FAULT STUDY
Instructed by: Miss. ChenukaPerera
NAME INDEX NO GROUP DATE OF PER DATE OF SUB
: J.A.T Jayaweera : 090231N : 06 : 06 / 01 / 2011 : 20 / 01 / 2012
CALCULATIONS The actual power system we modelled using the DC Network Analyzer,
X1 = 0.3
X = 0.1
POLPITIYA
X = 0.44j
X = 0.09
ANURADHAPURA
X = 0.005 X = 0.102j
LAXAPANA
X = 0.04j X = 0.341j X = 0.8j
BOLAWATTA KOLONNAWA
X = 0.13j X = 0.048 X = 0.055 X = 0.08
X = 0.02
X = 0.06
X = 0.051 Figure1. Positive sequence diagram
All data is in pu according to the bases of 132kV, 40MVA
From above we can eliminate some components that have no effect to the system and derived simplified sequence diagrams as follows
FAULT
POLPITIYA ANURADHAPURA
LAXAPANA
BOLAWATTA
KOLONNAWA
Positive Sequence (simplified)
FAULT
POLPITIYA ANURADHAPURA
LAXAPANA
BOLAWATTA
KOLONNAWA
Negative Sequence (simplified)
FAULT 400
POLPITIYA ANURADHAPURA
8000 10000 1600 1500
BOLAWATTA LAXAPANA
120
KOLONNAWA
412
Zero Sequence (simplified)
Practical Values
LG Fault
a
Ia
Ef
Z1
Supply Side
Va
Ia1
Z2
Ia2
Z0
Ia0
b
Ib Ic Vb Va1 Va2 Va0
c
Vc
Va Vb Vc
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
- 28.19V 38.83V - 10.63V
Actual values,
L-L Fault
a
Ia Va
Ef Z1 Ia1 Z0 Va1 Ia0
Supply Side
Ib Ic
b
Vb
c
Vc
Z2
Ia2 Va2
Va0
Fault current calculation,
Ia Ib Ic
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
0 8.8 mA - 8.8 mA
Fault current calculation,
I a = 0 8.8 - 8.8 10 Ia
Ib Ib Ib
0A
(0 2 8.8 8.8) 10 0 8.8 240 15 .242 90 8.8 120 10 3 A
3
10
Ic Ic Ic
(0 8.8 2 8.8) 10 0 8.8 120 15 .242 90 8.8 240 10 3 A
10
Actual Values
15.242
90 10
90
15.242 90 10 3 A
90
Va Vb Vc
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
0 24.2 V 24.2 V
Fault voltages calculation
Va
2 24.2
48.4V
Vb Vb Vb
(0 2 24.2 24.2 ) (0 24.2 240 0 24 .2 180 V 24.2 120 0 )
Vc Vc Vc
(0 2 24.2 24.2 ) (0 24.2 240 0 24 .2 180 V 24.2 120 0 )
Actual values
L-L-G Fault
Ef Z1 Ia1
a
Ia Va Va1
Supply Side
Ib Ic
b
Vb = 0
Z2
Ia2 Va2
c
Vc = 0 Z0
Ia0 Va0
Practical calculations for currents
Ia Ib Ic
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
- 2.6 mA 10 mA - 7.5 mA
fault current calculation,
I a = - 2.6 10 - 7.5 10 Ia 0.1 10 3 A
Ib Ib Ib
( 2.6 2 10 2.6 10 240 15 .637
7.5) 10 7.5 120 10 3 A
10
104 .254
Ic Ic Ic
( 2.6 10 2 7.5) 10 2.6 10 120 15 .637 104 .254 7.5 240 10
3
10
Actual currents Ia = 0.1 10 3 180 x 24242.424 A Ia = 2.424 180 A Ib = 15.637 A Ib = 379 .079
104.254 10 3 x 24242.424
104 .254 A
Ib = 15.637 104.254 10 3 x 24242.424 A Ib = 379 .079 104 .254 A
Fault voltages calculation,
Va Vb Vc
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
20.15 V 20.15 V 20.15 V
Va
Vb Vb Vb
3 20.15 60.45V
(20.15 2 20.15 20.15 ) (20.15 0V 20.15 240 0 20.15 120 0 )
Vc Vc Vc
(20.15 20.15 2 20.15 ) (20.15 20.15 1200 20.15 2400 ) 0V
Actual voltage Va = 60.45 x 2640 V Va = 159.588 kV Vb = Vc = 0
Theoretical Calculations Single line to earth fault (L-G fault) a Ia SupplySide Ib Ef Z1 Va b Vb c Ic Vc Since the fault impedance is 0, Va=0, Ib =0, Ic =0 1 1 1 Ia I a0 1 I a1 1 2 Ib 0 3 I a2 1 2 Ic 0
I a0 I a1 I a2 Ia 3
Ia1
Z2
Ia2
Z0
Ia0
Va1
Va2
Va0
I f ( pu)
Ia
Z1
3E f Z2 Z0
Since Z1 = 0.185 pu, Z2 = 0.169 pu, Z0 = 0.61 pu, Ef = 1 pu
I f (actual)
I base
I f (pu ) I base
40MVA 0.3030kA 132kV 3 1 0.3030kA (0.185 0.169 0.61)
VA base Vbase
I f (actual)
= 942.95A
I a0 I a1 I a2 I a0 If
1 1 1 3 1 I a1 Ia I a2 Z1
1 2
1
2
Ia Ib 0 0
Ic
Ia 3 3E f Z2 Z0
Since Z1 = 0.239 pu Z2 = 0.237 pu Z0 = 0.611 pu Ef = 1 pu Fault Current
I f (pu )
Z1
3E f Z2 Z0
I f (actual)
I f (pu ) I base VA base 40 MVA I base 0.3030 kA Vbase 132 kV 3 1 I f (actual) 0.3030kA (0.239 0.237 0.611)
Ia
I f (actual)
0.83625 kA 836.25 3
836.25A
I a0
I a1
I a2
278 .75 A
Va 0 Va1 Va 2
0 Ef 0
Z0 0 0
0 Z1 0
0 0 Z2
I a0 I a1 Ia2
Ia 3 Ia 3 Ia 3
Fault Voltages from the diagram
Z base Va0 Va0 Va1 Va2 Va2
(132kV) 2 435.6 40MVA Z 0 I a0 0.611 435.6 278.75 74.19 kV Ef Z1 I a1 132 10 3 0.239 435.6 278.75
Va1 102.98kV Z 2 I a2 28.78kV 0.237 435.6 278.75
Va Vb Vc
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
Va 0 Va1 Va 2
Va
Va0
Va1
Va2
0V
Vb Vb Vb Vb
Va0 2 Va1 Va2 74.19 2 102.98 28.78 74.19 102.98 2400 28.78 1200 159.393 - 134.2840 kV
Vc Vc Vc
Va0 Va1 2 Va2 74.19 102.98 2 28.78 74.19 102.98 1200 28.78 2400
Vc 159.393 134.2840 kV
Double line to earth fault (L-L-G fault)
Ef
Z1
Ia1 Va1
a
Ia Va
Supply Side
Ib Ic
Vb = 0
b c
Z2
Ia2 Va2
Vc = 0
Z0
Ia0 Va0
Z1 = 0.239 pu , Z2 = 0.237 pu, Z3 = 0.611 pu , Ef = 1 pu Fault current from the diagram
I a1 I a1
Ef Z1 Z 2 // Z 0 1 132 kV 0.237 // 0.61 1) 435 .6 Z 1 I a1 ) Z2 (1 132 10 3 0.239 435 .6 740 ) 0.237 435 .6 (E f Z 1 I a1 ) Z0 (1 132 10 3 0.239 435 .6 740 ) 0.611 435 .6 0.207 kA 0.533 kA 0.74 kA
(0.239 (E f
I a2 I a2
I a0
Ib Ib Ib Ib
I a0 207 207
2 I a1
I a2 533 A 533 120 0 A
2 740 740 240 0
1145 .341 - 105.73 0 A
Ic Ic Ic Ic
Ia0
Ia1 2 Ia2 740 2 533 A 740 120 0 533 240 0 A
207 207
1145 .341 105 .73 0 A
Va Va Va Va
3 Va1 3 (E f 164 .88 kV Z1 I a1 ) 0.239 435 .6 740 ) 3 (1 132 10 3
Line to line fault (L-L fault)
a
Ia Va
Ef Z1 Ia1 Z0 Ia0
Supply Side
b
Ib Ic Vb Z2
Va1 Ia2 Va2 Va0
c
Vc
I a1 I a2 I a0
Ia = 0
Ef Z1 I a1 0A Z2
1 132 kV (0.239 0.237 ) 435 .6 0.277 kA
0.277 kA
Ib Ib Ib Ib
Ic Ic Ic
I a0
2 I a1
I a2 277 1200 A
0 2 277 277 A 277 2400 479.778 - 90 0 A
Ib 479.778 - 90 0 kA 479.778 90 0 A
Va1 Va1 Va 0
Va 2 Va 2 0V
I a2
Z2
277 0.237 435 .6
28 .597 kV
Va Va Va Vb Vb Vb Vb Vc
Va0
Va1
Va2
0 28.597 28.597 57.194kV 2 Va1 Va2 28.597 1200 kV
Va0
0 2 28.597 28.597kV 28.597 2400 28.597 180 0 kV 28.597 180 0 kV
Results Current ( A) Practical Theoretical 276.364 836.25 0 0 0 0 0 2.424 180 379 .079 104 .254 1145.341 -105.730 379 .079 104 .254 1145.341 105.730 0 0 369 .503 90 479.778 - 900 369 .503 90 479.778 900 Voltage (kV) Practical theoretical 0 0 0 158.91 - 134.634 159.393 134.2840 158.91 134.6340 159.393 134.2840 159.59 0 0 127.776 63.888 180 63.888 180 164.88 0 0 57.194 28.597 1800 28.597 1800
Fault Line to ground Double line to ground
phase a b c a b c a b c phase a b c a b c a b c
Line to line
Fault Line to ground
Double line to ground
Line to line
Discussion
1. What are the assumptions made in your fault study and how valid are they? When we conduct this practical, we assumed the followings to be true. All the electrical generators in the system are in the same phase with each other and they are operating at their nominal voltage (i.e. They are in balances condition) Resistances and inductances of the different lines are not change with the time due to heat generate in the system Reactance will play the dominant part when compared to the resistance in the lines. So we can neglect the resistance Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point When the fault happens, Load currents are very small compared to the fault current. Therefore we can consider load currents to be zero Line charging currents can be assumed to be negligible because the fault current is very large Power system is behaves like a linear system Harmonics are not present in the system
The above assumption we made during the practical in order to simplify the process. Some of them are fairly true but some of are not. Assumptions like generators and loads are balanced in the system are not very reasonable because generator capacities are vary with the time. And also when fault happen some loads like large motors they supply the power to the system instead of getting power from the system. Also when we compared the distance between two bas bars, (e.g. Anuradhapura to Kolonnawa), it is very large. So it is unfair to neglect the resistance and leakage current due to the capacitance in the grid system. Furthermore there will be harmonics in the system and the system is most likely behaved like a non linear system. So using of the thermos such as superposition will be not very correct (when separate in three symmetrical components). On the other hand assumptions made such as load current can be neglected considering fault current etc will befaire assumptions because the fault current may be thousands times of normal current.
2. Reasons for deviation of practical results and theoretical results When we compared the practical results and theoretical results, there are some different between two. The main reason for this deviation is the validity of our previous assumptions. Due to the reasons given above those assumptions may not 100 percent accurate and the following reasons may cause the deviation besides of assumptions we have made. We use DC current to represent the system. But actual system carries an A/C current. It will not be a problem to the short distance lines but surely be a problem when we going to represent large distance power cables carrying high currents. ( for e.g Anuradhapura to Kolonnawa) The resistances of wires that we connected to the D/C analyser are not taken in to accounts. There are lot of wires and because of that it most probably introduces considerable error in to the calculations. Also there be a reading errors, errors due to changing of the resistances of the D/C analysers set values, resistances of the instruments etc.
3. Practical problems encountered during the experiment and steps taken to solve them When we conduct the practical we have to experience lot of difficulties mainly in preparing the D/C analyser. In this experiment there are lot of simultaneous works is to be done in short time There are lot of wires to be connect to the D/C analyser and those are complex The resistance set in D/C analyser is not correct
Steps taken to overcome the problems In order to do the different works we divide the works among the members and do those in the same time (for e.g. Draw the symmetric components, calculate resistances, check the continuously of the wires etc.) In order to connect the wires correctly we use numbering system in different bus bars. To ensure the correctness in the resistance values we set in the D/C analyser we had to checked those using the multi -meter. Check the wires using multi meter to ensure there is proper connectivity When we need to bus bars which has more than four connectivity, we had to connect two bas bars
