What is RESEARCH? society?

What is the impact of the research to daily

life?
Research is an organized investigation and study of

materials and sources to create Research can be categorized into two:

facts and reach new inferences. Research has come

up with developing appropriate solutions

Basic Research

to improve the individual’s quality of life. Although

This is the type of research that is a purely direct
it may take place in a different setting and
application but increasing the nature of
may use different methods, scientific research is
understanding about the problem. It develops the
universally a systematic and objective search

scientific theories to be more understandable to the

for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).

readers.

Applied Research It is a type of research that needs

Research is a verified approach of thinking and
an answer to a specific question. It provides
employing legalized instruments and
solutions and validation in order to apply to the real
steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a
setting.
problem that is otherwise impossible to address
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND
under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the
In most cases, research helps society to answer the
major characteristics of research:
WHAT and HOW questions. It
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and
must be a proper investigation and should reach a
experiments of theories.
valid conclusion that would facilitate the
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential
finding of answers to the questions. Some of these
procedures, based on valid
questions are: How can research affect
procedures and principles. Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following

are involved in the Research

3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables,

except those that are tested/ Processes:

experimented on, are kept constant. 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the

problem?
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search

for facts, answers to questions and 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What

evidence is already presented?

solutions to problems.

3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we

5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in
going to find/look for the answer to
gathering the data, whether

questions being studied?

historical, descriptive, and or case study.

4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be

6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All
shown and with what population?
findings are logically based on real-life

5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather

situations.
the data? Where do we find the data?
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own
6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer
examination and produces the data needed to
the research queries?
complete the study.
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the
It is said that research can be done in different ways.
implications of the results?
It can be either a well-planned
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are
and methodical process that is based on keen
significant in conducting research
observation and concrete and valid evaluation.
studies as explained in the following:
Integration is the best way to evaluate the validity of
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge,
a certain study.
truth, and credibility. It also fosters
values that are essential to collaborative work. Objectivity Avoid biases in experimental designs,

data analysis,
Second, ethical norms help individuals to be

accountable in every act that the interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of

researcher/s undertake. research.

Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable Integrity Keep your promises and agreements.

to the public.
Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence.

Openness Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be

Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public open to criticism and

awareness. This can be evaluated

new ideas.

by the researcher before conducting the study

Confidentiality Protect confidential communication.
because this may help a certain
Responsible Publication Avoid duplicating
population in an area once the study is completed.
publications.

Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor,

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, and advise others.

2007
Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly.

Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good.

Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a Avoid social harm.

research, you will follow codes and

Non- Discrimination avoid discrimination against

policies for research: colleagues or students on the

Honesty Maintain all communication. Data should basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others.

not be faked.
Legality Be informed and obey relevant laws and

institutional
governmental policies. Mostly, it is concerned with numbers and

Respect of Intellectual measurement.

Property Give proper acknowledgment or credits to It is concerned with the experiences,

all researchers.
understanding and words of the

Human Subject Minimize risks that involve human

individual.
lives, dignity, and privacy.
The following are some examples of titles and
KINDS OF RESEARCH:
abstract studies in different strands in

QUANTITATIVE VERSUS QUALITATIVE

Senior High School.
RESEARCH
Information and Commuication Technology (ICT)
There are two categories of research methodology:
Why Does the Use of Social Network Site (SNS)
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - is a
Make Users Happy? A Qualitative Analysis

positivist scientific method which refers

Dogan, Ugur; Uysal, Humeyra; Sidekli, Sabri

to a general set of orderly discipline International Journal of Educational

procedures to acquire information (Beck, Methodology, v4 n3 p109-124 2018

2004). This study investigated the reasons why the usage

of Social Network Sites (SNS)

makes users happy. To this end, the study was

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - is defined
conducted with as a qualitative research
as the “naturalistic method of research
method. The phenomenological design, which is a
which deals with the concern of human
qualitative research method, was utilized

difficulty by discovering it straightly.”

for determining why SNS usage cause happiness

(Beck, 2004) and having a better understanding of how

SNS users describe SNSs and what they feel about It was concluded that the theme of FoMO is

it. The study group was composed of 137 nourished by all other themes.

university students (60 males and 77 females) Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

attending the Faculty of Education, Faculty of (STEM)

Science, Faculty of Literature, and Faculty of Black Undergraduate Women and Their Sense of

Economics and Administrative Sciences at a Belonging in STEM at Predominantly

university in the southwestern of Turkey. A White Institutions

structured, open-ended interview was used as the

Dortch, Deniece; Patel, Chirag NASPA Journal

data collection instrument. The contributors were About Women in Higher Education, v10 n2

asked the question "Why does SNS usage

p202-215 2017

cause happiness?" and their answers were retrieved.

CO_Q1_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 1
The answers were encoded and entered
11
to the NVivo software to conduct analyses. Based
Because little work exists on the sense of belonging
on the most frequent answers of the
focusing on just Black
participants, three different experts were consulted,
undergraduate women in Science, Technology,
and seven themes were created
Engineering, and Math (STEM), especially at
accordingly. These seven themes include Need for
highly selective predominantly white institutions
Stroke, Self-Concealment, Ease of
(PWIs), this study takes a phenomenological
Interaction, Ease of Accessing and Disseminating
approach to understand the lived experiences of
Information, Ease of Shopping, Leisure
Black undergraduate women in STEM by
Activity, and Fear of Missing Out. Subcategories
exploring how racial and gendered micro-
were also created for these seven themes.
aggressions influence how three African American
women majoring in the sciences experience sense of interprets the phenomena that can be observed there

belonging at PWIs. A phenomenological as an individual, intersubjective

inductive analysis was used to compile the research accessible reflection of subjective meaning. This

findings, which indicated that racial and approach is suitable for research projects

gender discrimination, isolation, marginalization, that seek correlations and structures of certain

and alienation resulting from micro typical situations in domains that are

aggressions occurred. Implications for inclusive theoretically few restructured. The article explains

practices are discussed. the methodological principles, the use and

Arts and Design the profit of this research method.

Social Phenomenological Analysis as a Research Humanities and Social Sciences

Method in Art Education: Developing

Challenging Normative Assumptions Regarding

an Empirical Model for Understanding Gallery Disengaged Youth: A Phenomenological

Talks, Hofmann, Fabian International Journal

Perspective

of Education & the Arts, v17 n33 Dec 2016

Lewthwaite, Brian; Wilson, Kimberley; Wallace,

Social phenomenological analysis is presented as a Valda; McGinty, Sue; Swain, Luke

research method to study gallery

International Journal of Qualitative Studies in

talks or guided tours in art museums. The research Education (QSE), v30 n4 p388-405 2017

method is based on the philosophical

This paper explored the experiences of 12 young

considerations of Edmund Husserl and people, all teenagers, who have

sociological/social science concepts put forward by

chosen to attend alternative schools known as

Max Weber and Alfred Schuetz. Its starting point is flexible learning options within the Australian

the everyday life world; the researcher

context. Using a phenomenological approach, the

study seeks to understand their experiences

outside the normalized public discourse that they Na, Jaekwon Physical Educator, v72 n1 2015

had "disengaged" from mainstream school.

The purpose of this study was to examine parents'

A phenomenological approach is employed because perceptions of their children's

of its potential to draw attention to

CO_Q1_SHS Practical Research 1_Module 1

predetermined assumptions about, in this study's

12
case, student disengagement, a concept
experiences in physical education and youth sport.
commonly framed within a pathologist and deficit
Qualitative research design was employed
perspective. The study gives evidence for
in this study. Data collection methods included
the utility of a phenomenological approach in
phenomenological interviews and qualitative
providing insight into how macrosystem policy,
questionnaires. Forty-one questionnaires were
such as a nationalistic neoliberal agenda, influences
collected and analyzed through inductive
"schooling" and subsequently students'
analysis method to identify themes. Ten parents
experiences with schools.
(either father or mother) participated in the

The implications of this study with attention to the

interview process. Parents indicated aspects of
nexus between methodology and
physical education classes (learning life skills,

policy are discussed, especially in drawing attention

playing time, and health promotion) and aspects of
to how phenomenology as a qualitative
youth sport (learning life skills and health

methodology provides a means of agency for the

promotion). Parents believed that their children
disenfranchised to challenge existing policy
learned more from youth sport than physical

and public assumptions.

education because of deeper understanding in one

Sports sport, children's choice of activities, and

Parents' Perceptions of Their Children's Experiences parental involvement.

in Physical Education and Youth Sport

Agriculture their leadership presence in Australia. Specific

themes were generated which included (a)

Reflective Journeys of Five Women Agriculturists

in Australia: A Qualitative Study childhood experiences, (b) current family dynamics,

(c) hardship, and (d) perception of

Stephens, Carrie A.; Brawner, Shelby; Dean,

Amanda; Stripling, Christopher T.; Sanok, leadership style. The perception of leadership style

is further divided into three sub-themes:

Danielle Journal of Agricultural Education, v59 n1

p271-286 2018 (a) self-perception of leadership, (b) leading by

example, and (c) outreach efforts for women

Women comprise the minority in production

agriculture leadership, and their leadership in the industry. The five women whose personal

journeys were explored are primarily

roles in agricultural industries are rarely explored.

The purpose of this study was to explore concerned with improving the knowledge given to

them and presenting new opportunities to

the reflective journeys of five Australian women in

production agriculture. The central research other women when they can. Some

recommendations for future research are "What are

questions asked were "What lived experiences
the
helped you obtain your leadership position and

reflective journey stories of women agriculturists in

what leadership characteristics do you identify as
the United States?", "What are reflective
essential in your success?" This study used

journey stories of men engaged in agriculture

a phenomenological approach, as reflecting upon
industries?" and "What mentoring strategies are
the subjects past cultural experiences was

being utilized to recruit and retain women in

crucial in understanding their current positions in
agriculture industry fields?
life and leadership. Five women in agriculture

from Australia served as the participants for this

study, and they were selected based upon Kinds of Qualitative Research
 Grounded theory

Below are the kinds of qualitative research that you This occurs when a researcher discovers a new

may venture on. Your choice of theory based on the data collected.

conducting a qualitative research study depends on It is a research methodology for discovering theory

your interest, on the issues and in a substantive area.

concerns need to be addressed in the community, Case study

and on your curiosity as an individual.

This study involves an investigation of a person,

group, organization, or situation for a

Phenomenology long period of time to explain why such things

occur to the subject under study. Some

It is the study of how people give meaning to their examples of this type of study are the fields of

experiences, like the death of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation

loved ones, care for the people, and friendliness of centers, education, etc.

the people. Content and Discourse Analysis

This method requires the examination or analysis of

Ethnography the substance or content of the

communication that takes place through letters,

books, journals, photos, video recordings,

It is understanding of how a particular cultural

group goes about their daily lives which short message services, online messages, emails,

audio-visual materials, etc.

includes their organizational set-up, internal

operations, and lifestyle. Historical Analysis

This is the study of primary documents to explain ∙ It is a process of describing a situation, analyzing

the connection of past events to the data for themes or categories, and

present time. An example of this is explaining the making interpretations or drawing conclusions.

happenings during the Marcos regime.

∙ It may be subjected to the researcher’s personal

Characteristics and Uses of Qualitative Research interpretation.

∙ Qualitative research takes place in a natural setting ∙ The researchers, as a primary instrument in data

like home, school, institution, or collection, view social phenomena and

community. Researchers gain actual experiences of situations holistically.

the research participants.

Strengths of Qualitative Research

∙ It focuses on participants’ perceptions and

1. Issues can be analyzed through detailed and deep
experiences (Franenkel and Wallen, 1988 in
examination.

Creswell, 2013)
2. Interviews are not being delimited to specific

∙ Researchers are sensitive to participants’ needs and questions and can be guided/redirected

participants are actively engaged in

by the researcher along the process.

the process.
3. The research framework and direction can be

∙ Data are collected through observation, interviews, easily revised as new information

documents, e-mails, blogs, videos,

emerges.

etc.
4. The obtained data from human experience is

∙ It may result in changes in research questions after powerful and sometimes more interesting

new discoveries occur. ∙ It develops

than quantitative data.

from a specific to a general understanding of

5. Data usually are collected from a few cases or
concepts.
individuals so findings cannot be
generalized to a larger population. Findings can Qualitative research is an emergent design which

however be transferable to another means that it emerges as you make

setting. ongoing decisions about what you have learned.

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research As a design, qualitative research requires

researcher’s decision-making like how to gather

data, from where and whom to collect, when to

1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the
gather, and for how long is the process will be.
researcher’s skills and may be influenced

To have a holistic picture of qualitative research

by the researcher's outlooks.
project, you have to remember that in
2. The volume of data makes analysis and
deciding on a topic,
interpretation time-consuming.

3. It is sometimes hard to prove.

Guidelines in Choosing a Topic

4. The researcher's presence during data gathering,

which is often unavoidable in 1. Interest in the subject matter

qualitative research, can affect the subjects' attitudes You are interested about the topic because you have

towards the process. experienced it.

5. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can 2. Availability of information

bring/result in problems when presenting

It is important that when you decide on a topic,

findings. sources of information are available.

6. Findings can be more difficult and take time to 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic

visualize.
The topic you have chosen can be of significance to

the community.

Design of Qualitative Research 4. Limitations on the subject

Sometimes, topic is limited to what the teacher You lack focus if you deal with broad topics. The

suggests. An example of this is when the remedy is to narrow it down.

teacher asks the entire class to focus on COVID-19 5. Too narrow subject

pandemic, then you have no freedom

Some subjects are too narrow that extensive and

to explore other topics aside from what is given. thorough reading are required.

5. Personal resources 6. Vague subjects

Consider also if you can finish the research in terms Titles that start with indefinite adjectives such as

of your intellectual and financial several, many, some, etc., make the topic

physical capabilities. vague.

Topics to be Avoided Sources of Research Topics

1. Controversial topics 1. Mass media communication-television,

newspaper, ads, radio, films, etc.

Avoid highly opinionated topics.

2. Books, internet, journals, government

2. Highly technical subjects
publications
Too technical topics requires expertise. If you don’t
3. Professional periodicals- specialized periodicals
have enough knowledge about it, then
in different fields
look for another one.
4. General periodicals- Reader’s Digest, Time
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects
Magazine, Women’s Magazine, etc.

Unavailability of reading materials and materials

5. Previous readings
that are not updated make the subject
6. Work experience
hard to investigate.
How to Narrow Down a Topic
4. Too broad subjects
1. You can narrow down the topic by exploring and Early Pregnancy among Senior High School

extending the explanation of a theory. Students

2. Talk over ideas with people who know research. Narrow:

3. Focus on specific group. Ex: Students, Mothers, Prevention of Early Pregnancy among Senior High

Teachers School Students

4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study. Writing a Research Question

a. Is the study exploratory, explanatory, or Writing a good research question means you have

descriptive? something you want to study.

b. Is the study applied or basic? Let's say you're interested in the effects of

television. We will examine the steps and then

Before deciding on your topic, ask:

look at how you could write a research question

1. What areas are not yet explored that I want to

investigate? Specify your specific concern or issue

2. Is my research useful to me, to my school, to my ✔ Decide what you want to know about the specific

family and to my community? concern or issue

Remember, a research study must be significant ✔ Turn what you want to know and the specific

enough to make it worth your concern into a question

efforts as the researcher. ✔ Ensure that the question is answerable

Example of a Broad Topic Narrowed Down to ✔ Check to make sure the question is not too broad

Specific One or too narrow

General Concept: Early Pregnancy ✔ This is the basic process in writing a research

question. Writing a good

Narrow:

question will result in a better research project.

A research question should be (from the Writing take to protect users’ personal information and

Center of George Mason privacy?

University): The unclear version of this question doesn’t specify

which social networking sites

✔ Clear. It provides enough specifics that one’s

audience can easily understand its or suggests what kind of harm the sites might be

causing. It also assumes that this

purpose without needing additional explanation.

‘harm’ is proven and/or accepted.

✔ Focused. It is narrow enough that it can be

answered thoroughly in the space the Writing the Thesis Statement

writing task allows. Unfocused: What is the effect on the environment

from global warming?

✔ Concise. It is expressed in the fewest possible

words. Every paper you write should have a main point, a

main idea, or central message.

✔ Complex. It is not answerable with a simple ‘yes’

or ‘no’, but rather requires The argument(s) you make in your paper should

reflect this main idea. The sentence that

synthesis and analysis of ideas and sources prior to

composition of an answer. captures your position on this main idea is what we

call a thesis statement.

✔ Arguable. Its potential answers are open to debate

rather than accepted facts. Focused: What is the most significant effect of

glacial melting on the lives of

Please check for the following examples for

reference: penguins in Antarctica?.

Unclear: How should social networking sites A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one or

address the harm they cause? two sentences. It should present

Clear: What action should social networking sites the topic of your paper and also make a comment

like MySpace and Facebook about your position in relation to the

topic. Your thesis statement should tell your reader

what the paper is about and also help

guide your writing and keep your argument focused.