Kardan Institute

English Language
Department

Programming Languages

Prepared by: Mohammad Yosuf

Under Supervision of Teacher: Esa Sharifi

2024-10-06
‫بسم‬
‫الله‬
Table of content

introduction……………………………………..…………………..………..…………………….A
C++ 1
advantages 4
Disadvantages 5
The old C 6
Applications 5
The C#......................................................................................................10
Syntax example…………………………………………………………………………………11
the D……………………………………………….……………………………………………..12
common uses……..……………………..……………………………………………..14
Compression to C++………………………….………….………………………..15
References……………………………………………………………………………….………….16
Inferences………………….……………………………..………………………………………..17
 Introduction

Programming Languages are essential tools that enable

developers to communicate with computers and create a wide range of
Software applications, from web development to artificial intelligence.
Programming languages are now backbone of modern technology,
acting as the bridge of between human ideas and computer operations.
And sure, these languages are hard to learn because one point can
result a big problem while coding. There are various types of
programming languages, each designed for specific tasks and proposes,
such as python for data analysis, c++ for game development, and
JavaScript for web design. Understanding programming languages is
essential for anyone looking for conquering art of developing, but there
is something hard to understand how these codes are meaningful for
computers beside they also can be changed, shaping industries and
influencing nearly every aspect of modern life. They serve as foundation
for all digital innovations, allowing programmers to write precise
instruction that computers can execute.

A
The C++
C++ is a powerful, high-performance programming language that
combines features of both high-level and low-level languages. It was
developed by (Bjarne Stroustrup) in 1985 as an extension of the C
programming language, with the addition of object-oriented features.
Over time, it has become one of the most widely used programming
languages, particularly for systems programming, game development,
and applications that require performance and resource efficiency .
Key Features of C++:
1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
C++ supports object-oriented programming, which organizes code into
reusable objects that contain both data (attributes) and functions (methods). This
paradigm helps in creating modular, scalable, and maintainable code.

Key OOP concepts in C++:

 Classes and Objects: Classes are blueprints for creating
objects. Objects are instances of classes.
 Inheritance: C++ allows the creation of new classes based on
existing ones, which can inherit properties and behavior,
promoting code reuse.
 Polymorphism: C++ enables one interface to be used for
different data types, improving flexibility.
 Encapsulation: Data and functions are bundled together,
with controlled access to data.
 Abstraction: Complex details are hidden, exposing only
essential features.
2. Compiled Language
C++ is a compiled language, meaning that its code is translated
into machine code by a compiler before it is executed. This gives C++
programs high performance, which is why it is often used in
performance-critical applications, such as operating systems, real-time
systems, and game engines.

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3. Low-Level Manipulation
While being a high-level language, C++ also allows low-level
manipulation of hardware resources, similar to C and assembly
language. Programmers can directly manage memory using pointers,
which are variables that store memory addresses.
C++ gives developers control over memory allocation and
deallocation using dynamic memory management (via new and delete
operators), which is crucial for applications requiring optimal resource
usage.
4. Standard Template Library (STL)
The Standard Template Library (STL) in C++ provides a collection
of generic classes and functions, such as data structures (vectors, lists,
stacks) and algorithms (sorting, searching), which can be reused across
programs. This feature allows efficient code writing and encourages
clean, structured programming practices.
5. Multiple Paradigms
C++ supports multiple programming paradigms, including
procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming (through
templates). This flexibility allows developers to choose the best
approach for different types of applications.
6. Performance and Efficiency
C++ is known for its performance and efficiency. Because it can
access and manage system resources at a low level (like memory and
processor), it is widely used in applications where speed and resource
management are critical, such as in game development, graphics, high-
performance computing, and systems programming.

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 7. Cross-Platform
C++ code is portable and can be compiled on many platforms,
such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. This makes it ideal for developing
cross-platform applications and systems.
Example Code (Simple Program):
#include <iostream> }
using namespace std; };

class Animal {
int main() {
public:
Animal myAnimal;
void makeSound() {
Dog myDog;
cout << "The animal makes a sound." << endl;

}
myAnimal.makeSound(); // Calls Animal's
}; makeSound

myDog.makeSound(); // Calls Dog's

class Dog : public Animal { makeSound (Polymorphism)

public:

void makeSound() { return 0;

cout << "The dog barks." << endl; }

Codes from Codecadmy.com

In this example:
We define a base class Animal and a derived class Dog.
The Dog class overrides the makeSound() method to provide its own
behavior. This demonstrates inheritance and polymorphism, two core
concepts in C++.
Applications of C++:
1. Game Development: C++ is the industry standard for game
development because of its high performance and close-to-
hardware capabilities. Game engines like Unreal Engine use C++
extensively.

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 2. Systems Programming: Operating systems like Windows and
Linux have components written in C++ because of its low-level
capabilities and efficiency.
3. Embedded Systems: C++ is used in embedded systems where low-
level control over hardware is needed, but with the added benefit
of OOP for maintainability.
4. High-Performance Applications: C++ is used for resource-
intensive applications, including real-time simulations, computer
graphics, and scientific computing.
5. Web Browsers: Major web browsers like Google Chrome and
Mozilla Firefox have components written in C++ for speed and
efficiency.
Advantages of C++:
 High Performance: Due to its compiled nature and system-
level capabilities, C++ delivers excellent performance.
 Flexibility: It supports multiple programming paradigms
(procedural, object-oriented, and generic), offering flexibility
for developers.
 Portability: C++ programs can run on multiple operating
systems with minimal changes.
 Rich Library Support: The STL and various third-party libraries
provide extensive functionality, reducing development time.

4
Disadvantages of C++:
 Complexity: C++ is a large and complex language with many
features, making it harder to learn than more modern
languages like Python or Java.
 Manual Memory Management: While giving control, manual
memory management can lead to issues like memory leaks and
undefined behavior if not handled properly.
 Lack of Automatic Garbage Collection: Unlike languages such as
Java or Python, C++ does not have automatic garbage
collection, requiring programmers to manage memory
explicitly.

C++ remains a foundational language in many fields and continues to be relevant,

particularly in industries where performance and system-level control a paramount.

(Figure 1)Doom 3 (a game produced by c++ in 2004)

5
The old C
C is a general-purpose programming language that was developed
in the early 1970s at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie. It is one of the most
influential programming languages, forming the foundation for many
modern programming languages like C++, C#, and Java. Let’s review
some of c info:

Key Features of C:
1. Simplicity and Efficiency:
C is known for its straightforward syntax and minimalistic design,
making it easy to learn and implement. It is highly efficient in terms of
execution speed and memory usage, which is crucial for system-level
programming.
2. Portability:
C programs can be compiled and runs on different platforms with
little or no modification, thanks to its standardized syntax. This feature
makes C suitable for developing cross-platform applications.
3. Low-Level Access:
C provides low-level memory manipulation capabilities, allowing
programmers to work directly with hardware and memory addresses.
This makes it ideal for system programming, including operating systems
and embedded systems.
4. Structured Language:
C supports structured programming principles, encouraging the
use of functions to break down complex problems into manageable
parts. It promotes code reuse and modularity, enhancing the
maintainability of programs.
5. Rich Library Support:
C has a rich set of built-in functions and libraries that provide a
wide range of functionalities, from mathematical computations to
input/output operations.
The Standard Library includes header files that provide access to
functions for string handling, memory allocation, and more.

6
Applications of C:

1. Operating Systems:
Many operating systems, including UNIX and its derivatives
(Linux), are written in C.C is used to develop system-level applications
that require direct access to hardware resources.
2. Embedded Systems:
C is commonly used in embedded systems for programming
microcontrollers and other hardware components. It enables efficient
resource management and direct interaction with hardware.
3. Compilers and Interpreters:
Many language compilers and interpreters are implemented in C,
making it a fundamental language in the development of programming
languages.
4. Game Development:
C is used in game development for performance-critical
components, often combined with other languages like C++ for higher-
level functionality.

5. Networking and Database Applications:

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 C is widely used in networking software and database
management systems due to its performance and reliability.
Syntax and Structure:
C syntax is based on expressions and statements, with a focus on
functions. Here’s a simple example of a C program:

#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor directive to include standard input-output

header

// Function declaration
void greet() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
}

// Main function
int main() {
greet(); // Function call
return 0; // Exit status
}

(figure 2)Doom (produced by c language in 1993)

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 (Figure 3) Apache http server (a web designed by c in
1996 )

In conclusion, C remains a foundational language in computer science

education and industry. Its efficiency, portability, and low-level access make it an
enduring choice for system. programming and high-performance applications.
Despite the emergence of many high-level languages, C's influence continues to be
felt in modern programming practices and languages.

9
C#
C# is a modern, object-oriented programming language developed
by Microsoft. It is part of the .NET framework and is widely used for
building a variety of applications, including web, desktop, mobile, and
games. Here's a brief overview of C#:
Key Features:
1. Object-Oriented:
C# is based on the principles of object-oriented
programming (OOP), meaning it supports concepts like
inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
2. Type Safety:
C# enforces strong typing, which ensures that variables are
properly defined and helps catch errors at compile-time rather
than run-time.
3. Memory Management:
C# uses automatic garbage collection to manage memory
allocation and deallocation, which helps in avoiding memory leaks.
4. Cross-Platform Development:
With .NET Core, you can write C# applications that run on
Windows, macOS, and Linux.
5. Modern Language Features:
C# includes modern programming features like
asynchronous programming with async and await, LINQ (Language
Integrated Query), and pattern matching, which simplify common
programming tasks.
6. Versatile: It is used in many domains, including:
 Web Applications: With ASP.NET, C# can be used to build
dynamic websites and services.
 Desktop Applications: C# is used with Windows Forms or
WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) to create desktop
apps.

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  Mobile Development: Xamarin, a .NET-based framework,
allows for mobile app development with C# for Android and
iOS.
 Game Development: C# is the main language used in the
Unity game engine, making it popular for game
development.
Syntax Example:

using System;

class Program

static void Main()

Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");

Learning Resources
 Microsoft Docs: The official documentation provides
comprehensive tutorials and guides.
 Visual Studio: Microsoft's integrated development
environment (IDE) is a popular choice for C# development.
 Books: "C# in Depth" by Jon Skeet and "Head First C#" are
popular resources for learning the language.

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THE D
D is a high-level programming language designed as a modern
alternative to C++ but with a simpler, more efficient syntax and
enhanced features. Initially developed by Walter Bright in 2001 and later
improved with contributions from Andrei Alexandrescu, D combines
low-level power with high-level expressiveness, making it suitable for
system-level programming and applications.
Key Features of D
1. High Performance: Like C and C++, D compiles directly to
machine code, offering high performance comparable to C++.
2. Memory Safety: D includes garbage collection for memory
management, reducing the risk of memory leaks and
segmentation faults. However, developers can still manage
memory manually when needed, giving a balance between
safety and control.
3. Multi-Paradigm: D supports procedural, object-oriented, and
functional programming styles, allowing flexibility based on the
needs of the application.
4. Templates and Meta-Programming: D has advanced support for
compile-time function execution and templates, which helps in
building efficient, reusable, and type-safe code.
5. Concurrency: D offers built-in support for concurrency through
its standard library, allowing developers to write multi-threaded
code more easily.
6. Readable Syntax: D’s syntax resembles C/C++ but is simplified,
making it more readable and reducing common programming
pitfalls.
7. Automatic Memory Management: Although D includes garbage
collection, it also allows for manual memory management, making
it versatile for system programming and high-performance
applications.

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 8. Module System: D uses modules instead of header files,
reducing redundancy and simplifying the process of code
organization and compilation.
Advantages of D
Easier syntax compared to C++.
 High performance, suitable for systems programming and
resource-intensive applications.
 Built-in features for modern programming paradigms (e.g.,
meta-programming and concurrency)
 Better memory safety than C/C++ due to garbage collection.
Disadvantages of D
 Smaller community and ecosystem compared to more
established languages like C++ or Rust.
 Limited library support and resources compared to other
modern languages.
 Garbage collection can be a drawback in performance-
critical scenarios.

Common Uses of D
Systems Programming: D’s performance and memory
control make it suitable for low-level systems programming,
similar to C/C++.

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 Game Development: D is occasionally used in game development
for performance-critical applications.
Embedded Systems: Although less common, D’s balance of
performance and safety allows for use in embedded systems
where memory control is crucial.

(figure 4) Tilix (terminal simulator developed by D in 2013)

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 (Figure 5) Atriume (a game programmed by D in 2011)

Comparison to C++
D aims to improve upon C++ by simplifying syntax, enhancing
safety, and adding features like garbage collection and built-in
concurrency support. However, C++ remains more widely used,
particularly due to its extensive libraries and established user base.
Conclusion
In summary, D is a high-performance, modern alternative to C++
that offers simplified syntax, memory safety, and support for various
programming paradigms. Ideal for systems and game development, D
combines power with ease of use, though its smaller community and
ecosystem may limit resources compared to more established languages
like C++ and Rust.

15
Conclusion
 Everything in world have its own Language and
Computers language have diverse kinds: for example: C,
C#, C++, java script, python.ruby and etc.

 C created in 1972, is a low-level language used for

system programming and operating systems. It provides
direct memory control and it’s known for its efficiency
and simplicity. C is foundational and has influenced
many modern languages.

 C#, developed by Microsoft in 2000, is a high -level,

object-oriented language used mainly for windows apps
and web services it simplifies development with features
like garbage and type safety, making it ideal for scalable
applications.

 C++ created in 1985, builds on C by adding object-

oriented features. Its widely used in game development
and system software, offering both performance and
flexibility. C++ Allows both low—level control and high-
level abstractions.

 Programming languages are essential for building

software and controlling hardware each has unique
strengths for different tasks.

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Reference
1. Lippman; Adam;2012; C++ Primer.
2. Vickie; Andy;2022; C for Beginners.
3. AI; Google Wikipedia.
4. Robert; Cecil Martin;2008; clean code.
5. Dave; Thomas;1999; the pragmatic programmer.
6. Codecademy.com.
7. Gethub.com

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