
(iii) Explain how 2,4-D acts as a weedkiller.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Auxin causes the shoots of a plant to grow away from gravity.
State the name of this response.
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 11]

16
6 (a) Define the term chemical digestion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A student investigated the activity of the digestive enzyme pepsin.
Fig. 6.1 shows the apparatus used in the investigation.
test-tube 1 test-tube 2 test-tube 3 test-tube 4 stop-clock

egg white solution egg white solution, egg white solution, egg white solution
and pepsin pepsin and boiled pepsin and and hydrochloric
hydrochloric hydrochloric acid
acid acid
Fig. 6.1
The appearance of the four test-tubes was recorded at 0 and 5 minutes.
The protein in the egg white solution gives the solution a cloudy appearance.
The cloudy appearance clears when the protein in the egg white solution breaks down.
Table 6.1 shows the results.
Table 6.1
test-tube contents appearance at appearance after

0 mins 5 mins
1 egg white solution, cloudy less cloudy
pepsin
2 egg white solution, cloudy clear
pepsin, hydrochloric acid
3 egg white solution, boiled cloudy cloudy
pepsin, hydrochloric acid
4 egg white solution, cloudy cloudy
hydrochloric acid
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

17
(i) Explain the results shown for test-tubes 1, 2 and 3 in Table 6.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[5]
(ii) Explain the purpose of test-tube 4.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) State the name of the organ in the body that produces pepsin.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

18
(c) Maltase is another digestive enzyme.
Describe the action of maltase and state where it acts in the alimentary canal.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

19
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© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

20
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2018 0610/42/F/M/18

Cambridge Assessment International Education
* 7 8 6 9 8 4 1 0 1 9 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes
Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.

This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.
This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (ST/SG) 165036/2
2
1 The kidney is one of the main excretory organs of the body.
(a) Define the term excretion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) One of the roles of the kidney is to filter the blood.
Fig. 1.1 shows a section of a kidney.
Fig. 1.1
State the name of the parts labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1.
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................................
C ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

3
(c) Table 1.1 shows the concentrations of four solutes:
• in the blood in the renal artery

• in the fluid in the kidney tubule
• in the urine.
Table 1.1
solute concentration / g dm–3

solute blood in the fluid in the
urine
renal artery kidney tubule
glucose 0.9 0.9 0.0
protein 83.0 0.0 0.0
salts 8.0 8.0 16.5
urea 0.2 0.2 20.0
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the concentration of urea between the blood in the
renal artery and the urine.
Show your working.
............................................................ %
[2]
(ii) Describe the results for the concentration of salts shown in Table 1.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State the reason for the difference in the concentration of protein between the blood in
the renal artery and the fluid in the kidney tubule.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

4
(iv) State the reason for the difference in the concentration of glucose between the fluid in
the kidney tubule and the urine.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Dialysis is a treatment used for people with kidney failure.
Some people with kidney failure are given a kidney transplant.
State the advantages of having a kidney transplant instead of dialysis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

5
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows some flowers of a snapdragon plant, Antirrhinum majus.
Snapdragons are insect-pollinated plants.
Fig. 2.1
(i) State one feature visible in Fig. 2.1 that suggests these flowers are insect-pollinated.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how self-pollination differs from cross-pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest why self-pollination might be advantageous to a population of plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

6
(b) Petal colour in the flowers of snapdragon plants shows co-dominance.
The gene for petal colour has two co-dominant alleles:
• CR for red petals

• CW for white petals
Table 2.1 shows the genotypes and phenotypes of snapdragon plants with different petal
colours.
Table 2.1
genotype phenotype
C RC R red
CWCW white
C RC W pink
(i) Explain the term co-dominance.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

7
(ii) A botanist crossed two snapdragon plants with pink flowers.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the ratio of expected phenotypes in the offspring.
parental phenotypes pink flower × pink flower
parental genotypes CRCW × CRCW
gametes ........... ........... ........... ...........
offspring genotypes .................... .................... .................... ....................
offspring phenotypes .................... .................... .................... ....................
phenotypic ratio .................................................................................................................

[4]
(iii) The botanist wanted to produce a generation of snapdragons that all had pink flowers.
State the phenotypes of the parent plants that the botanist would need to cross.
Explain your answer.
parent phenotypes ............................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]

8
3 Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body.
(a) The letters A to G show the components involved in a reflex action.
A stimulus
B motor neurone
C sensory neurone
D receptor cell
E response
F relay neurone
G effector
Put the letters into the correct sequence involved in a reflex action. Two have been done for
you.
A E
[1]
(b) Impulses travel along neurones.
Describe how impulses pass from one neurone to another neurone across a synapse.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

9
(c) Drugs such as heroin affect the nervous system. When users stop taking heroin they may
experience withdrawal symptoms.
(i) Outline the short-term effects of heroin on the body.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State two withdrawal symptoms that heroin users may experience.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]

10
4 Pollution is the harm done to the environment by the release of substances from human activities.
Table 4.1 shows the names of some pollutants, their sources and their effects on the environment.
Table 4.1
pollutant source effect on environment
acid rain
enhanced greenhouse
carbon dioxide
effect
enhanced greenhouse
cattle and rice farming
effect
fertilisers crop farming eutrophication
(a) Complete Table 4.1. [4]
(b) When fertiliser is applied to fields, it can lead to eutrophication in lakes and rivers.
(i) Describe and explain what happens in lakes when eutrophication occurs.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [6]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

11
(ii) Suggest ways in which a farmer could reduce the chances of eutrophication occurring
when applying fertiliser to crops.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]

12
5 Scientists investigated the effect of cuticle thickness on water loss from the leaves of the balsam
fir tree, Abies balsamea.
The leaves were divided into three groups:
A – thick cuticle
B – medium cuticle
C – thin cuticle
Samples of leaves from each group were weighed. The leaves were placed on a tray in dry air at
20 °C. The samples of leaves were reweighed, at intervals, over 15 hours.
The scientists calculated the mass of each sample of leaves as a percentage of the initial mass.
100
95
mass of the 90
leaves as a
percentage
of the initial
mass 85
80 B
75
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time / hours
Fig. 5.1
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

13
(a) (i) Describe and explain the results shown in Fig. 5.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
(ii) The investigation was repeated on a day when the air humidity was higher.
Suggest and explain the effect that this would have on the results.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The leaves of pine trees show xerophytic features. Stems and roots also show xerophytic
adaptations.
State one adaptation of the stem and one adaptation of the root in xerophytes.
stem ..........................................................................................................................................
root ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

14
(c) Water is one of the raw materials needed for the production of sugars in photosynthesis.
(i) State the name of the other raw material needed for photosynthesis.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State three ways a plant uses the sugars produced in photosynthesis.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 14]
6 Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of the virus that causes measles.
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) State the name of the parts of the virus shown in Fig. 6.1 labelled X and Y.
X ........................................................................................................................................
Y ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Bacteria belong to the Prokaryote kingdom.
State two ways in which the structure of bacteria differs from the structure of viruses.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

15
(b) Viruses and some bacteria are pathogenic. Diseases caused by pathogens are transmissible.
(i) State two ways that a pathogen can be transmitted indirectly.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The body has barriers to defend itself against pathogens.
State two mechanical barriers of the body.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Some white blood cells produce antibodies as part of the body’s defence against pathogens.
Describe the role of antibodies in defence of the body.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) The immunity gained after infection by a pathogen is active immunity.
Explain how active immunity differs from passive immunity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19
16
BLANK PAGE
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2019 0610/42/F/M/19

www.dynamicpapers.com
Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 0 7 6 1 6 8 2 5 0 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 20 pages. Blank pages are indicated.
DC (JC/CT) 180480/4
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the human gas exchange system.
Fig. 1.1
(i) Identify the structures labelled A, B and C in Fig. 1.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Explain how the structures in the gas exchange system cause inspiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2020 0610/42/F/M/20

3
(b) A person who does not smoke can be exposed to tobacco smoke from other people smoking.
Researchers studied the effect of exposure to tobacco smoke on the development of lung
cancer in three groups of women who did not smoke:
• group 1 – no exposure to tobacco smoke

• group 2 – low level exposure to tobacco smoke
• group 3 – high level exposure to tobacco smoke.
Their results are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
number of women percentage of

number of women
group who died from women who died
studied
lung cancer from lung cancer
1 21 895 32 0.15
2 44 184 86
3 25 461 56 0.22
(i) Calculate the percentage of women in group 2 who died from lung cancer.
Write your answer, to two significant figures, in Table 1.1.
[2]
(ii) Many countries have laws that ban smoking in public buildings.
Discuss the evidence from Table 1.1 that supports these laws.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

4
(iii) Smoking has been found to increase the risk of developing diseases other than cancer.
State two other diseases that can be caused by smoking.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2020 0610/42/F/M/20

5
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the transfer of materials between blood and tissues.
lymphatic
fluid A
vessel
fluid B
arteriole venule
Key:
flow of blood
transfer of materials
Fig. 2.1
(i) Complete Table 2.1 by:
• stating the names of the fluids

• writing yes if the fluid contains red blood cells or no if the fluid does not contain
red blood cells.
Table 2.1
letter on contains red

name of the fluid
Fig. 2.1 blood cells
[2]
(ii) State the name of the process by which oxygen is transferred from fluid B to the cells.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain why cells need oxygen.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

6
(b) Describe the functions of arterioles in the skin.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Describe the functions of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Lacteals are part of the lymphatic system.
(i) State where in the body lacteals are found.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the role of lacteals.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2020 0610/42/F/M/20

7
3 (a) One of the characteristics of living organisms is sensitivity.
Define the term sensitivity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State the names of two sense organs.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[1]

8
(c) Scientists investigated the effect of adrenaline on blood glucose concentration in rats.
The rats were put into two groups:
• group A was given an injection of adrenaline

• group B was given an injection that did not contain adrenaline.
The blood glucose concentrations of the rats in both groups were monitored for three hours
after the injections.
The rats did not eat for 12 hours before the investigation or while they were being monitored.
The results are shown in Fig. 3.1.
5.0
time of
injection
4.5
blood glucose
concentration
/ mmol per dm3
4.0
3.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
monitoring time / hours
Key:
group A (adrenaline)
group B (no adrenaline)
Fig. 3.1
© UCLES 2020 0610/42/F/M/20

9
(i) Suggest why group B was given an injection that did not contain adrenaline.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the results shown in Fig. 3.1 for group A.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
(d) Another group of rats was given an injection that did not contain adrenaline.
These rats were given food after 2 hours of monitoring.
Predict the changes to blood glucose concentration in this group of rats.
Sketch a line to show your prediction on the graph in Fig. 3.1. [2]
(e) Describe two effects of adrenaline on the body, other than a change in blood glucose
concentration.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 14]

10
4 (a) Describe the similarities and differences between marasmus and kwashiorkor.
similarities .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
differences ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Researchers at a hospital recorded the total number of children admitted to the hospital
between 1984 and 2002.
A common reason for children being admitted to this hospital was severe diarrhoea.
Table 4.1 shows this information.
Table 4.1
total number of
year children admitted to
the hospital
1984 1386
1986 1604
1988 1955
1990 2054
1992 1726
1994 1143
1996 1422
1998 1419
2000 1580
2002 1161
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11
(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the total number of children admitted to the hospital
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Space for working.
............................................................ %
[3]
(ii) Health workers in the communities near the hospital were trained in the prevention and
treatment of diarrhoea. This affected the total number of children being admitted to the
hospital.
Suggest the year in which the training took place.
Give a reason for your answer.
year ...................................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) The health workers provided advice to the community on ways of preventing the spread
of the pathogens that cause diarrhoea.
Suggest the advice that was given to the community.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]

12
5 (a) Mitosis is a type of nuclear division.
Fig. 5.1 is a series of photomicrographs showing a cell dividing by mitosis.
before mitosis 0 minutes 34 minutes
40 minutes 45 minutes 55 minutes
Fig. 5.1
(i) State the change that has occurred to the mass of DNA immediately before mitosis in
Fig. 5.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Estimate the time when the chromosomes shown in Fig. 5.1 begin to separate.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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13
(b) Meiosis is another type of nuclear division.
Describe how the nuclei in cells produced by meiosis differ from the nuclei in cells produced
by mitosis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Stem cells divide by mitosis during the growth of an embryo.
Describe the role of stem cells in the growth of an embryo.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

14
(d) An embryo develops into a fetus.
Outline the processes of labour and birth.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]
[Total: 13]
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15
6 (a) Atlantic cod, Gadhus morhua, is a type of fish that is an important resource for commercial
fishing.
Fig. 6.1 shows the estimated mass of Atlantic cod over 40 years.
6
mass of
Atlantic 5
cod
/ million 4
tonnes
3
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
year
Fig. 6.1
(i) In 1970, the mass of Atlantic cod was 8 000 000 tonnes.
State one year when the mass of Atlantic cod was half this value.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the years when there was a continuous increase in the mass of Atlantic cod for at
least five years.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest reasons for the trend shown between 1990 and 1995.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
16
(iv) Explain how fish stocks can be conserved by restocking.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Fish have adaptive features that enable them to live successfully in their environment.
Fig. 6.2 is a photograph of a great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias.
Great white sharks are efficient predators and have very good eyesight to see in poor light
conditions underwater.
Fig. 6.2
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17
(i) Describe two features, other than eyesight, visible in Fig. 6.2 that suggest that great
white sharks are efficient predators.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe how the ancestors of the great white shark developed adaptive features such
as good eyesight.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 15]
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© UCLES 2020 0610/42/F/M/20

19
BLANK PAGE
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20
BLANK PAGE
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2020 0610/42/F/M/20

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 4 6 4 9 7 8 6 0 0 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (LK/SG) 303960/5
2
1 (a) (i) State the name of the gas exchange surface in humans.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State two features of the gas exchange surface in humans.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the gas exchange system in humans.
trachea
diaphragm
Fig. 1.1
(i) Draw a label line and the letter X on Fig. 1.1 to identify an external intercostal muscle. [1]
(ii) State the name of the tissue that forms C-shaped structures in the wall of the trachea
and state its function.
name .................................................................................................................................
function ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

3
(iii) Describe the effects on the thorax of contraction of the diaphragm.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Table 1.1 compares the composition of inspired and expired air.
Table 1.1
percentage in percentage in
gas name of the gas
inspired air expired air
A nitrogen 78 78
B 21 16
C 0.04 4
D variable saturated
(i) Complete Table 1.1 by writing the names of gases B, C and D. [3]
(ii) For gas B and gas C, explain the differences in the percentages shown in Table 1.1
between inspired and expired air.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]
4
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph showing the fertilisation of one human egg cell.
sperm
Fig. 2.1
Describe and explain the adaptations of the cells shown in Fig. 2.1 that enable fertilisation
and early development of the embryo to occur.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22
5
(b) People can use artificial insemination (AI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to increase their chance
of becoming pregnant.
(i) Outline the process of artificial insemination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Outline how the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) differs from artificial insemination (AI).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Describe the social implications of fertility treatments.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 15]

6
3 (a) A scientist investigated the effect of temperature on the mass of leaves picked from a
tea plant, Camellia sinensis.
• Three samples of leaves were picked and the mass of each sample of leaves was
recorded.
• Each sample of leaves was kept at a different temperature for four hours.
• After four hours, the mass of each sample of leaves was measured and recorded
again.
• The scientist then calculated the final mass as a percentage of the initial mass for
each sample.
100
final mass as a 90
percentage of the
initial mass 80
70
0 10 20 30 40
temperature at which the leaves were kept / °C
Fig. 3.1
(i) Explain the results shown in Fig. 3.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
(ii) State one factor, other than temperature, that would affect the loss of mass from the
leaves of a plant.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

7
(b) Fig. 3.2 is a photomicrograph of the tissue that transports water and mineral ions in a plant.
Fig. 3.2
(i) State the name of the tissue shown in Fig. 3.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how the tissue shown in Fig. 3.2 is adapted for its functions in the plant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

8
(c) Explain how mineral ions enter a plant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

9
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.
plasmid
DNA
ribosomes
capsule
cell wall
cytoplasm
flagellum
Fig. 4.1
(i) Describe two similarities and two differences between a palisade mesophyll cell and the
bacterial cell shown in Fig. 4.1.
similarity 1 .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
similarity 2 .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
difference 1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
difference 2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

10
(ii) Explain how the cholera bacterium causes diarrhoea.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) A scientist tested the resistance of one strain of bacteria to different antibiotics.
The scientist tested solutions of five different antibiotics, A to E.
She soaked a paper disc in each antibiotic solution.
The paper discs with antibiotics were placed in a Petri dish containing bacteria on agar jelly.
Fig. 4.2 is a diagram of the appearance of the Petri dish after 48 hours. The shaded areas
show where bacteria grew. The clear areas show where bacteria did not grow.
area where
bacteria grew
A
B
clear area paper disc
where bacteria with antibiotic
did not grow
D
Fig. 4.2
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11
(i) The strain of bacteria used in this investigation causes a disease.
Using the information in Fig. 4.2, explain why antibiotic E would be the most effective at
treating this disease.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The results in Fig. 4.2 show that this strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic A.
Five years ago, a similar investigation found that the clear area for antibiotic A was the
same size as antibiotic B is in Fig. 4.2.
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(iii) Describe how to minimise the risk of antibiotic B developing the same results as
antibiotic A.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 13]

12
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© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

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5 The Arabian oryx and the northern white rhinoceros are both mammals.
Fig. 5.1 is a photograph of an Arabian oryx. Fig. 5.2 is a photograph of a northern white rhinoceros.
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.2
(a) Describe two pieces of evidence visible in Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2 that show these animals are
mammals.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

14
(b) Different conservation methods are used to try to prevent species from becoming extinct.
A population of the Arabian oryx and a population of northern white rhinoceros were monitored.
Fig. 5.3 shows how the population size of each species has changed over time.
350 35
300 30
250 25
number of 200 20 number of

northern
Arabian
white
oryx
150 15 rhinoceros
100 10
50 5
0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year
key:
Arabian oryx
northern white rhinoceros
Fig. 5.3
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of Arabian oryx between 1990 and
2000.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
Space for working.
............................................................ %
[3]
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

15
(ii) Describe the data for the northern white rhinoceros shown in Fig. 5.3.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Suggest the conservation methods that were used to increase the number of Arabian oryx
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Explain the risks to the northern white rhinoceros species as a result of its population size.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 14]

16
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17
6 (a) Complete Table 6.1 to show the names, functions and sites of action of the three different
digestive enzymes.
Table 6.1
name of enzyme function site of action
pepsin
trypsin
breaks down maltose to glucose
[3]

18
(b) Enzymes are proteins.
Fig. 6.1 shows the stages involved in protein synthesis.
A – codes for a protein

DNA
stage 1
nuclear membrane
DNA
stage 2
nuclear membrane
stage 3 B
not to scale
Fig. 6.1
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22
19
(i) State the name of the parts represented by the letters A and C in Fig. 6.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the events that occur during stage 2 in Fig. 6.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State what determines the order in which the parts labelled B are assembled.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The shape of a protein is very important for its function.
Explain the importance of shape for the function of an enzyme.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

20
BLANK PAGE
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2022 0610/42/F/M/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 4 6 1 0 0 3 2 8 7 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (EF/JG) 311941/4
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a simplified diagram of the circulatory system in humans.
A
F
Y
E B
C
D
other organs
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the blood vessel that contains blood with the
highest concentration of oxygen.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the hepatic portal vein.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State all the letters from Fig. 1.1 that represent arteries.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

3
(iv) Explain the importance of the part labelled Y in Fig. 1.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) State the evidence from Fig. 1.1 that the diagram shows a double circulation system.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

4
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the pressure of blood flowing through different blood vessels as it travels
around the body. (Venules are narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins.)
18
16
14
12
blood 10
pressure
/ kPa 8
0
arteries X capillaries venules veins
type of blood vessel
Fig. 1.2
(i) Blood vessels X in Fig. 1.2 supply blood to skin-surface capillaries and have a role in
maintaining a constant internal temperature.
State the name of the blood vessels that are represented by the letter X in Fig. 1.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain reasons for the changes in pressure seen in the arteries in Fig. 1.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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5
(iii) Using the information in Fig. 1.2, explain the structural adaptations of arteries and veins.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 14]

6
2 A student investigated the digestion of starch.
Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus she used.
distilled water distilled water

dialysis dialysis
tubing tubing
starch solution starch solution

+ amylase
test-tube A test-tube B
Fig. 2.1
Dialysis tubing is used to represent a cell membrane.
The dialysis tubing material allows small molecules to move across it, but not larger molecules.
Test-tubes A and B were set up as shown in Fig. 2.1 and placed in a water-bath at 37 °C for
30 minutes.
The liquid outside the dialysis tubing in test-tubes A and B was tested with Benedict’s solution at
0 minutes and after 30 minutes.
Table 2.1 shows the results.
Table 2.1
colour with Benedict’s solution colour with Benedict’s solution

test-tube
at 0 minutes at 30 minutes
A blue blue
B blue red
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

7
(a) Using the information in Fig. 2.1 and Table 2.1, explain the reasons for the difference in the
results for test-tubes A and B in Table 2.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]

8
(b) Complete Table 2.2 by writing in the names of the missing enzymes, substrates and products.
Table 2.2
enzyme substrate product or products
pepsin
fatty acids and glycerol
trypsin
glucose
[4]
(c) State the name of the structures that increase the surface area for absorption in the small
intestine.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

9
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows part of a classification diagram for plants.
(i) Complete Fig. 3.1.
plants
ferns ...........………………….............
monocotyledons ...........………………….............
Fig. 3.1
[2]
(ii) Describe two identifying features of monocotyledons.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

10
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows the life cycle of a fern. The life cycle of a fern has some similarities and some
differences compared with the life cycles of other plants.
The letters represent processes that occur during the life cycle.
The haploid stages of the life cycle are represented by (n).
The diploid stages of the life cycle are represented by (2n).
A B
spores (n)
adult sporophyte adult gametophyte (n)

(2n) C
D C
zygote gametes (n)

(2n)
not to scale
Fig. 3.2
(i) The adult sporophyte has 1200 chromosomes in its body cells.
State the number of chromosomes in the body cells of the gametophyte.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify and describe process A in Fig. 3.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) State the name of process D in Fig. 3.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23
11
(c) Fig. 3.3 shows the parts of two flowers from two different plants of the same species.
Fig. 3.3
(i) Describe what is meant by the term species.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Annotate Fig. 3.3 to show the mechanism of cross-pollination by:
• labelling the structures involved

• drawing an arrow to show the pathway of pollen.
[3]
(iii) Draw an X on Fig. 3.3 to show where fertilisation occurs. [1]
(iv) Explain the disadvantages of cross-pollination compared with self-pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 18]
12
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a tree that has been girdled.
Girdling involves removing a complete circle of bark and phloem from around the tree.
Fig. 4.1
(i) Explain why the area above the girdle in Fig. 4.1 will become swollen.
Use the terms source and sink in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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13
(ii) Explain why the leaves in girdled trees are still able to receive mineral ions from the
roots.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why glucose made during photosynthesis is required for the absorption of mineral
ions by the roots.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]

14
5 The eye is a sense organ that is part of the nervous system.
(a) Explain why the eye can be described as a sense organ.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State the two parts of the central nervous system.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of a section through the human eye.
A
H
C
G D
Fig. 5.1
(i) Draw an X on Fig. 5.1 to identify the blind spot. [1]
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

15
(ii) Table 5.1 shows some of the parts labelled in Fig. 5.1, their names and their functions.
Complete Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
name of the part letter in Fig. 5.1 function
transmits impulses to the central nervous system
cornea
[3]
(d) State the names of the two effectors that contract and relax during the pupil reflex.
................................................................... and ................................................................... [1]
(e) Explain why a person is unable to focus on distant objects if the suspensory ligaments
become permanently overstretched.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 12]

16
6 Golden rice is a type of rice that has been genetically modified to contain a nutrient called
beta-carotene.
Fig. 6.1 shows the genetic modification process used to produce golden rice.
bacterial cell plant DNA
rice plant cells

infected with the
genetically modified
bacteria
rice plants
with the ability
to produce
beta-carotene
are grown
tissue culture
not to scale
Fig. 6.1
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

17
(a) Using the information in Fig. 6.1, complete the sentences to describe how rice is genetically
modified to contain beta-carotene.
The part labelled A in the bacterial cell is a ................................................... .
Part A is extracted and cut using a .................................................. enzyme forming
..................................................... ends.
The part labelled B is the .................................................. that codes for the production of
beta-carotene.
The enzyme used to cut part A is also used to cut part B from the plant DNA.
Part B is inserted into the part labelled A using the enzyme .......................................... .
This forms the part labelled C, which is called a ........................................................... .
Part C is put into a bacterium. The bacterium is taken up by rice plant cells, giving them the
ability to produce beta-carotene.
Tissue culture is a form of .............................................................. reproduction that is used to
produce many identical rice plants producing beta-carotene for commercial use.
[7]
(b) Apart from structural features, state two reasons why bacteria are useful for genetic
modification.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

18
(c) Discuss the disadvantages of genetically modifying rice plants to produce beta-carotene.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Beta-carotene is required to produce vitamin A, which is essential for eye function.
State the nutrient required to prevent:
scurvy .......................................................................................................................................
rickets. ......................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

19
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20
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© UCLES 2023 0610/42/F/M/23

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 1 7 8 5 7 2 0 7 0 *
BIOLOGY 0610/42
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 20 pages.
DC (DE/SG) 328326/4
2
1 Enzymes are catalysts.
(a) (i) Describe what is meant by the term catalyst.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Enzymes are proteins.
State the names of the chemical elements found in all proteins.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

3
(b) Lipase is an enzyme found in the human digestive system.
Fig. 1.1 shows the effect of pH on the percentage activity of lipase.
100
80
60
percentage
activity
40
20
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
Fig. 1.1
Describe and explain the change in percentage activity of lipase shown on Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]

4
(c) (i) Complete the word equation to show the substrate and products for lipase.
lipase +
........................................ ........................................ ........................................
[2]
(ii) Lipase acts in the duodenum.
Explain how the body provides a suitable pH for lipase activity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

5
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a cross-section of a human heart.
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 2.1, label with an R the position of the right ventricle. [1]
(ii) State the names of the structures labelled A and B on Fig. 2.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Complete the sentence about blood vessel C.
Blood vessel C transports blood from the ................................................................ to the
................................................................ .
[2]

6
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a cross-section of part of a heart that has an incomplete structure.
atria
incomplete
heart structure
Fig. 2.2
Explain how the incomplete heart structure shown in Fig. 2.2 may affect a person’s ability to
transport oxygen.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

7
(c) Fig. 2.3 shows how the body uses aerobic and anaerobic respiration during the first 120
seconds of vigorous physical activity. Between 0 and 20 seconds, the body also uses stored
energy.
100
80 aerobic respiration
60
percentage of
energy released
40
20 anaerobic respiration
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s
Fig. 2.3
(i) Describe the data shown in Fig. 2.3.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) State the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) During anaerobic respiration an oxygen debt can build up.
State the name of the chemical that causes this oxygen debt.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]

8
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a growing plant. The plant is growing in the dark.
plant shoot
soil
plant root
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the name of the growth response shown by the plant shoot in Fig. 3.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain how the growth of the plant shoot in Fig. 3.1 is controlled.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

9
(b) Plant roots growing towards water is another growth response.
State two uses of water in a plant.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

10
(c) A student measured the root length of a bean seedling over a period of 120 hours.
30
20
root length
/ mm
10
0
0 24 48 72 96 120
time / hours
Fig. 3.2
Calculate the percentage increase in root length between 48 hours and 96 hours.
Give your answer to two decimal places.
Space for working.
............................................................ %
[3]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

11
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the concentrations of female sex hormones during the menstrual cycle.
S
progesterone
R
concentration
of hormones
FSH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
day of menstrual cycle
Fig. 4.1
(a) Identify, from Fig. 4.1, hormone:
R .............................................................
S. ............................................................
[2]
(b) State the day or days of the menstrual cycle shown in Fig. 4.1 when:
ovulation is most likely to occur ................................................................................................
shedding of the uterine lining occurs. .......................................................................................

[2]
(c) Describe how the concentration of progesterone would change during pregnancy.
Give a reason for this change.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) State the sites of production of progesterone during a menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.
during a menstrual cycle ...........................................................................................................
during pregnancy ......................................................................................................................

[2]

12
(e) Describe the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

13
5 Fig. 5.1 shows part of a monkey flower plant.
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) State two pieces of evidence, visible in Fig. 5.1, that show that monkey flower plants
are pollinated by insects.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

14
(ii) The monkey flower plant in Fig. 5.1 reproduces sexually.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction for monkey flower
plants.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

15
(b) Monkey flower plants were introduced to Europe from North America about 200 years ago.
Scientists measured the leaf area of five monkey flower plants growing in Europe and five
monkey flower plants growing in North America.
Their results are shown in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2.
Table 5.1
plants growing in Europe

plant
leaf area / cm2
number
1 310
2 335
3 390
4 348
5 365
mean 350
Table 5.2
plants growing in North America

plant
leaf area / cm2
number
1 285
2 310
3 302
4 315
5 294
mean
(i) Using the data in Table 5.2, calculate the mean leaf area for plants growing in North
America.
Give your answer as a whole number and include the unit.
................................................................
[2]
(ii) State a conclusion for the results shown in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

16
(iii) Ancestors of monkey flower plants had a much smaller leaf area.
Explain how the monkey flower plants have developed a larger leaf area over time.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

17
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows part of the carbon cycle in the ocean.
Sun
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
ocean surface
phytoplankton
feeding
krill
krill faeces
zooplankton eating
krill faeces
Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)
(i) Phytoplankton contain chlorophyll.
Explain how phytoplankton lower carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest the role of zooplankton in this ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

18
(iii) State the names of two processes that add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) Describe the effect on the environment of additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the pyramid of energy for a food chain in an ocean ecosystem.
Fig. 6.2
(i) On Fig. 6.2, label the trophic level containing herbivores. [1]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

19
(ii) Explain why pyramids of energy usually have fewer than five trophic levels.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) State two advantages of using a pyramid of energy rather than a pyramid of biomass to
represent a food chain.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The oceans contain fish stocks that can be managed as a sustainable resource to provide
food for humans.
(i) State what is meant by the term sustainable resource.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

20
(ii) Fishing can be managed to promote the conservation of fish stocks.
Explain one way that fishing can be managed to conserve fish stocks.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2024 0610/42/F/M/24

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Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

Electronic calculators may be used.

This document consists of 17 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

(ii) The cells in Fig. 1.1 each have a cell membrane.

State one of the functions of a cell membrane.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

(b) Fig. 1.2 shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.

Suggest why the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

specialised cell type average number of

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

2 Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body.

(a) Letters A to G show the components of a reflex arc.

(b) Impulses travel between neurones across a synapse.

(ii) Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

(i) Explain how vaccination stimulates active immunity.

(ii) Explain what is meant by passive immunity.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

3 Yeast is used in bread-making. It respires anaerobically, producing carbon dioxide.

.................................................................................................................. cm3 per min [1]

(ii) The baker carried out the trials at 30 °C.

State why no carbon dioxide was produced.

(c) Name one other industrial process that uses yeast.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

(i) Explain the functions of the following parts of the fermenter:

water-filled jacket ...............................................................................................................

State why they must be sterile.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

(b) (i) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide enhances the greenhouse effect.

(c) Mineral ions are needed for plant growth.

One has been done for you.

mineral ion function in plants effect of lack of mineral ion on plants

phosphate used for making DNA poor root growth

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the different types of human teeth.

(a) Describe the functions of the canine and molar teeth.

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the skulls of a tiger and a rabbit.

Fig. 5.2 not to scale

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16 [Turn over

mammal carnivore, herbivore incisors canines premolars molars total

(ii) The skull of an unidentified mammal, X, is likely to be a carnivore.

Explain why it is important to have a low pH in the stomach.

Suggest possible effects on the body of a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.

Fig. 6.1 shows this frog, Osteocephalus castaneicola.

(a) State the genus of this animal.

© UCLES 2016 0610/42/F/M/16

(ii) Describe how DNA can be used to classify organisms.

(c) DNA controls cell function by controlling the production of proteins.

(i) Proteins are coded for by a length of DNA.