Q 1.
What is the main purpose of an operating
system?
Ans: An operating system (OS) is system software that
manages computer hardware, software resources,
and provides common services for computer
programs.
It manages the computer's memory, processes,
devices, files, and security aspects of the system. It
also allows us to communicate with the computer
without knowing how to speak the computer's
language. Without an operating system, a computer
is not useful.
01
Q 2. What is a semaphore and how is it used in
synchronization?
Ans: A semaphore is a synchronization object that is used
to control access to a shared resource in a
concurrent system. It is used to prevent race
conditions and deadlocks.
A semaphore is initialized to a non-negative value,
and processes can wait on it or signal it. When a
process waits on a semaphore, it blocks until the
semaphore is signaled or the process is unblocked
by another process.
02
Q 3. What is a deadlock and how can it be prevented?
Ans: A deadlock is a situation where two or more
processes are blocked, waiting for each other to
release resources.
It can be prevented by using techniques such as
resource ordering, timeouts, and deadlock detection.
Q 4. What is a critical section and how is it protected?
Ans: A critical section is a part of a program that accesses
a shared resource. It is protected by using
synchronization techniques such as semaphores,
monitors, and locks.
Q 5. What is thrashing and how can it be prevented?
Ans: Thrashing is a situation where the operating system
spends more time swapping pages between memory
and disk than executing processes.
It can be prevented by increasing the amount of
physical memory, reducing the degree of
multiprogramming, or using a larger page size.
03
Q 6. What is paging and how does it work?
Ans: Paging is a memory management technique that
allows the operating system to use physical memory
more efficiently.
It divides the physical memory into fixed-size pages
and the logical memory into fixed-size pages. The
operating system maps the logical pages to the
physical pages.
Q 7. What is segmentation and how does it work?
Ans: Segmentation is a memory management technique
that allows the operating system to divide the logical
memory into variable-size segments.
The operating system assigns a unique address to
each segment and maps it to a physical address.
Q 8. What is virtual memory and how is it used?
Ans: Virtual memory is a memory management technique
that allows the operating system to use disk storage
as an extension of physical memory. It allows
processes to use more memory than is physically
available.
04
Q 9. What is a page fault and how is it handled?
Ans: A page fault is a trap that occurs when a process
tries to access a page that is not in physical memory.
The operating system handles the page fault by
swapping the required page from disk to physical
memor
05
Q 10. What is a context switch and how is it
performed?
Ans: A context switch is the process of saving the context
of one process and restoring the context of another
process. It is performed by the operating system
when it switches from one process to another.
Q 11. What is a system call and how is it
implemented?
Ans: A system call is a request made by a user process to
the operating system. It is implemented by using a
software interrupt.
Q 12. What is a file system and how does it work?
Ans: A file system is a way of organizing and storing files
on a disk. It provides an interface for creating,
deleting, and accessing files.
Q 13. What is a device driver and how is it used?
Ans: A device driver is a software component that controls
a hardware device. It is used by the operating system
to communicate with the device.
06
Q 14. What is a system image and how is it created?
Ans: A system image is a copy of the operating system
and all the installed software. It is created by using a
disk imaging tool.
Q 15. What is a system boot and how is it performed?
Ans: A system boot is the process of starting the
operating system. It is performed by the BIOS or the
UEFI firmware.
Q 16. What is a system crash and how is it handled?
Ans: A system crash is a situation where the operating
system stops working. It can be handled by
rebooting the system.
Q 17. What is a system upgrade and how is it
performed?
Ans: A system upgrade is the process of updating the
operating system to a newer version. It is performed
by using a software updater or a disk image.
07
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Q 18. What is a system backup and how is it
performed?
Ans: A system backup is the process of creating a copy of
the operating system and all the installed software.
It is performed by using a disk imaging tool.
Q 19. What is a system restore and how is it
performed?
Ans: A system restore is the process of restoring the
operating system to a previous state. It is performed
by using a system restore tool.
Q 20. What is a system registry and how is it used?
Ans: A system registry is a database that stores
configuration information for the operating system
and installed software. It is used by the operating
system to locate and load software components.
Q 21. What is a system log and how is it used?
Ans: A system log is a file that records events that occur
in the operating system. It is used by system
administrators to diagnose and troubleshoot
problems.
08
Q 22. What is a system monitor and how is it
used?
Ans: A system monitor is a tool that displays information
about the operating system and its resources. It is
used by system administrators to monitor the
performance of the system.
Q 23. What is a system tray and how is it used?
Ans: A system tray is a part of the taskbar that displays
icons for system components and installed software.
It is used by users to access system components and
software.
Q 24. What is a system menu and how is it used?
Ans: A system menu is a menu that displays the options
available for the current window. It is used by users
to interact with the operating system and installed
software.
Q 25. What is a system font and how is it used?
Ans: A system font is a font that is used by the operating
system and installed software. It is used to display
text on the screen.
09
Q 26. What is a system color and how is it used?
Ans: A system color is a color that is used by the
operating system and installed software. It is used to
display graphical elements on the screen.
Q 27. What is a system sound and how is it used?
Ans: A system sound is a sound that is played by the
operating system and installed software. It is used to
provide feedback to the user.
Q 28. What is a system icon and how is it used?
Ans: A system icon is a graphical representation of a
system component or a file. It is used to provide
visual feedback to the user.
Q 29. What is a socket and how is it used in
networking?
Ans: A socket is an endpoint for communication in a
network. It is used to send and receive data over the
network.
10
Q 30. What is a kernel and how does it work?
Ans: A kernel is the core component of an operating
system. It manages the system's resources and
provides services to user processes.
It is responsible for managing memory, scheduling
processes, handling interrupts, and communicating
with hardware devices.
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