HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD

THE HUMAN EYE

It is a natural optical instrument which is
DEFECTS OF THE EYE
used to see the objects by human beings.
It is like a camera which has a lens and
screen system.

MYOPIA OR SHORT SIGHTEDNESS PRESBYOPIA

. Presbyopia is that defect of the human eye,
OR NEAR SIGHTEDNESS
PARTS OF HUMAN EYE . A person suffering from myopia or short sightedness due to which an old person cannot read and
write comfortably. That is why Presbyopia is
can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see the
also called old-sight.
far away objects clearly. . To correct Presbyopia, an old person has to
. Myopia (short sightedness - the image of distant
use spectacles with a convex lens of suitable
objects is focussed before the retina) is corrected by
focal length, or power as explained already.
CORNEA IRIS PUPIL using a concave lens of suitable power. . When a person suffers from both, myopia as
Reasons
It is the protective and front layer of the Dark and a colorful muscular diaphragm Small circular hole in the centre of iris. It well as Hypermetropia, his spectacles for
Either the eyeball is longer than normal or The
eye. It is made by a transparent is called iris. It is responsible for colour regulates the amount of light entering correction have bifocal lenses. The upper half
maximum focal length (due to excessive curvature
membrane. Light enters the eye through of the eye. the eye by adjusting the size of the iris. is a concave lens for distant vision and the
of the cornea) of the lens is insufficient to produce a
the cornea. lower half is a convex lens for reading.
clearly formed image on the retina.
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CILIARY MUSCLES EYE LENS RETINA HYPERMETROPIA OR ASTIGMATISM

. A person may also have an eye defect known as
It holds the eye lens at its proper position. The eye lens is a convex lens made of It is the screen of the eye. A real and LONG SIGHTEDNESS
astigmatism, in which light from a point-source
It changes the size of eye lens. transparent jelly like material. inverted image forms on the retina. . A person suffering from this defect can see
produces a line image on the retina. A person
distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby suffering from this defect cannot see in all directions
04 05 06 objects clearly. In this defect, the near point equally well i.e., he cannot see the vertical and
lies farther away than 25 cm. horizontal lines simultaneously. This condition arises
. Hypermetropia (farsightedness — the image
either when the cornea or the crystalline lens or both
of nearby objects is focussed beyond the are not perfectly spherical. Astigmatism can be
retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of corrected with lenses having different curvatures in
RODS AND CONES OPTIC NERVE BLIND SPOT suitable power. two mutually perpendicular directions i.e., cylindrical
Reasons lens.
Rods and Cones: These are color It converts information of the image into The junction of the optic nerve and retina,
Either the hyperopic eyeball is too short or the
sensitive rods and cones shaped cells. a corresponding electric signal and where no rods and cones cells are
ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape 04
Rods are responsible for the vision in dim passes it to the brain. present is called the blind spot. It is
of the lens enough to properly focus the
light while cones are responsible for color. insensitive to light.

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increases.
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CATARACT
. Cataracts are cloudy areas that form on your eye’s
lens. Age-related cataracts are the most common
FAR POINT NEAR POINT PERSISTENCE OF VISION LEAST DISTANCE OF type.
. Symptoms include blurry vision and glare
The farthest point, upto which the eye can The nearest point from the eye at which the
OF THE EYE DISTINCT VISION around lights.
see the object clearly is called far point. eye can see clearly without strain is called . Cataract surgery removes your clouded lens and
The image of an object persists on the retina The minimum distance upto which an eye replaces it with a clear artificial lens called an IOL
For normal eye it is infinity. near point. For a normal eye it is 25 cm.
for 1/16 second, even after the removal of the can see clearly is called the least distance (Intraocular lens).
object. The sequence of still pictures taken by of distinct vision ; it is normally denoted by
a movie camera is projected on a screen at D. The least distance of distinct vision is 05
THE RANGE OF VISION POWER OF a rate of about 24 images or more per second. equal to the distance between the eye and
The successive impressions of images on the
ACCOMMODATION screen appear to merge smoothly into one
its near point. For a normal human eye,
this distance is around 25 cm.
Distance between near point and far point another to give us the feeling of moving
of eye is called range of vision. The ability of the eye to see near as well as images.
far objects clearly is called Power of
Accommodation.
 HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD

DISPERSION SCATTERING OF LIGHT ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION

The phenomenon of splitting of visible light into . The redistribution of light in all the possible The deviation of light or other electromagnetic
its component colours is called dispersion. directions when it is incident on the particles of waves from a straight line as it passes through
Dispersion of light is caused by the change of considerable size this phenomena is called the atmosphere is known as atmospheric
speed of light ray (resulting in angle of deviation) scattering of light. refraction.
of each wavelength by a different amount.
Note: White light comprises of seven visible colours . The intensity of scattered light depends on the size
(VIBGYOR) whereas black (or dark) signifies the of the particles and the wavelength of the light.
absence of light rays.

TWINKLING OF STARS
The stars seem to twinkle in the night sky due to the
RAINBOW BLUE COLOUR OF SKY effects of the Earth's atmosphere. When starlight
. A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in enters the atmosphere, it is affected by winds in the
The sky appears blue to the human eye as the short
the sky after a rain shower. It is caused by atmosphere and areas with different temperatures
waves of blue light are scattered more than the other
dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, and densities. This causes the light from the star to
colours in the spectrum, making the blue light more
present in the atmosphere. twinkle when seen from the ground.
visible.

. Due to the dispersion of light and internal

reflection, different colors reach the observer’s
eye.

RED COLOUR OF SUN

During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a
ADVANCED SUNRISE AND
Incident
Refraction larger part of the atmosphere because they are very DELAYED SUNSET
here close to the horizon. Therefore, light other than red is
sunlight Rays travel at Advanced sunrise
mostly scattered away. Most of the red light, which is
different angles During sunrise, the sun is rising above the horizon.
the least scattered, enters our eyes. Hence, the sun
The rays from the sun get refracted as they travel
and the sky appear red.
from more dense air to less dense air. Also, the
human eye sees the sun rays as a straight line, which
appears as the sun has risen. But it has actually not
yet risen.
Delayed sunset
The sun, after sunset, is setting below the horizon.
Partially TYNDALL EFFECT Now, the apparent position of the sun is visible to us
reflected and not the actual position. This is because of the
The Tyndall effect, also known as the Tyndall
here atmospheric refraction.
phenomenon, is the scattering of a light beam by a
Water droplet medium containing microscopic suspended
Obserever (enlarged)
particles—for example, smoke or dust in a room
making a light beam entering a window
Perceived
position Atmosphere
Refracted again here

Horizon

True
position
Torch

Solution Mixture of water

and milk